Chapter 4 Denso

Flow of Control
Chapter 4
Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

Outline
◼ Relational, Equality and Logical Operators

◼ Compound Statement
◼ Expression and Empty Statements
◼ If and If else Statements
◼ While Statement
◼ For and if else statements
◼ Boolean variables
◼ do
◼ goto
◼ switch
Introduction
◼ Statements in a program are normally

executed one after another.
- this is called sequential flow of control.

Relational, Equality and Logical
Operators
◼ They also have rules of precedence and
associativity that determine precisely how
expressions involving these operators are
evaluated.

Relational, Equality and Logical
Operators
◼ Relational Operators
<, >, <= , >=
◼ Equality Operator
==, !=
◼ Logical Operator
! (unary), &&, ||

Note:
◼ a<b+c is equivalent to a<(b+c)

◼ a<b<c is not equivalent a<(b<c)
◼ 1+5*d <e is equivalent to (1+(5*d)) <e
◼ a= 9; so 1<a<12 and 1<12 is equivalent
◼ a== b is not the same as a= b
◼ x! = y is not the same as !(x= y)
◼ a==b is not the same as a= = b
◼ n==m is the same as m==n
◼ a!= b is the same as b!=a
Note:
◼ a&&b is not the same as a&b

◼ a!=b is the same as b!=a
◼ a-b ==0 is the same as (a-b) == 0
◼ a+1 != 2*b is not the same as ((a+1) != 2) *b
◼ (a&&b) &&c is not the same as a&&(b&&c)

Logical Operators and Expressions
Values of:
expr1 expr2 expr1&&expr2 expr1|| expr2
zero zero 0 0
zero nonzero 0 1
nonzero zero 0 1
nonzero nonzero 1 1
Note:
zero = false
nonzero = true
Note:
◼ The precedence of && is higher than || but

both operators are of lower precedence than
all unary, arithmetic and relational operators.

Examples:
char c = ‘B’;
int i = 3, j= 3, k= 3;
double x= 0.0, y= 2.3;
Expression Eq. Expr Value

i && j && k (i && j) && k 1
x|| i && j- 3 x || (i &&(j-3)) 0

Exercise:
Write the equivalent expression and its value.

int a = 1, b= 2, c= 3;
double x = 1.0;
1. a>b && c<d
2. a<!b || !!a
3. a- x || b*c && b/a

Answers in the Exercise:
Give the equivalent expression and value of the

ff.
int a = 1, b= 2, c= 3;
double x = 1.0;
Expression:
1. a>b && c<d
answer:
((a>b) && (c<d))
value: 0
Examples:
◼ a<!b || !!a
answer:
(a<(!b)) || (!(!a))
value: 1

Example:
◼ a- x || b*c && b/a

answer:
((a-x) || ((b*c) && (b/a)))
value: 1

The if and the is- else statements
◼ The general form of an if statement is

if (expr)
statement
If expr is nonzero (true), then statement is

executed; otherwise, statement is skipped
and control passes to the next statement.

Example:
if ( 5 < 10 )
printf( "Five is now less than ten, that's a big
surprise" );

Examples:
Explain briefly the problem with the following

code:
1. if(b=a)
area = A*a;
answer: b==a should be used

if- else statement
◼ the general form is:

if (expr)
statement1
else
statement2

Example:
if (x<y)
min = x;
else
min = y;

Example:
◼Explain briefly the problem with the following

code:
if (i!=j) {
i+= 1;
j+=2;
};
else
i-=j;
Answer: there should be no semicolon after }

Example:
◼Explain briefly the problem with the following

code:
…..
if (a == 1)
if (b==2)
printf(“ “);
else
print(“\n”);
Answer: it should be printf
Example:
◼What is the value of x, if a= 0?

…..
x = 0;
if (a == 1)
if (b ==2)
x=1;
else
x= 2;
Answer: x = 0
The While statement
It is used for repetitive action.

The general form is
while(expr)
statement
next statement
First, expr is evaluated. If it is nonzero(true), then
statement is executed and control is passed back to
the beginning of the while loop then the statement
is executed repeatedly until expr is zero (false).

Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main() {
int i = 10;
while ( i > 0 ) {
printf("Hello %d\n", i );
i = i -1;
}
}
the body of the while loop is to be executed
repeatedly until the expression i>0 is eventually
zero.

The For Statement
◼ It is used to execute code iteratively.
the general form is:
for ( expr1; expr2;expr3)

statement
next statement

Example:
for (j=0;j<5;j++)
printf("j”);
what will be the output?

01234

For Loop
◼ If you want to convert a for loop into a while

loop
expr1;
while (expr2) {
statement
expr3;
}
next statement

For Loop
◼ Convert this to a while loop.

for (j=0;j<5;j++)
printf("j”);

Exercise:
◼ What’s wrong with the code?
for(i= 0, i<n, i++)

x -= 1;
answer: Syntax error, it should be semicolon

Exercise:
◼ What happens if expr2 is missing?
for(i= 0; ; i++)
x-=1;
answer:
endless loop

The Do Statement
◼ It can be considered a variant of the while

statement
The general form:
do
statement
while(expr);
next statement

The Do Statement
#include <stdio.h>
main() {
int i = 10;
do{
printf("Hello %d\n", i );
i = i -1;
}
while ( i > 0 );
}
The break and continue statements
◼ These two special statements interrupt the

normal flow of control.
◼ The break statement causes an exit from
the switch statement.
◼ The continue statement causes the current
loop to stop and causes the next iteration
to begin.
◼ It may occur only inside the for, while and do
loops.
The Switch Statement
◼ It is a multiway conditional statement

generalizing the if-else statement.

Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int Grade = 'A';
switch( Grade ) {
case 'A' : printf( "Excellent\n" );
case 'B' : printf( "Good\n" );
case 'C' : printf( "OK\n" );
case 'D' : printf( "Mmmmm....\n" );
case 'F' : printf( "You must do better than this\n" );
default : printf( "What is your grade anyway?\n" );
}
}

Output:
Excellent
Good
OK
Mmmmm....
You must do better than this
What is your grade anyway?

Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int Grade = 'B';
switch( Grade ) {
case 'A' : printf( "Excellent\n" );
break;
case 'B' : printf( "Good\n" );
break;
case 'C' : printf( "OK\n" );
break;
case 'D' : printf( "Mmmmm....\n" );
break;
case 'F' : printf( "You must do better than this\n" );
break;
default : printf( "What is your grade anyway?\n" );
break;
}
}
Output:
Good
question:
What is a default condition?
Answer:
If we have inputted something other than A,
B,C, D and F, for example L, the output will
be:
What is your grade anyway?
Exercise:
◼ Convert the switch statement into an if- else statement:
switch (c) {
case ‘a’:
case ‘A’:
count++;
break;
case ‘c’:
count --;
break;
case ‘D’;
dcount++;
default:
othercount--;
break;
} Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila
Answer:
if (c==‘a’ || c==‘A’) {
count++;
}
else if (c==‘c’) {
count--;
}
else if (c==‘D’) {
dcount++;
}
else {
othercount--;
}

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Flow of Control

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

◼ Relational, Equality and Logical Operators

◼ Statements in a program are normally

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

◼ a<b+c is equivalent to a<(b+c)

◼ a&&b is not the same as a&b

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

◼ The precedence of && is higher than || but

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

Expression Eq. Expr Value

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

Write the equivalent expression and its value.

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

Give the equivalent expression and value of the

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

◼ a- x || b*c && b/a

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

◼ The general form of an if statement is

If expr is nonzero (true), then statement is

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

Explain brieﬂy the problem with the following

answer: b==a should be used

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

◼ the general form is:

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

◼Explain brieﬂy the problem with the following

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

◼Explain brieﬂy the problem with the following

◼What is the value of x, if a= 0?

It is used for repetitive action.

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

◼ It is used to execute code iteratively.

the general form is:

for ( expr1; expr2;expr3)

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

what will be the output?

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

◼ If you want to convert a for loop into a while

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

◼ Convert this to a while loop.

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

◼ What’s wrong with the code?

for(i= 0, i<n, i++)

answer: Syntax error, it should be semicolon

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

◼ What happens if expr2 is missing?

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

◼ It can be considered a variant of the while

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila

◼ These two special statements interrupt the

◼ It is a multiway conditional statement

Jheanel Estrada Technological Institute of the Philippines- Manila