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CLASSICAL

ELECTRODYNAMICS

S.P. Puri

®
Alpha Science International Ltd.
Oxford, U.K.
Preface

1. Electrostatics in Vacuum
1.1 Electric Field 1.1
1.2 Dirac Delta Function 1.6
1.3 Lines of Force 1.12

1.4 Gauss's Law. The Divergence of E 1.13


1.5 Scalar Potential 1.15
1.6 Poisson's and Laplace's Equations 1.20

1.7 Multipole Expansion of the Scalar Potential of an Arbitrary Charge


Distribution 1.22
1.8 Electrostatic Potential Energy of a System of Charges in an
Electrostatic Field 1.35
1.9 Multipole Expansion of Energy of a System of Charges in an

Electrostatic Field 1.43


1.10 Theorems of Electrostatics 1.44
References and Suggested Reading 1.46

Review Questions 1.47


Problems 1.48

2. Electrostatics of Dielectrics

2.1 Polarization 2.1

2.2 • Molecular Polarizability and Electric Susceptibility. Clausius-

Mossotti Relation 2.10


2.3 Models of Molecular Polarizability 2.15
2.4 Classification ofDielectrics 2.20

2.5 Energy of a Charge Distribution in Dielectric Media 2.25


2.6 Maxwell Stresses in a Dielectric Medium 2.27

References and SuggestedReading 2.31


Review Questions 2.31
Problems 2.32

3. The Magnetostatic Field


3.1 Electric Current 3.1
3.2 Boit-SavartLaw 3.2
x Contents

3.6
33 Ampere's Law: Force BetweenTwo Current Carrying Circuits
3.4 Direct Calculation of Curl and Divergence of B.
Ampere's Circuital Law 3.10
3.5 The Vector Potential 3.11

3.6 The Magnetic Scalar Potential 321


3.7 The Magnetic Multipole Expansion of the Vector Potential of a

Localized Current Distribution 3.24


3.33
3.8 Magnetic Materials. Magnetization.Macroscopic Equations.
in a Magnetic Field 3.37
3.9 Magnetostatic Energy of a Current Distribution
3.10 Magnetic Stress Tensor 3.41
of for Static Electric and Magnetic Fields 3.41
3.11 Summary Equations
3.41
3.12 Microscopic Theory of the Magnetic Properties of Matter
3.13 Hysteresis 3.52
3.57
References and Suggested Reading
Review Questions 3.58
Problems 3.59

4.1
4. Boundary Value Problems
4.2
4.1 Uniqueness of the Solution of Laplace's Equation
4.3
42 Boundary Conditions for the Vectors: D, E, B and H
4.3 Method of Images 4.8
4.4 Method of Inversion 4.23
in Cartesian
4.5 Method of Separation of Variables. Laplace's Equation
Coordinates 427

4.6 Solution of Laplace'sEquation in Spherical Polar Coordinates 4.29


4.59
4.7 Laplace's Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates
4.8 Green's function for Poisson's Equation. Dirichlet and Neumann
Boundary Conditions 4.71
4.74
4.9 Boundary Value Problems and Green's Function
Electrostatic
References and Suggested Reading 4.78
Review Questions 4.79

Problems 4.81

5.1
5. Maxwell's Equations
5.1 Electromagnetic Induction 5.2

5.10
52 Maxwell's Equations. Displacement Current
5.3 Vector and Scalar Potentials 5.22
5.4 Conservation Laws 5.30

5.5 Free Energy of Electromagnetic Field. Energy


Conservation Theorem 5.35

References and Suggested Reading 5.38


Review Questions 5.39
Problems 5.40
Contents xi

6. Plane Electromagnetic Waves in Unbounded Media 6.1

6.1 The Wave Equation for a Homogeneous Isotropic Medium 6.1

62 Plane Electromagnetic Waves in a Homogeneous and

Isotropic Dielectric 6.3

6.3 Polarization 6.9


6.4 Energy Transmitted by a Plane Wave. Poynting Theorem for

Complex Field Vectors 6.14


6.5 Waves in Conducting Medium
a 6.15
6.6 Group Velocity 6.22
6.7 Electromagnetic Waves in Rarefied Plasma 6.23
6.8 Propagation in the Ionosphere 6.25

6.9 Electromagnetic Waves in a Cold Magnetoplasma 6.28


References and Suggested Reading 6.34
Review Questions 6.34

Problems 6.37

7. Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Bounded Media 7.1


7.1 Reflection and Refraction of Plane Electromagnetic Waves at a

Plane Interface 7.1

12 Electromagnetic Waveguides 7.19


7.3 Cavity Resonators. Rectangular Cavity 7.37
7.4 Dielectric Wave Guide 7.45.

References and Suggested Reading 7.49


Review Questions 7.50
Problems 7.51

8. Radiation from Localized Time Varying Sources 8.1

8.1 Inhomogeneous Wave Equation for Potentials 8.1

82 Green's Function Solution of D' Alembert's Equation by


Fourier Transform Method 8.8
8.3 Field Produced by a System of Harmonically Oscillating
Source at Great Distance 8.13
8.4 Electric Dipole Radiation 8.16
8.5 The Hertz Potentials 8.24

8.6 Radiation from a Hertzian Dipole 8.28


8.7 Magnetic Dipole Radiation 8.32
8.8 Electric Quadrupole Radiation 8.35

8.9 Center-fed Linear Antenna 8.39

8.10 Antenna Arrays 8.44


References and Suggested Reading 8.46

Review Questions 8.47


Problems 8.48
xii Contents

9. Special Theory of Relativity 9.1


9.1 The Postulates of Special Theory of Relativity 9.1
92 Interval 9.4
9.3 Lorentz Transformation 9.6
9.4 Four- velocity and Four- acceleration 9.14
9.5 Relativistic Equation of Motion. Minkowski Force 9.15
9.6 Four-momentum 9.17
References and Suggested Reading 9.24
Review Questions 9.25
Problems 9.28

10. Charged Particle Dynamics, Magnetohydrodynamics


and Pinch Effect 10.1
10.1 Non-relativistic Motion in Uniform Constant Fields 10.1
102 Non-relativistic Motion of a Charged Particle in a Slowly Varying
Magnetic Field 10.7
10.3 Adiabatic Invariance of Flux Through an Orbit.
Magnetic Mirroring 10.12
10.4 Relativistic Motion of a Charged Particle 10.16
10.5 Equations of Magneto-hydrodynamics 10.20
10.6 Pinch Effect. Magnetic Confinement 10.23
10.7 Plasma oscillations 10.27
10.8 Plasma Oscillations in a Magnetic Field 10.31
10.9 Effects of Thermal Motion 10.33
10.10 Quasineutrality of Plasma and Debye Screening Distance 10.34
References and Suggested Reading 10.35
Review Questions 10.36
Problems 10.37

11. Covariant Formulation of Vacuum Electrodynamics 11.1


11.1 Four-vectors. Four-current and Four -potential
Density 11.1
112 The Electromagnetic Field Tensor 11.8
11.3 Covariant Form of Maxwell's Equations 11.18
11.4 Equation of Motion of a Charged Particle in an
Electromagnetic Field 10.23
11.5 Maxwell's Equations from the Principle of Least Action 11.26
11.6 The Energy Momentum Tensor of the Electromagnetic Field 11.29
11.7 A Charged Particle in an Electromagnetic Field 11.40
References and Suggested Reading 11.44
Review Questions 11.45
Problems 11.49

12. Radiation from Accelerated Charges 12.1


12.1 Lienard-Wiechert Potentials 12.1
122 Field of a Charge in Arbitrary Motion 12.3
Contents xiii

123 Field Produced by a Charge in Uniform Motion

12.4 Radiated Power from an Accelerated Charge at Low Velocities.


Larmor's Power Formula 12.8
12.5 Bremsstrahlung in Coulomb Collisions 12.15
12.6 Radiation from an Ultra-relativistic Particle 12.19
12.7 Angular and Frequency Distribution of Radiation from
Moving Charge 12.26

12.8 Cerenkov Radiation 12.30


References and Suggested Reading 12.34
Review Questions 12.34
Problems 12.37

13. Radiation Reaction, Line Breadth and


Self- fields of a Particle 13.1
13.1 Radiation Reaction 13.1

132 Line Breadth of an Oscillator 13.3

13.3 Abraham-Lorentz Model of a Charged Particle. Evaluation of the


Self-force 13.7
13.4 Covariant Definitions of Electromagnetic Energy and Momentum
of a Charged Particle 13.10
References and Suggested Reading 13.14
Review Questions 13.15
Problems 13.15

14. Scattering, Absorption and Dispersion 14.1


14.1 Scattering from a Free Electron. Thomson Scattering 14.1
142 Scattering from a Bound Electron. Rayleigh Scattering 14.4
143 Absorption of Radiation
by a Bound Electron 14.8
14.4 Electromagnetic Theory of Dispersion 14.11
14.5 Causality and Dispersion Relations. Kramers-Kronig Relations 14.26

References and
Suggested Reading 14.32
Review Questions 14.32
Problems 14.33

15. Interaction of Charged Particles with Matter 15.1

15.1 Energy Loss to a Free Electron in a Coulomb Collision 15.1

152 Energy Transfer to a Harmonically Bound Electron 15.6

15.3 Classical Theory of Energy Loss: Bohr's Formula. Quantum-


mechanical Considerations. Bethe's Generalization 15.10

Reference and
Suggested Reading 15.12

Review Questions 15.12


Problems 15.13

16. Multipole Radiation 16.1

16.1 Multipole Expansion of the Electromagnetic Fields 16.1


xiv Contents

162 Energy and Angular Momentum of Multipole Radiation 16.4


16.3 Parity Considerations and Selection Rules 16.8
16.4 Angular Distribution of the Multipole Radiation 16.9
16.5 Sources of Multipole Radiation 16.11
16.6 Multipole Transitions in Atomic and Nuclear Systems 16.15
References and Suggested Reading 16.19
Review Questions 16.20
Problems 16.20

17. HamUtonian Formulation of Field Equations 17.1


17.1 Lagrange and Hamilton Equations 17.1
172 Transition to a Continuous System 17.2
17.3 Classical Hamiltonian for the Maxwell-Lorentz Field 17.11
References and Suggested Reading 17.19
Review Questions 17.19
Problems 17.20

Epilogue E.1
Forces in Nature E.2

Unification of Physical Theories E.3


References E.3

Appendix I. Systems of Units AI.1


1.1 Gaussian System AI.1
1.2 Heaviside-Lorentz Units AI.2
L3 Electrostatic Units AI.3
I.4 Electromagnetic Units AI.4
L5 Meter-kilogram-second (MKS) Units AI.5

L6 Evaluation of the Values of e„ and AI.8


\i0
Appendix II. Resume of Vector and Tensor Analyses AII.l
II. 1 Vector Analysis AH.l
112 Tensor Analysis AII.7

Appendix m. Fundamental constants AIII.l

Appendix TV. Resume of the Properties of Spherical Harmonics ATV.l

Appendix V. Fourier Transform and Delta Function AV.l


VI Fourier Transforms AV.l
V2 Delta Function and its AV.2
Properties

Bibliography B.l
Index 1.1

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