Exam

Name___________________________________

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 11.1

Using Figure 11.1, match the following:

1) Which neuron would activate to a muscle? 1)

2) Which neuron would be found in the retina of the eye? 2)

3) Which neuron is a sensory neuron found in a reflex arc? 3)

4) Which neuron is never myelinated? 4)

5) Which neuron is typically involved in the special senses of sight and smell? 5)

6) In a reflex arc, which neuron has its cell body inside the spinal cord? 6)

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 7) Which neuron is common only in dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord and sensory 7)
ganglia of cranial nerves?

8) Which is by far the most common neuron type? 8)

Figure 11.2

Using Figure 11.2, match the following:

9) Ion channel. 9)

10) Synaptic vesicles. 10)

11) Calcium ions. 11)

12) Postsynaptic membrane. 12)

13) Synaptic cleft. 13)

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MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following:

14) The neuron cannot respond to a A) Absolute refractory period

14)
second stimulus, no matter how
strong. B) Repolarization

15) The interior of the cell becomes less C) Depolarization 15)

negative due to an influx of sodium
ions.
D) Relative refractory period

16) The specific period during which

E) Action potential 16)
potassium ions diffuse out of the
neuron due to a change in membrane
permeability.

17) Also called a nerve impulse

17)
transmitted by axons.

18) An exceptionally strong stimulus can

18)
trigger a response.

Match the following:

19) Voltage-gated Na+ channels open. A) Threshold stimulus

19)

20) Na+ channels are inactivating, and B) Hyperpolarization

20)
voltage-gated K+ channels open.
C) Repolarization
21) Some K+ channels remain open, and
21)
Na+ channels rest. D) Depolarization

22) Any stimulus at or above this level

22)
will result in action potential.

Match the following:

23) Area where nerve impulse is A) Conducting region

23)
generated.
B) Trigger zone
24) Receives stimuli.
24)
C) Receptive region
25) Plasma membrane exhibits
25)
voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels.

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 26) Plasma membrane exhibits A) Receptive region
26)
voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
B) Secretory zone
27) Axon terminals release
27)
neurotransmitters. C) Secretory region

28) Plasma membrane exhibits chemically

28)
gated ion channels.

Match the following:

29) One incoming axon triggers responses A) Reverberating circuit

29)
in ever-increasing numbers farther
and farther along the circuit. B) Diverging circuit

30) May be involved in complex, exacting C) Converging circuit 30)

types of mental processing.
D) Parallel after-discharge circuit
31) Involved in control of rhythmic
31)
activities such as breathing.

32) Involved in activating fibers of a

32)
skeletal muscle such as the biceps
muscle.

33) Different types of sensory input can

33)
have the same ultimate effect.

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

34) The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must 34)
be stimulated for conduction to take place.

35) Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli that will produce the same effect every time. 35)

36) Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system. 36)

37) During depolarization, the inside of the neuron's membrane becomes less negative. 37)

38) The peripheral nervous system is divided into afferent and efferent divisions. 38)

39) Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase. 39)

40) Enkephalins and endorphins are peptides that act like morphine. 40)

41) In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of 41)
Ranvier.

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 42) A postsynaptic potential is a graded potential that is the result of a neurotransmitter released into 42)
the synapse between two neurons.

43) Unipolar neurons have axons structurally divided into peripheral and central processes. 43)

44) A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at the presynaptic 44)
end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane.

45) Axon diameter and degree of myelination determine nerve impulse conduction velocity. 45)

46) The action potential is caused by permeability changes in the plasma membrane. 46)

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

47) Nerve impulses are sent to slow the heart's rate of contraction. The nerve fibers sending these 47)
signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?
A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division

48) Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin. The 48)
nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?
A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division

49) Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The nerve 49)
fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?
A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division

50) Cranial nerve II, the optic nerve sends nerve impulses to the brain carrying information about the 50)
things we see. These nerve fibers most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?
A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division

51) The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly 51)
regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for
this?
A) oligodendrocytes B) satellite cells
C) Schwann cells D) astrocytes

52) Some nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system have the ability to regenerate after damage has 52)
occurred. Which of the following cells is most responsible for aiding in this regulation?
A) satellite cells B) oligodendrocytes
C) Schwann cells D) astrocytes

53) It is important for newly developed neurons to form synapses with other neurons. Which cells are 53)
most responsible for guiding the formation of these particular junctions?
A) Schwann cells B) satellite cells C) microglial cells D) astrocytes

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54) Meningitis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria. Which cells would 54)
be most responsible for removing the infection?
A) satellite cells B) microglia
C) oligodendrocytes D) Schwann cells

55) Like all cells, the neurons' internal organization dictates its function. Neurons have relatively many 55)
mitochondria, an extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum and many clusters of
ribosomes. These cellular features indicate all of the following EXCEPT ________.
A) neurons produce many proteins
B) neurons must meet a high demand for ATP
C) neurons have a relatively high consumption of oxygen
D) neurons have stable, relatively unchanging internal environments

56) An action potential is regarded as an example of a positive feedback. Which of the following 56)
examples below best illustrates the positive feedback aspect of an action potential?
A) Voltage gated potassium ion channels open slowly and remain open long enough to cause
hyperpolarization.
B) The sodium potassium pump consistently moves ions as long as ATP is available, and
regardless of membrane potential changes.
C) Potassium permeability is about 25 times greater than sodium ions.
D) A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will
cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium
ion channels.

57) The depolarization phase of an action potential is punctuated by the closing of inactivation gates in 57)
the voltage gated sodium ion channels. All of the following are consequences of this inactivation
except one. Choose the statement below that is not a consequence of the closing of inactivating
gates.
A) This allows for the one way transmission of action potential down the axon.
B) This allows for the efflux (diffusion out) of potassium ions, resulting in the repolarization of
the cell.
C) This stops the depolarization of the axon membrane.
D) This limits the frequency of action potentials down the axon.

58) During the relative refractory period of an action potential, a larger than normal stimulus is 58)
needed to cause another action potential. This is due to the fact that ________.
A) the membrane is now impermeable to all ions
B) the sodium potassium pump will stop working during relative refractory
C) the inactivation gates on voltage gated sodium ion channels are closed
D) the voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the
axon membrane

59) If a postsynaptic neuron is stimulated to threshold by spatial summation this implies that 59)
________.
A) the postsynaptic cell has many voltage gated ion channels
B) the postsynaptic cell is slow to repolarize
C) the postsynaptic cell has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons
D) the postsynaptic cell has a lower than normal threshold

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60) If a postsynaptic cell is stimulated to threshold by temporal summation this implies that ________. 60)
A) the postsynaptic cell is sending frequent action potential
B) the presynaptic neuron is sending frequent IPSP
C) the postsynaptic cell can be influenced by only one presynaptic cell
D) a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP

61) When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the 61)
following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the postsynaptic cell?
A) Chemically gated chloride channels will open.
B) Chemically gated potassium channels will open.
C) Chemically gated sodium channels will be closed.
D) Chemically gated sodium channels will open.

62) When a neurotransmitter like GABA is acting in an inhibitory manner which of the following is 62)
likely a result of the GABA acting on the postsynaptic cell?
A) hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane
B) opening of chemically gated sodium channels
C) influx of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell
D) depolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane

63) The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting. Which of the following gives the best 63)
explanation for why this is so?
A) Acetylcholine has many different forms.
B) Acetylcholine has a "dose effect." Larger doses are stimulating while small doses inhibit.
C) Postsynaptic cells have a dynamic and changing metabolism and respond differently at
different times.
D) Different postsynaptic cells will have different receptors.

64) Which of the following is NOT a function of dendrites? 64)

A) provide enormous surface area for receiving signals from other neurons
B) produce short-distance signals called graded potentials
C) generate nerve impulses and transmit them away from the cell body
D) convey incoming messages toward the cell body

65) Which of the choices below describes the ANS? 65)

A) sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract
B) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle,
and glands
C) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
D) sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and
limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the
CNS

66) These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid. 66)
A) oligodendrocytes B) astrocytes
C) Schwann cells D) ependymal cells

67) What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus? 67)
A) size of action potentials B) type of stimulus receptor
C) origin of the stimulus D) frequency of action potentials

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68) Bipolar neurons are commonly ________. 68)
A) found in ganglia B) found in the retina of the eye
C) motor neurons D) called neuroglial cells

69) Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating 69)
skeletal muscle?
A) acetylcholine B) norepinephrine
C) cholinesterase D) gamma aminobutyric acid

70) Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? 70)
A) analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
B) senses changes in the environment
C) responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction

71) The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the 71)
________.
A) absolute refractory period B) resting period
C) depolarization D) repolarization

72) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of neurons? 72)

A) They have extreme longevity.
B) They are mitotic.
C) They conduct impulses.
D) They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate.

73) Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the 73)
generation and conduction of action potentials?
A) voltage-gated channel B) leakage channel
C) ligand-gated channel D) mechanically-gated channel

74) Loss of function in the enzyme acetylcholine esterase would result in which of the following? 74)
A) amplify or enhance the effect of ACh
B) inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft
C) stimulation of the production of acetylcholine
D) inability to release acetylcholine

75) Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system? 75)
A) innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract
B) innervation of glands
C) innervation of cardiac muscle
D) innervation of skeletal muscle

76) Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________. 76)
A) nerves B) ganglia C) nuclei D) tracts

77) The term central nervous system refers to the ________. 77)
A) spinal nerves B) somatic nerves
C) brain and spinal cord D) sensory (afferent) nerves

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78) A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) 78)
________.
A) afferent neuron B) glial cell C) interneuron D) efferent neuron

79) Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. 79)

A) erratic transmission of nerve impulses B) the myelin sheath
C) diphasic impulses D) large nerve fibers

80) Which of the following is NOT a chemical class of neurotransmitters? 80)

A) biogenic amine B) nucleic acid
C) ATP and other purines D) amino acid

81) Which of the following is false or incorrect? 81)

A) An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the
inhibitory effect but less than threshold.
B) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the
excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane.
C) A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.

82) Select the correct statement regarding chemical synapses. 82)

A) Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells.
B) Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapses.
C) The synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the postsynaptic
cell.
D) The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically
coupled.

83) Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential? 83)

A) It can have amplitudes of various sizes.
B) It has a depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phase.
C) It travels long distances.
D) It is initiated by voltage changes in the membrane.

84) Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. 84)

A) oligodendrocytes B) astrocytes
C) ependymal cells D) microglia

85) Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which of the following channels will open? 85)
A) chemically-gated chloride channels B) voltage-gated potassium channels
C) voltage-gated sodium channels D) voltage-gated calcium channels

86) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. 86)

A) opening of voltage-regulated channels
B) lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur
C) a change in sodium ion permeability
D) hyperpolarization

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87) Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being 87)
generated on the dendritic membrane?
A) Specific sodium gates will open.
B) Specific potassium gates will open.
C) A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.
D) Sodium gates will open first, then close as potassium gates open.

88) When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called 88)
a(n) ________.
A) excitatory potential B) postsynaptic potential
C) action potential D) generator potential

89) Which of the following is NOT true of graded potentials? 89)

A) They are short-lived.
B) They can be called postsynaptic potentials.
C) They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.
D) They can form on receptor endings.

90) Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes? 90)
A) Ions always move passively across membranes.
B) Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.
C) Ions always move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
D) Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels.

91) A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. 91)

A) the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell
B) proteins have been resynthesized
C) the membrane potential has been reestablished
D) all sodium gates are closed

92) The interior surface of a neuron's plasma membrane at resting membrane potential will have a 92)
________.
A) negative charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell
B) positive charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell
C) positive charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell
D) negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell

93) If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the 93)
length of the axon, ________.
A) muscle contraction would occur
B) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only, and the muscle contraction would occur
C) the impulse would spread bidirectionally
D) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only

94) Which of the following neurotransmitters is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spinal 94)
cord?
A) serotonin B) endorphin C) glycine D) acetylcholine

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 95) Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential? 95)
A) short distance depolarization
B) opens K+ or Cl- channels
C) moves membrane potential away from threshold
D) short distance hyperpolarization

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

96) The part of the nervous system that conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal 96)
muscles is the ________ nervous system.

97) Neuroglia found in the CNS that change the permeability of capillaries in the brain by 97)
binding to and surrounding these blood vessels are called ________.

98) Which group of neurotransmitters play a role in emotional behavior and help regulate the 98)
biological clock?

99) What mechanism is responsible for axonal transport? 99)

100) The synapse more common in embryonic nervous tissue than in adults is the ________. 100)

101) When information is delivered within the CNS simultaneously by different parts of the 101)
neural pathway, the process is called ________ processing.

102) When one or more presynaptic neurons fire in rapid order it produces a much greater 102)
depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane than would result from a single EPSP; this
event is called ________ summation.

103) What is the role of microglial cells and why are they so important in the CNS? 103)

104) Define synaptic delay. 104)

105) What is the difference between a direct acting neurotransmitter and an indirect acting 105)
neurotransmitter?

106) What function is served by the increased axon diameter at the nodes of Ranvier? 106)

107) Imagine a neuron that has several hundred axonal knobs impinging on it. The majority of 107)
these axonal knobs are shown to be "firing." However, the neuron in question does not
transmit an impulse. Give a valid explanation of why this could occur.

108) At the biochemical level, what is the explanation of the hyperpolarization phase at the 108)
conclusion of the action potential?

109) What are the basic divisions of the peripheral nervous system? 109)

110) Because all action potentials are alike, how does the brain separate situations that require 110)
immediate attention from ordinary "positional" reports?

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ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

111) Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease in which the myelin sheaths are destroyed. What process does this interfere
with and what would be the consequence?

112) A patient is admitted to the hospital with exacerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS). She asks the nurse, "Why did
this have to happen to me again? I was doing so well." Explain why some forms of MS are characterized by
periods of remission and exacerbation.

113) A heroin addict was brought into the emergency room. The addict's friend asks the emergency room physician
why heroin and morphine are such addictive drugs. How does the physician respond?

114) What symptoms would a nurse focus on in his or her care of a patient with multiple sclerosis?

115) Sally, a 5-year-old child, was bitten on the hand by a bat that was later diagnosed with rabies. She was
immediately treated after the bite but had to go through a series of more involved treatments after the rabies
diagnosis in the bat that bit her. How does the rabies virus get to the brain from a simple hand wound?

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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED11

1) A
2) B
3) C
4) B
5) B
6) A
7) C
8) A
9) E
10) C
11) A
12) B
13) D
14) A
15) C
16) B
17) E
18) D
19) D
20) C
21) B
22) A
23) B
24) C
25) A
26) C
27) B
28) A
29) B
30) D
31) A
32) B
33) C
34) FALSE
35) TRUE
36) TRUE
37) TRUE
38) TRUE
39) FALSE
40) TRUE
41) TRUE
42) TRUE
43) TRUE
44) TRUE
45) TRUE
46) TRUE
47) D
48) A
49) B
50) A
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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED11

51) D
52) C
53) D
54) B
55) D
56) D
57) B
58) D
59) C
60) D
61) D
62) A
63) D
64) C
65) B
66) D
67) D
68) B
69) A
70) A
71) A
72) B
73) A
74) B
75) D
76) B
77) C
78) C
79) B
80) B
81) C
82) C
83) A
84) A
85) B
86) D
87) C
88) D
89) C
90) B
91) C
92) D
93) C
94) C
95) A
96) somatic
97) astrocytes
98) biogenic amine neurotransmitters
99) ATP-dependent "motor" proteins such as kinesin and dynein myosin are responsible. They propel cellular
components along microtubules.
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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED11

100) electrical synapse

101) parallel
102) temporal
103) In the presence of invading microbes, microglial cells become macrophages to phagocytize the microbes and neuronal
debris. This protective role is important because cells of the immune system are denied access to the CNS.
104) Synaptic delay reflects the time required for neurotransmitter release, diffusion across the synaptic cleft, and binding
to receptors.
105) Direct acting neurotransmitters bind to and open ion channels. Indirect acting neurotransmitters act through
intracellular second-messenger molecules.
106) Increased diameter results in less resistance to lengthwise intra-axonal flow. This results in increased speed of
impulse propagation.
107) Both excitatory and inhibitory potentials impinge on neurons. In this case, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)
outnumber EPSPs, and due to the IPSP neurotransmitter released and its action, the postsynaptic neuron is inhibited
from "firing" (hyperpolarized).
108) The voltage gated K+ channels are slow to open as well as to close. These channels will remain open long enough to
hyperpolarize the cell. The K+ ions decrease the positive ion concentration momentarily below the normal -70mV and
thus hyperpolarize the cell. This assists in preventing the AP from reversing direction.
109) Sensory and motor divisions. Sensory has two divisions: the somatic and visceral. Motor has two divisions: the
somatic and autonomic. The autonomic has two divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic.
110) The importance of a stimulus is derived from the number of stimuli received from the same source. The frequency of
impulse transmission indicates the stimulus intensity and the brain responds appropriately.
111) Demyelination interferes with saltatory conduction, which would result in a slowing down and even permanent
cessation of nerve impulse propagation.
112) Even though someone is diagnosed with MS, the axons are not damaged. Growing numbers of sodium channels
appear spontaneously in the demyelinated fibers so that conduction resumes, even if slower. This may account for the
cycles of relapse and remission in different patients.
113) The physician would respond that heroin, morphine, and other opiates cause the body to have the same responses as
when endorphins are released. Endorphins are neurotransmitters that inhibit pain.
114) Visual disturbances, paralysis, and weakness
115) The rabies virus uses retrograde axonal transport to reach the neuron cell bodies as it makes its way to the brain cells.

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