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    Liquid Dielectrics

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    Rahul
    This document discusses liquid dielectrics used in high voltage engineering. It describes how liquids can serve as insulators and lists some common types used - transformer oil, synthetic hydrocarbons, silicone oils, esters and chlorinated hydrocarbons. It explains that while liquids theoretically have high dielectric strength, in practice their breakdown strength is lower due to impurities. The document outlines important electrical, thermal and chemical characteristics of liquid dielectrics and notes the difference between pure liquids and commercial liquids used in industry.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Liquid Dielectrics

    Uploaded by

    Rahul
    41 views16 pages
    This document discusses liquid dielectrics used in high voltage engineering. It describes how liquids can serve as insulators and lists some common types used - transformer oil, synthetic hydrocarbons, silicone oils, esters and chlorinated hydrocarbons. It explains that while liquids theoretically have high dielectric strength, in practice their breakdown strength is lower due to impurities. The document outlines important electrical, thermal and chemical characteristics of liquid dielectrics and notes the difference between pure liquids and commercial liquids used in industry.

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    Liquidified

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    1569411453659_Liquid Dielectrics

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    This document discusses liquid dielectrics used in high voltage engineering. It describes how liquids can serve as insulators and lists some common types used - transformer oil, synthetic hydrocarbons, silicone oils, esters and chlorinated hydrocarbons. It explains that while liquids theoretically have high dielectric strength, in practice their breakdown strength is lower due to impurities. The document outlines important electrical, thermal and chemical characteristics of liquid dielectrics and notes the difference between pure liquids and commercial liquids used in industry.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    41 views16 pages

    Liquid Dielectrics

    Uploaded by

    Rahul
    This document discusses liquid dielectrics used in high voltage engineering. It describes how liquids can serve as insulators and lists some common types used - transformer oil, synthetic hydrocarbons, silicone oils, esters and chlorinated hydrocarbons. It explains that while liquids theoretically have high dielectric strength, in practice their breakdown strength is lower due to impurities. The document outlines important electrical, thermal and chemical characteristics of liquid dielectrics and notes the difference between pure liquids and commercial liquids used in industry.

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    You are on page 1of 16

    HIGH VOLTAGE

    ENGINEERING
    Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

    Course Instructor:
    Bhushith M K
    Module - 1
    Conduction and Breakdown in Liquid
    Dielectrics

    Contents:
    • Liquids as insulators
    • Classification of liquid dielectrics
    • Characteristics of liquid dielectrics
    • Pure and commercial liquid dielectrics
    • Conduction and breakdown in pure and commercial liquids
    • Testing of insulating oils
    Bhushith M K, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,
    9/25/2019 2
    NIEIT
    Introduction
    • The understanding of liquid dielectrics is not as convincing
    as that of gaseous or solid dielectrics due to the fact that the
    individual experimental data is at variance and in some
    instances, contradictory
    • Reviews/ studies by Lewis; Sharbaugh and Watson; Swann;
    Zaky and Hanley etc are available on this subject
    • The work broadly falls in to two schools of understanding –
    1. Attempting to explain the breakdown of liquids on a
    model which is an extension of gaseous breakdown based
    on avalanche ionization of atoms caused by electron
    collision or applied field
    Bhushith M K, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,
    9/25/2019 3
    NIEIT
    Introduction (Cont.)
    This approach stands valid for homogeneous liquids with
    extreme purity and not applicable to commercial liquid
    dielectrics
    2. Based on Bubble theory laid down by Kao

    Silicone oil
    Transformer oil

    Bhushith M K, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,


    9/25/2019 4
    NIEIT
    Liquids as Insulators
    • Liquids are believed to be better dielectrics due to the fact
    that they are 10^3 times denser than gases
    • As per Paschen’s law, liquids possess much higher
    dielectric strength of the order of 10^7 V/cm
    • Oil is 10 times more efficient than air or nitrogen when it
    comes to heat transfer capabilities
    • Although liquid dielectrics are expected to have a
    breakdown strength of the order of 10 MV/cm, in practice
    they offer only of the order of 100 kV/cm

    Bhushith M K, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,


    9/25/2019 5
    NIEIT
    Liquids as Insulators (Cont.)
    • Liquid dielectrics are primarily employed as impregnates in
    high voltage cables and capacitors
    • They are also used as coolants in transformers and as arc –
    quenchers in large circuit breakers

    Bhushith M K, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,


    9/25/2019 6
    NIEIT
    Classification of Liquid Dielectrics
    1. Transformer/Mineral oil
    2. Synthetic hydrocarbons
    3. Silicone oils
    4. Esters
    5. Chlorinated hydrocarbons
    6. High temperature hydrocarbons

    Bhushith M K, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,


    9/25/2019 7
    NIEIT
    Classification of Liquid Dielectrics
    (Cont.)
    1. Transformer/ Mineral oil
    • This is the most commonly used liquid dielectric
    • It is a mixture of paraffins, isoparaffins, aromatics and
    naphthalenes
    • In service, these oils operate at a temperature of 95 deg
    (approx.) continuously and hence deteriorates with time
    • As the time elapses, the oil turns darker due to formation of
    acids, resins or sludge
    • Some of these acids are corrosive and may damage the inner
    components of transformer and deposition of sludge may also
    result in decreased circulation and have a negative effect on
    heat transfer capabilities
    Bhushith M K, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,
    9/25/2019 8
    NIEIT
    Classification of Liquid Dielectrics
    (Cont.)
    2. Synthetic hydrocarbons
    • Polyolefins are majorly used as impregnates in power
    cables
    • Most commonly used olefins are poly-butylene and
    alkylaromatic hydrocarbons; over 55% of synthetic
    hydrocarbons produced in the world are polyolefins
    • The general characteristics of these liquids are pretty
    similar to those of mineral oils

    Bhushith M K, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,


    9/25/2019 9
    NIEIT
    Classification of Liquid Dielectrics
    (Cont.)
    3. Silicone oils
    • These are expensive oils which can stay thermally stable
    even at temperatures of 150 deg
    • Silicone oils are resistant to most chemicals and less prone
    to oxidation even at prolonged high operating
    temperatures
    • After the worldwide ban of chlorinated hydrocarbons,
    Silicone oils have effectively served as an alternative to it
    • However, silicone oils are a bit inferior when it comes to
    non-flammable properties

    Bhushith M K, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,


    9/25/2019 10
    NIEIT
    Classification of Liquid Dielectrics
    (Cont.)
    4. Esters
    • Castor oils which are natural esters have
    long been used as capacitor impregnates
    • Presently, organic esters and phosphate
    esters are used
    • Organic esters have high boiling point in
    relation to their viscosity and hence have
    high fire point; these are used extensively
    in capacitors
    • Phosphate esters have high boiling point
    and low flammability; therefore used as
    transformer oil in areas which are
    Bhushith M K, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,
    hazardous
    9/25/2019
    NIEIT
    11
    Classification of Liquid Dielectrics
    (Cont.)
    Property Transformer oil Cable oil Capacitor oil Silicone oil
    Breakdown 15 kV/mm 30 kV/mm 20 kV/mm 30 to 40
    strength kV/mm
    (Standard
    spheres @ 20
    deg , 2.5 mm
    gap)
    Resistivity 10^12 to 10^12 to 10^13 to 3*(10^14)
    10^13 10^13 10^14
    Viscosity 30 30 30 10 to 1000
    Max 50 50 50 < 30
    permissible (Negligible)
    water content
    (in ppm) Bhushith M K, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,
    9/25/2019 12
    NIEIT
    Characteristics of Liquid Dielectrics
    • A liquid dielectric should possess good dielectric properties,
    excellent heat transfer capabilities and should be chemically
    stable
    1. Electrical properties: Some highly desired electrical
    properties in a liquid dielectric are –
    • High relative permittivity
    • High resistivity for (> 10^16 Ohm-m) HV applications; most
    of the pure liquids exhibit this property
    • Low loss tangent, tan (delta); this is an indication of power
    loss under the application of ac voltage
    • High dielectric strength. This depends on the atomic and
    molecular properties of the liquid itself
    Bhushith M K, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,
    9/25/2019 13
    NIEIT
    Characteristics of Liquid Dielectrics
    (Cont.)
    2. Thermal properties: Heat transfer primarily occurs due to
    convection when used in transformers, cables, circuit
    breakers etc
    Under atmospheric conditions, convection is given by –

    N = Convection
    K = Thermal conductivity
    A = Co-efficient of viscosity
    C = Specific heat per unit volume
    V = kinematic viscosity
    High value of K is preferable for apparatus that operate
    continuously at high
    9/25/2019
    temperatures
    Bhushith M K, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,
    14
    NIEIT
    Characteristics of Liquid Dielectrics
    (Cont.)
    3. Chemical stability: During operation, liquid dielectrics
    are subjected to electrical and thermal stress in the presence
    of O2, water, fibres etc.
    These elements individually or in combination cause
    degradation of the liquid and may result in corrosion,
    decreased heat transfer, increased dielectric losses and
    finally arcing

    Bhushith M K, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,


    9/25/2019 15
    NIEIT
    Pure Liquids & Commercial Liquids

    Bhushith M K, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,


    9/25/2019 16
    NIEIT

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