RAC Part-1

S K Mondal’s
Refrigeration and Air-

Conditioning
GATE, IES & IAS 20 Years Question Answers
Contents
Chapter – 1: Heat Pump and Refrigeration Cycles and
Systems
Chapter - 2 : Vapour Compression System
Chapter - 3 : Refrigerants
Chapter - 4 : Refrigerant Compressors
Chapter - 5 : Condensers & Evaporator
Chapter - 6 : Expansion Devices
Chapter - 7 : Gas Cycle Refrigeration
Chapter - 8 : Vapour Absorption System
Chapter - 9 : Psychrometry
Chapter - 10 : Miscellaneous
Er. S K Mondal
IES Officer (Railway), GATE topper, NTPC ET-2003 batch, 12 years teaching
experienced, Author of Hydro Power Familiarization (NTPC Ltd)
Page 1 of 128
Hea
at Pump & Refriigeration
n Cycles and Sysstems
S K Monda
M l’s Chaptter 1
1. Hea
at Pu
ump and Refrrigerration
n
Cyc
cles and Systtems
s
OBJECTIVE QUESTIO
U ONS (G
GATE
E, IES
S, IAS
S)
Prev
vious 20-Yea
2 ars GA
ATE Qu
uestion
ns
Heat Engine,
E Heat Pump
P
GATE-1. The
T coeffiicient of performanc
p ce (COP) ofo a refrig gerator wo orking as a heat
pump
p is giiven by: [GATE--1995; IES--1992, 1994 4, 2000]
(a)(COP)heatt pump = (COP
P)refrigerator+ 2 (bb)(COP)heat ppump = (COP
P)refrigerator+ 1
(c)(COP)heat pump = (COPP)refrigerator – 1 (d)(COP)heat pump = (COP P)refrigerator
GATE-1. Ans.
A (b)Thhe COP of refrigeratoor is one leess than C COP of hea at pump, iff same
refrigerator
r r starts workking as hea at pump i.e. (COP)heat pum
mp = (COP)reefrigerator + 1
GATE-2. An
A industr rial heat pump
p operrates betw ween the te emperatures of 27°C and –
13°C. The rates of heath additiion and he eat rejectiion are 750 Wand 10
000 W,
respective
r ely. The COOP for the heat
h pump p is: [GATEE-2003]
(a) 7.5 (b) 6.5 (c) 4.0 (d) 3.0
Q1 10
000
GATE-2. Ans.
A (c) (CO
OP )HP = = =4
Q1 − Q2 1000 − 750
GATE-3. Any
A thermmodynamic c cycle opperating between
b tw
wo temperature lim mits is
reversible
r if the pro
oduct of eff
fficiency when
w opera
ating as a heat
h engin
ne and
the
t coeffic
cient of perrformancee when opeerating as r
refrigeratiion is equa
al to 1.
Page 3 of 128
Heat Pump & Refrige
eration Cycles
C an
nd Syste
ems
S K Mo
ondal’ss Chapte
C r1
GA
ATE-3. Anss. False
Effficiency Heat engine,
⎛ TH −TL ⎞
η HEE = ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜ TH
⎝ ⎠
TL
CO
OP of Refrige
erator =
TH − TL
Pro
oduct of ηHE and
OPR ≠ 1.
CO
[GATE-19
994]
GA
ATE-4. Ann irreversib ble heat en ngine extra
acts heat from
fr a high
h temperatture source at
a rate
r of 100
0 kW and rejects heat to a sin W. The entire
nk at a ratte of 50 kW
woork outputt of the he eat enginee is used to drive a reversiblle heat pu ump
opeerating be etween a set of indep pendent issothermal heat reser rvoirs at 17
1 0C
andd 75 C. Th
0 he rate (in kW) at wh hich the heeat pump delivers
d he
eat to its high
h
tem
mperature sink is: [GATE -20 009]
(a) 50 (b) 250 (c) 300 (d) 360
GA
ATE-4. Anss. (c)
Reverse
R ed Carnot Cycle
GA
ATE-5. A Carnot
C cyc
cle refriger rator opera
ates betweeen 250K a
and 300 K. Its
I coefficiient
of performan
p nce is: [GATE-19999]
(a) 6.0 (b) 5.0 (c) 1.2 (d) 0.8
T2 250
ATE-5. Anss. (b) (COP ) R =
GA = =5
T1 − T2 300 − 250
0
δQ
ATE-6. In the case of
GA o a refrige rgoing an iirreversiblle cycle, φ
eration sysstem under
T
is: [GATE-19
995]
(a) < 0 (b) = 0 (c) > 0 (d) Not surre
ATE-6. Anss. (a)
GA
Refriger
R ration capacity
c y (Ton o
of refrig
geration
n)
GA
ATE-7. Roound the clock
c coolling of an n apartmen nt having a load of 300 MJ//day
reqquires an air-conditi
a oning plan nt of capac city about [GATE-19
993]
(a) 1 ton (b) 5 ton
ns (c) 10 ton
ns (d) 100 ton
ns
GA
ATE-7. Anss. (a) 211 kJ
J/min = 1 T refrigeratioon
300 × 103
Reffrigeration capacity
c = ≈ 1 ton
2 × 60 × 211
24 1
Prev
vious 20-Yea
2 ars IES
S Ques
stions
Heat Eng
gine, Heat Pum
mp
Page 4 of 128
Heat Pump & Refrigeration Cycles and Systems
S K Mondal’s Chapter 1
IES-1. A heat pump works on a reversed Carnot cycle. The temperature in the
condenser coils is 27°C and that in the evaporator coils is –23°C. For a work
input of 1 kW, how much is the heat pumped? [IES-2007]
(a) 1 kW (b) 5 kW (c) 6 kW (d) None of the above
Q T1 300
IES-1. Ans. (c) For heat pump (COP)HP = 1 = = or Q1 = 6 × W = 6 kW
W T1 − T2 300 − 250
IES-2. A heat pump is used to heat a house in the winter and then reversed to cool
the house in the summer. The inside temperature of the house is to be
maintained at 20°C. The heat transfer through the house walls is 7·9 kJ/s
and the outside temperature in winter is 5°C. What is the minimum power
(approximate) required driving the heat pump? [IES-2006]
(a) 40·5 W (b) 405 W (c) 42·5 W (d) 425 W
Q T1 293 7.9 × 15
IES-2. Ans. (b) (COP )HP = 1 = = or W = kW = 405 W
W T1 − T2 15 293
IES-3. A refrigerator based on reversed Carnot cycle works between two such
temperatures that the ratio between the low and high temperature is 0.8. If
a heat pump is operated between same temperature range, then what would
be its COP? [IES-2005]
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
T T1
IES-3. Ans. (d) 2 = 0.8 or (COP )H .P = =5
T1 T1 − T2
IES-4. A heat pump for domestic heating operates between a cold system at 0°C
and the hot system at 60°C. What is the minimum electric power
consumption if the heat rejected is 80000 kJ/hr? [IES-2003]
(a) 2 kW (b) 3 kW (c) 4 kW (d) 5 kW
IES-4. Ans. (c) For minimum power consumption,
Q1 Q2 Q1 − Q2 W
= = =
T1 T2 T1 − T2 T1 − T2
Q1 Q2 Q1 − Q2 W
= = =
T1 T2 T1 − T2 T1 − T2
T1 − T2 80000 333 − 273
W = Q1 × = × = 4 kW
T1 3600 333
IES-5. Assertion (A): If a domestic refrigerator works inside an adiabatic room

with its door open, the room temperature gradually decreases.
Reason (R): Vapour compression refrigeration cycles have high COP
compared to air refrigeration cycles. [IES-2009]
(a)Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b)Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c)A is true but R is false.
(d)A is false but R is true.
IES-5. Ans. (d)
IES-6. A refrigerator working on a reversed Carnot cycle has a C.O.P. of 4. If it

works as a heat pump and consumes 1 kW, the heating effect will be:
(a) 1 KW (b) 4 KW (c) 5 KW (d) 6 KW [IES-2003]
Page 5 of 128
IES-6. Ans. (c) (COP)Heat pump = (COP)refrigerator + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5

Q1 Heating effect
or (COP)Heat pump = =
W work input
or Heating effect, Q1 = W x (COP)Heat pump = 5 kW
IES-7. Assertion (A): An air-conditioner operating as a heat pump is superior to an

electric resistance heater for winter heating. [IES-2009]
Reason (R): A heat pump rejects more heat than the heat equivalent of the
heat absorbed.
(a)Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b)Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c)A is true but R is false.
(d)A is false but R is true.
IES-7. Ans. (a)
IES-8. The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator working as a heat

pump is given by: [IES-1992, 1994, 2000; GATE-1995]
(a)(COP)heat pump = (COP)refrigerator+ 2 (b) (COP)heat pump = (COP)refrigerator+ 1
(c)(COP)heat pump = (COP)refrigerator – 1 (d) (COP)heat pump = (COP)refrigerator
IES-8. Ans. (b) The COP of refrigerator is one less than COP of heat pump, if same refrigerator
starts working as heat pump i.e. (COP)heat pump = (COP)refrigerator + 1
IES-9. A heat pump operating on Carnot cycle pumps heat from a reservoir at 300
K to a reservoir at 600 K. The coefficient of performance is: [IES-1999]
(a) 1.5 (b) 0.5 (c) 2 (d) 1
T1 600
IES-9. Ans. (c) COP of heat pump = = =2
T1 − T2 600 − 300
IES-10. The thermal efficiency of a Carnot heat engine is 30%. If the engine is
reversed in operation to work as a heat pump with operating conditions
unchanged, then what will be the COP for heat pump? [IES-2009]
(a) 0.30 (b) 2.33 (c) 3.33 (d) Cannot be calculated
IES-10. Ans. (c) Thermal Efficiency = 0.3
T T2
⇒ 1 − 2 = 0.3 ⇒ = 0.7
T1 T1
T1 1 1
COP of heat pump = = = = 3.33
T1 − T2 1 − 0.7 0.3
IES-11. Operating temperature of a cold storage is –2°C From the surrounding at

ambient temperature of 40 heat leaked into the cold storage is 30 kW. If the
actual COP of the plant is 1/10th of the maximum possible COP, then what
will be the power required to pump out the heat to maintain the cold
storage temperature at –2°C? [IES-2009]
(a) 1.90 kW (b) 3.70 kW (c) 20.28 kW (d) 46.50 kW
RE 1 ⎛ 271 ⎞ 30
IES-11. Ans. (d) Actual COP = ⇒ = ⇒ W = 46.50 KW
W 10 ⎜⎝ 313 − 271 ⎟⎠ W
IES-12. Assertion (A): Heat pump used for heating is a definite advancement over
the simple electric heater. [IES-1995]
Page 6 of 128
Reason (R): The heat pump is far more economical in operation than
electric heater.
(a)Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b)Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c)A is true but R is false
(d)A is false but R is true
IES-12. Ans. (a)
IES-13. A heat pump is shown schematically as [IES-1994]
IES-13. Ans. (c) In heat pump, heat is rejected to source, work done on compressor, and heat
absorbed from sink.
IES-14. A heat pump working on a reversed Carnot cycle has a C.O.P. of 5. lf it

works as a refrigerator taking 1 kW of work input, the refrigerating effect
will be: [IES-1993]
(a) 1 kW (b) 2 kW (c) 2 kW (d) 4 kW
Work done
IES-14. Ans. (d) COP heat pump = or heat rejected = 5 × work done
Heat rejected
And heat rejected = refrigeration effect + work input
or, 5 × work input – work input = refrigeration effect
or, 4 × work input = refrigeration effect
or refrigeration effect = 4 × 1 kW = 4 kW
IES-15. Assertion (A): The coefficient of performance of a heat pump is greater than
that for the refrigerating machine operating between the same temperature
limits.[IES-2002; IAS-2002]
Reason (R): The refrigerating machine requires more energy for working
where as a heat pump requires less.
IES-15. Ans. (c) R is false. For refrigerating machine our aim is to extract heat from lower
temperature source. In heat pump we are interested on heat addition to higher
temperature side so it is heat extracted + work added. That so why it’s COP is higher
but work requirement is same for both the machine.
Page 7 of 128
IES-16. The refrigerating efficiency that is the ratio of actual COP to reversible
COP of a refrigeration cycle is 0.8, the condenser and evaporator
temperatures are 50°C and –30°C respectively. If cooling capacity of the
plant is 2.4 kW then what is the work requirement? [IES-2009]
(a) 1.00 kW (b) 1.33 kW (c) 1.25 kW (d) 2.08 kW
IES-16. Ans. (a) Condenser Temperature = 273 + 51 = 324 K
Evaporator Temperature = 273 – 30 = 243 K
243
Actual COP = 0.8 ×
324 − 243
∵ We know that
R.E 243 2.4
Actual COP = ⇒ 0.8 × = ⇒ W = 1.00 kW
W 324 − 243 W
Reversed Carnot Cycle

IES-17. A refrigerator works on reversed Carnot cycle producing a temperature of –
40°C. Work done per TR is 700 kJ per ten minutes. What is the value of its
COP? [IES-2005]
(a) 3 (b) 4.5 (c) 5.8 (d) 7.0
700 210
IES-17. Ans. (a) W = kJ/min, Q = 210 kJ/min, COP = =3
10 70
IES-18. The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator working on a reversed

Carnot cycle is 4. The ratio of the highest absolute temperature to the
lowest absolute temperature is: [IES-1999; IAS-2003]
(a) 1.2 (b) 1.25 (c) 3.33 (d) 4
T2 1
IES-18. Ans. (b) ( COP )Refrigerator of reversed Carnot cycle = = =4
T1 − T2 T1
−1
T2
T1 T1
or − 1 = 0.25 or = 1.25
T2 T2
IES-19. In an ideal refrigeration (reversed Carnot) cycle, the condenser and

evaporator temperatures are 27°C and –13°C respectively. The COP of this
cycle would be: [IES-1997]
(a) 6.5 (b) 7.5 (c) 10.5 (d) 15.0
IES-19. Ans. (a) COP =

T1
=
( 273 − 13 )
= 6.5
T2 − T1 ( 273 + 27 ) − ( 273 − 13 )
IES-20. A refrigerating machine working on reversed Carnot cycle takes out 2 kW of

heat from the system at 200 K while working between temperature limits of
300 K and 200 K. C.O.P. and power consumed by the cycle will, respectively,
be: [IES-1997; IAS-2004]
(a) 1 and 1 kW (b) 1 and 2 kW (c) 2 and 1 kW (d) 2 and 2 kW
T2 200 Q
IES-20. Ans. (c) COP = = =2=
T1 − T2 300 − 200 W
Page 8 of 128
Hea
at Pump & Refriigeration
n Cycles and Sysstems
S K Monda
M l’s Chaptter 1
Q
Given, Q = 2 kW; ∴W = = 1 kW
2
IES-21. A Carnot refrigerattor require es 1.5 kW//ton of reffrigerationn to mainttain a

region
r at a temperatture of – 30
0°C. The CO OP of the C
Carnot reffrigerator is:
i
(a) 1.42 (b) 2.33 (c) 2.87 (d) 3.26
6 [IES
S-2003]
Q2 3.5
ns. (b) COP
IES-21. An P of carnot refrigerator
r = = = 2.33 ⎡⎣As 1 TR ≈ 3.5 kW ⎤⎦
W 1.5
IES-22. In
I the abo ove figure e, E is a h
heat
engine
e witth efficienncy of 0.4 a
and
R is a refr
rigerator. Given
G thatt Q2
+ Q4 = 3Q 3 1 the COP of tthe
refrigerato
r or is:
(a) 2.5 (b) 3.0
(c) 4.0 (d) 5.0
[IE
ES-1992]
Q2
IES-22. An
ns. (d) For heat
h e, efficiency = 1 −
engine = 0.4
0 or Q2 = 0.6Q1
Q1
And
A for refrrigerator,
W + Q = Q4 or (Q1 – Q2) + Q3 = Q4 or Q1 + Q3 = Q2 + Q4 = 3Q1
Therefore
T 2 Q 1 = Q3
Q Q3 2Q1
COP of refrigerator = 3 = = =5
W Q1 − Q2 Q1 − 0.6Q1
IES-23. For
F a give
en value of TH (Sour rce temperrature) for
r a reverse
ed Carnot cycle,
the
t variattion of TL (Sink te emperature) for diffferent values of COP is
represente
r ed by whicch one of th
he followin
ng graphs?? [IES
S-2009]
Page 9 of 128
TL
IES-23. Ans. (c) COP =
TH − TL
COP is on y-axis and TL on x-axis
x
∴ y=
K −x
⇒ Curve (C) is the correct representation of above equation since it passes
through the origin.
Production of Solid Ice

IES-24. In a vapour compression refrigeration cycle for making ice, the condensing
temperature for higher COP [IES-2006]
(a) Should be near the critical temperature of the refrigerant
(b) Should be above the critical temperature of the refrigerant
(c) Should be much below the critical temperature of the refrigerant
(d) Could be of any value as it does not affect the COP
IES-24. Ans. (c)
IES-25. Assertion (A): Quick freezing of food materials helps retain the original
texture of food materials and taste of juices. [IES-1994]
Reason (R): Quick freezing causes the formation of smaller crystals of water
which does not damage the tissue cells of food materials.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-25. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.
Refrigeration capacity (Ton of refrigeration)

IES-26. One ton refrigeration is equivalent to: [IES-1999]
(a) 3.5 kW (b) 50 kJ/s (c) l000 J/min (d) 1000 kJ/min
IES-26. Ans. (a)
IES-27. In a one ton capacity water cooler, water enters at 30°C at the rate of 200
litres per hour. The outlet temperature of water will be (sp. heat of water =
4.18 kJ/kg K) [IES-2001; 2003]
(a) 3.5°C (b) 6.3°C (c) 23.7 °C (d) 15°C
IES-27. Ans. (d) 3.516 × 3600 = 4.18 × 200 × (300 − x )
or x = 14.98°C ≈ 15°C
IES-28. A refrigerating machine having coefficient of performance equal to 2 is used

to remove heat at the rate of 1200 kJ/min. What is the power required for
this machine? [IES-2007]
(a) 80 kW (b) 60 kW (c) 20 kW (d) 10 kW
Q Q 1200
IES-28. Ans. (d) COP = or W = = = 10 kW
W COP 60 × 2
IES-29. A Carnot refrigerator has a COP of 6. What is the ratio of the lower to the
higher absolute temperatures? [IES-2006]
(a) 1/6 (b) 7/8 (c) 6/7 (d) 1/7
Page 10 of 128
T2 T 1 7 T2 6
IES-29. Ans. (c) (COP ) R = = 6 or 1 = 1 + = ; ∴ =
T1 − T2 T2 6 6 T1 7
IES-30. A reversed Carnot cycle working as a heat pump has a COP of 7. What is the
ratio of minimum to maximum absolute temperatures? [IES-2005]
(a) 7/8 (b) 1/6 (c) 6/7 (d) 1/7
T1 T1 − T2 1 T 6
IES-30. Ans. (c) (COP )H . P = =7 or = or 2 =
T1 − T2 T1 7 T1 7
IES-31. Which one of the following statements is correct? [IES-2004]

In a domestic refrigerator periodic defrosting is required because frosting
(a) Causes corrosion of materials (b)Reduces heat extraction
(c) Overcools food stuff (d)Partially blocks refrigerant flow
IES-31. Ans. (b)
IES-32. Consider the following statements: [IES-1997]

In the thermoelectric refrigeration, the coefficient of performance is a
function of:
1. Electrical conductivity of materials
2. Peltier coefficient
3. Seebeck coefficient
4. Temperature at cold and hot junctions
5. Thermal conductivity of materials.
Of these statements:
(a) 1, 3, 4 and 5 are correct (b) 1, 2, 3 and 5 are correct
(c) 1, 2, 4 and 5 are correct (d) 2, 3, 4 and 5 are correct
IES-32. Ans. (c)
IES-33. When the lower temperature is fixed, COP of a refrigerating machine can be
improved by: [IES-1992]
(a) Operating the machine at higher speeds
(b) Operating the machine at lower speeds
(c) Raising the higher temperature
(d) Lowering the higher temperature
IES-33. Ans. (d) In heat engines higher efficiency can be achieved when (T1 – T2) is higher. In
refrigerating machines it is the reverse, i.e. (T1 – T2) should be lower.
IES-34. In a 0.5 TR capacity water cooler, water enters at 30°C and leaves at
15°C.What is the actual water flow rate? [IES-2005]
(a) 50 litres/hour (b) 75 litres/hour (c) 100 litres/hour (d) 125 litres/hour
IES-34. Ans. (c) Q = mCP Δt or 0.5 × 12660 = m × 4.2 × ( 30 − 15 ) or m = 100 kg/hr
Previous 20-Years IAS Questions
Heat Engine, Heat Pump

IAS-1. A building in a cold climate is to be heated by a Carnot heat pump. The
minimum outside temperature is –23°C. If the building is to be kept at 27°C
and heat requirement is at the rate of 30 kW, what is the minimum power
required for heat pump? [IAS-2007]
Page 11 of 128
(a) 180 kW (b) 30 kW (c) 6 kW (d) 5 kW
Q T1 ⎛ T ⎞ ⎛ 250 ⎞
IAS-1. Ans. (d) (COP)H.P = 1 = or W = Q1 ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ = 30 × ⎜1 − ⎟ = 5 KW
W T1 − T2 ⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ 300 ⎠
IAS-2. In the system given above, the

temperature T = 300 K. When is the
thermodynamic efficiency σE of engine E
equal to the reciprocal of the COP of R?
(a) When R acts as a heat pump
(b) When R acts as a refrigerator
(c) When R acts both as a heat pump and a
refrigerator
(d) When R acts as neither a heat pump nor
a refrigerator
[IAS-2007]
300 1 1
IAS-2. Ans. (a) ηE = 1 − = = or COP = 2
600 2 COP
300 150
(COP )H . P = = 2 and (COP )R = =1
300 − 150 300 − 150
∴ R must act as a Heat pump
IAS-3. Assertion (A): The coefficient of performance of a heat pump is greater than
that for the refrigerating machine operating between the same temperature
limits.[IAS-2002; IES-2002]
Reason (R): The refrigerating machine requires more energy for working
where as a heat pump requires less.
IAS-3. Ans. (c) R is false. For refrigerating machine our aim is to extract heat from lower
temperature source. In heat pump we are interested on heat addition to higher
temperature side so it is heat extracted + work added. That so why it’s COP is higher
but work requirement is same for both the machine.
IAS-4. In a certain ideal refrigeration cycle, the COP of heat pump is 5. The cycle
under identical condition running as heat engine will have efficiency as
(a) Zero (b) 0.20 (c) 1.00 (d) 6.00 [IAS-2001]
T1 T1 − T2 1 1
IAS-4. Ans. (b) (COP )HP = and η = = = = 0.2
T1 − T2 T1 (COP )HP 5
IAS-5. The COP of a Carnot heat pump used for heating a room at 20°C by
exchanging heat with river water at 10°C is: [IAS-1996]
(a) 0.5 (b) 2.0 (c) 28.3 (d) 29.3
Page 12 of 128
T1 293
IAS-5. Ans. (d) COP = = = 29.3
T1 − T2 293 − 283
IAS-6. Assertion (A): Although a heat pump is a refrigerating system, the coefficient of
performance differs when it is operating on the heating cycle. [IAS-1994]
Reason(R): It is condenser heat that is useful (the desired effect) instead of the
refrigerating effect.
IAS-6. Ans. (a)
IAS-7. In a reversible cycle, the source temperature is 227°C and the sink
temperature is 27°C. The maximum available work for a heat input of 100 kJ
will be: [IAS-1995]
(a) 100 kJ (b) 60 kJ (c) 40 kJ (d) 88 kJ
500 − 300
IAS-7. Ans. (c) Maximum efficiency for 227° and 27°C sources = = 0.4
500
∴ Maximum work available for a heat input of 100 kJ = 0.4 × 100 = 40 kJ.
Reversed Carnot Cycle

IAS-8. The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator working on a reversed
Carnot cycle is 4. The ratio of the highest absolute temperature to the
lowest absolute temperature is: [IAS-2003; IES-1999]
(a) 1.2 (b) 1.25 (c) 3.33 (d) 4
T2 1
IAS-8. Ans. (b) ( COP ) Refrigerator of reversed Carnot cycle = = = 4
T1 − T2 T1
−1
T2
T1 T1
or − 1 = 0.25 or = 1.25
T2 T2
IAS-9. A refrigeration system operates on the reversed Carnot cycle. The

temperature for the system is: Higher temperature = 40°C and Lower
temperature = 20°C. [IAS-2007]
The capacity of the refrigeration system is 10 TR. What is the heat rejected
from the system per hour if all the losses are neglected?
(a) 1·25 kJ/hr (b) 1·55 kJ/hr (c) 2·3 kJ/hr (d) None of the above
T2 293 293 Q2
IAS-9. Ans. (d) COP = = = =
T1 − T2 213 − 293 20 W
20
Q2 = 10 × 14000 KJ/hr or W = 14 × 104 × KJ/hr
293
20 ⎛ 20 ⎞
Q1 = Q2 + W = 14 × 104 + 14 × 104 × = 14 × 104 ⎜1 + KJ/hr = 150 MJ/hr
293 ⎝ 293 ⎟⎠
IAS-10. A refrigerating machine working on reversed Carnot cycle takes out 2 kW of

heat from the system at 200 K while working between temperature limits of
300 K and 200 K. COP and power consumed by the cycle will, respectively,
be: [IAS-2004; IES-1997]
Page 13 of 128
(a) 1 and 1 kW (b) 1 and 2 kW (c) 2 and 1 kW (d) 2 and 2 kW
T2 200 Q
IAS-10. Ans. (c) COP = = =2=
T1 − T2 300 − 200 W
Q
Given, Q = 2 kW; ∴ W= = 1 kW
2
IAS-11. A refrigerating machine working on reversed Carnot cycle consumes 6kW to

produce a refrigerating effect of 1000kJ/min for maintaining a region at –
40oC.The higher temperature (in degree centigrade) of the cycle will be:
(a) 317.88 (b) 43.88 (c) 23 (d) Zero [IAS-1997]
IAS-11. Ans. (b) COP =

Q
=
T2
or,
(1000 / 60 ) = 233
W T1 − T2 6 T1 − 233
or, T1 − 233 = 83.88 or, T1 = 316.88 K = 43.88°C
IAS-12. The COP of a Carnot refrigeration cycle decreases on [IAS 1994]

(a)Decreasing the difference in operating temperatures
(b)Keeping the upper temperature constant and increasing the lower temperature
(c)Increasing the upper temperature and keeping the lower temperature constant
(d)Increasing the upper temperature and decreasing the lower temperature
T2
IAS-12. Ans. (c) COP of Carnot refrigerator will decrease if upper temperature T1 is
T1 − T2
increased and T2 keeping const.
IAS-13. The efficiency of a Carnot engine is given as 0·75. If the cycle direction is
reversed, what will be the value of COP for the Carnot refrigerator?
[IAS-2002]
(a) 0·27 (b) 0·33 (c) 1·27 (d) 2·33
1 1
IAS-13. Ans. (b) 1st method: (COP ) R = (COP )H .P − 1 = −1 = − 1 = 0.33
ηCarnot 0.75
T2 T 1 T2 1
2nd method: ηCarnot = 1 − = 0.75 or 2 = or = = 0.33 = (COP )R
T1 T1 4 T1 − T2 4 − 1
IAS-14. A Carnot refrigerator works between the temperatures of 200 K and 300 K.
If the refrigerator receives 1 kW of heat the work requirement will be:
[IAS-2000]
(a) 0.5 kW (b) 0.67 kW (c) 1.5 kW (d) 3 kW
Q T2 1 × ( 300 − 200 )
IAS-14. Ans. (a) COP = = or, W = KW = 0.5 KW
W T1 − T2 200
IAS-15. It is proposed to build refrigeration plant for a cold storage to be

maintained at – 3°C. The ambient temperature is 27°C. If 5 × 106 kJ/h of
energy is to be continuously removed from the cold storage, the MINIMUM
power required to run the refrigerator will be: [IAS-1997]
(a) 14.3 kW (b) 75.3 kW (c) 154.3 kW (d) 245.3 kW
T2 270 Q
IAS-15. Ans. (c) Maximum COP = = =9=
T1 − T2 300 − 270 Wmin
Q 5 × 106
or Wmin = = kW = 154.3 kW
9 9 × 3600
Page 14 of 128
IAS-16. If an engine of 40 percent thermal efficiency drives a refrigerator having a

coefficient of performance of 5, then the heat input to the engine for each
kJ of heat removed from the cold body of the refrigerator is:
[IAS-1996]
(a) 0.50kJ (b) 0.75kJ (c) 1.00 kJ (d) 1.25 kJ
W Q
IAS-16. Ans. (a) 0.4 = ...............(i ) and 5 = 2 ..................(ii )
Q1 W
Q2
∴ 0.4 Q1 = or Q1 = 0.5Q2
5
IAS-17. A reversible engine has ideal thermal efficiency of 30%. When it is used as a
refrigerating machine with all other conditions unchanged, the coefficient
of performance will be: [IAS-1994, 1995]
(a) 3.33 (b) 3.00 (c) 2.33 (d) 1.33
T − T2 T
IAS-17. Ans. (c) η Carnot engine = 1 = 0.3 ⇒ 1 − 2 = 0.3
T1 T1
T2 T2 1 T 1 7
COP Carnot refrigerator = = = = 2 = × 0.7 = = 2.33
T1 − T2 0.3 T1 0.3 T1 0.3 3
Production of Solid Ice

IAS-18. Assertion (A): When solid CO2 (dry ice) is exposed to the atmosphere, it gets
transformed directly into vapour absorbing the latent heat of sublimation from the
surroundings. [IAS-1997]
Reason (R): The triple point of CO2 is at about 5 atmospheric pressure and at 216 K.
IAS-18. Ans. (a)
Refrigeration capacity (Ton of refrigeration)

IAS-19. Assertion (A): The COP of an air-conditioning plant is lower than that of an ice
plant. [IAS-1997]
Reason (R): The temperatures required in the ice plant are lower than those
required for an air-conditioning plant.
IAS-19. Ans. (d) The COP of an air-conditioning plant is higher than that of an ice plant.
N
IAS-20. The power (kW) required per ton of refrigeration is , where COP is the
COP
coefficient of performance, then N is equal to: [IAS-2001]
(a) 2.75 (b) 3.50 (c) 4.75 (d) 5.25
Q Q 12660
IAS-20. Ans. (b) COP = or W = ; if W is in KW , Q = kW = 3.52 kW
W COP 3600
Page 15 of 128
IAS-21. Assertion (A):Power input per TR of a refrigeration system increases with decrease
in evaporator temperature. [IAS-2004]
Reason (R): COP of refrigeration system decreases with decrease in evaporator
temperature.
IAS-21. Ans. (a)
Page 16 of 128
Va
apour Co
ompressiion Systems
S K Monda
M l’s Chaptter 2
2. Va
apour Co
ompression Syste
S em
OBJECTIVE QUESTIO
U ONS (G
GATE
E, IES
S, IAS
S)
Prev
vious 20-Yea
2 ars GA
ATE Qu
uestion
ns
Vapour Comp
pressio
on Cycle
e
GATE-1. The
T vaapour c
compressio on
refrigerati
r ion c
cycle is
represente
r ed as sho own in the
figure
f beloow, with state
s 1 bein
ng
the
t exit of the evapporator. The
coordinate
c e system used
u in th
his
figure
f is:
(a) p-h (b)) T-s
(c) p-s (d)) T-h [GATE
E-2005]
GATE-1. Ans.
A (d)
GATE-2. In
I a vapo our compression re efrigeratioon systemm, liquid to t suction
n heat
exchanger
e r is used to o: [GATEE-2000]
(a) Keep
p the COP constant
c
(b) Prev
vent the liquuid refrigera
ant from entering the ccompressor
(c) Subccool the liqu
uid refrigera
ant leaving the condensser
(d) Subccool the vappour refrigerrant from th
he evaporatoor
GATE-2. Ans.
A (c)
Data for
r Q3–Q4 are
a given
n below. Solve the problem
ms and choose
c co
orrect
answers.
A refrige
erator bassed on ide eal vapouur compre ession cycle operatees betwee en the
temperatu
t ure limits of
o –20°C annd 40°C. The refrigerrant enter
rs the cond
denser
as
a saturatted vapou ur and lea aves as saaturated lliquid. The enthalpy and
entropy
e vaalues for saturated
s liquid and
d vapour a emperatures are
at these te
given
g in th
he table be
elow:
Page 17 of 128
Vapo
our Com
mpression
n System
ms
S K Mo
ondal’ss Chapte
C r2
T(0C) Hf(kJ/kg) Hg(k
kJ/kg) sf(kJ/kgg K) sg(kJ/kg K)
K
-20 20 1
180 0.077 0.7366
40 80 2
200 0.3 0.67
GA
ATE-3. If refrigeran
r t circulation rate is 0.025 kg/s, the refrig
geration, effect
e is eq
qual
to:
(a) 2.1 kW (b) 2.5 kW
k (c) 3.0 kW
W (d) 4.0 kW
GA
ATE-3. Anss. (a) h2 = 20
00 kJ/kg
S2 = 0.67 kJ/kg g-K
h4 = h3 = 80 kJ J/kg
Firrst calculatin
ng quality (x)
( of vapourr
S2 = S1
⇒ S2 = 0.077 + x(0.73666 – 0.07)
⇒ 0.67 = 0..07 + 0.6666 6x
Entthalpy at pooint 1, we geet
h1 = 20 + 0.90
0 (180 – 20)
= 20 + 0.90
0 × 160
h1 = 164 kJ/kg
k
Reffrigerant efffect = m(h1 – h2) = 0.025(164 – 80) = 2.1 KW
GA
ATE-4. Thhe COP of the
t refrigerator is: [GATE-20
003]
(a) 2.0 (b) 2.33 (c) 5.0 (d) 6.0
h1 − h4 1 − 80
164
ATE-4. Anss. (b) COP =
GA = =2
2.33
h2 − h1 200
2 − 164
Prev
vious 20-Yea
2 ars IES
S Ques
stions
Vapour
Va C
Compre
ession Cycle
IE
ES-1. In a vapour compression refr rigeration plant, th he enthalp py valuess at
diffferent points are: [IES-20006]
(i)EEnthalpy at
a exit of thhe evapora ator = 350 kJ/kg
k
(ii))Enthalpy at exit of the
t compre essor 375 kJ/kg
k
(iiii)Enthalpy
y at exit of the condenser = 225 kJ/kg
Thhe refrigeraating effic ciency of th
he plant iss 0·8. Whatt is the po
ower requiired
per r kW of coo
oling to be e producedd?
(a) 0·25 kW (b) 4·0 kW
k (c) 12·5 kW
k (d) 11 kW
IE
ES-1. Ans. (a) h3 = h4
Reffrigerating effect
e (Qo)
= (h1 – h4) × ɳr
= (350 – 225) × 0.8
8
= 100 kJ/kg
k
Com
mpressor work (W)
= (h2 – h1)
= 375 – 350
= 25 kJJ/kg
Page 18 of 128
Vapour Compression Systems
W 25
The power required per kW of cooling = = kW/kW of cooling
Q 100
IES-2. The values of enthalpy at the beginning of compression, at the end of
compression and at the end of condensation are 185 kJ/kg, 210 kJ/kg and 85
kJ/kg respectively. What is the value of the COP of the vapour compression
refrigeration system? [IES-2005]
(a) 0·25 (b) 5·4 (c) 4 (d) 1·35
( h − h4 ) = (185 − 85) = 100 = 4
IES-2. Ans. (c) COP = 1
( h2 − h1 ) ( 210 − 185 ) 25
IES-3. For simple vapour compression cycle, enthalpy at suction = 1600 kJ/kg,
enthalpy at discharge from the compressor = 1800 kJ/kg, enthalpy at exit
from condenser = 600 kJ/kg. [IES-2008]
What is the COP for this refrigeration cycle?
(a) 3·3 (b) 5·0 (c) 4 (d) 4·5
RE 1600 − 600 1000
IES-3. Ans. (b) COP of refrigeration cycle = = = =5
W 1800 − 1600 200
IES-4. Air cooling is used for freon compressors whereas water jacketing is
adopted for cooling ammonia compressors. This is because [IES-1997]
(a) Latent heat of ammonia is higher than that of freon
(b) Thermal conductivity of water is higher than that of air
(c) Specific heat of water is higher than that of air
(d) Of the larger superheat horn of ammonia compression cycle.
IES-4. Ans. (a)
IES-5. In a vapour compression refrigeration plant, the refrigerant leaves the

evaporator at 195 kJ/kg and the condenser at 65 kJ/kg. For 1 kg/s of
refrigerant, what is the refrigeration effect? [IES-2005]
(a) 70 KW (b) 100 KW (c) 130 KW (d) 160 KW
IES-5. Ans. (c) Q = m ( h1 − h4 ) = 1 × (195 − 65 ) = 130 kW
IES-6. Consider the following statements in respect of absorption refrigeration

and vapour compression refrigeration systems: [IES-2003]
1. The former runs on low grade energy.
2. The pumping work in the former is negligible since specific volume of
strong liquid solution is small.
3. The latter uses an absorber while former uses a generator.
4. The liquid pump alone replaces compressor of the latter.
Which of these statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 2 and 4
IES-6. Ans. (a)
IES-7. A standard vapour compression refrigeration cycle consists of the following

4 thermodynamic processes in sequence: [IES-2002]
(a) Isothermal expansion, isentropic compression, isothermal compression and
isentropic expansion
(b) Constant pressure heat addition, isentropic compression, constant pressure
heat rejection and isentropic expansion
(c) Constant pressure heat addition, isentropic compression, constant pressure
heat rejection and isentropic expansion
Page 19 of 128
(d) Isothermal expansion, constant pressure heat addition, isothermal
compression and constant pressure heat rejection
IES-7. Ans. (b)
IES-8. For a heat pump working on vapour compression cycle, enthalpy values of
the working fluid at the end of heat addition process, at the end of
compression process, at the end of heat rejection process, and at the end of
isenthalpic expansion process are 195 kJ/kg, 210 kJ/kg, and 90 kJ/kg
respectively. The mass flow rate is 0.5 kg/s. Then the heating capacity of
heat pump is, nearly [IES-2001]
(a) 7.5 kW (b) 45 kW (c) 52.2 kW (d) 60 kW
IES-8. Ans. (d)
IES-9. The enthalpies at the beginning of compression, at the end of compression

and at the end of condensation are respectively 185 kJ/kg, 210 kJ/kg and 85
kJ/kg. The COP of the vapour compression refrigeration system is:[IES-2000]
(a) 0.25 (b) 5.4 (c) 4 (d) 1.35
IES-9. Ans. (c)
IES-10. In a vapour compression plant, if certain temperature differences are to be

maintained in the evaporator and condenser in order to obtain the
necessary heat transfer, then the evaporator saturation temperature must
be: [IES-1999]
(a)Higher than the derived cold-region temperature and the condenser saturation
temperature must be lower than the available cooling water temperature by
sufficient amounts
(b)Lower than the derived cold-region temperature and the condenser saturation
temperature must be lower than the available cooling water temperature by
sufficient amounts
(c)Lower than the derived cold-region temperature and the condenser saturation
temperature must be higher than the available cooling water temperature by
sufficient amounts
(d)Higher than the derived cold-region temperature and the condenser saturation
temperature must be higher than the available cooling water temperature by
sufficient amounts
IES-10. Ans. (c)
IES-11. The correct sequence of the given components of a vapour compression

refrigerator is: [IES-1999]
(a)Evaporator, compressor, condenser and throttle valve
(b)Condenser, throttle valve, evaporator and compressor
(c)Compressor, condenser, throttle valve and evaporator
(d)Throttle valve, evaporator, compressor and condenser
IES-11. Ans. (c)

In a vapour compression system, a thermometer placed in the liquid line
can indicate whether the
1.Refrigerant flow is too low 2.Water circulation is adequate
3.Condenser is fouled 4.Pump is functioning properly
(a)1, 2 and 3 are correct (b)1, 2 and 4 are correct
(c)1, 3 and 4 are correct (d)2, 3 and 4 are correct
IES-12. Ans. (d) Thermometer in liquid line can't detect that refrigerant flow is too low.
Page 20 of 128

In the case of a vapour compression machine, if the condensing
temperature of the refrigerant is closer to the critical temperature, then
there will be:
1.Excessive power consumption
2.High compression
3.Large volume flow
(a)1, 2 and 3 are correct (b)1 and 2 are correct
(c)2 and 3 are correct (d)1 and 3 are correct
IES-13. Ans. (a)
IES-14. A single-stage vapour compression refrigeration system cannot be used to

produce ultralow temperatures because [IES-1997]
(a)Refrigerants for ultra-low temperatures are not available
(b)Lubricants for ultra-low temperatures are not available
(c)Volumetric efficiency will decrease considerably
(d)Heat leakage into the system will be excessive
IES-14. Ans. (c)
IES-15. In a vapour compression refrigeration system, a throttle valve is used in

place of an expander because [IES-1996]
(a)It considerably reduces the system weight
(b)It improves the COP, as the condenser is small
(c)The positive work in isentropic expansion of liquid is very small.
(d)It leads to significant cost reduction.
IES-15. Ans. (c) In a vapour compression refrigeration system, expander is not used because
the positive work in isentropic expansion of liquid is so small that it can't justify cost
of expander. Thus a throttle valve is used in place of expander.
IES-16. Assertion (A): In vapour compression refrigeration system throttle valve is

used and not expansion cylinder. [IES-1995]
Reason (R): Throttling is a constant enthalpy process.
IES-16. Ans. (b) A and R are true. But R is not right reasoning for A.
In vapour compression refrigeration system throttle valve is used and not expansion
cylinder because the power produced by expansion cylinder is very low.

A decrease in evaporator temperature of a vapour compression machine
leads to:
1.An increase in refrigerating effect
2.An increase in specific volume of vapour
3.A decrease in volumetric efficiency of compressor
4.An increase in compressor work
(a)1, 3 and 4 are correct (b)1, 2 and 3 are correct
(c)2, 3 and 4 are correct (d)2 and 4 are correct.
IES-17. Ans. (c)
Page 21 of 128
Vapo
our Com
mpression
n System
ms
S K Mo
ondal’ss Chapte
C r2
IE
ES-18. In a vapour r compresssion refrig geration plant,
p the refrigeran nt leaves the
evaaporator at a 195 kJ/k kg and th he condensser at 65 kJ/kg. For r every kgg of
reffrigerant th he plant ca an supply per second d, a cooling
g load of: [IES-19
993]
(a) 70 kW (b) 100 kW
k (c) 130 kWW W
(d) 160 kW
ES-18. Ans. (c) h1 = 195
IE 5 kJ/kg and h3 = 65 kJ//kg.
Sin
nce there is no heat tran nsfer in throttling, h3 = h4
Reffrigeration effect
e = h1 – h4 = 195 – 65 = 130 kJ J/kg
ES-19.
IE Wh hich one ofo the follo owing exp pansion prrocesses ta
akes place
e in a vap
pour
commpression cycle? [IES-20
009]
(a)P
Polytropic process
p with
h change in temperaturre
(b)A
Adiabatic prrocess with work transsfer
(c)L
Lsentropic process
p withh change in enthalpy
(d)A
Adiabatic prrocess with constant en
nthalpy
IE
ES-19. Ans. (d)
ES-20.
IE A refrigerati
r ng system m operating g on reverssed Brayto
on refriger ration cyclle is
useed for ma aintaining 250K. If the temp perature at
a the end d of consttant
preessure coo oling is 300 3 K andd rise in the temp perature of o air in the
reffrigerator is 50 K, the en the net work of coompressio
on will be (assume
( air as
thee working substance with cp = k kJ per kg per
p °C) [IES-19
993]
(a) 250 kJ/kg (b) 200 kJ/kg
k (c) 50kJ/k
kg (d) 25kJ/kgg
IE
ES-20. Ans. (d) Figure shows the
rev
versed Brayton
refrrigeration cycle.
c
Varrious vallues are
shoown.
Nett worrk of
com
mpression
= (h
h2 – h1) – (h
h3 – h4)
T2 T3 300
No
ow, = or T2 = × 250 = 375
T1 T4 200
Nett work = (37
75 – 250) – (300
( – 200) = 25 and Net
N work = 25 × Cp = 25
5 kJ/kg
Actual
A V
Vapour Comprression Cycle
IE
ES-21. Asssertion (A): Subcoolling of refr frigerant liiquid increases the coefficien nt of
perrformance e of refrigeration. [IES-20004]
Reason (R): Subcoolin ng reducess the work k requirem ment of a refrigerattion
cyccle.
(a)B
Both A and R are indiv vidually truee and R is th he correct eexplanation of A
(b)B
Both A and R are indiv vidually truee but R is not the correect explanattion of A
(c)A
A is true but R is false
(d)A
A is false bu
ut R is true
IE
ES-21. Ans. (c) Sub coo oling ↑ Refriigerating efffect thus ↑ COP
C but ha as no effect on compreessor
worrk (Wc).
ES-22.
IE Sub-cooling with rege enerative heat
h exchanger is uused in a refrigerattion
cyc
cle. The en
nthalpies at
a condensser outlet and evapo orator outllet are 78 and
a
182
2 kJ/kg respectively
y. The enthhalpy at outlet of issentropic compresso
c or is
Page 22 of 128
Va
apour Co
ompressiion Systems
S K Monda
M l’s Chaptter 2
230 kJ/kg and enthalpy of subc
cooled liqu uid is 68 kJ
J/kg. The COP
C of the
e cycle
is: [IES
S-2002]
(a) 3.25 (b) 2.16 (c) 3.0 (d) 3.5
IES-22. An
ns. (c)
IES-23. Match
M itemms in List--I with those in List-III and Listt-III and se elect the correct
answer.
a [IES S-1996]
Listt-I List-II Listt-III
A.
A Reveersed Carno
ot engine 1 1. Condensser 6. Gen nerator
B.
B Subccooling 2
2. Evapora ator 7. Incrrease in
refrigerrating effectt
C. Supeerheating 3
3. Vortex refrigerator
r 8. High hest COP
D.
D Consstant enthalpy 4
4. Throttlinng 9. Adia abatic
5
5. Heat puump 10. Dry compressioon
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 3, 10 1, 7 2, 9 4, 6 (b) 5, 8 1, 7 2 10 4, 9
2,
(c) 4, 10 3, 8 3, 10 1, 6 (d) 2, 7 5, 8 4 6
4, 1, 9
IES-23. An
ns. (b) Reve ersed Carnoot engine iss used for heat pump and a it has highest
h COP P. Thus
for
f A, the correct cho oice from List-II
L and List-III is 5, 8. Sub cooling occcurs in
condenser
c a
and it increeases refrig geration efffect. Thereffore for B, the correct choice
from
f List-III and List-IIII is 1, 7.
Superheatinng occurs in n evaporatoor and it iss involved iin dry comp pression. Thhus for
Part
P C in List-I, the correct chooice from Lists-II
L and
d List-III iss 2, 10. Coonstant
enthalpy
e prrocess takess place durin
ng throttling and is bassically adiab
batic processs. This
D is matcheed with 4, 9.
IES-24. The
T figu
ure given n above depicts
saturationn dome for f water
r on the
temperatu
t ure-entropy y plane. W
What is the
temperatu
t ure differen nce ΔT shhown on a
typical
t iso
obar line kn nown as?
(a)Degree of wet bulb depression
d
(b)Degree of saturation n
(c)Degree off sub cooling
g
(d)Degree of reheat
[IES
S-2006]
IES-24. An
ns. (c)
IES-25. The
T opera
ating tempe
erature off a cold sto
orage is – 2°C.
2 Heat le
eakage fro
om the
surrounding is 30 kW
W for the a
ambient te
emperatur
re of 40°C. The actua
al COP
of
o the refr
rigeration plant used
d is one-fo
ourth that of an idea
al plant wo
orking
between
b th
he same te
emperature
es. The pow
wer requir ve the plant is:
red to driv
(a) 1.86 kW
W (b) 3.72 kW (c) 7.44
4 kW (d) 18.6
60 kW [IES
S-1994]
IES-25. An
ns. (d) COP
P of ideal pllant working between limits
l nd 40°C, i.e.. 271 and 313 K is
–2 an
T1 271
= = 6.45 , So COP
P of refrigerration plantt = 6.45/4 = 1.61
T2 − T1 31
13 − 271
Page 23 of 128
Vapo
our Com
mpression
n System
ms
S K Mo
ondal’ss Chapte
C r2
Heat ab
bstracted 30
0
OP =
CO o Work required =
or = 18.6 KW
W
Work required 61
1.6
IE
ES-26. Consider the
e following
g steps: [IES-19
994]
1. Startin
ng of comp
pressor
2. Startin
ng of coolin
ng tower pump
p
3. Startin
ng of chille
er water pu
ump
4. Startin
ng of blowe
er motor of
o cooling coil
c
he correct sequence
Th s o these ste
of eps in the starting of a cell air
r-condition
ning
pla
ant using chilled
c watter cooling
g coil, is:
(a) 3,1,4,2 (b) 1,3,2
2,4 (c) 3,2,1,4
4 (d) 1,3,4,2
ES-26. Ans.. (c) The co
IE orrect sequ arting of a central airr conditioning plant using
uence in sta
chilled water cooling
c coil is starting of chiller water
w pump
p, starting of
o cooling toower
pum
mp, starting
g the comprressor, startting of bloweer motor of cooling
c coil..
ES-27.
IE Wh hich one of the following
atements is corre
sta ect with
resspect to the s
schematic
diaagram as shown abov ve?
(a) Multi-eevaporator vapour
com
mpression sy ystem of reffrigeration
(b) Two stage coompression
vappour comp pression re efrigeration
sysstem
(c) Cascadde system of vapour
com
mpression re efrigeration
n system
(d) None off the above
[IES--2009]
ES-27. Ans. (c)

IE
A two-sta
age cascad
de refrigeration syste
em
Page 24 of 128
A two-stage cascade refrigeration system
Two-stage vapour compression refrigeration system
Two-stage vapour compression refrigeration system
Page 25 of 128
Modifications in Reversed Carnot Cycle with Vapour as a

Refrigerant
IAS-1. The schematic diagram of a vapour compression refrigeration system can
be represented as [IAS-1996]
IAS-1. Ans. (b)
Vapour Compression Cycle

IAS-2. Replacing a water-cooled condenser with an air-cooled one in a vapour
compression refrigeration system with constant evaporator pressure results
in [IAS-2000]
(a)Increase in condensation pressure
(b)Decrease in pressure ratio
(c)Increase in pressure ratio
(d)Increase in condensation temperature
IAS-2. Ans. (d) Heat transfer co-efficient of gas very small compared to water hwater >> hair. So
for same heat transfer temperature difference will be high
Q = hw A ( ΔT )w = hair A ( ΔT )air , so ( ΔT )air > ( ΔT )w
IAS-3. Consider the following statements: [IAS-2007]

1.The work of compressor in vapour compression refrigeration system
increases with superheat of the suction vapour.
2.The work of compressor depends on the pressure difference rather than
the temperature difference of evaporator and condenser.
3.The coefficient of performance is within the range of 3 to 6 except at very
low temperature when it may be less than 1.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b)1 and 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 2 and 3 only
IAS-3. Ans. (a)
Page 26 of 128
IAS-4. Consider the following statements pertaining to a vapour compression type
refrigerator: [IAS-2002]
1.The condenser rejects heat to the surroundings from the refrigerant.
2.The evaporator absorbs heat from the surroundings to be cooled.
3.Both the condenser and evaporator are heat exchangers with refrigerant
as a common medium.
4.The amount of heat exchanged in condenser and evaporator are equal
under steady conditions.
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1, 2 and 3 (c) 1, 2 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4
IAS-4. Ans. (b)
IAS-5. In a vapour compression cycle, the refrigerant, immediately after expansion

value is: [IAS-2002]
(a) Saturated liquid (b) Subcooled liquid
(c) Dry vapour (d) Wet vapour
IAS-5. Ans. (d) In P-h diagram it is point 4 or
'
4 both are very wet vapour.
IAS-6. Assertion (A): In a vapour compression refrigeration system, the condenser pressure
should be kept as low as possible. [IAS-1999]
Reason (R): Increase in condenser pressure reduces the refrigerating effect and
increases the work of compression.
IAS-6 Ans. (a)
IAS-7. Match List-I (T-s diagram) with List-II (P-h diagrams) of vapour
compression refrigeration cycles and select the correct answer using the
codes given below the lists: [IAS-1999]
List-I List-II
Page 27 of 128
(a) 1 4 2 3 (b) 1 4 3 2
(c) 4 1 3 2 (d) 4 1 2 3
IAS-7. Ans. (b)
IAS-8. Theoretical vapour compression refrigeration cycle is represented on a T-s

diagram as [IAS-1997]
IAS-8. Ans. (c)
IAS-9. In an ideal vapour compression refrigeration cycle, the enthalpy of the

refrigerant before and after the evaporator are respectively 75 kJ/hg and
180 kJ/kg. The circulation rate of the refrigerant for each ton of
refrigeration is: [IAS-1997]
(a) 1 kg/min (b) 2 kg/min (c) 3 kg/min (d) 4 kg/min
211
IAS-9. Ans. (b) Q = m (h1 – h4) = m (180 – 75) = 211 or m = = 2 kg/min
105
IAS-10. In an ideal vapour compression refrigeration cycle, the enthalpy of the
refrigerant at exit from the condenser, compressor and evaporator is 80
kJ/kg, 200 kJ/kg and 180 kJ/kg respectively. The coefficient of performance
of the cycle is: [IAS-1996]
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 3.5 (d) 2.5
Page 28 of 128
IAS-10. Ans. (b) h3 = h4 = 80 kJ/kg
h1 = 180 kJ/kg and
h2 = 200 kJ/kg
WC = h2 – h1
= 200 – 180 = 20 KJ/kg
Q = h1 – h4
= 180 – 80 = 100 KJ/kg
Q 100
∴ COP = = =5
Wc 20
IAS-11. The correct sequence of vapour compression (VC), vapour absorption (VA)
and steam ejector (SE) refrigeration cycles in increasing order of the COP
is: [IAS-1995]
(a) VC, VA, SE (b) VA, SE, VC (c) SE, VC, VA (d) SE, VA, VC
IAS-11. Ans. (b) The correct sequence of VC, VA and SE in increasing order of COP is VA, SE
and VC, the Value being of the order of 0.3 to 0.4 0.5 to 0.8 and 4 to 5 respectively.
IAS-12. Match List-I (Effect) with List-II (Process) in the case of an ideal
refrigeration cycle and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the lists: [IAS-1997]
List-I List-II
A. Work input 1.Constant pressure at higher temperature
B. Heat rejection 2.Isentropic compression
C. Expansion 3.Constant temperature at lower pressure
D. Heat absorption 4.Adiabatic
(a) 4 1 2 3 (b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 2 1 4 3 (d) 4 2 3 1
IAS-12. Ans. (c)
Actual Vapour Compression Cycle

IAS-13. A refrigerator storage is supplied with 3600 kg of fish at a temperature of
27°C. The fish has to be cooled to –23°C for preserving it for a long period
without deterioration. The cooling takes place in 10 hours. The specific heat
of fish is 2·0 kJ/kgK above freezing point of fish and 0·5 kJ/kgK below
freezing point of fish, which is –3°C. The latent heat of freezing is 230 kJ/kg.
What is the power to drive the plant if the actual COP is half that of the
ideal COP? [IAS-2002]
(a) 30 kW (b) 15 kW (c) 12 kW (d) 6 kW
1 1 T2 1 250
IAS-13. Ans. (c) (COP )actal = (COP )ideal = × = × = 2.5
2 2 T1 − T2 2 300 − 250
Total Heat transfer (Q ) = m.c pbf ( ΔT )before freeze + m.c paf ( ΔT )after freeze
= 3600[2 × 30 + 230 + 0.5 × 20]kJ = 3600 × 300 kJ
Q 3600 × 300
Rate of heat transfer =
= = 30 kW
t 10 × 3600
Q Q 30
COP = or W = = = 12 kW
W COP 2.5
Page 29 of 128
High condenser pressure in a refrigeration system can occur because
1. The water flow rate is lower than the desired value.
2. Non-condensable gases are present in the system
3. Of accumulation of lubricating oil in condenser
4. Of low charge of refrigerant in the system.
(a) 1, 3 and 4 are correct (b) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
(c) 1, 2 and 4 correct (d) 2, 3 and 4 are correct
IAS-14. Ans. (b)
IAS-15. Excessive pressure drop in liquid line in a refrigerating system causes

[IAS-1998]
(a) High condenser pressure (b) Flashing of the liquid refrigerant
(c) Higher evaporator pressure (d) Under cooling of the liquid refrigerant
IAS-15. Ans. (b)
IAS-16. In system A vapour are superheated by 10°C in the evaporator while in

system B vapour are superheated by 10°C in a liquid vapour regenerative
heat exchanger, other conditions being the same. Then
(a) COP of A = COP of B [IAS-2002]
(b) COP of both A and B > COP of Reversed Carnot Cycle
(c) COP of A > COP of B
(d) COP of A < COP of B
IAS-16. Ans. (a) h1′ − h1 = h3 − h3′
For regeneration as
h1′ − h4 = h1 − h4′
∴ COP is same
Page 30 of 128
Refrigerants
3. Refrigerants
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (GATE, IES, IAS)
Previous 20-Years GATE Questions
Designation of Refrigerants
GATE-1. Environment friendly refrigerant R134a is used in the new generation
domestic refrigerators. Its chemical formula is: [GATE-2004]
(a) CH ClF2 (b) C2 Cl3 F3 (c) C2 Cl2 F4 (d) C2 H2 F4
GATE-1. Ans. (d)
number of fluorine atom
R134
number of Hydrogen atom
(-1)
number of Carbon atom

(+1)
Hence answer is,C2H2F2
Azeotropic Mixtures
GATE-2. The use of Refrigerant –22 (R-22) for temperatures below –30°C is not
recommended due to its [GATE-1993]
(a) Good miscibility with lubricating oil
(b) Poor miscibility with lubricating oil
(c) Low evaporating pressure
(d) High compressor discharge temperature
GATE-2. Ans. (d)
Previous 20-Years IES Questions

IES-1. A good refrigerant should have [IES-1992]
(a) Large latent heat of vaporisation and low operating pressures
(b) Small latent heat of vaporisation and high operating pressures
(c) Large latent heat of vaporisation and large operating pressures
(d) Small latent heat of vaporisation and low operating pressures
IES-1. Ans. (a)
IES-2. The desirable combination of properties for a refrigerant include

(a)High specific heat and low specific volume [IES-1998]
Page 31 of 128
Refrigerants
(b)High heat transfer coefficient and low latent heat
(c)High thermal conductivity and low freezing point
(d) High specific heat and high bailing point
IES-2. Ans. (c) Required Properties of Ideal Refrigerant:
1. The refrigerant should have low boiling point and low freezing point.
2. It must have low specific heat and high latent heat. Because high specific heat
decreases the refrigerating effect per kg of refrigerant and high latent heat at low
temperature increases the refrigerating effect per kg of refrigerant.
3. The pressures required to be maintained in the evaporator and condenser should
be low enough to reduce the material cost and must be positive to avoid leakage of air
into the system.
4. It must have high critical pressure and temperature to avoid large power
requirements.
5. It should have low specific volume to reduce the size of the compressor.
6. It must have high thermal conductivity to reduce the area of heat transfer in
evaporator and condenser.
7. It should be non-flammable, non-explosive, non-toxic and non-corrosive.
8. It should not have any bad effects on the stored material or food, when any leak
develops in the system.
9. It must have high miscibility with lubricating oil and it should not have reacting
property with lubricating oil in the temperature range of the system.
10. It should give high COP in the working temperature range. This is necessary to
reduce the running cost of the system.
11. It must be readily available and it must be cheap also.
Required Properties of Ideal Refrigerant:
1. The refrigerant should have low boiling point and low freezing point.
2. It must have low specific heat and high latent heat. Because high specific heat
decreases the refrigerating effect per kg of refrigerant and high latent heat at low
temperature increases the refrigerating effect per kg of refrigerant.
3. The pressures required to be maintained in the evaporator and condenser should
be low enough to reduce the material cost and must be positive to avoid leakage of air
into the system.
4. It must have high critical pressure and temperature to avoid large power
requirements.
5. It should have low specific volume to reduce the size of the compressor.
6. It must have high thermal conductivity to reduce the area of heat transfer in
evaporator and condenser.
7. It should be non-flammable, non-explosive, non-toxic and non-corrosive.
8. It should not have any bad effects on the stored material or food, when any leak
develops in the system.
9. It must have high miscibility with lubricating oil and it should not have reacting
properly with lubricating oil in the temperature range of the system.
10. It should give high COP in the working temperature range. This is necessary to
reduce the running cost of the system.
11. It must be readily available and it must be cheap also.
IES-3. Match List-I (Refrigerant) with List-II (Principal application) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below the lists: [IES-1995]
List-I List-II
A.Air 1.Direct contact freezing of food
B.Ammonia 2.Centrifugal compressor system
Page 32 of 128
Refrigerants
C.Carbon dioxide 3.Large industrial temperature
installation
D.Refrigerant-11 4.Automotive air-conditioners
5.Aircraft refrigeration
(a) 3 4 1 2 (b) 5 3 1 2
(c) 2 4 3 5 (d) 5 3 2 1
IES-3. Ans. (b)
IES-4. Which of the following statements are true for Ammonia as a refrigerant?
1.It has higher compressor discharge temperature compared to
fluorocarbons.
2.It is toxic to mucous membranes.
3.It requires larger displacement per TR compared to fluorocarbons.
4.It reacts with copper and its alloys.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: [IES-1993]
Codes: (a) 1 and 2 (b) 1, 2 and 3 (c) 1, 2 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4
IES-4. Ans. (c)
IES-5. In conventional refrigerants what is the element responsible for ozone

depletion? [IES-2009]
(a) Chlorine (b) Fluorine (c) Carbon (d) Hydrogen
IES-5. Ans. (a) Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): According to the Montreal protocol, the
ODP of refrigerants should be zero, i.e., they should be non-ozone depleting
substances. Refrigerants having non-zero ODP have either already been phased-out
(e.g. R 11, R 12) or will be phased-out in near-future(e.g. R22). Since ODP depends
mainly on the presence of chlorine or bromine in the molecules, refrigerants having
either chlorine (i.e., CFCs and HCFCs) or bromine cannot be used under the new
regulations.
IES-6. Which of the following refrigerant has the maximum ozone depletion in the
stratosphere? [IES-1992]
(a) Ammonia (b) Carbon dioxide (c) Sulphur dioxide (d) Fluorine
IES-6. Ans. (d)
IES-7. Ozone depletion by CFCs occurs by breakdown of: [IES-2002]

(a)Chlorine atoms from refrigerant by UV radiation and reaction with ozone in
troposphere
(b)Fluorine atoms from refrigerant by UV radiation and reaction with ozone in
troposphere
(c)Chlorine atoms from refrigerant by UV radiation and reaction with ozone in
stratosphere
(d)Fluorine atoms from refrigerant by UV radiation and reaction with ozone in
stratosphere
IES-7. Ans. (c)
IES-8. Which one of the following is correct? [IES-2008]

Environmental protection agencies advise against the use of
chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants because these react with
(a)Water vapour and cause acid rain
(b)Plants and cause green house effect
(c)Oxygen and cause its depletion
(d)Ozone layer and cause its depletion
Page 33 of 128
Refrigerants
IES-8. Ans. (d)
IES-9. Consider the following statements regarding refrigerants: [IES-2000]
1. Refrigerant NH3 is used in reciprocating compressors.
2. Refrigerant CO2 is used in reciprocating compressors.
3. Refrigerant R-11 is used in centrifugal compressors.
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
IES-9. Ans. (a)
IES-10. Match List-I (Refrigerant) with List-II (Chemical constituent) and select the
List-I List-II
A.R-12 1.Trichlorotrifluroethane (CCl2FCClF2)
B.R-22 2.Difluoro monochloro methane (CHF2Cl)
C.R-717 3.Ammonia (NH3)
D.R-113 4.Difluoro dichloro methane (CCl2F2)
(a) 3 2 4 1 (b) 4 2 3 1
(c) 3 1 4 2 (d) 4 1 3 2
IES-10. Ans. (b)
Secondary Refrigerants
1. Practically all common refrigerants have approximately the same COP and
power requirement.
2. Ammonia mixes freely with lubricating oil and this helps lubrication of
compressors.
3. Dielectric strength of refrigerants is an important property in hermetically
sealed compressor units.
4. Leakage of ammonia can be detected by' halide torch method.
(a)1, 2 and 4 are correct (b)2 and 4 are correct
(c)1, 3 and 4 are correct (d)1 and 3 are correct
IES-11. Ans. (d) Practically all refrigerants, except CO2 have fairly same COP and power
requirements. Thus statement (a) is correct. Ammonia does not mix freely with
lubricating oil. Therefore statement (b) is wrong. Dielectric strength of refrigerants is
an important property in hermetically sealed compressor units. Leakage of ammonia
is detected by its odour or sulphur candle with which ammonia forms white smoke
like fumes. Thus statements 1 and 4 are correct and choice (d) is the right choice.
IES-12. In milk chilling plants, the usual secondary refrigerant is: [IES-1998]
(a)Ammonia solution (b)Sodium silicate
(c)Propylene glycol (d)Brine
IES-12. Ans. (d)
IES-13. The leakage in a Freon-based refrigeration system can be detected by using

a/an [IES-2000]
(a)Oxy-acetylene torch (b) Halide torch
(c)Sulphur torch (d) Blue litmus paper
Page 34 of 128
Refrigerants
IES-13. Ans. (b)
IES-14. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer [IES-1994]
List-I List-II
A. Freon 12 1. Centrifugal systems
B. Freon 22 2. Low temperature cold storage
C. Freon 11 3. Window type a/c units
D. Ammonia 4. Ice plants
(a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 3 1 2 4
(c) 1 2 4 3 (d) 1 3 4 2
IES-14. Ans. (a)
Azeotropic Mixtures
IES-15. What is an azeotrope? [IES-2008]
(a) A non-halogenic refrigerant
(b) A refrigerant dissolved in alcohol
(c) A mixture of refrigerants without phase separation
(d) An eco-friendly refrigerant
IES-15. Ans. (c) Azeotrope is a mixture of refrigerants without phase separation.
IES-16. Selection of a refrigerant for a vapour – compression system depends on

which among the following? [IES-2007]
(a) Toxicity (b) Environmental effect
(c) Saturation pressure – temperature relationship (d) All of the above
IES-16. Ans. (d)
IES-17. Which one of the following is the fluid whose properties in all its three
phase are made use of in thermodynamics? [IES-2007]
(a) Ammonia (b) Freon 12 (c) Helium (d) Water
IES-17. Ans. (d)
IES-18. Oil separator is NOT required in refrigeration system if: [IES-2003]

(a) Refrigerant and oil are immiscible at all pressures and temperatures
(b) Refrigerant and oil are immiscible at condensation pressure and temperature
(c) Refrigerant and oil are miscible at all pressures and temperatures
(d) Refrigerant and oil are miscible at condensation pressures and temperature.
IES-18. Ans. (b)

In ammonia refrigeration systems, oil separator is provided because
1. Oil separation in evaporator would lead to reduction in heat transfer
coefficient.
2. Oil accumulation in the evaporator causes choking of evaporator.
3. Oil is partially miscible in the refrigerant.
4. Oil causes choking of expansion device.
(a) 1 and 2 are correct (b) 2 and 4 are correct
(c) 2, 3 and 4 are correct (d) 1, 3 and 4 are correct
IES-19. Ans. (b)

Page 35 of 128
Refrigerants
Moisture should be removed from refrigerants to avoid
1. Compressor seal failure 2. Freezing at the expansion valve
3. Restriction to refrigerant flow 4. Corrosion of steel parts
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct (b) 1 and 2 are correct
(c) 2, 3 and 4 are correct (d) 1, 3 and 4 are correct.
IES-20. Ans. (a) All the statements about effect of moisture on refrigerant are correct.
IES-21. The leaks in a refrigeration system freon are detected by: [IES-2006]
(a) A halide torch, which on detecting produces greenish flame lighting
(b) Sulphur sticks, which on detecting give white smoke
(c) Using reagents
(d) Sensing reduction in pressures
IES-21. Ans. (a) Several methods are available for the detection of leaks. The most common is
the soap-bubble method. The other is the halide torch method used with
fluorocarbons.

IAS-1. Assertion (A): R-22 is used as a refrigerant in all refrigerators.
Reason (R): R-22 is non-toxic and non-inflammable.
IAS-1. Ans. (d)
IAS-2. Match List-I (Chemical formula of refrigerant) with List-II (Numerical
Designation) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the
lists: [IAS-2002]
List-I List-II
A. NH3 1.12
B. CCl2F2 2.22
C. CHClF2 3.40
D. CCl2 FCCl F2 4.113
5.717
(a) 4 1 5 2 (b) 5 3 2 4
(c) 4 3 5 2 (d) 5 1 2 4
IAS-2. Ans. (d) R(C – 1)(H + 1)F and Cl by balance and for inorganic refrigerant R(700 +
Molecular weight).
IAS-3. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
List-I List-II
A. Refrigerant 11 1.CC12F2
B. Refrigerant 12 2.C2Cl2F4
C. Refrigerant 22 3.CCl3F
D. Refrigerant 114 4.CHClF2
Page 36 of 128
Refrigerants
5.CH2ClF
(a) 2 1 5 3 (b) 3 4 5 2
(c) 3 1 4 2 (d) 5 1 4 3
IAS-3. Ans. (c) R (C − 1 )( H + 1 ) F
∴ R11 = R011 ⇒ C = 1, H = 0, F = 1, Cl = 3
∴ R12 = R012 ⇒ C = 1, H = 0, F = 2, Cl = 2
∴ R22 = R022 ⇒ C = 1, H = 1, F = 2, Cl = 1
∴ R114 = R114 ⇒ C = 2, H = 0, F = 4, Cl = 2
IAS-4. The refrigerant – 12 (R – 12) used in vapour compression refrigeration

system is: [IAS-2000]
(a) CHCIF2 (b) CCl2F2 (c) CHCl2F (d) CCIF3
IAS-4. Ans. (b) R12 = R012 = R(C – 1)(H + 1)F. Therefore C = 1, H = 0, F = 2 by balance Cl = 2
IAS-5. Match List-I (Refrigerant) with List-II (Designation) and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists: [IAS-1999]
List-I List-II
A.Dichlorodifluoromethane 1.R 718
B.Water 2.R 22
C.Methyl chloride 3.R40
D.Monochloride-fluoromethane 4.R 12
(a) 4 1 2 3 (b) 1 4 3 2
(c) 1 4 2 3 (d) 4 1 3 2
IAS-5. Ans. (d)
Secondary Refrigerants
IAS-6. Assertion (A): Freon-12 is odourless and its leakage cannot be easily
detected. However, it is preferred in comfort air-conditioning. [IAS 1994]
Reason (R): It is almost impossible for Freon-12 leakage to attain a fatal
concentration.
IAS-6. Ans. (a)
IAS-7. The pipes and fitting in an ammonia refrigeration system should be made
of: [IAS-1998]
(a)Cast steel or wrought iron (b) Aluminium
(c)Naval brass (d) Copper
IAS-7. Ans. (a)
Azeotropic Mixtures
IAS-8. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
List-I List-II
A.Sulphur candle test 1.Propane
B.Halide torch test 2.Ammonia
Page 37 of 128
Refrigerants
C.Soap and water test 3.Halocarbon refrigerants
D.Ammonia swab test 4.Sulphur dioxide
(a) 2 3 1 4 (b) 4 1 3 2
(c) 2 1 3 4 (d) 4 3 1 2
IAS-8. Ans. (a)

1.In Freon 22 system, moisture chocking generally does not occur.
2.Freon 11 is mainly used in large capacity air-conditioning plants with
centrifugal compressor.
3.Pressure of lubricating oil in evaporator will increase the heat transfer
coefficient.
4.Refrigerants that are completely miscible with oil, do not cause oil
chocking.
(a)1, 2 and 3 are correct (b)1, 2 and 3 correct
(c)2, 3 and 4 correct (d)1, 3 and 4 are correct
IAS-9. Ans. (c)
IAS-10. Which one of the following refrigerants has the highest critical
temperature? [IAS-1996]
(a) Water (b) Carbon dioxide (c) Freon 12 (d) Ammonia
IAS-10. Ans. (a)
IAS-11. The significant advantage of using ammonia as a refrigerant is its

(a)Characteristic odour (b)High latent heat [IAS-1996]
(c)Solubility (d)Inflammability
IAS-11. Ans. (b)
IAS-12. The color of the flame of halide torch, in a case of leakage of Freon
refrigerant, will change to: [IAS-1996]
(a) Bright green (b) Yellow (c) Red (d) Orange
IAS-12. Ans. (a)
IAS-13. Ideal refrigeration mixture is one which [IAS-2007]

(a)Obeys Raoult's law in liquid phase and does not obey Dalton's law in vapour phase
(b)Does not obey Raoult's law in liquid phase and does not obey Dalton's law in
vapour phase
(c)Obeys Raoult's law in liquid phase and obeys Dalton's law in vapour phase
(d)Does not obey Raoult's law in liquid phase and obeys Dalton's law in vapour phase
IAS-13. Ans. (c)
Page 38 of 128
Refrigerant Compressors
4. Refrigerant Compressors
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (GATE, IES, IAS)
Previous 20-Years GATE Questions
Types of Compressors
GATE-1. p–v diagram has been obtained from a test on a reciprocating compressor.
Which of the following represents that diagram? [GATE-2005]
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
GATE-1. Ans. (d) It is obtained from a test, so pout will be some less than compressor outlet
pressure for opening the delivery valve.
GATE-2. A single-acting two-stage compressor with complete inter cooling delivers

air at 16 bar. Assuming an intake state of 1 bar at 15°C, the pressure ratio
per stage is: [GATE-2001]
(a) 16 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 2
GATE-2. Ans. (c) Pressure ratio of each stage must be same
p p pi × p2 p2
rp = i = 2 = = = 16 = 4
p1 pi p1 × pi p1
GATE-3. Air (Cp = 1 kJ/kg, γ = 1.4) enters a compressor at a temperature of 27°C. The
compressor pressure ratio is 4. Assuming an efficiency of 80%, the
compressor work required in kJ/kg is: [GATE-1998]
(a)160 (b)172 (c)182 (d)225
Page 39 of 128
γ −1 γ −1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
γ RT1 ⎢⎛ p2 ⎞ γ ⎛ p2 ⎞ γ ⎡ 1.4 −1 ⎤
GATE-3. Ans. (c) Wideal = ⎜ ⎟ − 1 = c p T1 ⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥ = 1× 300 ⎢ 4 1.4 − 1⎥ = 146kJ / kg
⎥ ⎢
γ − 1 ⎢⎝ p1 ⎠ ⎥ ⎢ p
⎝ 1⎠
⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
Wideal 146
Wactual = = = 182kJ / kg
η 0.8
GATE-4. Consider a two stage reciprocating air compressor with a perfect

intercooler operating at the best intermediate pressure. Air enters the low
pressure cylinder at 1bar, 27°C and leaves the high pressure cylinder at 9
bar. Assume the index of compression and expansion in each stage is 1.4 and
that for air R = 286.7 J/kg K, the work done per kg air in the high pressure
cylinder is: [GATE-1997]
(a) 111 kJ (b) 222 kJ (c) 37 kJ (d) 74 kJ
GATE-4. Ans. (a) Pressure ratio must be same
Pi P2 Pi × P2 P2 9
∴ rP = = = = = =3
P1 Pi P1 × Pi P1 1
Work done of each stage also same
γ −1
γ RT1 ⎡ γ
⎤ 1.4 × 287 × 300 ⎡ 1.4 −1 ⎤
Weach stage = ⎢r − 1⎥ = 3 1.4 − 1⎥ = 111 kJ
γ − 1 ⎢⎣ P ⎥⎦ (1.4 − 1) ⎢⎣ ⎦
GATE-5. A refrigeration compressor designed to operate with R 22……….

(can/cannot) be operated with R 12 because the condensing pressure of R22
at any give temperature is……..(higher/lower) than that of R 12. [GATE-1992]
(a) Cannot; Higher (b) Can; Higher

(c) Cannot; Lower (d) Can; Lower
GATE-5. Ans. (a)
GATE-6. Select statements from List-II matching the processes in List-I. Enter your
answer as A, B if the correct choice for (1) is (A) and that for (2) is (B)
List-I List-II [GATE-1999]
1. Inter-cooling A. No heat transfer during compression
2. Isothermal compression B. Reduces low pressure compressor work
C. Heat rejection during compression
D. Reduces high pressure compressor work
GATE-6. Ans. (c, d)
Volumetric Efficiency of reciprocating Compressors

GATE-7. Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the volumetric
efficiency of a reciprocating air compressor? [GATE-1999]
(a)It decreases with increase in inlet temperature
(b)It increases with decrease in pressure ratio
(c)It increases with decrease in clearance ratio
(d)It decreases with increase in clearance to stroke ratio
GATE-7. Ans. (a)
Page 40 of 128
Refriger
rant Com
mpressor
rs
S K Monda
M l’s Chaptter 4
Effect of Clea
arance on
o Worrk
GATE-8. Clearance volume of a recipro ocating compressor is 100 ml, and the volumev
o the cylinder at bo
of ottom dead d centre iss 1.0 litre. T
The cleara ance ratio of the
compresso
c or is: [GATE E-1997]
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 10
0 9 12
GATE-8. Ans.
A (c) Pistton displaceement volumme = 900 mll
Clerance voolume 100 1
Therefore
T cllearance rattio = = =
Piston
n displacemment volumee 900 9
GATE-9. A R-12 refr

frigerant re eciprocatinng
compresso
c or operates between
the
t condeensing tem mperature of
30°C and evaporattor
temperatu
t ure of – 20°C. The
clearance
c volume ratio
r of the
compresso
c or is 0.03. Specific
S heeat
ratio
r of thhe vapour r is 1.15 an
nd
the
t speciific volum me at the
suction is 0.1089 m3/k kg.
Other
O propperties at various
v
[GATEE-2004]
states are given in the t figure. To realize e 2 Tons oof refrigera
ation, the actual
volume
v dis
splacemen nt rate conssidering th he effect off clearance
e is:
(a) 6.35 × 10
0-3 m3/s (b) 63.5 × 10-3 m3/s (c) 635 × 10-3 m3/s ( 4.88 × 10
(d) 0-3 m3/s
GATE-9. Ans.
A (a) Givven, Clearan nce volume ration, C = 0.03
Speccific volume at suction, v1 = 0.10899 m3/kg
Net refrigeratinng effect = 2 ton = 2 × 3.516 kJ = 7.032 kJ/s
Speccific heat ratio, c = 1.15
5
∴ Volu
ume = 0.063 × 0.1089 = 6.89 × 10–3 m3/s
1
⎛p ⎞ ⎛ 7.45 ⎞1.15
umetric efficciency = 1 + C – C ⎜ 2 ⎟ ve = 1 + 0.03 − 0.03 ⎜
Volu ⎟ = 0.909
⎝ p1 ⎠ ⎝ 1.50 ⎠
∴ Volu
ume displaceement rate considering g effect of cleearance
= 6.8
89 × 10–3 × 0.909
0 = 6.266 × 10–3 m3/ss
Centriffugal Compres
C ssors
GATE-10. The
T speciffic speed of a centrifu ugal compressor is g generally [GATEE-1997]
(a)Higher thhan that of an axial commpressor
(b)Less thann that of a reciprocatin
r ng compressor
(c)Independdent of the e type of compressor, but depen n the size of the
nds only on
compressor
c
(d)More thaan the specific speed oof the reciprrocating com
mpressor bu
ut less thatt of the
axial
a comprressor
GATE-10. Ans. (d)
Page 41 of 128
Performance Characteristics of Centrifugal Compressors
GATE-11. Air (Cp = 1 KJ, γ = 1.4) enters a compressor at a temperature of 27°C, the
compressor pressure ratio is 4. Assuming an efficiency of 80%, the
compressor work required in KJ/Kg is: [GATE-1998]
(a) 160 (b) 172 (c) 182 (d) 225
⎡ (γ −1) ⎤
γ γ ⎢ P2 γ
⎛ ⎞ ⎥
GATE-11. Ans. (c) Wideal = (P1V1 – P2V2) = P1V1 ⎢⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1⎥
⎜
γ −1 γ −1 ⎢⎝ P 1 ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ ( γ −1)
⎤ ⎡ ( γ −1)
⎤
γ ⎢⎛ P 2 ⎞ γ ⎥ ⎢⎛ P 2 ⎞ γ ⎥
= RT1 ⎢⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1⎥ = CpT1 ⎢⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1⎥ = 1 × 300[40.4/1.4-1] = 146
⎜ ⎜
γ −1 ⎢⎝ P 1 ⎠ ⎥ ⎢⎝ P 1 ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
146
∴ Wactual = W ideal = = 182
η 0.8
Previous 20-Years IES Questions
IES-1. A centrifugal compressor is suitable for which of the following? ` [IES-2008]
(a) High pressure ratio, low mass flow
(b) Low pressure ratio, low mass flow
(c) High pressure ratio, high mass flow
(d) Low pressure ratio, high mass flow
IES-1. Ans. (d)
IES-2. Match List-I (Name of equipment) with List-II (Pressure ratio) and select
the correct answer using the code given below the lists: [IES-2007]
List-I List-II
A. Fan 1.1.1
B. Blower 2.2.5
C. Centrifugal air compressor 3.4
D. Axial flow air compressor 4.10
(a) 2 1 3 4 (b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 1 2 4 3 (d) 2 1 4 3
IES-2. Ans. (b)
IES-3. Which of the following can be the cause/causes of an air-cooled compressor

getting overheated during operation? [IES-2006]
1.Insufficient lubricating oil.
2.Broken valve strip.
3.Clogged intake filter.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) Only 3 (b) Only 1 and 2 (c) Only 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
IES-3. Ans. (d)
IES-4. Which type of valves is generally used in reciprocating refrigerant

compressors? [IES-2006]
Page 42 of 128
(a) Mushroom valve (b) Puppet valve
(c) Plate valve (d) Throttle valve
IES-4. Ans. (c)
IES-5. Reciprocating compressors are provided with [IES-2000]
(a) Simple disc/plate valve (b) Poppet valve
(c) Spring-loaded disc valve (d) Solenoid valve
IES-5. Ans. (a)
IES-6. Which one of the following statements is correct? [IES-2004]

In reciprocating compressors, one should aim at compressing the air
(a) Adiabatically (b) Isentropically (c) Isothermally (d) Poly tropically
IES-6. Ans. (c)
IES-7. Roots blower is an example of: [IES-2003]

(a) Reciprocating (positive displacement) compressor
(b) Rotary (positive displacement) compressor
(c) Centrifugal compressor
(d) Axial compressor
IES-7. Ans. (b)
IES-8. Match List-I (Refrigeration equipment) with List-II (Characteristic) and

select the correct answer: [IES-2002]
List-I List-II
A. Hermetically sealed compressor 1. Capillary tube
B. Semi-hermitically sealed 2. Both compressor and motor enclosed
Compressor in a shell or casting
C. Open type compressor 3. Both compressor and motor enclosed
in a shell or casing with a removable
cylinder cover
D. Expansion device 4. Driving motor of enclosed in a shell
or casing and connected to the shaft
driving
(a) 1 4 3 2 (b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 1 3 4 2 (d) 2 4 3 1
IES-8. Ans. (b)
IES-9. The capacity of an air compressor is specified as 3 m3/min. It means that the
compressor is capable of: [IES-2000]
(a) Supplying 3 m3 of compressed air per minute
(b) Compressing 3 m3 of free air per minute
(c) Supplying 3 m3 of compressed air at NTP
(d) Compressing 3 m3 of standard air per minute
IES-9. Ans. (b)
IES-10. Which one of the following pairs of features and compressors type is NOT
correctly matched? [IES-2000]
(a) Intake and delivery ports : Vane compressor back flow and internal
compression is attained by compression cylindrical rotor
set to eccentric casing
(b) Intermittent discharge : Reciprocating compressor pressure, slow
requires receiver, produces high speed and lubrication
(c) Continuous flow, radial now, problems
Page 43 of 128
handles large volume :
Centrifugal compressor much higher
(d) Successive pressure drops speed and fitted into design of
through contracting : aero-engine
Axial flow compressor passages, blades
are formed from a number of
circular arcs, axial now
IES-10. Ans. (c)
IES-11. When a burnt out hermetic compressor is replaced by a new one, it is

desirable to include in the system a large drier-cum ·strainer also. This is to
be placed in [IES-1999]
(a) Liquid line (b) Suction line (c) Hot gas line (d) Discharge line
IES-11. Ans. (d)
IES-12. Assertion (A): A reciprocating air compressor at sea level would deliver a
greater mass of air than a compressor on a mountain. [IES-1998]
Reason (R): The compressor ratings are given for “free air”.
IES-12. Ans. (b)
IES-13. What is the preferred intercooler pressure for a two stage air compressor
working between the suction pressure ps and the delivery pressure pd?
(a) (ps + pd)/2 (b) (ps + pd)/2 (c) (ps x pd)1/2 (d) (ps + pd)1/4 [IES-2006]
IES-13. Ans. (c)
IES-14. When are shock waves formed in air compressors? [IES-2006]

(a) Mach number < 0.9
(b) Mach number > 0·9
(c) Mach number = 2
(d) Mach number changes suddenly from one value to another
IES-14. Ans. (b)
IES-15. Assertion (A): In multi-stage compressors, the polytropic efficiency is

always greater than the isentropic efficiency. [IES-2005]
Reason(R): Higher the pressure ration, the greater is the polytropic
efficiency.
IES-15. Ans. (b)
IES-16. For a two-stage reciprocating air compressor, the suction pressure is 1.5 bar
and the delivery pressure is 54 bar. What is the value of the ideal
intercooler pressure? [IES-2004]
(a) 6 bar (b) 9 bar (c) 27.75 bar (d) 9/ 2 bar
IES-16. Ans. (b) Pi = P1 P2 = 54 × 1.5 = 9 bar
Page 44 of 128
IES-17. During steady flow compression process of a gas with mass flow rate of 2
kg/s. increase in specific enthalpy is 15kJ/kg and decrease in kinetic energy
is 2 kJ/kg. The rate of heat rejection to the environment is 3kW. The power
needed to drive the compressor is: [IES-2003]
(a) 23 kW (b) 26kW (c) 29kW (d) 37 kW
IES-17. Ans. (c) Power needed to drive the compression
v2 v2
Using, S.F.E.E., we get: h1 + 1 + Q = h2 + 2 + W
2 2
W = – 3 – 30 + 4 = – 29 Kw
IES-18. 0.70 kg/s of air enters with a specific enthalpy of 290 kJ and leaves it with
450 kJ of specific enthalpy. Velocities at inlet and exit are 6 m/s and 2 m/s
respectively. Assuming adiabatic process, what is power input to the
compressor? [IES-2009]
(a) 120 kW (b) 118 kW (c) 115kW (d) 112 kW
⎡⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎛ V 2 ⎞⎤
IES-18. Ans. (d) Power input to compressor = m ⎢⎜ h2 + 2 ⎟ − ⎜ h2 + 1 ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎢⎝ 2g ⎠ ⎝ 2 g ⎠ ⎦⎥
⎡⎛ 22 ⎞ ⎛ 62 ⎞⎤
= 0.7 ⎢⎜ 450 + ⎟ − ⎜ 290 + ⎟ ⎥ = 112 kW
⎢⎣⎝ 2 × 9.8 ×100 ⎠ ⎝ 2 × 9.8 ×1000 ⎠ ⎥⎦
IES-19. In a two-stage compressor with ideal intercooling, for the work requirement
to be minimum, the intermediate pressure Pi in terms of condenser and
evaporator pressure pc and pe respectively is: [IES-2003]
(a) pi = pc pe (b) pi = pc pe (c) pi = pc / pe (d) pi = pc / pe
IES-19. Ans. (b)
IES-20. When a refrigerator system is started from ambient conditions, the

evaporator temperature decreases from ambient temperature to design
value. This period is known as a pull-down period. The power requirement
of compressor during pull-down [IES-2003]
(a) Decreases continuously (b) Increases continuously
(c) Remains constant (d) Increases and then decreases
IES-20. Ans. (b)
p
IES-21. If n is the polytropic index of compression and 2 is the pressure ratio for a
p1
three-stage compressor with ideal inter-cooling, the expression for the total
work of three stage is: [IES-2001]
⎧ ( n −1) ⎫ ⎧ ( n −1) ⎫
3n ⎪⎛ p2 ⎞ n
⎪ n ⎪⎛ p2 ⎞ 3n
⎪
(a) p1v1 ⎨⎜ ⎟ − 1⎬ (b) p1v1 ⎨⎜ ⎟ − 1⎬
( n − 1) ⎪⎝ p1 ⎠ ⎪ ( n − 1) ⎪⎝ p1 ⎠ ⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
⎧ ( n −1) ⎫ ⎧ ( n −1) ⎫
n ⎪⎛ p2 ⎞ n
⎪ 3n ⎪⎛ p2 ⎞ 3n
⎪
(c) p1v1 ⎨⎜ ⎟ − 1⎬ (d) p1v1 ⎨⎜ ⎟ − 1⎬
( n − 1) ⎪⎝ p1 ⎠ ⎪ ( n − 1) ⎪⎝ p1 ⎠ ⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
IES-21. Ans. (d)
Page 45 of 128
IES-22. The air with enthalpy of 100kJ/kg is compressed by an air compressor to a
pressure and temperature at which its enthalpy becomes 200kJ/kg. The loss
of heat is 40 kJ/kg from the compressor as· the air passes through it.
Neglecting kinetic and potential energies, the power required for an air
mass flow of 0.5kg/s is: [IES-2000]
(a) 30kW (b) 50kW (c) 70 kW (d) 90 kW
IES-22. Ans. (c)
IES-23. Two-stage compressors takes in air at 1.1 bar and discharges at 20 bar. For
maximum efficiency, the intermediate pressure is: [IES-2000]
(a) 10.55 bar (b) 7.33 bar (c) 5.5 bar (d) 4.7 bar
IES-23. Ans. (d). We know that for minimum compressor work pressure ratio of both stages
P1 P
must be same so = i or Pi = P1 P2 = 1.1 × 20 = √22 = 4.7 bar
Pi P2
IES-24. The discharge pressure of the compressor in the refrigeration system goes
up due to the [IES-2000]
(a) Lower volumetric efficiency of the compressor
(b) Formation of scale in the condenser
(c) Large size of the condenser
(d) Undercharge of the refrigerant
IES-24. Ans. (a)
IES-25. A 3-stage reciprocating compressor has suction pressure of 1 bar and

delivery pressure of 27 bar. For minimum work of compression, the delivery
pressure of 1st stage is: [IES-1999]
(a) 14 bar (b) 9 bar (c) 5.196 bar (d) 3bar
IES-25. Ans. (d) For minimum work of compression in 3 stage compressor the delivery pressure
of 1st stage is 3 27/1=3 bar = 3 bar
IES-26. Which one of the following statements is true? [IES-1998]

(a) In a multi-stage compressor, adiabatic efficiency is less than stage efficiency
(b) In a multi-stage turbine, adiabatic efficiency is less than the stage efficiency
(c) Preheat factor for a multi-stage compressor is greater than one
(d) Preheat factor does not affect the multi-stage compressor performance
IES-26. Ans. (c)
IES-27. The heat rejection by a

reciprocating air compressor
during the reversible
compression process AB, shown
in the following temperature-
entropy diagram, is represented
by the area:
(a) ABC (b) ABDE
(c) ABFG (d) ABFOE
[IES-1997]
IES-27. Ans. (b) Heat rejection during AB is given by area below it on entropy axis, i.e. ABDE.
DES
IES-28. For a multistage compressor, the polytropic efficiency is: [IES-1996]

Page 46 of 128
(a) The efficiency of all stages combined together
(b) The efficiency of one stage
(c) Constant throughout for all the stages
(d) A direct consequence of the pressure ratio
IES-28. Ans. (a) For multistage compressor, the polytropic efficiency is the efficiency of all
stages combined together.
IES-29. Phenomenon of choking in compressor means [IES-1996]

(a) No flow of air.
(b) Fixed mass flow rate regardless of pressure ratio.
(c) Reducing mass flow rate with increase in pressure ratio.
(d) Increased inclination of chord with air stream.
IES-29. Ans. (b) Phenomenon of choking in compressor means fixed mass flow rate regardless
of pressure ratio.
IES-30. The usual assumption in elementary compressor cascade theory is that

(a) Axial velocity through the cascade changes. [IES-1996]
(b) For elementary compressor cascade theory, the pressure rise across the cascade is
given by equation of state
(c) Axial velocity through the cascade does not change.
(d) With no change in axial velocity between inlet and outlet, the velocity diagram is
formed.
IES-30. Ans. (c) The usual assumption in elementary compressor cascade theory is that axial
velocity thr6ugh the cascade does not change.
IES-31. In a reciprocating air compressor the compression works per kg of air.

(a) Increases as clearance volume increases [IES-1995]
(b) Decreases as clearance volume increases
(c) Is independent of clearance volume
(d) Increases with clearance volume only for multistage compressor.
IES-31. Ans. (a) Compression work per kg. of air increases as clearance volume increases.
IES-32. Assertion (A): The isothermal efficiency of a reciprocating compressor becomes

100% if perfect cooling of the fluid during compression is attained. [IES-1993]
Reason (R): Work done in a reciprocating compressor is less if the process of
compression is isothermal rather than polytropic.
IES-32. Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and R provides correct explanation for
A.

1. Reciprocating compressors are best suited for high pressure and low
volume capacity.
2. The effect of clearance volume on power consumption is negligible for
the same volume of discharge
3. While the compressor is idling, the delivery valve is kept open by the
control circuit.
4. Inter-cooling of air between the stages of compression helps to minimize
losses.
Page 47 of 128
(a) 1 and 2 are correct (b) 1 and 3 are correct
(c) 2 and 4 are correct (d) 3 alone is correct
IES-33. Ans. (b)
IES-34. For two stage compressor in which index of compression for low pressure
stage is m and for high pressure stage in n. The load shearing with perfect
inter-cooling is expressed as: [IES-1992]
W1 m ( n − 1) W1 n ( n − 1) W1 n W1 m
(a ) = (b) = (c ) = (d ) =
W2 n ( m − 1) W2 m ( m − 1) W2 m W2 n
IES-34. Ans. (a)
IES-35. The suction pressure is 1 bar and delivery pressure is 125 bar. What is the
ideal intermediate pressure at the end of first stage for a 3-stage air
(a) 25 bar (b) 5 bar (c) 10 bar (d) 20 bar
IES-35. Ans. (b)
IES-36. For an air-conditioning plant above 300 ton, which one of the following
systems would normally be preferred? [IES-1997]
(a) Ammonia reciprocating compressor (b) Centrifugal chiller
(c) Absorption refrigeration system (d) Hermetic compressor
IES-36. Ans. (b)
IES-37. When the discharge pressure is too high in a refrigeration system, high
pressure control is installed to: [IES-1996]
(a) Stop the cooling fan (b) Stop the water circulating pump.
(c) Regulate the flow of cooling water (d) Stop the compressor.
IES-37. Ans. (d)
IES-38. The optimum intermediate pressure Pi for a gas turbine plant operating
between pressure limits P1 and P2 with perfect inter cooling between the
two stages of compression (with identical isentropic efficiency is given by:
1
(a) Pi= P2-P1 (b) Pi= (P1+P2) [IES-2003, IES-1996]
2
(c) Pi= P1 P2 (d) Pi= P22 − P12
IES-38. Ans. (c). We know that for minimum compressor work pressure ratio of both stage
P1 P
must be same so = i or Pi= P1 P2
Pi P2
IES-39. For a two stage-reciprocating compressor, compression from P1 to P2 is with

perfect inter-cooling and no Pressure losses. If compression in both
cylinders follows the same poly-tropic process and the atmospheric
pressure is Pa , then the intermediate pressure Pi is given by: [IES-1994]
1
(a) Pi= P2-P1 (b) Pi= (P1+P2) (c) Pi= P1 P2 (d) Pi= P22 − P12
2
IES-39. Ans. (c). We know that for minimum compressor work pressure ratio of both stages
P1 P
must be same so = i or Pi= P1 P2
Pi P2
Note: Here Pa is superfluous data that has no use.
Page 48 of 128
IES-40. 3-stage reciprocating compressors have suction pressure of 1 bar and

delivery pressure of 27 bar. For minimum work of compression, the delivery
pressure of first stage is: [IES-1999]
(a) 14 bar (b) 9 bar (c) 5.196 bar (d) 3 bar
IES-40. Ans. (d). We know that for minimum compressor work pressure ratio of 3-stage must
be same so Pi1 = Pi 2 = P 2 = 3 Pi1 Pi 2 P2 =3 P2
P 1 P i1 P i2
P P P
1 i1 i2 P 1
or Pi1= P1 × 3 P=
2 P12/3 .P21/3 = 1× 271/3 = 3 bar
P
1
IES-41. In a gas turbine cycle with two stages of reheating, working between
maximum pressure P1 and minimum pressure P4, the optimum pressures
would be: [IES-1993]
(a) (P1P4) 1/3 and (P1P4) 2/3 (b) (P12 P4) 1/3 and (P1P42) 1/3
(c) (P1P4) 1/2 and P1P42/3 (d) (P1P4) 1/2 and (P1P4) 2/3
IES-41. Ans. (b) We know that for minimum compressor work pressure ratio of 3-stage must be
P P P P P P P
same so = 2 = 3 = 4 = 3 2 3 4 = 3 4
P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3 P1
P4 P4
or P2 = P1 × 3 = (P12 P4)1/3 and P3 = = (P1P42)1/3
P1 P
3 4
P1
Alternatively you may give answer by dimensional similarity. Only choice (b) has the
dimension of pressure.
IES-42. Four-stage compressor with perfect inter-cooling between stages

compresses air from 1 bar to 16 bar. The optimum pressure in the last
intercooler will be: [IES-1998]
(a) 6 bar (b) 8 bar (c) 10 bar (d) 12 bar
IES-42. Ans. (b): We know that for minimum compressor work pressure ratio of 4-stage must
be same so P i1 = P i2 = P i3 = P 2 = 4 Pi1 Pi 2 Pi 3 P2 =4 P 2
P 1 P i1 P i2 P i3
P P P1 i1 i2 P i3 P 1
or Pi3 = P2 = P1 1/4P2 ¾ =11/4x(16) ¾ = 8 bar

P2
4
P1

IES-43. Which one of the following statements is correct for reciprocating air
(a)Its volumetric efficiency increases with increasing clearance ratio
(b)Its volumetric efficiency increases with increasing pressure ratio
(c)Its volumetric efficiency does not vary with change in clearance ratio and pressure
ratio
(d)Its volumetric efficiency decreases with increasing clearance ratio and pressure
ratio, both
1
⎛ p ⎞n
IES-43. Ans. (d) ηv = 1 + C – C. ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ p1 ⎠
Page 49 of 128
Volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating air compressor increases with
1.Increase in clearance ratio
2.Decrease in delivery pressure
3.Multi-staging
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1 and 2 (b) Only 2 and 3 (c) Only 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
1
⎛ p ⎞n
IES-44. Ans. (b) ηv = 1 + C − C ⎜ 2 ⎟ if p2 ↓ thenηv ↑
⎝ p1 ⎠
IES-45. Which of the following statements are correct for multi staging in a
reciprocating air compressor? [IES-2006]
1.It decreases the volumetric efficiency.
2.The work done can be reduced.
3. small high-pressure cylinder is required.
4.The size of flywheel is reduced.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2 and 4
IES-45. Ans. (b) 1 is false, it increases the volumetric efficiency.
IES-46. Consider the following statements [IES-2000]

The volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating compressor can be enhanced
by:
1. Heating the intake air
2. Decreasing the clearance volume
3. Cooling the intake air
Which of these statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 alone (b) 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 alone
IES-46. Ans. (c)
IES-47. Assertion (A): Decrease of pressure and increase of temperature of the

refrigerant in the suction pipeline connecting the evaporator to the
reciprocating compressor reduces the refrigerating capacity of the system.[IES-2003]
Reason (R): Decrease of pressure and increase of temperature of the
refrigerant in the suction pipeline connecting the evaporator to the
compressor reduces the volumetric efficiency of the reciprocating
compressor.
IES-47. Ans. (a)
IES-48. The ratio of the clearance volume to the displacement volume of a R12
reciprocating compressor is 0.05. Specific volume at inlet and outlet of
compressor are 0.04 and 0.02 m3/kg respectively. Volumetric efficiency of the
compressor is: [IES-2002]
(a) 95.0% (b) 47.5% (c) 38.0% (d) 19.0%
IES-48. Ans. (a)
Page 50 of 128
IES-49. The bore and stroke of the cylinder of a 6-cylinder engine working on an
Otto-cycle are 17 cm and 30 cm respectively, total clearance volume is 9225
cm3, then what is the compression ratio? [IES-2009]
(a) 7.8 (b) 6.2 (c) 15.8 (d) 5.4
9225
IES-49. Ans. (d) Clearance volume of a single cylinder = = 1537.5 cm3
6
π 2 π
Swept volume = VS = d L = × (172 ) × 30 = 6805.95 cm3
4 4
VS 6805.95
Compression ratio = 1 + = 1+ = 5.42
VC 1537.50

The volumetric efficiency of a compressor depends upon
1. Clearance volume 2. Pressure ratio 3. Index of expansion
Of these correct statements are:
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2, and 3
IES-50. Ans. (d) The volumetric efficiency of a compressor depends upon
1. Clearance volume 2. Pressure ratio 3. Index of expansion
IES-51. A gas engine has a swept volume of 300 cc and clearance volume of 25 cc. Its
volumetric efficiency is 0.88 and mechanical efficiency is 0.90. What is the
volume of the mixture taken in per stroke? [IES-1995]
(a) 248 cc (b) 252 cc (c) 264 cc (d) 286 cc
Volume of mixture
IES-51. Ans. (c) Volumetric η = , and
300
Volume of mixture = 300 × 0.88 = 264 cc
IES-52. Which one of the following graphs shows the correct representation of the
processes for a two stage air compressor with perfect intercooling and no
pressure drop in the intercooler? [IES-2009]
Page 51 of 128
IES-52. Ans. (b)
Effect of Clearance on Work

IES-53. A large clearance volume in a reciprocating compressor results in
(a) Reduced volume flow rate (b) Increased volume flow rate
(c) Lower suction pressure (d) Lower delivery pressure [IES-1995]
IES-53. Ans. (a)
Performance Characteristics of Reciprocating Compressors

IES-54. Which of the following techniques are employed for control of reciprocating
compressors? [IES-2007]
1. Throttle control 2. Clearance control 3. Blowing air to waste
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 3 only
IES-54. Ans. (d)
IES-55. Consider the following factors: [IES-1999]

1. Cylinder size 2. Clearance ratio
3. Delivery pressure 4. Compressor shaft power
The factors which affect the volumetric efficiency of a single-stage
reciprocating air compressor would include
(c) 1 and 2 (b) 3 and 4 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 4
IES-55. Ans. (a) Volumetric efficiency of a single stage reciprocating air compressor is
1
⎛ p ⎞n
ηv = 1 + C – C. ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ dependent on clearance ratio and delivery pressure.
⎝ p1 ⎠
Page 52 of 128
Refriger
rant Com
mpressor
rs
S K Monda
M l’s Chaptter 4
IES-56. The
T diag
gram show wn in the
figure
f epresents reversib
re ble
compressi
c on of air on the p p-V
co-ordinat
c tes. The work of
compressi
c on need
ded by a
centrifuga
c al compres ssor is equ
ual
to
t the areaa
(a) ABDE-AABC
(b) ABDE
(c) ABFG
(d) ABFG-A
ABC
[IES
S-1999]
IES-56. An
ns. (c)
Rotary
y Comp
pressors
s
IES-57. Assertion
A (A): A vane e type rotaary compre essor is a roto-dynam
r mic machin ne.
Reason(R)): A roto-d dynamic m machine iss one in which
w uid flows freely
a flu
through
t thhe rotating g part of thhe machine e. [IES
S-2005]
(a) Both A anda R are in ndividually true and R is the correect explanattion of A
(b) Both A anda R are in ndividually true but R is not the ccorrect expla
anation of A
(c) A is truee but R is fa
alse
(d) A is falsse but R is trrue
IES-57. An
ns. (a)
IES-58. The
T inlet and
a exit velocity
v dia
agrams of a turboma
achine rotor are sho
own in
the
t given figure.
f Thee turbo-maachine is: [IES-2002
2; 1993]
(a) An axiall compressoor with back kward curveed blades

(b) A radiall compressor with back kward curved blades
(c) A radiall compressor with forwa ard curved blades
b
(d) An axiall compressoor with forw ward curved blades
IES-58. An
ns. (c) Fromm inlet and outlet diag grams it willl be seen thhe blade vellocity u2 > u1 from
which
w it is clear
c that itt is radial coompressor. For axial coompressor, u2 = u1. Furrther in
outlet
o veloccity trianglee, velocity Vr2 is in thee direction oof u2 which means blad des are
forward
f curved. In ca ase of back kward curv ved blades the direction of Vr2 will w be
opposite
o to that of u2 i.e. angle bettween Vr2 & u2 will be aacute.
Centriffugal Compres
C ssors
IES-59. In
I the cenntrifugal air
a compre essor desig gn practice, the valu ue of poly
ytropic
exponent
e of
o compres ssion is gen
nerally tak ken as [IES
S-1998]
(a) 1.2 (b) 1.3 (c) 1.4 (d) 1.5
Page 53 of 128
IES-59. Ans. (c)
IES-60. What does application of centrifugal air compressors lead to?

(a) Large frontal area of aircraft [IES-2006]
(b) Higher flow rate through the engine
(c) Higher aircraft speed
(d) Lower frontal area of the aircraft
IES-60. Ans. (a)
IES-61. In a centrifugal compressor, how can the pressure ratio be increased?

(a) Only by increasing the tip speed [IES-2006]
(b) Only by decreasing the inlet temperature
(c) By both (a) and (b)
(d) Only by increasing the inlet temperature
IES-61. Ans. (c)
IES-62. The pressure rise in the impeller of centrifugal compressor is achieved by: [IES-200
(a) The decrease in volume and diffusion action
(b) The centrifugal action and decrease in volume
(c) The centrifugal and diffusion action
(d) The centrifugal and push-pull action
IES-62. Ans. (c)
IES-63. The flow in the vane less space between the impeller exit and diffuser inlet
of a centrifugal compressor can be assumed as [IES-2001]
(a) Free vortex (b) Forced vortex
(c) Solid body rotation (d) Logarithmic spiral
IES-63. Ans. (d)
IES-64. Consider the following statements [IES-2000]

In centrifugal compressors, there is a tendency of increasing surge when
1. The number of diffuser vanes is less than the number of impeller vanes
2. The number of diffuser vanes is greater than the number of impeller
vanes
3. The number of diffuser vanes is equal 10 the number of impeller vanes
4. Mass flow is greatly in excess of that corresponding to the design mass
flow
Which of these statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 4 (b) 2 alone (c) 3 and 4 (d) 2 and 4
IES-64. Ans. (b)
IES-65. In a radial blade centrifugal compressor, the velocity of blade tip is 400 m/s
and slip factor is 0.9. Assuming the absolute velocity at inlet to be axial,
what is the work done per kg of flow? [IES-2005]
(a) 36 kJ (b) 72 kJ (c) 144kJ (d) 360 kJ
IES-65. Ans. (c)
IES-66. In centrifugal compressor terminology, vane less space refers to the space
between [IES-1999]
(a) The inlet and blade inlet edge (b) Blades in the impeller
(c) Diffuser exit and volute casing (d) Impeller tip and diffuser inlet edge
IES-66. Ans. (d)
Page 54 of 128
IES-67. Centrifugal compressors are suitable for large discharge and wider mass
flow range, but at a relatively low discharge pressure of the order of 10
bars, because of: [IES-1997]
(a) Low pressure ratio (b) Limitation of size of receiver
(c) Large speeds (d) High compression index
IES-67. Ans. (a) Pressure ratio is low for centrifugal compressors
IES-68. Given: Vw2 = velocity of whirl at outlet [IES-1997]

u2 = peripheral velocity of the blade tips
The degree of reaction in a centrifugal compressor is equal to:
Vw 2 u2 2Vw 2 Vw 2
(a )1 − (b)1 − (c)1 − ( d )1 −
2u2 2Vw 2 u2 u2
IES-68. Ans. (a)
IES-69. For large tonnage (more than 200 tons) air-conditioning applications, which
one of the following types of compressors is recommended? [IES-1996]
(a) Reciprocating (b) Rotating (c) Centrifugal (d) Screw
IES-69. Ans. (d) For large tonnage air conditioning applications, specially built centrifugal
compressors are used.
IES-70. In a centrifugal compressor assuming the same overall dimensions, blade

inlet angle and rotational speeds, which of the following bladings will given
the maximum pressure rise? [IES-1995]
(a) Forward curved blades
(b) Backward curved blades.
(c) Radial blades
(d) All three types of bladings have the same pressure rise.
IES-70. Ans. (a) Forward curved blades give maximum pressure rise.
IES-71. In a centrifugal compressor, the highest Mach number leading to

shockwave in the fluid flow occurs at [IES-1995]
(a) Diffuser inlet radius (b) Diffuser outlet radius
(c) Impeller inlet radius (d) Impeller outer radius
IES-71. Ans. (c)
IES-72. If two geometrically similar impellers of a centrifugal compressor are

operated at the same speed, then their head, discharge and power will vary
with their diameter ratio 'd' as [IES-1994]
(a) d, d2 and d3 respectively (b) d2, d3 and d5 respectively
(c) d, d3 and d5 respectively (d) d2, d and d3 respectively
IES-72. Ans. (d) Head, discharge and power are proportional to d2, d and d3.
IES-73. The stagnation pressure rise in a centrifugal compressor stage takes place.
(a) Only in the diffuser (b) In the diffuser and impeller [IES-1994]
(c) Only in the impeller (d) Only in the inlet guide vanes
IES-73. Ans. (a)
IES-74. A multistage compressor is to be designed for a given flow rate and pressure
ratio. If the compressor consists of axial flow stages followed by centrifugal
instead of only axial flow stages, then the [IES-1993]
(a) Overall diameter would be decreased
(b) Overall diameter would be increased
Page 55 of 128
(c) Axial length of the compressor would be increased
(d) Axial length of the compressor would be decreased
IES-74. Ans. (b) In case of axial flow stages, diameter will be less and same but in case of
centrifugal compressor, the flow is radial at outlet and thus overall diameter will
increase.
IES-75. Assertion (A): Multistaging compression is done only in reciprocating

compressors. [IES-2009]
Reason (R): Reciprocating compressor are used to compress large pressure
ratio at low discharge.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
IES-75. Ans. (d) Multi-staging compression is done for both rotary and reciprocating
compressors.
IES-76. When the outlet angle from the rotor of a centrifugal compressor is more
than 90, then the blades are said to be: [IES-1992]
(a) Forward curved (b) Backward curved
(c) Radial (d) Either backward or forward curved
IES-76. Ans. (a)
Performance Characteristics of Centrifugal Compressors

IES-77. Which one of the following
expresses the isentropic
efficiency ɳ of the
compression process in terms
of enthalpy changes as
indicated in the figure given
above?
ΔH s
(a) η=
ΔH
ΔH
(b) η=
ΔH s
( ΔH − Δ H s )
(c) η=
ΔH
( ΔH − ΔH s )
(d) η=
ΔH s
[IES-2005]
IES-77. Ans. (a)
Page 56 of 128
IES-78. Which portion of the centrifugal
compressor characteristics
shown in the figure is difficult
to obtain experimentally?
(a) RS
(b) ST
(c) TU
(d) UV
[IES-2001]
IES-78. Ans. (a)
IES-79. For centrifugal compressors, which one of the following is the correct
relationship between pressure coefficient ( φ p) slip factor ( φ s) work input
factor ( φ w) and isentropic efficiency ( η a)? [IES-2005]
φs × φw φw φs ×η a
(a) φ p = (b) φ p = (c) φ p = φs × φw ×η a (d) φ p =
ηa φs × η a φw
IES-79. Ans. (c)
IES-80. Which one of the following is the effect of blade shape on performance of a
centrifugal compressor? [IES-1996]
(a) Backward curved blade has poor efficiency.
(b) Forward curved blade has higher efficiency.
(c) Backward curved blades lead to stable performance.
(d) Forward curved blades produce lower pressure ratio.
IES-80. Ans. (c) In centrifugal compressor, backward curved blades lead to stable performance.
IES-81. The curve in the given figure

shows the variation of
theoretical pressure ratio with
mass of flow rate for a
compressor running at a
constant speed. The permissible
operating range of the
compressor is represented by
the part of the curve from
(a) A to B (b) B to C
(c) B to D (d) D to E
[IES-1995]
IES-81. Ans. (c) Curve B to D represents permissible operating range of compressor.
Axial flow compressor

IES-82. Consider the following statements pertaining to axial flow compressors:
1. Like centrifugal compressor, axial flow compressors are limited by surge
at low mass flow rates. [IES-2009]
2. Axial flow compressors experience choking at low flow rates.
3. The design point of axial flow compressors is close to the surge limit.
Page 57 of 128
4. As mass flow diminishes the compressor blades stall causing flow
separation.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1, 2 and 3 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 3 and 4 only
IES-82. Ans. (d)
IES-83. In an axial flow compressor, when the degree of reaction is 50%, it implies
that [IES-2006]
(a) Work done in compression will be the least
(b) 50% stages of the compressor will be ineffective
(c) Pressure after compression will be optimum
(d) The compressor will have symmetrical blades
IES-83. Ans. (d)

For a large aviation gas turbine an axial flow compressor is usually
preferred over centrifugal compressor because
1. The maximum efficiency is higher
2. The frontal area is lower
3. The pressure rise per stage is more
4. The cost is lower
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 4 (b) Only 1 and 2 (c) 1,2 and 3 (d) 2,3 and 4
IES-84. Ans. (b)
IES-85. While flowing through the rotor blades in an axial flow air compressor, the
relative velocity of air: [IES-2005]
(a) Continuously decreases (b) Continuously increases
(c) First increases and then decreases (d) First decreases and then increases
IES-85. Ans. (a)
IES-86. What is the ratio of the static enthalpy rise in the rotor to the static
enthalpy rise in the stage of an axial flow compressor defined as?
(a) Power input factor (b) Flow coefficient [IES-2008]
(c) Temperature coefficient (d) Degree of reaction
IES-86. Ans. (d) Degree of Reaction: A certain amount of distribution of pressure (a rise in
static pressure) takes place as the air passes through the rotor as well as the stator;
the rise in pressure through the stage is in general, attributed to both the blade rows.
The term degree of reaction is a measure of the extent to which the rotor itself
contributes to the increase in the static head of fluid. It is defined as the ratio of the
static enthalpy rise in the rotor to that in the whole stage. Variation of over the
relevant temperature range will be negligibly small and hence this ratio of enthalpy
rise will be equal to the corresponding temperature rise.
IES-87. Which one of the following is the correct expression for the degree of
reaction for an axial-flow air compressor? [IES-2004]
Work input to the rotor Change of enthalpy in the rotor
(a) (b)
Work input to the stage Change of enthalpy in the stage
Pressure rise in the rotor Isentropic work
(c) (d)
Pressure rise in the stage Actual work
IES-87. Ans. (b) Degree of reaction,
Page 58 of 128
2 2
Enthalpy rise in rotor h − h0 Vr1 − Vr2
R= = 1 =
Enthalpy rise in the stage h2 − h0 2Vb ΔVw
By re-arrangement,
V 2 (sec 2 β1 − sec 2 β2 ) V
R= f = f (tan β1 + tan β 2 )
2VbVf (tan β1 − tan β 2 ) 2Vb
IES-88. If the static temperature rise in the rotor and stator respectively are ∆TA
and ∆TB, the degree of reaction in an axial flow compressor is given by:
ΔTA ΔTA ΔTB ΔTB
(a) (b) (c) (d) [IES-1999]
ΔTB ΔTA +ΔTB ΔTA +ΔTB ΔTA
Static temperature rise in rotor
IES-88. Ans. (b) Degreeof reaction of axial flow compressor =
Static temperature rise in stage
ΔTA
=
ΔTA +ΔTB
IES-89. Degree of reaction in an axial compressor is defined as the ratio of static

enthalpy rise in the [IES-1996]
(a) Rotor to static enthalpy rise in the stator
(b) Stator to static enthalpy rise in the rotor
(c) Rotor to static enthalpy rise in the stage
(d) Stator to static enthalpy rise in the stage
IES-89. Ans. (c) Degree of reaction in an axial compressor is defined as the ratio of static
enthalpy rise in the rotor to static enthalpy rise in the stage.
IES-90. Compared to axial compressors centrifugal compressors are more suitable

for [IES-2002]
(a) High head, low flow rate (b) Low head, low flow rate
(c) Low head, high flow rate (d) High head, high flow rate
IES-90. Ans. (c)
IES-91. Stalling of blades in axial- flow compressor is the phenomenon of:

(a) Air stream blocking the passage [IES-2002]
(b) Motion of air at sonic velocity
(c) Unsteady, periodic and reversed flow
(d) Air steam not able to follow the blade contour
IES-91. Ans. (d) Same Q. [IES-2007]
IES-92. In an axial flow compressor [IES-2002]

α1 =exit angle from stator β1 = inlet angle to rotor
α2 = inlet angle to stator β2 = outlet angle from rotor
The condition to have a 50% degree of reaction is:
(a) α1 = β2 (b) α2 = β1 (c) α1 = β2 and β1 = α2 (d) α1 = α2 and β1 = β2
IES-92. Ans. (c)
IES-93. In an axial flow compressor design, velocity diagrams are constructed from
the experimental data of aerofoil cascades. Which one of the following
statements in this regard is correct? [IES-2000]
(a) Incidence angle of the approaching air is measured from the trailing edge of the
blade
Page 59 of 128
Re
efrigeran
nt Comp
pressors
S K Mo
ondal’ss Chapte
C r4
(b) δ is the dev
viation anglle between the
t angle off incidence and tangent to the cammber
linee.
(c) The deflecttion ε of thee gas stream
m while passsing through the casccade is given
n by
ε = α1 − α 2
(d) ε is the su
um of the an
ngle of incidence and camber
c lesss any devia
ation angle, i.e.,
ε = i +θ −δ
ES-93. Ans. (c)
IE
IE
ES-94. Thhe turbo machine
m ussed to circ
culate refr
frigerant in a large refrigerattion
plaant is: [IES-19998]
(a) A centrifug
gal compressor (b) A rad
dial turbine
(c) An axial co
ompressor (d) An ax
xial turbine
ES-94. Ans. (a)
IE
ES-95.
IE Thhe energy transfer pr rocess is: [IES-19
998]
(a) Continuouss in a reciprrocating com
mpressor annd intermitttent in an axxial compressor
(b) Continuouss in an axiaal compressoor and interrmittent in a reciprocatting compressor
(c) Continuouss in both reciprocating and axial compressors
(d) Intermitten
nt in both reciprocatingg and axial compressorrs
IE
ES-95. Ans. (b)
IE
ES-96. In an axial fllow compr ressor stag ge, air ente aves the stage axially
ers and lea y. If
thee whirl com mponent of o the air le eaving the rotor is half the mean periphe eral
vellocity of th
he rotor bla ades, then the degree of reaction will be:: [IES
S-199
(a) 1.00 (b) 0.75 (c) 0.50 (d)0.25
ES-96. Ans. (b) Degree
IE e of reactio on,
Enthalpy
E risse in rotor
R=
Ennthalpy rise in the stagee
V 1
DR = 1 − w 2 = 1 − = 0.75
2Vb 2×2
IE
ES-97. If an
a axial fllow compr ressor is designed fo or a consta ant velocitty throughh all
sta
ages, then the
t area off annulus o
of the succ ceeding sta ages will:
(a) Remain the e same (b) Progrressively deccrease [IES-19
998]
(c) Progressive ely increasee (d) Depennd upon thee number off stages
ES-97. Ans. (b) as presssure increasses volume will decreasse
IE
Fig ow compressor
g. Axial flo
Page 60 of 128
IES-98. The inlet and exit velocity diagrams of a turbo-machine rotor are shown in
the Figure I and Figure II respectively. [IES-1995]
The turbo-machine is:

(a) An axial compressor with radial blades
(b) A radial compressor with radial blades.
(c) A radial compressor with forward curved blades
(d) An axial compressor with forward curved blades.
IES-98. Ans. (a) Velocity diagrams are for axial compressor (u1 = u2) with radial blades (V1 and
Vr2) are perpendicular to u1 and u2).
IES-99. In a multi-stage axial flow compressor with equal temperature rise in all
stages, the pressure ratio in the subsequent stages [IES-2007]
(a) Remains constant (b) Increases gradually
(c) Decreases (d) Increases rapidly
IES-99. Ans. (a)
IES-110. Consider the following statements in respect of axial flow compressor:

1. An axial flow air compressor is often describe is a reversed reaction
turbine. [IES-2007]
2. With 50% degree of reaction, the velocity diagrams are symmetrical.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
IES-110. Ans. (c)
IES-111. Stalling phenomena in an axial flow compressor stage is caused due to

which one of the following? [IES-2007]
(a) Higher mass flow rate than the designed value
(b) Lower mass flow rate than the designed value
(c) Higher mass flow rate or non-uniformity in the blade profile
(d) Lower mass flow rate or non-uniformity in the blade profile
IES-111. Ans. (d)
IES-112. Consider the following statements regarding the axial flow in an air
compressor: [IES-2001]
1. Surging is a local phenomenon while stalling affects the entire
compressor.
2. Stalling is a local phenomenon while surging affects the entire
compressor.
3. The pressure ratio of an axial compressor stage is smaller than that of a
centrifugal compressor stage.
Of these statements are correct:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3
IES-112. Ans. (c)
Page 61 of 128
Re
efrigeran
nt Comp
pressors
S K Mo
ondal’ss Chapte
C r4
IE
ES-113. In the graph
h as show wn above,
for
r an axiall flow compressor,
sur
rging is likely
l to occur in
whhich one of the following
zon
nes?
[IES
S-
2009]
(a) A ( B
(b) (c)) C (d) D
IE
ES-113. Anss. (a)
IE
ES-114. Hig gh positivee incidence e in an axiial compre essor blade e row leadss to:
(a) Suppreession of sepparation of flow
f on the blade
b [IES-19
994]
(b) Chokin
ng of the floww
(c) Separattion of flow on the sucttion side of the
t blade
(d) Separattion of flow on the presssure side off the blade
IE
ES-114. Ans s. (a)
IE
ES-115. Asssertion (A)): In axial flowf compreessors, mom mentum blad ding is more efficient than
t
raddial flow bla
ading. [IES-19997]
Reason (R): In I radial flow blading,, the pressu ure head in
ncreases duee to centrifu
ugal
heaad.
(a) Both A and d R are indiv vidually tru
ue and R is the
t correct eexplanation
n of A
(b) Both A and d R are indiv vidually tru
ue but R is not
n the corrrect explana
ation of A
(c) A is true buut R is falsee
(d) A is false but
b R is truee
IE
ES-115. Ans s. (b)
IE
ES-116. Asssertion (A)): The work k required per kg of air flow / min. for axial floow compressors
is lower than that
t for centtrifugal commpressor forr the same pressure
p rattio. [IES-19
995]
Reason (R): The T isentroopic efficienccy of axial flow
f compreessor is muuch higher than
t
thaat of a centrifugal comp pressor.
(a) Both A and d R are indiv vidually tru
ue and R is the
t correct eexplanation n of A
(b) Both A and d R are indiv vidually tru
ue but R is not
n the corrrect explana ation of A
(c) A is true buut R is falsee
(d) A is false but
b R is truee
IE
ES-116. Ans s. (a) Both A and R are correct and d R providess right expla
anation for A.
Page 62 of 128
IES-117. In air-craft gas turbines, the axial flow compressor is preferred because
(a) Of high pressure rise (b) It is stall free [IES-1993]
(c) Of low frontal area (d) Of higher thrust
IES-117. Ans. (c) Axial flow compressor is preferred in aircraft gas turbines because of
requirement of low frontal area.
IES-118. In axial flow compressor, exit flow angle deviation from the blade angle is a
function of: [IES-1993]
(a) Blade camber (b) Space-chord ratio
(c) Both blade camber and space-chord ratio
(d) Blade camber and incidence angle
IES-118. Ans. (c)
IES-119. Match List-I with List-II (Pertaining to blower performance) and select the
List-I List-Il
A. Slip 1. Reduction of whirl velocity
B. Stall 2. Fixed mass flow rate regardless of
pressure ratio
C. Choking 3. Flow separation
4. Flow area reduction
Codes: A B C A B C
(a) 4 3 2 (b) 4 1 3
(c) 1 3 2 (d) 2 3 4
IES-119. Ans. (c)
IES-120. Under which one of the following sets of conditions will a supersonic
compressor have the highest efficiency? [IES-1995]
(a) Rotor inlet velocity is supersonic and exit velocity subsonic; stator inlet velocity is
subsonic and exit velocity is subsonic.
(b) Rotor inlet velocity is supersonic and exit velocity subsonic; stator inlet velocity is
supersonic and exit velocity is subsonic.
(c) Rotor inlet velocity is supersonic and exit velocity supersonic; stator inlet velocity
is supersonic and exit velocity is subsonic.
(d) Rotor inlet velocity is supersonic and exit velocity supersonic; stator inlet velocity
is subsonic and exit velocity is subsonic.
IES-120. Ans. (d)
IES-121. Which one of the following diagrams depicts correctly the radial
distribution of axial velocity over the blades in the last stage of multistage
axial flow compressors? [IES-2009]
Page 63 of 128
IES-121. Ans. (c)
Flash Chamber
IES-122. The flash chamber in a single stage simple vapour compression cycle
(a) Increases the refrigerating effect [IES-1998]
(b) Decreases the refrigerating effect
(c) Increases the work of compression
(d) Has no effect on refrigerating effect
IES-122. Ans. (d) Flash chamber has no effect on refrigerating effect.
IES-123. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the lists: [IES-1998]
List-I List-II
A. Bell Colemn refrigeration 1. Compressor
B. Vapour compression refrigeration 2. Generator
C. Absorption refrigeration 3. Flash chamber
D. Jet refrigeration 4. Expansion cylinder
(a) 1 4 3 2 (b) 4 1 3 2
(c) 1 4 2 3 (d) 4 1 2 3
IES-123. Ans. (d)
IES-124. Match List-I (Cycle) with List-II (Equipment) and select the correct answer
using the code given below the lists: [IES-2008]
List-I List-II
A. Air refrigeration 1. Absorber
B. Vapour compression refrigeration 2. Flash chamber
C. Vapour absorption refrigeration 3. Turbine
D. Steam jet refrigeration 4. Compressor
(a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 1 4 3 2
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 1 2 3 4
IES-124. Ans. (c)
Page 64 of 128
IAS-1. What is the cause of burn out of hermetically sealed refrigerant
compressors? [IAS-2007]
(a) Phase to phase short because of worn insulation
(b) By prolonged overload operation
(c) By some mechanical failure
(d) All the above
IAS-1. Ans. (d)
IAS-2. Which of the following are the special features of a hermetically sealed
compressor of a refrigerator? [IAS-1999]
1. The compressor may be reciprocating to rotary type
2. No shaft seal is necessary
3. More silent in operation
4. COP is more than that of open compressor
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 2 and 4 (b) 1, 2 and 3 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4
IAS-2. Ans. (b)
IAS-3. Use of hermetically sealed compressor in a vapour compression

refrigeration system results in [IAS-1998]
(a) Decrease in energy consumption (b) Increase in energy consumption
(c) Increase in COP (d) Increase in pressure ratio
IAS-3. Ans. (b)
IAS-4. When does L.P. cut-off occur in a refrigeration system? [IAS-2004]

(a) If the ambient temperature is low
(b) If non-condensable gases are present in the condenser
(c) If refrigerant charge is low
(d) If lubricating oil gets accumulated in the condenser
IAS-4. Ans. (a)

IAS-5. The clearance volume of a reciprocating compressor directly affects
(a) Piston speed (b) Noise level [IAS-1998]
(c) Volumetric efficiency (d) Temperature of air after compression
1/ n
⎛P ⎞
IAS-5. Ans. (c) ηv = 1 + c − c ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ P1 ⎠
IAS-6. Which of the following are the reasons for the volumetric efficiency of
reciprocating compressor being less than 100%? [IAS-1995]
1. Deviations from isentropic process.
2. Pressure drop across the valves.
3. Superheating in compressor.
4. Clearance volume.
5. Deviations from isothermal process
6. Leakages.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
Page 65 of 128
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 (b) 2, 3, 4 and 5 (c) 1, 4, 5 and 6 (d) 2, 3 and 6
IAS-6. Ans. (d) The reason for volumetric efficiency of reciprocating compressor being less that
100% are pressure drop across the valves, superheating in compressor, clearance
volume and leakages.
Effect of Clearance on Work

In a reciprocating compressor, clearance volume is provided.
1. So that piston does not hit and damage the valves
2 To account for differential thermal expansion of piston and cylinder
3. To account for machining tolerances
4. To achieve isentropic compression
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1, 2 and 4 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4
IAS-7. Ans. (a) In centrifugal compressor there also isentropic compression occurs so.
Performance Characteristics of Reciprocating Compressors

IAS-8. Performance of a reciprocating compressor is expressed by: [IAS-2003]
Isothermal work Indicated work
(a) (b)
Indicated work Isothermal work
Adiabatic work Indicated work
(c) (d)
Indicated work Adiabatic work
IAS-8. Ans. (a)
IAS-9. The isothermal efficiency of a reciprocating compressor is defined as actual

work done during compression [IAS-1994]
Actual work done during compression
(a)
Isothermal work done during compression
Adiabatic work done during compression
(b)
(c)
Actual work done during compression
(d)
Actual work done during adiabatic compression
IAS-9. Ans. (c)
Rotary Compressors
IAS-10. A rotary compressor is used when a refrigerating system has to handle a
refrigerant with [IAS-1997]
(a) Low specific volume and high pressure difference
(b) Low specific volume and low pressure difference
(c) Large specific volume and high pressure difference
(d) Large specific volume and low pressure difference
IAS-10. Ans. (d)
Axial flow compressor

IAS-11. Consider the following characteristics: [IAS-2002]
Page 66 of 128
1. The fluid enters the pump axially and is discharged radially.
2. Maximum efficiency may be of the order of 90%.
3. Development of a low head
4. A limited suction capacity
Which of the above characteristics are possessed by axial flow pumps?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 2 and 4 (d) 3 and 4
IAS-11. Ans. (b) In Axial flow pumps the fluid both enters and discharged axially.
Flash Chamber
IAS-12. Flash chamber is used in refrigeration for which one of the following?
(a)Decreasing the pressure during multistage compression [IAS-2007]
(b)Increasing the compressor pressure ratio
(c)Effective inter-cooling medium for purpose of increasing COP
(d)Maintaining the same pressure and temperature
IAS-12. Ans. (c)
Page 67 of 128

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S K Mondal’s

Refrigeration and Air-

IES-5. Assertion (A): If a domestic refrigerator works inside an adiabatic room

IES-6. A refrigerator working on a reversed Carnot cycle has a C.O.P. of 4. If it

IES-6. Ans. (c) (COP)Heat pump = (COP)refrigerator + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5

IES-7. Assertion (A): An air-conditioner operating as a heat pump is superior to an

IES-8. The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator working as a heat

IES-11. Operating temperature of a cold storage is –2°C From the surrounding at

IES-13. A heat pump is shown schematically as [IES-1994]

IES-14. A heat pump working on a reversed Carnot cycle has a C.O.P. of 5. lf it

Reversed Carnot Cycle

IES-18. The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator working on a reversed

IES-19. In an ideal refrigeration (reversed Carnot) cycle, the condenser and

IES-19. Ans. (a) COP =

IES-20. A refrigerating machine working on reversed Carnot cycle takes out 2 kW of

IES-21. A Carnot refrigerattor require es 1.5 kW//ton of reffrigerationn to mainttain a

Production of Solid Ice

Refrigeration capacity (Ton of refrigeration)

IES-28. A refrigerating machine having coefficient of performance equal to 2 is used

IES-31. Which one of the following statements is correct? [IES-2004]

IES-32. Consider the following statements: [IES-1997]

Previous 20-Years IAS Questions

Heat Engine, Heat Pump

IAS-2. In the system given above, the

Reversed Carnot Cycle

IAS-9. A refrigeration system operates on the reversed Carnot cycle. The

IAS-10. A refrigerating machine working on reversed Carnot cycle takes out 2 kW of

IAS-11. A refrigerating machine working on reversed Carnot cycle consumes 6kW to

IAS-11. Ans. (b) COP =

IAS-12. The COP of a Carnot refrigeration cycle decreases on [IAS 1994]

IAS-15. It is proposed to build refrigeration plant for a cold storage to be

IAS-16. If an engine of 40 percent thermal efficiency drives a refrigerator having a

Production of Solid Ice

Refrigeration capacity (Ton of refrigeration)

IES-5. In a vapour compression refrigeration plant, the refrigerant leaves the

IES-6. Consider the following statements in respect of absorption refrigeration

IES-7. A standard vapour compression refrigeration cycle consists of the following

IES-9. The enthalpies at the beginning of compression, at the end of compression

IES-10. In a vapour compression plant, if certain temperature differences are to be

IES-11. The correct sequence of the given components of a vapour compression

IES-12. Consider the following statements: [IES-1998]

IES-13. Consider the following statements: [IES-1997]

IES-14. A single-stage vapour compression refrigeration system cannot be used to

IES-15. In a vapour compression refrigeration system, a throttle valve is used in

IES-16. Assertion (A): In vapour compression refrigeration system throttle valve is

IES-17. Consider the following statements: [IES-1995]

ES-27. Ans. (c)

A two-stage cascade refrigeration system

Two-stage vapour compression refrigeration system

Two-stage vapour compression refrigeration system

Previous 20-Years IAS Questions

Modifications in Reversed Carnot Cycle with Vapour as a

IAS-1. Ans. (b)

Vapour Compression Cycle

IAS-3. Consider the following statements: [IAS-2007]

IAS-5. In a vapour compression cycle, the refrigerant, immediately after expansion

4 both are very wet vapour.

IAS-8. Theoretical vapour compression refrigeration cycle is represented on a T-s