Electrical Machine-Ii Lab Manual

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II LABORATORY
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II
LABORATORY MANUAL
ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II LABARATORY
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Sl.No Name of the Experiment
1 NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON A 3- ɸ

INDUCTION MOTOR
2 REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR USING SYNCHRONOUS

IMPEDANCE METHOD
3 ‘V’ AND ‘INVERTED V’ CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
4 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SIGLE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR
5 BRAKE TEST ON 3- ɸ SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
6 DETERMINATION OF Xd AND Xq OF SALIENT POLE

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON A 3- ɸ

INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To determine the equivalent circuit of a 3- ɸ induction motor and calculate

various parameters of induction motor with the help of circle diagram.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.
Equipment Type Range Quantity
No.
1 Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 1 no
2 Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1 no
10A/600V UPF 1 no
3 Wattmeter Electro dynamo meter type
10A/600V LPF 1 no
4 Tachometer Digital ***** 1 no
5 Connecting Wires ***** ***** Required
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Power rating
Voltage
Current
Speed(RPM)
3
Frequency
PF
3- ɸ Auto transformer Details:
Input Voltage: (Volt)
Output Voltage: (Volt)
Current: (Amp.)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
NO LOAD TEST:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
4
2. Ensure that the 3- ɸ variac is kept at minimum output voltage position and belt is
freely suspended.
3. Switch ON the supply. Increase the variac output voltage gradually until rated
voltage is observed in voltmeter. Note that the induction motor takes large current
initially, so, keep an eye on the ammeter such that the starting current current
should not exceed 7 Amp.
4. By the time speed gains rated value, note down the readings of voltmeter,
ammeter, and wattmeter.
5. Bring back the variac to zero output voltage position and switch OFF the supply.
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:
1. Connections are as per the circuit diagram.
2. The rotor is blocked by tightening the belt.
3. A small voltage is applied using 3- ɸ variac to the stator so that a rated current
flows in the induction motor.
4. Note down the readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter in a tabular

column.
5. Bring back the Variac to zero output voltage position and switch OFF the supply.
OBSERVATIONS:
No Load Test:
Sl no. Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter reading Wnl (Pnl)

reading reading
W1 W2 W1+W2
V nl Inl
5
Blocked Rotor Test
Sl no. Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter reading Wbr (Pbr)

reading reading
W1 W2 W1+W2
V br Ibr
Measurement of stator winding resistance (r1):

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN:
S no. Voltage (v) Ammeter (I) Resistance (R)
Procedure to find r 1:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch ON the supply. By varying the rheostat, take different readings of

ammeter and voltmeter in a tabular column.
6
3. From the above readings, average resistance r1 of a stator is found
Measurement of Stator resistance
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in fig (2).
2. Keeping rheostat in maximum resistance position switch on the 220 V Dc supply.
3. Using volt-ammeter method measure the resistance of the stator winding.
4. After finding the stator resistance, Rdc must be multiplied with 1.6 so as to
account for skin effect i.e. Rac = 1.6 Rdc.
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
W0 I0
G0  , Y0  , B0 
3V 2 V
VSC WSC
Z01  , R01  , X 01  Z 012 01
ISC 3 x I SC
For circle diagram

W0 1
 W0 
cos 0  , 0  cos  
 
WS C  V0 
cos 0  , I S N  S C 
I 
3 VSC I S C  
 SC 
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be made tight

2. Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off
RESULT:
7
VIVA Questions:
1. Explain why the locus of the induction motor current is a circle.

2. What is the difference between the transformer equivalent circuit and induction
motor equivalent circuit?
3. What are the reasons in conducting no-load test with rated voltage and blocked-
rotor test with rated current?
4. Why do you choose LPF wattmeter in load test and hpf wattmeter in blocked rotor
test?
5. How do you reverse the direction of rotation of induction motor?
6. What are the various applications of this motor?
8
REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR USING

SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD
AIM:
To find the regulation of a 3 - ɸ alternator by using synchronous impedance
method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.
No.
1 Voltmeter MI (0-300/600)V 1 no
2 Ammeter MI (0-5/10)A 1 no
3 Ammeter MI (0-2.5/5)A 1 no
400 Ω /1.7A 1 no
3 Rheostat Wire-wound
145Ω /2A 2 no
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC Motor(prime mover) 3- ɸ Alternator
KW : Power Rating:
Voltage : PF :
Current : Line voltage:
Speed : Speed
Exctn : Shunt Exctn Voltage:
Voltage : Rated Current :
9
Field current::
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
Open Circuit Test:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Before starting the experiment, the potential divider network in the alternator field
circuit and field regulator rheostat of motor circuit is set minimum resistance
position.
3. Switch ON the supply and close the DPST switch. The DC motor is started by
moving starter handle.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of DC motor to attain rated speed (equal to synchronous
speed of alternator)
5. By decreasing the field resistance of Alternator, the excitation current of

alternator is increased gradually in steps.
10
6. Note the readings of field current, and its corresponding armature voltage in a
tabular column.
7. The voltage readings are taken upto and 10% beyond the rated voltage of the
machine.
Short Circuit Test:

1. For Short circuit test, before starting the experiment the potential divider is
brought back to zero output position, i.e., resistance should be zero in value.
2. Now close the TPST switch.
3. The excitation of alternator is gradually increased in steps until rated current

flows in the machine and note down the readings of excitation current and load
current (short circuit current)
4. Switch OFF the supply.
OBSERVATIONS:
Sl OC test Sl S.C. test

no. Field current in OC voltage no. Field current SC current
Amp.(I f) per phase (Vo) If( Amp.) Isc Amp.
Procedure to find Armature resistance of alternator:

2. Switch ON the supply. By varying the rheostat, take different readings of

ammeter and voltmeter in a tabular column.
11
3. From the above readings, average resistance Ra of a armature is found out.
Connection diagram to find Ra
OBSERVATIONS:
Sl no. Armature current Armature voltage Rdc=V / I
I(amp) Va (volts)
Procedure to find synchronous impedance from OC and SC tests:

1. Plot open circuit voltage, short circuit current verses field current on a graph
sheet.
2. From the graph, the synchronous impedance for the rated value of excitation is
calculated.
3. The excitation emf is calculated at full load current which is equal to the terminal
voltage at No load.
12
4. The voltage regulation is calculated at rated terminal voltage.
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
VOC
ZS  for the same If and speed: X S  [ Ra RdC]
I SC
Generated emf of alternator on no load is
E0  v cos  I a Ra   v sin  I X 
+ for lagging p.f.
- for leading p.f.
The percentage regulation of alternator for a given p.f. is
E0 V
% Re g  x 100
V
Where
E0 – generated emf of alternator (or excitation voltage per phase)
V – full load, rated terminal voltage per phase.
MODEL GRAPHS:
Draw the graph between If VS E0 per phase
13
and If VS ISC
PRECAUTIONS:
(i) Connections must be made tight

(ii) Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off
RESULT:
14
‘V’ AND ‘INVERTED V’ CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS

MOTOR
AIM:
To plot the ‘v’ and ‘inverted v’ curves of Synchronous motor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.
No.
MC (0-2.5)A 1 no
2 Ammeter
MI (0-10)A 1 no
3 Rheostat Wire-wound 400 Ω /1.7A 1 no
10A, 600V UPF 1 no

5 Wattmeter Electrodynamometer
10A , 600V LPF 1 no
NAME PLATE DETAILS
3- ɸ Synchronous motor
Power Rating:
PF
Line voltage:
Speed
15
Freq.
Rated Current :
Field current (If )
Field Voltage (Vf )
3- ɸ Auto transformer details
Input voltage: (Volt)
Output Voltage : (Volt)
Frequency. : (Hz)
Current: (Amp)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
16
2. Opening the SPST switch connected across the field DC supply is given to the
field and field current is adjusted to 0.3A ( 20% of rated field current)
3. The DC supply to the field is removed and SPST switch is connected across the
field by closing the switch
4. As 3- ɸ , 440V, 50Hz AC supply is applied to 3- ɸ dimmer stator keeping it in
minimum output position, keeping it prior to that motor is kept in no load state.
5. Gradually supply voltage to synchronous motor is increased and then motor starts
running as squirrel cage induction motor. The direction of rotation is observed. if
it is not proper then supply phase sequence is altered.
6. Observing Ia, the voltage is gradually increased. It will reach a high value and
suddenly falls to a low value.
7. At that instant, open SPST switch connected across the field. The DC supply is
then given to the field. Then the motor is pulled into synchronism and motor now
works as a synchronous motor.
8. Gradually the supply voltage to stator is increased by observing the armature
current. If Ia, increases above the rated value then increase If such that Ia will be
within limits and thus full rated supply voltage is gradually given to the motor.
Now motor will work as synchronous motor with full rated voltage.
9. By varying If in steps, armature currents are recorded at no-load.
10. By applying half of full load on motor, If and Ia are recorded again. The same
experiment is repeated at 3/4th load, full load and corresponding readings are
recorded.
11. Completely removing the load on motor, the 3- ɸ supply to stator and then the DC
supply to the field are switched OFF
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl Supply Wattmeter Wattmeter Field current Armature current Cos ɸ

no. voltage W1 W2 If(Amp) Ia(Amp)
17
Load 1 : 18.1% FL N = 1500 rpm VL = 415V S1 = 2.2 kg S2 = 5.2 lg
3 W1  W2 
Ia W1 W2 Tan  
If W1  W2   Cos
(A) (W) (W)
(A)
Load 2 : 39.2% FL N = 1500 rpm VL = 415V S1 = 3.5 kg S2 = 9 kg
3 W1  W2 
Ia W1 W2 Tan  
If W1  W2   Cos
(A) (W) (W)
(A)
CALCULATIONS:
Power factor = Cos [tan-1( )]

  Tan1 3 W1  W2  
 W1  W2  
MODEL GRAPHS:
RESULT:
VIVA Questions:
1. What are the difficulties in starting a synchronous motor?

2. What are the commonly employed methods of starting a synchronous motor?
3. What are the applications of synchronous motor?
4. What is synchronous condenser?
5. What do you understand by hunting?
32
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SIGLE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR
AIM:
To determine the equivalent circuit parameters of a single phase induction motor
by performing the
no- load and blocked rotor tests.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.
No.
(0-300)V LPF
3 Wattmeter Dynamo-type 1 no
(0-10)A
(0-150)V UPF
4 Wattmeter Dynamo-type 1 no
(0-10)A
1 - ɸ Induction motor specifications:

Name plate details
Sl. no. Quantity

1 rated power
2 Rated voltage
33
3 Current
4 Speed(RPM)
5 Cos ɸ (pf)
6 Frequency
7 rotor Squirrel
cage
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
No load Test:
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Be sure that variac (auto transformer) is set to zero output voltage position before
starting the experiment.
3. Now switch ON the supply and close the DPST switch.
4. The variac is varied slowly, until rated voltage is applied to motor and rated speed
is obtained.
5. Take the readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter and wattmeter in a tabular column.
34
6. The variac is brought to zero output voltage position after the experiment is done,
and switch OFF the supply.
Blocked Rotor Test:

1. To conduct blocked rotor test, necessary meters are connected to suit the full load
conditions of the motor.
3. Before starting the experiment variac (auto transformer) is set to zero output
voltage position.
4. The rotor (shaft) of the motor is held tight with the rope around the brake drum.
5. Switch ON the supply, and variac is gradually varied till the rated current flows in
the induction motor.
6. Readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter, and wattmeter are noted in a tabular column.
7. The variac is brought to zero output voltage position after the experiment is done,
and switch OFF the supply.
8. Loosen the rope after the experiment is done.
Calculation for No-Load Test:
35
Calculation For Blocked Rotor Test:
OBSERVATIONS:
For NO-Load Test:
Sl no. Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading Wattmeter reading
Vo Io Wo
For Blocked Rotor Test:

Sl no. Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading Wattmeter reading
Vsc Isc Wsc
PROCEDURE:
36
2. Initially rheostat is set at maximum resistance position.
3. Switch ON the supply, and vary the rheostat gradually and note down the readings
of ammeter and voltmeter
4. For the corresponding values, average of r1 is taken.
Circuit diagram for measurement of R1 :
To find stator Resistance:
S.No I (A) V (volts) V

R= ()
I
Average Value: Rdc Rac Rdc =
37
Comments:
1. Since IM is not self starting Machine, it is started by placing an auxiliary winding
in the circuit.
2. Here no-load test is similar to open circuiting the load terminals and blocking the
rotor is similar to conducting short circuit on the IM.
VIVA Questions:
1. Why there is no starting torque in a single phase induction motor?

2. What are different starting methods employed in single phase induction motors?
3. Compare the performance of capacitor - start, capacitor – run, shaded pole single
phase induction motors?
4. Mention a few applications of single phase induction motors?
PRECAUTIONS:
 Connections must be made tight

 Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off
38
BRAKE TEST ON 3- ɸ SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION

MOTOR
AIM:
To determine the efficiency of 3- ɸ induction motor by performing load test. To

obtain the performance curves for the same.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.
No.
10A/600V UPF 1 no
3 Wattmeter Electro dynamo meter type
10A/600V LPF 1 no
4 Tachometer Digital 0-9999 RPM 1 no
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Power rating
Voltage
Current
Speed(RPM)
39
Frequency
PF
Output Voltage: _(Volt)

Current: (Amp.)
Freq.: (Hz)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
2. Ensure that the 3- ɸ variac is kept at minimum output voltage position and belt is
freely suspended.
40
3. Switch ON the supply. Increase the variac output voltage gradually until rated
voltage is observed in voltmeter. Note that the induction motor takes large current
initially, so, keep an eye on the ammeter such that the starting current current
should not exceed 7 Amp.
4. By the time speed gains rated value, note down the readings of voltmeter,
ammeter, and wattmeter at no-load.
5. Now the increase the mechanical load by tightening the belt around the brake
drum gradually in steps.
6. Note down the various meters readings at different values of load till the ammeter
shows the rated current.
7. Reduce the load on the motor finally, and switch OFF the supply.
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
Input power drawn by the motor W = (W1 + W2) watts
Shaft Torque, Tsh = 9.81 (S1 ~ S2) R N-m R  Radius of drum in mts.
2 N Tsh
Output power in watts = watts
60
output power in watts
% efficiency  x 100
Input power in watts
Ns  N  120 x f 
% slip  x 100 where N 
Ns  
W
power factor of the induction motor cos 
3 VL I L
41
MODEL GRAPHS:
1. Speed or slip Vs output power

2. Torque Vs output power
3. % efficiency Vs output power
OBSERVATIONS:
S. V I Power, Speed Torque Spring % Slip Cos Ø Output %η

(Amps) W balance Power
No. (Volts) (RPM) (N-m)
(Watts)
(Kg) (W)
W W2 S1 S2
1
42
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be made tight

2. Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off
RESULT:
VIVA Questions:
1. Why starter is used? What are different types of starters?

2. Compare a slip ring induction motor with cage induction motor?
3. Why the starting torque is zero for a Single Phase induction motor and non-zero
of 3phase induction motor?
4. What are the disadvantages of this method?
5. Can we use rotor resistance method for starting?
43
DETERMINATION OF Xd AND Xq OF SALIENT POLE

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
AIM:
To determine the direct axis reactance Xd and quadrature axis reactance Xq by

conducting a slip test on a salient pole synchronous machine.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.
No.
3 Rheostat Wire-wound 400 Ω /1.7A 1 no
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
DC Motor (prime mover) 3- ɸ Alternator

KW : Power Rating:
Voltage : PF :
Current : Line voltage:
Speed : Speed
Exctn : Shunt Exctn Voltage:
Voltage : Rated Current :
Field current::
44
Output Voltage: (Volt)
Current: (Amp.)
Frequency: (Hz)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

2. Initially set field regulator, 3-ɸ variac at minimum position and TPST switch open.
3. The DC motor is started slowly by sliding starter handle and it is run at a speed
slightly less than the synchronous speed of the alternator.
4. Close the TPST switch.
5. With field winding left open, a positive sequence balanced voltages of reduced
magnitude (around 25% of rated Value) and of rated frequency are
impressed across the armature terminals.
45
6. The prime mover (DC motor) speed is adjusted till ammeter and voltmeters
pointers swing slowly between maximum and minimum positions.
7. Under this condition , readings of maximum and minimum values of both

ammeter and voltmeter are recorded
CALCULATIONS:
X=
Xq =
Note:
1. When performing this test, the slip should be made as small as possible.
2. During Slip test, it is observed that swing of the ammeter pointer is very wide,
whereas the voltmeter has only small swing.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Sl no. Speed Vmax Vmin Imax Imin Xd Xq
(VL) (VL) (IL) (IL)
RESULT:
46

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ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II LABORATORY

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II LABARATORY

Sl.No Name of the Experiment

1 NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON A 3- ɸ

2 REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR USING SYNCHRONOUS

3 ‘V’ AND ‘INVERTED V’ CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

4 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SIGLE PHASE INDUCTION

6 DETERMINATION OF Xd AND Xq OF SALIENT POLE

NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON A 3- ɸ

To determine the equivalent circuit of a 3- ɸ induction motor and calculate

4 Tachometer Digital ***** 1 no

5 Connecting Wires ***** ***** Required

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

3- ɸ Auto transformer Details:

Input Voltage: (Volt)

Output Voltage: (Volt)

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

1. Connections are as per the circuit diagram.

2. The rotor is blocked by tightening the belt.

4. Note down the readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter in a tabular

Sl no. Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter reading Wnl (Pnl)

Blocked Rotor Test

Sl no. Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter reading Wbr (Pbr)

Measurement of stator winding resistance (r1):

S no. Voltage (v) Ammeter (I) Resistance (R)

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Switch ON the supply. By varying the rheostat, take different readings of

3. From the above readings, average resistance r1 of a stator is found

Measurement of Stator resistance

For circle diagram

1. Connections must be made tight

1. Explain why the locus of the induction motor current is a circle.

REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR USING

4 Tachometer Digital ***** 1 no

5 Connecting Wires ***** ***** Required

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

5. By decreasing the field resistance of Alternator, the excitation current of

Short Circuit Test:

2. Now close the TPST switch.

3. The excitation of alternator is gradually increased in steps until rated current

4. Switch OFF the supply.

Sl OC test Sl S.C. test

Procedure to find Armature resistance of alternator:

2. Switch ON the supply. By varying the rheostat, take different readings of

3. From the above readings, average resistance Ra of a armature is found out.

Connection diagram to find Ra

Procedure to find synchronous impedance from OC and SC tests:

4. The voltage regulation is calculated at rated terminal voltage.

Generated emf of alternator on no load is

+ for lagging p.f.

- for leading p.f.

The percentage regulation of alternator for a given p.f. is

E0 – generated emf of alternator (or excitation voltage per phase)

V – full load, rated terminal voltage per phase.

Draw the graph between If VS E0 per phase

(i) Connections must be made tight

‘V’ AND ‘INVERTED V’ CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS

5 Connecting Wires * * Required

5 Connecting Wires * * Required

6 Connecting Wires * * Required

5 Connecting Wires * * Required

5 Connecting Wires * * Required

5 Connecting Wires * * Required