CHEMISTRY PROJECT

FILE ON RATES OF
REACTION
SESSION—2019-20

SUBMITTED…
TO –MRS. TARA BISHT
BY-ANURAG KOHLI(XII-A)

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Certificate…
Certified that this is the bonafide
work of ANURAG KOHLI of 12th
“A” of
Hermann Gmeiner School he
performed this project file entitle
“RATE OF REACTIONS” of
CHEMISTRY under guidance of
Mrs Tara Bisht during the
Year 2019-20.

..................... ...................... ….…………..…

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…
I am greatly thankful to my CHIMISTRY
teacher Mrs.Tara Bisht for her guidance
and support. And I’m also thankful to
my principal Mr. P V PAUL Sir and
chemistry lab staff for successful
completion of this project. Without their
help and proper guidance my project as
well as experiment had not been
completed successfully.

ANURAG KOHLI
XII A

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CONTENTS…
INTRODUCTION.
REACTION RATES.
FACTORS AFFECTING RATES OF REACTION.
 CONCENTRATION OF REACTANTS.
 CONCENTRATION OF A CATALYST.
 TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE REACTION
OCCURS.
 SURFACE AREA OF A SOLID REACTANT OR
CATALYST.
DEFINATION OF REACTION RATES.
INSTANTANEOUS RATES.
EXPERIMENT ON RATES OF REACTION.
 AIM.
 MATERIAL REQUIRED.
 THEORY.
 PROCEDURE.
 OBSERVATION AND RESULT.
 GRAPH.

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INTRODUCTION…
Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is
the study of rates of chemical processes.
Chemical reactions vary greatly in the speed at which
they occur. Some are essentially instantaneous, while
others may take years to reach equilibrium.
The Reaction Rate for a given chemical reaction is the
measure of the change in concentration of the
reactants or the change in concentration of the
products per unit time.
The experimental determination of reaction rates
involves measuring how the concentrations of
reactants or products change over time. For example,
the concentration of a reactant can be measured by
spectrophotometry at a wavelength where no other
reactant or product in the system absorbs light.
For reactions which take at least several minutes, it is
possible to start the observations after the reactants
have been mixed at the temperature of interest.

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REACTION RATES…
Chemical reactions require varying lengths of time for
completion.
 This reaction rate depends on the characteristics of
the reactants and products and the conditions
under which the reaction is run.
 By understanding how the rate of a reaction is
affected by changing conditions, one can learn the
details of what is happening at the molecular level.
Chemical kinetics is the study of reaction rates, how
reaction rates change under varying conditions, and
what molecular events occur during the overall
reaction.
 What variables affect the reaction rate?
 Concentration of reactants.
 Concentration of a catalyst.
 Concentration of a catalyst.
 Surface area of a solid reactant or catalyst.

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Factors affecting rate
of reaction…
CONCENTRATION OF REACTANTS-
 the reaction rate increases when the concentration
of a reactant is increased.
 Increasing the population of reactants increases the
likelihood of a successful collision.
 In some reactions, however, the rate is unaffected by
the concentration of a particular reactant, as long as
it is present at some concentration.
CONCENTRATION OF A CATALYST-
 A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a
reaction without being consumed in the overall
reaction.
 The catalyst generally does not appear in the overall
balanced chemical equation (although its presence
may be indicated by writing its formula over the
arrow).
 A catalyst may also provide an alternative
mechanism, or pathway, that results in a faster rate.
 Eg: .

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TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE REACTION OCCURS-
 Usually reactions speed up when the temperature
increases.
 A good “rule of thumb” is that reactions
approximately double in rate with a 10˚C rise in
temperature.
 Increasing the temperature of a system increases the
average kinetic energy of its constituent particles. As
the average kinetic energy increases, the particles
move faster and collide more frequently per unit
time and possess greater energy when they collide.
SURFACE AREA OF A SOLID REACTANT OR CATALYST-
 Because the reaction occurs at the surface of the
solid, the rate increases with increasing surface area.
 Automobile engines use surface area effects to
increase reaction rates. Gasoline is injected into each
cylinder, where it combusts on ignition by a spark
from the spark plug. The gasoline is injected in the
form of microscopic droplets because in that form it
has a much larger surface area and can burn much
more rapidly than if it were fed into the cylinder as a
stream.

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DEFINITION OF REACTION
RATE…
The reaction rate is the increase in molar
concentration of a product of a reaction per time unit.
It can be also expressed as the decrease in molar
concentration of a reactant per time unit.
Consider the gas-phase decomposition of nitrogen
pent-oxide.
 Eg:
If we denote molar concentrations using brackets, then
the change in the molarity of O2 would be represented
as:
Symbol, Δ means “the change in”.
Then, in a given time interval (Δt), the molar
concentration of O2 would increase by Δ[O2].
The rate of the reaction is given by:
 Rate of oxygen formation
 This equation gives the average rate over the time
interval, Δt.
 If Δt is short, you obtain an instantaneous rate, that
is, the rate at a particular instant.

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INSTANTANEOUS
REACTION RATE…
For the reaction:
 .
 The concentration of O2 increases with the time.
Instantaneous rate is obtained from the slope of
the tangent at the point of the curve
corresponding to that time.

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EXPERIMENT ON
RATE OF REACTION…
AIM: To investigate the effect of changing the temperature on the
rate of a reaction.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
 Sodium thiosulfate.
 Hydrochloric acid.
 Conical flasks.
 Glass rod.
 Paper with a black dot.
 Notebook and Pen.
 Stopwatch.
 Water.
Theory:
 Sodium thiosulphate solution reacts with dilute
hydrochloric acid:
 sodium thiosulphate + hydrochloric acid → sodium chloride +
water + sulfur dioxide + sulfur]

OR
 Na2S2O3 (s)+2HCl(aq)→NaCl(aq)+H2O(l)+SO2(g)+S(s)
 The sulfur forms a cloudy yellow-white precipitate during
the reaction. The time taken for this to achieve a given
cloudiness provides a way to measure the reaction time.
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 Procedure:
1. 4Using a measuring cylinder, add 50 ml of dilute
sodium thiosulphate solution to a conical flask.
2. Place the conical flask on a piece of paper with a
black cross drawn on it.
3. Using a different measuring cylinder, add 10 ml of
dilute hydrochloric acid to the conical flask.
Immediately swirl the flask to mix its contents, and
start a stop clock.
4. Look down through the reaction mixture. When the
cross can no longer be seen, record the time on the
stop clock.
5. Measure reaction mixture, and clean the apparatus.
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 by changing the concentration
as stated below:
SODIUM WATER HYDROCLORIC
THIOSULPHATE(Na2S2O3) (H2O) ACID(HCl)
i. 50 ml 0 ml 10 ml
ii. 45 ml 5 ml 10 ml
iii. 40 ml 10 ml 10ml
iv. 35 ml 15 ml 10 ml
v. 30 ml 20 ml 10 ml

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7. Now, change the solution and concentration and
repeat steps 1 to 5:
HYDROCHLORIC WATER SODIUM
ACID (HCl) (H2O) THIOSULPHATE(Na2S2O3)
i. 50 ml 0 ml 10 ml
ii. 45 ml 5 ml 10 ml
iii. 40 ml 10 ml 10ml
iv. 35 ml 15 ml 10 ml
v. 30 ml 20 ml 10 ml
8. Now note all the results in the observation table.

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OBSERVATION AND RESULT:
 1ST OBSERVATION TABLE-
SODIUM WATER HYDROCLORIC TIME
THIOSULPHATE(Na2S2O3) (H2O) ACID(HCl) (Sec)
i. 50 ml 0 ml 10 ml
ii. 45 ml 5 ml 10 ml
iii. 40 ml 10 ml 10ml
iv. 35 ml 15 ml 10 ml
v. 30 ml 20 ml 10 ml
 2ND OBSERVATION TABLE-
HYDROCHLORIC WATER SODIUM TIME
ACID (HCl) (H2O) THIOSULPHATE(Na2S2O3) (Sec)
i. 50 ml 0 ml 10 ml
ii. 45 ml 5 ml 10 ml
iii. 40 ml 10 ml 10ml
iv. 35 ml 15 ml 10 ml
v. 30 ml 20 ml 10 ml
 By studying the graph it is concluded that THE
CONCENTRATION CHANGES THE TIME OF THE RATE OF
THE REACTION PROPORTIONALLY.As the graph is
almost a straight slope.

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