Tricks and Tech

TYPES OF CARBON
Vinylic, Allylic, Benzylic : In vinylic, double bonded carbon is present. In allylic,
carbon is attached next to double bonded carbon. In case of benzylic, carbon is
attached next to benzene.
Example:

α, β, γ carbons : In this case, carbon bonded with functional group is known as

α, β and next to it subsequent carbon is γ. As shown below :

Acylic Carbon : A carbon which is in CH3CO is known as Acylic carbon and

represented as AC.

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 Tricks and Tech
Example :
CH3CO or AC
CH3COOH or ACOH
CH3COCl or ACCl
Asymmetric Carbon or Chiral Carbon: A carbon which is bonded with four different
groups by single bonds is known as asymmetric carbon or chiral carbon.
It shows optical isomerism
CH3

C H
HO2C OH

Carboxylic Acid B
 Alkanoic acid
CH3COOH Ethanoic acid
HCOOH Methanoic acid
COOH
| Ethandioic acid
COOH
Characteristics of Carboxylic Acid
1. Acid turns Blue litmus paper to red
2. Acid give CO2 with bi-carbonate

3. Cyclic acid

4. Acid reacts with alcohol to give ester, in presence of mineral acid :
(—OH of — COOH group and H+ of alcohol are removed.)

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 General Organic Chemistry & IUPAC System JEE/NEET/OLYMPIAD/KVPY

If any acid gives —OH and alcohol gives H+ in the reaction then it is called
ester formation.
5. Formic Acid in Vapour phase is known as Formaline.
6. CH3COOH on solidification is known as Glacial acid.
7. In vinegar, CH3COOH is 7%
8. In case of carboxylic acid, it forms dimer due to H-bonding.

2CH3COOH →(CH3COOH)2
Dimer

9. Peroxy acid is weaker acid as compared to carboxylic acid.

B

Acidic Nature : RCOOOH < RCOOH
Reason : In case of peroxy-acid, Intra-molecular H-bonding is present so removal of
H+ is not easy. Secondly, there is no resonance in peroxy anion.
10. Carboxylic acid reacts with carbene to give ester.

11. β-Keto acid or β-Unsaturated acid on heating gives CO2 (de-carboxylation),

12. Soda lime performs as given in the following reactions :
NaOH + CaO
R COOH 
→R H
NaOH + CaO
CH3COOH 
− CO
→ CH4
2

NaOH + CaO
CH3COOD 
− CO
→ CH4
2

NaOD + CaO
CH3COOH 
→ CH3 D   ⇒ (in this reaction lime absorb H2O)

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 Tricks and Tech

Sulphonic Acid

 SO3H (Alkane Sulphonic Acid)

CH3—SO3H Methane Sulphonic Acid
CH3 CH2SO3H Ethan sulphonic Acid
  2   1

 Characteristics of sulphonic acid

Acidic nature of R—SO3H>>R—COOH
NaOH
R SO3H 
→R SO3Na

R SO3Na 
→R
NaOH
OH + Na 2SO3 (always removed) B
NaCl
CH3SO3Na 
→ CH3Cl + Na 2SO3

NaX
CH3 SO3Na → CH3X + Na 2SO3

Ester

 RCOOR′ → Alkyl alkanoate, Alkyl alkanoate

 Prepared by the reaction of any acid with alcohol.

CH3COOCH3 → Methyl ethanoate

2 1

CH3CH2COOCH3 → Methyl Pr opanoate

3 2 1

 Characteristics of ester
1. Ester is neutral in nature with fruity smell.
2. Ester are formed from acid and alcohol in which —OH group of acid and —H
of alcohol are removed.

Amines
—NH2 → Alkane Amine
2 1
CH CH2 NH2 Ethan amine
3
 P, S and T amines are functional isomers shows different properties.

Note P, S and T (alcohol and halides) are not functional isomers.

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 General Organic Chemistry & IUPAC System JEE/NEET/OLYMPIAD/KVPY

 Characteristics of Amine
1. Primary amine give “Mustard oil test”
2. 1°-amine give Carbylamine test in which chloroform reacts with 1° amine in
presence of KOH to give isocyanide (bad smell)
NaNO + HCl
3. CH3 CH2 NH2 2
or HNO
→ CH3 CH2 OH
2

NaNO + HCl
CH2 == CH NH2 
2
→ CH2 == CH N 2Cl

Amide
B
(Alkan amide)

: Ethan amide

 Hoffmann bromamide reaction

KOH + Br
CH3 CO NH2 
2
→ CH3 NH2
1° amine

PO
 CH3CONH2 
2 5
dehydration
→ CH3CN

R—OH : Alkanol
CH3CH2OH : Ethanol
CH3 CH CH3 : Propan-2-ol
|
OH
CH2 OH
| : Ethan-1, 2-diol
CH2 OH

 Characteristics of Alcohol
1. 100% ethyl alcohol is known as, absolute alcohol
2. 95% absolute alcohol +5% water is known as spirit.
3. If methyl alcohol is added in spirit then it is known as denatured sprit.
4. 80% petrol and 20% ethyl alcohol are known as power Alcohol. It is used as
Fuel.
5. Ethyl alcohol works on nervous system cause to unconsciousness but methyl
alcohol is poisonous in nature it causes blindness, if drunk.

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 Tricks and Tech
Alcohol with alkyl group–

gives haloform test (iodoform, chloroform; Bromoform test).

Ether

R—O—R' Alkoxy alkane

Alkoxy of R and alkane R'.

B
CH3—CH2—O—CH3
Methoxy ethane

C2H5—O—C3H7
Ethoxy propane

CH3—O—CH3 Methoxy methane

Cyclic Ether

An epoxide is a three membered ring i.e., 2C and 10 bonded by single bond is the

form of triangle.

Aldehyde and Ketone

Aldehyde starts with 1 carbon but ketone start with 3 carbon

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 General Organic Chemistry & IUPAC System JEE/NEET/OLYMPIAD/KVPY

Super Key Points

1. Ethers are explosive in nature in air, due to peroxy formation.
2. Aldehyde with out α-Hydrogen shows cannizaro reaction. It is a redox reaction
which takes places in presence of a base.
NaOH*
2 HCHO → HCOONa + CH3OH *

3. Aldehyde give tollen’s and fehling solution test except benzaldehyde. (It doesn’t
give fehling solution test)

Aldol Condensation
B 1. If aldehyde or ketone has α-hydrogen then it gives aldol condensation in presence
of base or acid.

2. Aldehyde or ketone with following group gives haloform test.

3. Carbonyl compound gives Crystal with NaHSO3 (Sodium bisulphite)

Cyanide & Isocyanide

CN NC
Alkane nitrile Alkan isonitrile
or Carbylamine

1. Isocyanides has a bad (irritating) smell.

2.

3.

H O / H+
4. R  CN 
2
→ R  COOH
H O / H+
R  NC 
2
→ R  NH2 + HCOOH

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 Tricks and Tech

D.U. [Degree of Unsaturation]

If compound is represented as Cn Hn then D.U. degree of unsaturation

1 2

2n1 − n2 + 2
D.U. =   where Cn Hn n1 = no. of C n2 = no. of H
2 1 2

1. D.U. = 0 all single bond

2. D.U. = 1 One = bond or one cyclic
3. D.U. = 2 One = bond/ 2 = bonds/one = +one cyclic/Two cyclic
10 − 12 + 2
Example. C5H12 D.U = n1 = 5 n2 = 12
2
D.U = 0 all single bonds. Total Structure 3 B
C C
| |
C—C—C—C—C C C C
C  C  C  C
|
C
8−8+ 2
Example. C4H8 D.U. = =1
2
D.U. = 1, one = or cyclic
C—C == C—C, C == C—C—C C == C  C
|
C
Total Structures = 5
Total Isomers = 6
If D.U. + oxygen- If a compound has oxygen then D.U. is calculated along with
‘O’ as under :
 D.U. = 0 and oxygen then it is alcohol or ether
 D.U. = 1 and oxygen then it is aldehyde or Ketone.
6−8+ 2
Example. C3H8O D.U. = = 0 , alcohol or ether
2
C—C—C—OH, C  C  C , C—O—C—C
|
OH
If D.U. + Halogen- If a compound has halogen then D.U. is calculated by replace
halogen by Hydrogen as under :

Example : C3H7Br then C3H8, Br ≡≡ H

C  C  C  Br

6−8+ 2 
D.U. = = 0

2  C C |
C
 Br

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 General Organic Chemistry & IUPAC System JEE/NEET/OLYMPIAD/KVPY

Improve Your Concept by Exercise

1. Which will give Tollen's test ?

O OH O
|| | ||
(a) CH3  C  CH2 (b) CH3  C  CH3

O
||
(c) CH3  C  H (d) both (a) & (c)

B Ans. (d)

2. CH3SO3H is more acidic than CH3COOH due to

(a) Resonating anion CH3SO3–

(b) Hydrogen bonding in CH3COOH
(c) Inductive effect
(d) mesomeric effect
Ans. (a)

3. Which will give red ppt with Ammonical Cu2Cl2.

(a) CH≡≡CH (b) CH2 == CH2
(c) CH3—CH3 (d) CH4
Ans. (a)

4. Iodoform test is given by

(a) CH3—CHO (b) C2H5OH
(c) CH3—CHCl2 (d) All
Ans. (d)

5. Which will not give ester on heating.

OH OH
| |
(a) CH3  CH  CH2  COOH (b)
CH3  CH2  CH  COOH

OH
|
(c) CH 2  CH2  CH2  COOH (d) all

Ans. (a)

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 Tricks and Tech
6. Which is not acid after heating.
O
OH COOH
C |
(a) CH3—CH OH (b) CH3  CH  CHO

C
O
O CH2 == CH  CH  CH2COOH
||
(c) CH3  C  COOH (d) |
COOH
Ans. (b)

7. . A is
B

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Ans. (b)
8. Which is having maxium B.P.
(a) CH3COOH (b) CH3CHO
(c) CH3CH2NH2 (d) CH3CH2OH
Ans. (a)
9. CaC2 + H2O → CH ≡≡ CH then Al4C3 + H2O ?
(a) CH4 (b) CH≡≡CH
(c) CH≡≡C—CH3 (d) CH3—CH2—CH3
Ans. (a)
OH HO
| |
KHSO4
10. CH2  CH  CH2  → A. A is
|
OH
O
||
(a) CH2 == CH—CHO (b) CH3  C  CH3
(c) CH2 == CH—CH3 (d) CH2 == C == CH2
Ans. (a)

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