COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY BHUBANESWAR

Guided By Submitted By
Ms. PRANGYA DAS BISWAJIT MOHANTY
Mr. PRATIK MOHANTY Regd no-1621106046
Mr. PRAMOD KUMAR BEHERA Branch-Civil Engg.(8thsem)
COMPENSATED RAFT FOUNDATION
➢ INTRODUCTIONS
➢ ISO BAR & PRESSURE BULB
➢ WHAT IS FOUNDATION
➢ SPACING BETWEEN COLUMNS
➢ NECESSITY
➢ BASEMENTS
➢ TYPE OF FOUNDATION
➢ HOW TO CONSTRUCT
➢ DEEP FOUNDATION
➢ SOIL LIQUEFACTION
➢ RAFT FOUNDATION
➢ SETTLEMENT
➢ HISTORY OF RAFT FOUNDATION
➢ ADVANTAGES
➢ COMPENSATED RAFT FOUNDATION
➢ DISADVANTAGES
➢ VERTICAL DRAINS
➢ CONCLUSION
➢ Most of the structure consist of two parts, one
above the ground which is known as super structure
and the other sub-structure of the foundation which
lies below the ground level.

➢ Foundation is defined as that part of the structure

that connects and transmits the load from the
structure to the ground soil. The solid ground on
which the foundation rests is termed as the
foundation bed.
 Every structures are provided with foundation at the base to fulfill
the following objectives and purposes:

➢ To distribute the load of the structure over a large bearing area.

➢ To load the bearing surface at uniform rate so as to avoid unequal
settlement.
➢ To prevent the lateral movement of the supporting material.
➢ To increase the stability of the structure as a whole.
➢ Foundation are classified on the basis of load transmission to the
ground into two sub-categories i.e shallow foundation and deep
foundation
 SHALLOW DEEP
FOUNDATION FOUNDATION

DEPTH>WIDTH
DEPTH<WIDTH
(4 TO 5 TIME)

UPCOMING LOAD UPCOMING LOAD

INTENSITY IS LESS & INTENSITY IS MORE &
S.B.C OF SOIL IS S.B.C OF SOIL IS NOT
SUFFICIENT AT SUFFICIENT AT
SHALLOW DEPTH SHALLOW DEPTH
WALL/STRIP FOOTING INDIVIDUAL/COLUMN FOOTING

SHALLOW FOUNDATION

STRAP FOOTING
& MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION
COMBINED FOOTING
STRIP FOOTING COLUMN FOOTING
STRAP FOOTING COMBINED FOOTING
➢ Spread footing is recommended when soil bearing
capacity is good enough to resist the upcoming load.
➢ A strap footing is recommended when the boundary
line/property line is restricted.
➢ A strap beam is connected to the two columns which is
not in contact with soil, it is provided to avoid differential
settlement.
➢ Joining of two columns by a single footing is known as
combined footing.
➢ A Trapezoidal combined footing is recommended when the
column loads are unequal & length of footing is restricted.
➢ A rectangular combined footing is recommended when two
column loads are equal & width of footing is restricted
➢ A combined footing is recommended when the two adjacent
columns are close to each other so that the footings may
overlap
PILE FOUNDATION PIER FOUNDATION

DEEP FOUNDATION

BASEMENTS &
WELL FOUNDATION BUOYANCY(COMPENSATED
RAFT) FOUNDATION
➢ When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface. This layer can not
support the weight of the building, so the loads of the building
have to bypass this layer and be transferred to the layer of
stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer.
➢ When a building is subjected to very heavy concentrated loads,
such as in a high rise structure, Pile foundations are capable of
taking higher loads than spread footings
End Bearing Piles
In End bearing piles, the bottom end of the pile rests on a layer of
especially strong soil or rock. The load of the building is transferred
through the pile onto the strong layer. The load therefore bypasses the
weak layer and is safely transferred to the strong layer.

Friction Piles
Friction piles work on a different principle. The pile transfers the load of
the building to the soil across the full height of the pile, by friction. In
other words, the entire surface of the pile, which is cylindrical in shape,
works to transfer the forces to the soil.
➢ It provide an ideal solution to foundation in black cotton
soil or other similar types of expansive soils
➢ Black cotton soils undergo large vertical settlement due to
higher concentration of montmorilonite
UNDER REAMED PILE
➢ Pier foundation are underground cylindrical structural member that
support heavier load of the structure which shallow foundations cannot
resist.
➢ Unlike pile foundation, pier foundation can only transfer load by bearing.
Pier foundation are shallower in depth than the pile foundation.
➢ The term caisson refers to box or a case. These are hollow
inside and are usually constructed at the site and sunk in
place into a hard bearing strata.

➢ As they are expensive in construction, they are usually

restricted to major foundation works. Well foundation are
suitable when the soil contains large boulders obstructing the
penetration during installation of pier or pile foundations.

➢ Caissons are used for bridge piers, abutments in rivers and

lakes and other shore protection works.
➢ A Foundation is the lowest load bearing part of a building
typically below the ground level.
➢ Where as a footing is the bottom most part of a foundation
meaning not all foundations are footings but all footings have
foundations to be on.
➢ Soil bearing capacity is less & load coming from
structure is high.
➢ For any individual column load if the required footing
area shall be more than 50% of plan area.
➢ Load of structure has to be distributed over a large area
➢ When soil strata is unpredictable & contains pockets of
compressible soil.
➢ Basement is to be constructed
➢ Individual footing will overlap one another
➢ Possibility of differential settlement due to presence of
soft soils.
➢ ISOBAR
An isobar is a stress contour or a line joining points of equal
vertical pressure below ground surface

➢ PRESSURE BULB
The soil mass inside 0.1q isobar is called pressure bulb . Beyond
pressure bulb the effect of the applied load is 0 (negligible)
 SPACING BETWEEN COLUMN

➢ The spacing between two adjacent column should be such that

individual pressure bulb must not intersect each other.

➢ If two individual pressure bulbs intersect each other , then the soil
mss inside that common portion will exhibit high amount of
pressure ,which may create nuisance to structure
INDIVIDUAL PRESSURE
BULBS INTERSECTING
➢ Prone to edge erosion
➢ Special measurements are needed when mat foundation is
subjected to the concentrated load.

The above limitations of mat foundation can be avoided by

taking necessary steps
 COMPENSATE
(ADJUST FOR / IN PLACE OF)

The main principle of floating foundation is to balance the

weight of removed soil by a structure of same weight which
causes zero settlement to the structure. So, this foundation is
also called as balancing raft foundation
➢ A foundation is laid on ground by excavating some amount
of soil. After that, a structure is built on it. In case of floating
foundation, the weight of structure built on the soil is nearly
equal to the total weight of the soil (including water in the
soil) excavated from the ground before the construction of
structure.
➢ Floating raft is type of land based foundation, invented by John Wellborn Root,
that protects against settlement and the liquefaction of soft soil due to seismic
activity. It was a necessary innovation in the development of tall buildings in the
wet soil of Chicago in the 19th century.

➢ For a floating raft foundation – or simply "floating foundation" – the foundation has
a volume such that, if that volume filled with soil, it would be equal in weight to the
total weight of the structure.
➢ Soils which are having good shear strength but having a
problem of large settlements and differential settlements
under heavy loads. In this case, floating foundation can
reduce the settlement values to greater extent.
➢ Soils which are having low shear strength and there is no
hard layer of soil at reasonable depth.
➢ The main principle of floating foundation is to balance the weight
of removed soil by a structure of same weight which causes zero
settlement to the structure.

➢ Let’s consider a ground with water table at the top. The ground is
excavated up to certain depth which is below water table. Now a
building is constructed which is as same weight as of the removed
soil and water.
➢ Even the depth of excavation is below the table the total
vertical pressure in the soil below the foundation is
unchanged because of its balancing weight. But here one
point is to be noted that we cannot build a structure
immediately after the excavation.
 During the construction of floating foundation some problems
may arise which can be prevented by taking proper care. The
problems will arise during
➢ Excavation
➢ Dewatering
➢ Critical depth
➢ Bottom heave
➢ The excavation for floating foundation should be done carefully.
The walls of excavated part should be supported using sheet piles
or timber piles or soldier piles etc.
➢ If the depth of the excavation is below the water table then
dewatering is essential. It is better to examine the water table level
prior to the excavation. Dewatering should be done cautiously
otherwise it may cause lowering of water table which disturbs the
adjoining structures.
➢ A diaphragm wall is a structural concrete wall constructed in a
deep trench excavation either cast in situ or using precast concrete
components . The walls generally range in thickness from 500-
1500mm and can be excavated to depths of over 50m.
➢ The main provision is to provide lateral stability to peripheral soil
deposit of trench.
➢ Vertical Drains, also known as Wick Drains or Band Drains,
are used to accelerate the consolidation of embankments built
of fine grain soils. This is normally to expedite construction
and limit long term settlement.
VERTICAL
DRAINS
➢ If the soil is of low shear strength as specified above, there is
a limit to the depth of excavation which is known as critical
depth. There are two equations are available to determine
critical depth of excavation given by Terzaghi and Skempton
respectively.
➢ When the soil is excavated up to some depth, the pressure of
the soil below this depth is lowered which results the
formation of heave. The formed heave causes settlement to
the structure or foundation. We cannot prevent the formation
of heave but there are some methods to minimize the
formation of heave.
➢ Excavating narrow trenches and filling them with concrete
soon after the excavation minimizes the heave formation.
Installing friction piles before excavation or after the
completion of half excavation can also prevents the formation
of heave. By lowering water table also, it can be minimized.
➢ A basement is part of a building that is either partially or
completely below ground level. Basements can be constructed
using brick or concrete block, poured concrete, pre-cast concrete,
or even treated wood.

➢ Basements generally become more expensive as the depth

increases. However, in prime locations, the cost of land may justify
multi-story basements or even below ground parking garages.
This is becoming increasingly common in India.

➢ Cellar is part of a dwelling which is situated partly of entirely

below ground level, and is distinct from a basement in that it is
used only for storage, heating plant or purposes other than
habitation.
➢ POURED CONCRETE

➢ BLOCK MASONRY WALLS

➢ PRECAST PANELS
➢ The buoyancy raft foundations are also known as compensated
foundations or deep cellular rafts. Whatever be the name they are
known for, they come under the category of floating foundations.
➢ These are known as fully compensated foundations as during their
construction the soil underneath the foundation is removed, whose
weight is equal to the weight of the whole superstructure. Hence
the weight removed from the soil is compensated by the weight of
the building.
The Basement rafts

➢ The buoyant rafts differ from the basement rafts .The basement rafts involve only
excavation of soil whose weight equals to a part of the weight of the building. The whole
building weight is not taken and hence called as a partially compensated foundation.

The Buoyant raft.

➢ In the case of buoyancy rafts construction, the shear strength of the soil in the site is
very low. Now under such conditions, the construction by floating of the foundation is
the only way that works.
 The settlement tends to be controlled via the following-
➢ Use of a larger foundation to produce lower soil contact
pressure
➢ Displaced volume of soil (floatation effect) ;theoretically if the
weight of excavation equals the combined weight of the
structure and mat then the system floats in the soil mass and
no settlement occurs.
➢ In general the pressure causing settlement in a mat analysis
may be computed as
Net pressure=total structure weight (including mat)-weight of
excavated soil/mat area
 Seismic resistance of a structure with mat foundation will be as
follow
➢ No crack formation in structure because there is no possibility of
differential settlement
➢ The whole structure along with foundation moves as a unit
➢ Floating foundation serves as a good platform for application of
base isolation.
➢ A phenomenon where by a saturated or partially saturated
soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to
an applied stress usually earthquake shaking or other sudden
change in stress condition causing it to behave like a liquid is
called soil liquefaction.
➢ The building is elevated to a required height, which makes them stay
above high water levels.
➢ The chances of settlement are reduced. As the total weight coming is
equal to the excavated soil, there is no settlement. A slight increase in
this load would not bring any drastic change in exceeding the settlement
limit.
➢ Watertight material for foundations would help in the durability of the
underground structure.
➢ Foundation having a height of 3 or 4 floors are used for skyscraper
construction. This construction is found for efficient than pile foundation in
areas with very weak soils for a larger depth.
➢ No differential settlement occurs.
➢ Ground water can not entry into the super structure & no need of separate
construction of floor slab
➢ The excavated earth can be utilized for making of bricks
➢ Basement serves as a good parking place and also electrical appliances can be
stored in it.
➢ No fear of Soil Liquefaction.
➢ As the depth of weak soil increases, the amount of excavation also
increases. In construction, the excavation process is an activity
found very costly.
➢ Catastrophic Movement possibilities- These occur when the
excavation is done beyond the critical depth of stability.
➢ Advanced Engineering skills requirement
➢ Space is wasted as hollow raft foundations cannot be used for any
other purpose.
➢ Uplift pressure would affect the whole foundation arrangement.
➢ Leaving the cells unoccupied would result in water entering or
seepage. This may be through the substructure or due to any
complaints in the water pipelines going underground.
➢ There are possibilities of leakage of gasses into these hollow cells.
As these situations are unaware, they remain unventilated. This
would cause unexpected explosions, even if there are small
chances of ignition anywhere around
➢ So from the above topic I concluded that the COMPENSATED
RAFT (FLOATING) foundation is a new concept and must be
encouraged where high rise structures are to be constructed on
soft soils having less bearing capacity.
➢ As there is no chance of differential settlement of foundation the
super structure will not develop more cracks and hence the
durability of structure is enhanced.
➢ Specially buoyant foundation is an incredible innovation, which
may sound as a hypothetical concept in India but At present era it
is being practiced in some countries to fight against Hurricanes…
THANK YOU
Mr. PAVAN KUMAR