FDNY C14 Study Materials

Revised 3/28/19 (include new rule changes, PFE, NOE, new recommendation letter)
FIRE DEPARTMENT ● CITY OF NEW YORK
STUDY MATERIAL FOR THE EXAMINATION FOR

CERTIFICATE OF FITNESS FOR
SUPERVISION OF STORAGE, HANDLING AND USE OF

CHEMICALS IN NON-PRODUCTION LABORATORIES
C-14
This book is provided to the public for free by the FDNY.
© 12/2010 New York City Fire Department - All rights reserved ®

NOTICE OF EXAMINATION ...................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 10
A. Pre-existing Laboratories (prior to 07/01/2008) vs New Laboratories (on or after

07/01/2008) ........................................................................................................................................................... 10
B. Certificate of Fitness Coverage ............................................................................................................ 11
C. Required C-14 C of F Holders Coverage ........................................................................................... 11
D. Content Outline of This Booklet ......................................................................................................... 12
PART I ......................................................................................................................... 14
1. DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 14
2. CLASSIFICATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 20
2.1. Laboratory Unit Hazard Classification............................................................................................... 20
2.2. Class of Flammable and Combustible Liquids ................................................................................ 20
2.3. General Rule of Hazard Classes .......................................................................................................... 21
2.4. NFPA Diamond Sign ................................................................................................................................ 22
PART II ........................................................................................................................ 25
3. GENERAL FIRE CODE REQUIREMENTS...................................................................................... 25
3.1. Fire Department Permit........................................................................................................................... 25
3.2. General Operations, Housekeeping and Good Work Practices.................................................... 26
4. LABORATORY UNIT HAZARD CLASSIFICATION, DESIGN AND STORAGE ................... 32
4.1. Flammable & Combustible Liquids Quantity Limitation for Different Laboratory Units ...... 32
4.2. Other Laboratory Hazardous Material Quantity Limitations ....................................................... 34

A. Prohibitions .............................................................................................................. 37
B. Laboratory Safety Requirement ............................................................................... 38
(1) Hazard identification signs. ......................................................................................... 38
(2) Fume hoods and exhaust systems ............................................................................... 42
(3) Heating equipment ...................................................................................................... 44
(4) Safety showers, neutralizing or absorbing agents and curtains .................................... 45
(5) Fire retardant clothing for using pyrophoric reagents .................................................... 46
(6) Ventilation and oxygen sensor ..................................................................................... 46
(7) Means of access to an Exit........................................................................................... 47
(8) Storage room requirements .......................................................................................... 47
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5. CHEMICAL STORAGE, HANDLING, USE, AND WASTE DISPOSAL .................................... 47
5.1. Chemical Storage and Handling .......................................................................................................... 47
5.2. Flammable and Combustible liquid storage cabinets .................................................................... 51
5.3. Storage of Class I and Class II Liquids in Refrigerators ............................................................... 52
5.4. Liquid Dispensing..................................................................................................................................... 54

(1) Pressurized liquid dispensing containers...................................................................... 54
(2) Dispensing Class I liquids ........................................................................................... 54
(3) Dispensing tools .......................................................................................................... 54
5.5. Waste, Handling and Disposal............................................................................................................. 55
6. FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION SYSTEMS .................................................................. 55
6.1. Fire Alarm Systems ................................................................................................................................. 55
6.2. Sprinkler System and Standpipe System .......................................................................................... 56
6.3. Portable Fire Extinguishers ................................................................................................................... 56

(1) Portable fire extinguisher types ................................................................................... 57
(2) Portable fire extinguisher tags .................................................................................... 60
(3) Portable fire extinguisher inspections ......................................................................... 61
7. EMERGENCY PLANS............................................................................................................................. 61
7.1. Emergency Plans ...................................................................................................................................... 61
8. Emergency Procedures ....................................................................................................................... 62
8.1. Penalties for Non-compliance with Fire Code ................................................................................... 62
9. LABORATORY OPERATIONS ............................................................................................................ 63
9.1. Preparation................................................................................................................................................. 63
9.2. Heating and Distillation Operations. .................................................................................................. 63
9.3. Open Flame Operations. ......................................................................................................................... 64
9.4. Biological operations using open flames and flammable liquids ................................................ 65
9.5. Operations involving possible vigorous reactions. .......................................................................... 66
10. Educational and Instructional Laboratory Operations ......................................................... 66
PART III ...................................................................................................................... 68
11. CORROSIVE MATERIALS ................................................................................................................... 68
11.1. General Description ................................................................................................................................. 68
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11.2. Storage and Use Requirements ............................................................................................................ 68
12. COMPRESSED AND LIQUEFIED GASES ....................................................................................... 69
12.1. General Requirement............................................................................................................................... 69
12.2. Storing Containers ................................................................................................................................... 71
12.3. Containers in Use ..................................................................................................................................... 72
12.4. Typical Internal Volume of Cylinders ................................................................................................. 73
12.5. Compressed Gas Container Disposal or Return .............................................................................. 73
12.6. Piping system ............................................................................................................................................ 74
12.7. Cryogenic Liquid ....................................................................................................................................... 74
PART IV ....................................................................................................................... 76
APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................... 78
1. FLAMMABLE SOLID.............................................................................................................................. 78
2. HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC MATERIALS .................................................................................... 78
2.2. Storage and Use Requirements (liquids/solids) .............................................................................. 79
3. UNSTABLE REACTIVES (INSTABILITY HAZARD)..................................................................... 80
4. OXIDIZERS AND ORGANIC PEROXIDES ..................................................................................... 80
5. WATER-REACTIVE SOLID & LIQUIDS .......................................................................................... 83
6. PYROPHORICS MATERIALS ............................................................................................................. 85
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APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................... 87
APPENDIX C ............................................................................................................... 95
APPENDIX D............................................................................................................... 98
APPENDIX E ............................................................................................................... 99
APPENDIX F ............................................................................................................. 100
This study material is provided to the public for free by the FDNY Page D
NOTICE OF EXAMINATION
Title:SUPERVISION OF STORAGE, HANDLING AND USE OF CHEMICALS IN

NON-PRODUCTION LABORATORIES (C-14).
Date of Exam: Written exams are conducted Monday through Friday (except legal
holidays) 8:00 AM to 2:30 PM.
REQUIREMENTS FOR WRITTEN EXAM

Applicants must be at least 18 years of age and must have a reasonable
understanding of the English language. Applicants must apply the exam in
person and bring the following materials and required fee:
1. Applicant must provide two forms of identifications; at least one form of
identification must be government issued photo identification, such as a
State-issued Drivers’ License or Non Driver’s License or a passport.
2. Applicants must present a completed application for certificate of fitness
(A-20 Form). http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/a20.pdf
3. Applicants not currently employed may take the exam without the
recommendation letter. If the applicants pass the exam, FDNY will issue
a temporary letter with picture for the job seeking purpose. The C of F
card will not be issued unless the applicants are employed and provide
the recommendation letter from his/her employer.
4. Special requirements for the C-14 Certificate of Fitness:
(1) Applicant must present a C-14 recommendation letter from his/her
employer. The letter must be on official letterhead, and must state
the applicant’s full name, experience, the address where the applicant
will work, and has received the training on the emergency plan and
storage, handling, and use the hazardous materials available in the
lab.
Sample of the recommendation letter is provided in the following page
and available in the following link:
(2) Applicant must have one of the following:

 A B.S degree in Chemistry, Biology, Biochemistry, Environmental or
Health Sciences, Medical Technology and Chemical, Environmental,
Mechanical or Biomedical Engineering, or related field or
 An A.A.S or A.S degree in Chemistry, Biology, Biochemistry,
Environmental or Health Sciences, Medical Technology and
Chemical, Environmental, Mechanical or Biomedical Engineering, or
related field and a completion of a course on laboratory safety
provided by the employer or
 60 credits with minimum of 21 credits in applicable science or
engineering courses and a completion of a course on laboratory safety
provided by the employer
 NY State Permanent Certification as a Chemistry or Biology (7-12)
Teacher.
This study material is provided to the public for free by the FDNY Page 1
 NY State Licenses in Clinical Laboratory Technology.
 Applicant must present evidence of academic degree(s) indicating
specific course of study and/or transcript to verify college science
courses.
 Degree issued from outside USA or not in English shall be valuated by
an independent evaluation service accepted by NYC Department of
Citywide Administrative Services.
http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/cof_study_material/foreign_education_evaluation_guide.p
df
5. APPLICATION FEE:
Pay the $25 application fee in person by one of the following methods:
 Cash
 Credit card (American Express, Discover, MasterCard, or Visa)
 Debit card (MasterCard or Visa)
 Personal or company check or money order (made payable to the
New York City Fire Department)
A convenience fee of 2 % will be applied to all credit card payments.
For fee waivers submit: (Only government employees who will use
their C of F for their work- related responsibilities are eligible for
fee waivers.)
 A letter requesting fee waiver on the Agency’s official
letterhead stating applicant full name, exam type and address
of premises; AND
 Copy of identification card issued by the agency
--C14 Sample Recommendation Letter—
COMPANY NAME
BUSINESS ADDRESS
Date: __________________
Fire Department
Bureau of Fire Prevention
9 Metro Tech Center
Brooklyn, NY 11201-3857
To whom it may concern:

The purpose of this letter is to document the applicant (full name of applicant) qualifications for a C-14
Certificate of Fitness. (Name of applicant) has ( years, months) of experience in laboratory operations and
will be working at (name and address of employer).
Applicant has been trained how to safely store, handle or use of all hazardous materials available in the
laboratory where the applicant will be employed. In addition, this applicant has been trained on the emergency
plan, the plan includes:
(1) Procedures for activating a fire alarm;
(2) Procedures for notifying and coordinating with all emergency response agencies;
(3) Procedures for evacuating and accounting for personnel including primary and secondary evacuation
routes, as applicable;
(4) Procedures for establishing requirements for rescue and medical duties for those requiring or performing
these duties;
(5) Procedures and schedules for conducting regular emergency drills;
(6) Procedures for shutting down and isolating equipment under emergency conditions to include the
assignment of personnel responsible for maintaining critical functions or for shut down of process
operations;
(7) Appointment and training of personnel to carry out assigned duties, including steps to be taken at the time
of initial assignment, as responsibilities or response actions change, and at the time anticipated duties
change;
(8) Aisles designated as necessary for movement of personnel and emergency response;
(9) Maintenance of fire protection equipment; and
(10) Safe procedures for startup to be taken following the abatement of an emergency.
Applicant is of GOOD CHARACTER and is PHYSICALLY ABLE to perform the functions required
by the holder of this Certificate of Fitness.
________________________ _________________________ _________________________

(Printed name of Employer) (Employer’s title) (Signature of Employer)
NOTE: The recommendation letter should be on employer’s letterhead. If not on

employer’s letterhead, signature must be notarized.
=================================================================
EXAM INFORMATION
The C-14 exam will consist of 50 multiple-choice questions, administered on a
“touch screen” computer monitor. It is a time-limit exam. Based on the amount
of the questions and reference material provided, you will have 76 minutes to
complete the test. A passing score of at least 70% is required in order to secure
a Certificate of Fitness.
Call (718) 999-1988 for additional information and forms.
Special material provided during the exam: The tables which appear in the booklet
will be provided to you as a reference material when you take the exam at MetroTech,
however, the booklet will not provide to you during the exam.
Please always check for the latest revised booklet at FDNY website before you
take the exam.
http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/cof_study_material/c_14_st_mat.pdf
If all the requirements are met and pass the exam a certificate will be issued
the same day. Applicant who fails the exam will receive a failure report. To
retake the exam applicants will need to submit a new application and payment.
ALTERNATIVE ISSUANCE PROCEDURE (AIP)

This certificate of fitness can be obtained by a training program that has been
reviewed and approved by FDNY for an exemption. Applicants who qualify for
AIP must apply online. For more detail information applicants must review the
C-14 AIP information.
https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/fdny/downloads/pdf/business/cof-c14-aip.pdf
OTHER RELATED FEES
To change a mailing address:

 Submit a letter requesting the change of mailing address and a copy of
your C of F with $5.00 fee.
To change a work location,

 Submit a letter from your current employer (on company letterhead)
confirming that you are an employee and stating your new work location
with a copy of your C of F and a $5.00 fee
To request a replacement certificate:
 Submit a driver’s license or passport, social security number, mailing
address and a $5.00 fee.
RENEWAL REQUIREMENTS
This Certificate of Fitness must be renewed every THREE YEARS. The renewal
fee is $15. FDNY also reserves the right to require the applicants to take a re-
examination upon submission of renewal applications.
You will receive a courtesy notice of renewal 90 days before the expiration date.
However, it is your responsibility to renew your Certificate. It is very important
to renew your C of F before it expires. Renewals submitted 90 days (up to one
year) after the expiration date will incur a $25 penalty in addition to the
renewal fee. Certificates expired over one year past expiration date will not be
renewed. New exams will be required.
The certificate can be renewed On-line, by Mail or in Person.
 Renewal online
If you are an individual, make sure you have your 12 digit Certificate of Fitness
Access ID. This can be found on your Renewal Notice. If you do not have your
Renewal Notice, your Access ID is your 8 digit Certificate of Fitness number
and the last four digits of your social security number. If you are submitting
renewals on behalf of a company's employees, the company must be approved
by FDNY and have an 8 digit Company Code. To request approval, email
pubrenew@fdny.nyc.gov.
Renewal fee can be paid by one of the following methods:

 E-check
Fee exempted applicants cannot renew online only by mail or in person.
If all the requirements are met, the certificate of fitness will be mailed out
within 10 days.
For online renewal go to: https://a836-citypay.nyc.gov/citypay/FDNYCOF
 Renewal by mail
Mail your Renewal Notice (or if you did not receive a Renewal Notice, a copy of
your certificate), along with your fee payment, Personal or company check or
money order (made payable to the New York City Fire Department)
For fee waivers submit: (Only government employees who will use their C of
F for their work- related responsibilities are eligible for fee waivers.)
 A letter requesting fee waiver on the Agency’s official letterhead stating
applicant full name, exam type and address of premises; AND
 Copy of identification card issued by the agency and if applicable,
supporting documents to:
NYC Fire Department (FDNY)
Cashier's Unit
9 MetroTech Center, 1st Floor
Brooklyn, NY 11201
If all the requirements are met, the certificate of fitness will be mailed out
within four to six weeks.
 Renewal in person
Submit your Renewal Notice (or if you did not receive a Renewal Notice, a copy
of your certificate), along with your fee payment by one of the following
methods:
 Cash
 Personal or company check or money order (made payable to the New
York City Fire Department)
A convenience fee of 2 % will be applied to all credit card payments for original
or renewal certificates.
For fee waivers submit: (Only government employees who will use their C of
F for his or her work-related responsibilities are eligible for fee waivers.)
 A letter requesting fee waiver on the Agency’s official letterhead stating
applicant full name, exam type and address of premises; AND
 Copy of identification card issued by the agency and if applicable,
your supporting documents to:
NYC Fire Department (FDNY)

Cashier's Unit
9 MetroTech Center, 1st Floor
Brooklyn, NY 11201
If all the requirements are met, the certificate of fitness will be issued the same
day.
EXAM SITE: FDNY Headquarters, 9 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY.
Enter through the Flatbush Avenue entrance (between
Myrtle Avenue and Tech Place).
STUDY MATERIAL AND TEST DESCRIPTION
About the Study Material
These study materials will help you prepare for the written examination for the
Certificate of Fitness for Supervising Non-production Chemical laboratories. The
study materials include information taken from the Fire Code. The study materials do
not contain all the information you need to know in order to work efficiently and safely
when supervising a non-production Chemical laboratory. It is your responsibility to
become familiar with all applicable laws, rules and regulations of the federal, state and
city agencies having jurisdiction, even though such requirements are not included in
this study material. You need to be familiar with the National Fire Protection
Association(NFPA) 45, 2004 and 2015 editions (not including Chapter 5) , and New
Fire Code Section 2706, Fire Department Rules Section 113-09, 2706-01, 4702-01,
4827-01(g)(1) which regulate the storage, handling and use of laboratory chemicals in
a non-production laboratory in order to adequately prepare for the exam. It is critical
that you read AND understand this booklet to help increase your chance of
passing this exam.
About the Test
The C-14 test will consist of 50 multiple-choice questions, administered on a “touch

screen” computer monitor. It is a time-limit test. You must pass a multiple choice test
to qualify for the certificate of fitness. A score of 70% correct is required in order to
pass the test. All questions have four answer options. Only one answer is correct for
each question. If you do not answer a question, or if you mark more than one answer
to a single question, your answer to that question will be scored as incorrect. Read
each question carefully before marking your answer. You will be able to review all your
answers before you finish your test. There is no penalty for guessing.
Sample Questions
The following questions represent the “format” of the exam questions,

not the content of the real exam.
1. Which of the following are allowed to be used/displayed while taking a

Certificate of Fitness examination at 9 Metro Tech Center?
I. cellular phone
II. study material booklet
III. reference material provided by the FDNY
IV. mp3 player
A. III only
B. I, II, and III
C. II and IV
D. I only
Only reference material provided by the FDNY is allowed to be used during Certificate of
Fitness examinations. Therefore, the correct answer would be A. You would touch “A”
on the computer terminal screen.
2. If you do not know the answer to a question while taking an examination, who
should you ask for help?
A. the person next to you

B. the firefighters
C. the examiner in the testing room
D. you should not ask about test questions since FDNY staff cannot assist applicants
You should not ask about examination questions or answers since FDNY staff cannot
assist applicants with their tests. Therefore, the correct answer would be D. You
would touch "D" on the computer terminal screen.
3. If the screen on your computer terminal freezes during your examination, who
should you ask for help?
A. the person next to you

B. the firefighters
C. the examiner in the testing room
D. the computer help desk
If you have a computer related question, you should ask the examiner in the testing
room. Therefore, the correct answer would be C. You would touch “C” on the
computer terminal screen.
INTRODUCTION
The Fire Code and Fire Department rules regulating non-production laboratories date
back to 1966. The 1966 rule regulated the storage and use of chemicals in college,
university, hospital, and research and commercial laboratories, and required that
such laboratories operate under the supervision of a certificate of fitness (C-14) holder.
A. Pre-existing Laboratories (prior to 07/01/2008) vs New Laboratories (on or

after 07/01/2008)
In July of 2014, a new Fire Code was adopted in New York City. Similar to the former
code, this code also regulated the storage and use of chemical in laboratories, and
adopted with certain modifications, the requirements of National Fire Protection
Association Standard (NFPA) 45, entitled "Fire Protection for Laboratories Using
Chemicals". Unlike the former rule, the new Fire Code and NFPA Standard 45 are
applicable to ALL non-production laboratories, including those in grade schools and
high schools, not just those found in colleges, universities, hospitals, and research
and commercial laboratories. Similar to the former rule, the 2014 Fire Code requires
that ALL non-production laboratories be operated under the supervision of a
certificate of fitness holder. For laboratories that were NOT previously required to
operate their laboratories under the supervision of a certificate of fitness holder, such
laboratories had until July 1, 2015 to have the responsible individuals obtain such
certificate.
All new non-production laboratories established on or after July 1, 2008 are required
to be in compliance with the 2014 Fire Code. Non-production laboratories approved by
the Fire Department prior to July 1, 2008 do not have to, and in some case could not,
comply the design and installation requirements of the 2014 Fire Code. Such
laboratories are considered to be "pre-existing laboratories" and are required to comply
with the design and installation requirements in effect at the time the laboratory was
established. Throughout this study material you will see references and requirements
that are applicable to "pre-existing laboratories". It is important that you understand
what this means. Generally, original permits for laboratories issued by fire department
prior to July 1 2008 would be subjected to compliance with the former rule
requirement. Generally, original permits for laboratories issued after July 1 2014
would be subject to compliance with the new fire code. Therefore, it is possible that
there can be two different kinds of non-production chemical laboratories in the same
building, both supervised by one certificate of fitness holder. The certificate of fitness
holder will have the responsibility of distinguishing and ensuring compliance with the
different code requirements.
On the other hand, both new and pre-existing laboratories are required to comply with
the operational and maintenance requirements of the 2014 Fire Code. Operational and
maintenance requirements include such things as permits, certificate of fitness,
signage, housekeeping, periodic testing and portable fire extinguishers.
B. Certificate of Fitness Coverage
In addition to the C-14 (non-production laboratory) certificate, the Fire Code requires,
and the Fire Department administers, a variety of certificate of fitness exams that
cover the types of hazardous materials generally found within a non-production
laboratory. These include:
(a) C-91 (covers most hazardous materials with the exception of flammable liquids,
combustible liquids, compressed gases and cryogenic gases).
(b) C-92 (covers flammable and combustible liquids).
(c) G-46 certificate (covers non-flammable gases).
(d) G-71 certificate (covers non-flammable medical gases).
(d) G-79 certificate (covers non-flammable cryogenic gases).
(e) G-98 certificate (covers flammable gases).
As you can see, it would be quite a hardship for most laboratories if their personnel
were required to secure multiple certificates of fitness. For this reason, the Fire Code
allows for a single certificate (C-14) that qualifies the person to provide supervision for
all storage and use of hazardous materials within non-production laboratories. This
certificate is required when the storage of flammable or combustible liquids within a
laboratory or chemical storage room exceeds 1 gallon or flammable gas storage
exceeds 75 SCF. If you operate a laboratory and store and/or use less than these
amounts, you are not regulated by the Fire Code as a non-production laboratory.
For laboratories that store and/or use hazardous materials in quantities not regulated
as a non-production laboratory, a different certificate of fitness may be required, if the
threshold values established by the Fire Code for other types of hazardous materials
are exceeded. For example, a laboratory, not regulated as a non-production laboratory,
having; any amount of a highly toxic material (e.g. sodium cyanide); flammable solid
(e.g. magnesium) in excess of 1 pound; or “class 3” oxidizer (e.g. nitric acid, fuming) in
excess of 10 pounds would require supervision by a C-91 certificate holder.
The C-91 certificate of fitness examination has been specifically developed to cover the
storage, handling and use of hazardous materials in industrial, manufacturing and
maintenance type applications, not non-production laboratories. The C-14 exam has
been developed to only address the specific fire safety concerns, and unique code
requirements, associated with the storage, handling and use of hazardous materials in
non-production laboratories.
C. Required C-14 C of F Holders Coverage

At least one C-14 Certificate of Fitness holder shall be present on each of floor of the
laboratory unit on which laboratory operations requiring a permit are being
conducted. For example, if a group of laboratories on any particular floor is run by the
same researcher or Department, then it is possible to have one person provide the
required oversight (personal supervision) over all laboratories on that floor. It is also
conceivable to have one person provide coverage of all laboratories on a floor even if
those are operated by different researchers or Departments.
However, if that person is not designated to assume responsibility for every lab on that
floor, or if you have a situation where there are multiple researchers, Departments or
different tenants on that floor, then more than one person holding a certificate of
fitness would be required on that floor to adequately provide the required coverage.
Furthermore, if there are laboratories on any particular floor that operate outside of
normal business hours (typically, 8 am to 6 pm) or on weekends (Saturdays, Sundays
and holidays), personnel holding certificates of fitness would be required to provide
coverage (personal supervision) of those laboratories during these “off-peak” periods.
Regardless of whether a Certificate of Fitness holder is designated by the owner to
supervise the operations of a single laboratory or multiple laboratories, it is important
to understand that each laboratory is required to be in compliance. The Certificate of
Fitness holder, in conjunction to the building owner, is responsible to monitor the
operation of such laboratories to help ensure compliance.
Since the C-14 C of F holder must be continuously on the floor while there is any
laboratory operating, a 24-hour laboratory operation may be required to have a
minimum of 3 C-14 Certificate of Fitness Holders for the floor.
The C-14 Certificate of Fitness holders are responsible for making sure that all fire
safety regulations and procedures are obeyed on the premises. All Permits and
Certificates of Fitness shall be readily available on the premise for inspection by Fire
Department representatives.
D. Content Outline of This Booklet

This booklet consists of four parts (i.e. Definition, Core fire safety requirements, Safety
guide of two most common hazards, and Checklist), and six appendixes. For
maintaining a safe laboratory environment, you should become knowledgeable with
the entire booklet. The test covers the main body (the four parts) of the booklet and
any tables. The tables which appear in the booklet will be provided to you when
you take the test at Metrotech, however, the booklet will not provide to you
during the test. Therefore, if you are successful on the test, you will be authorized to
supervise a non-production chemical laboratory.
The operation of a non-production chemical laboratory is required to comply with the

following fire department code and rule sections:
 Non-production chemical laboratories: [Fire Code Section 2706]

 Standard on fire protection for laboratories using chemicals: [NFPA 45, 2004
and 2010 editions]
 Flammable and combustible liquids: [Fire Code Chapter 34]
 Flammable gases: [Fire Code Chapter 35]
 Flammable solids systems and facilities: [Fire Code Chapter 36]
 Compressed gases: [Fire Code Chapter 30]
 Corrosive materials: [Fire Code Chapter 31]
 Cryogenic liquids : [Fire Code Chapter 32]
 Highly toxic and toxic materials systems and facilities: [Fire Code Chapter 37]
 Organic peroxides storage and facilities: [Fire Code Chapter 39]
 Oxidizer systems and facilities: [Fire Code Chapter 40]
 Pyrophoric materials systems and facilities: [Fire Code Chapter 41]
 Unstable (Reactive) materials systems and facilities: [Fire Code Chapter 42]
 Water-reactive solids and liquids systems and facilities: [Fire Code Chapter 44]
 Former laboratory rule for pre-existing laboratories [Rule Section 4827-
01(g)(1)]
PART I
1. DEFINITIONS
BASEMENT: A story partly below the grade plane and having less than one-half its
clear height (measured from finished floor to finished ceiling) below the grade plane.
BOILING POINT: The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the
atmospheric pressure of 14.7 pounds per square inch (psia) or 760 mm of mercury.
Where a boiling point is unavailable for the material in question or for mixtures which
do not have a constant boiling point, for the purposes of this classification, the 20-
percent evaporated point of a distillation performed in accordance with ASTM D 86
shall be used as the boiling point of the liquid.
CHEMICAL: An element, chemical compound or mixture of elements or compounds or

both.
CHEMICAL NAME: The scientific designation of a chemical in accordance with the

nomenclature system developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC), the Chemical Abstracts Service rules of nomenclature, or a name
that will clearly identify a chemical for the purpose of conducting an evaluation.
CLOSED CONTAINER: A container sealed by means of a lid or other device capable of

preventing the escape of liquid, vapor or dusts in the ordinary course of storage,
handling or use.
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID: Any liquid that has a closed-cup flash point at or above
100°F, as determined by the standard test procedures.
CONTAINER: For solid and liquid hazardous materials, a vessel of 60 gallons or less
in capacity used for storage or transportation. For compressed gases, a container,
pressure vessel or tank designed for pressures greater than one atmosphere at 68°F.
Pipes, piping systems, engines and engine fuel tanks associated with solid or liquid
hazardous materials or compressed gases, shall not be deemed to be containers if in
active use.
CORROSIVE MATERIALS: A liquid, solid, or gas that causes permanent injury (“full
thickness destruction”) to human skin at a rate specified by the Department of
Transportation (DOT) regulations. Or a liquid that can corrode ¼ inch of steel or
aluminum within the course of a year.
DESIGN PRESSURE: The maximum gauge pressure that a pressure vessel, device,
component or system is designed to withstand safely under the temperature and
conditions of use.
DISPENSING: The pouring or transferring by other means of any material from a

container, tank or similar vessel, which would release dusts, fumes, mists, vapors or
gases to the atmosphere, unless such release is prevented by a device, equipment or
system designed for that purpose.
EDUCATIONAL LABORATORY UNIT: A laboratory unit that is used for
educational purposes for students through the twelfth grade.
EXCESS FLOW CONTROL: A fail-safe system or other approved device, equipment or

system designed to shut off flow caused by a rupture in a pressurized piping system.
EXHAUSTED ENCLOSURE: A device, typically consisting of a hood equipped with a

fan that serves to capture and exhaust fumes, mist, vapors and gases generated at a
workstation or other local environment. An exhausted enclosure does not include a
room provided with general ventilation.
EXPLOSION; An effect produced by the sudden violent expansion of gases, whether or

not accompanied by a shock wave or disruption, of enclosing materials, including the
effects of the following sources of explosion:
1. Chemical changes such as rapid oxidation, deflagration or detonation,
decomposition of molecules and runaway polymerization (usually
detonations).
2. Physical changes such as pressure tank ruptures.
3. Atomic changes (nuclear fission or fusion).
FACE VELOCITY: The rate of flow or velocity of air moving into the chemical fume
hood entrance or face, as measured at the plane of the chemical fume hood face.
FIRE SEPARATION: A horizontal or vertical fire resistance-rated assembly of

materials that have protected openings and are designed to restrict the spread of fire.
FLAMMABLE GAS: Any substance that exists in the gaseous state at normal
atmospheric temperature and pressure and is capable of being ignited and burned
when mixed with the proper proportions of air, oxygen, or other oxidizers.
FLAMMABLE LIQUID: Any liquid that has a closed-cup flash point below 100°F, as
determined by the standard test procedures.
FLAMMABLE SOLID: A solid, other than a blasting agent or other explosive, whether
in elemental or alloy form, that is capable of causing fire through friction, absorption
of moisture, spontaneous chemical change, or heat retained from manufacturing or
processing, or which has an ignition temperature below 212°F or which burns so
vigorously and persistently when ignited as to create a serious hazard. Examples
include Aluminum powder, Camphor, Magnesium, Matches, Naphthalene,
Nitrocellulose, Phosphorus, Sulfur and Picric Acid (wetted with not less than 10%
water).
FLAMMABLE VAPORS OR FUMES: The concentration of flammable constituents in

air that exceeds 25 percent of their lower flammable limit (LFL).
FLASH POINT: The minimum temperature in degrees Fahrenheit at which a liquid will
give off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface or in
the container, but will not sustain combustion. The flash point of a liquid shall be
determined by appropriate test procedure and apparatus as specified in ASTM D 56,
ASTM D 93 or ASTM D 3278.
GAS CABINET: A fully enclosed, noncombustible enclosure used to provide an
isolated environment for compressed gas containers in storage or use, including any
doors and access ports for exchanging containers and accessing pressure-regulating
controls.
GENERAL SUPERVISION: Supervision by the holder of any certificate of fitness who

is responsible for performing the duties set forth in the Fire Code but need not be
personally present on the premises at all times. The storage of any hazardous material
in quantities requiring a permit shall be under the general supervision of a certificate
of fitness holder.
HANDLING: The movement of a material in its container, the removal of the material
from its container, or any other action or process that may affect the material, other
than its storage or use.
HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS CLASSIFICATIONS DESCRIPTIONS FOR CLASS 1

DIVISION 2: Where ignitable concentrations of flammable gases, vapors, or liquids are
present within the atmosphere under abnormal operating conditions.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS: Those chemicals or substances that are physical hazards

or health hazards as defined and classified in the Fire Code, whether the materials are
in usable or waste condition.
HEALTH HAZARD: A classification of a chemical for which there is statistically

significant evidence that acute or chronic health effects are capable of occurring in
exposed persons. The term “health hazard” includes chemicals that are toxic, highly
toxic and corrosive.
IMPAIRMENT COORDINATOR: The person designated by the owner and responsible

for ensuring that proper notification and safety precautions are taken when a fire
protection system is out of service.
INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS: Materials that, if mixed or combined, could explode,

generate heat, gases or other byproducts, or react in a way hazardous to life or
property.
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY UNIT: A laboratory unit that is used for

purposes of instruction for students beyond the twelfth grade. Laboratory units
used for graduate or postgraduate research are not considered to be
instructional laboratory units.
INSTRUCTOR: A person whose job includes teaching or instructing students in

educational or instructional laboratories. This can include science teachers,
professors, assistant professors, associate professors, lecturers, substitute
teachers, and teaching assistants.
LABORATORY CHEMICAL: A material with a health, flammability and/or instability

(reactivity) hazard ranking of 2, 3 or 4 as defined in NFPA 704.
LABORATORY UNIT: An enclosed space of a minimum one-hour fire rated
construction, designed or used as a non-production laboratory. Laboratory units may
include one or more separate laboratory work areas, and accessory storage rooms or
spaces within or contiguous with the laboratory unit, such as offices and lavatories.
LABORATORY WORK AREA: a room of space for testing, analysis, research,

instruction, or similar activities that involve the use of chemicals.
LC50: LC stands for "Lethal Concentration". A LC50 value is the amount of a gas, dust
or mists that it takes to kill 50% of test animals (for example, mice or rats) in one
dose. Like LD50 various tests and animals may be utilized. In addition the duration of
exposure may vary. For the purposes of the Fire Code this is a one hour test utilizing
rats.
LD50: LD stands for "Lethal Dose". A LD50 value is the amount of a solid or liquid
material that it takes to kill 50% of test animals (for example, mice or rats) in one
dose. It is a standard measurement of the short-term poisoning potential (acute
toxicity) of a solid or liquid material. LD50 values are expressed in terms of the tests
and animal used (i.e. LD50 (oral, rat), LD50 (skin, mouse)) other animals (dogs,
hamsters, cats, guinea-pigs, rabbits, and monkeys) are sometimes utilized but the Fire
Code is very specific regarding test species (oral-rats and skin-rabbets). The LD50
value is expressed as the weight of chemical administered per kilogram body weight of
the animal, the test animal used and route of exposure. So, the example "LD50 (oral,
rat) 5 mg/kg" means that 5 milligrams of that chemical for every 1 kilogram body
weight of the rat, when administered in one dose by mouth, causes the death of 50%
of the test group.
LECTURE BOTTLE: A small compressed gas container up to a size of approximately 2

in. X 13 in.
LIQUID: A material having a melting point that is equal to or less than 68°F and a
boiling point that is greater than 68°F at 14.7 psia. When not otherwise identified, the
term “liquid” includes both flammable and combustible liquids.
LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL): See “Lower flammable limit.”
LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL): The minimum concentration of vapor in air at

which propagation of flame will occur in the presence of an ignition source. The LFL is
sometimes referred to as LEL or lower explosive limit.
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS): A document prepared in accordance with

the regulations of the United States Department of Labor, as set forth in 29 CFR Part
1910.1200 or a federally approved state OSHA plan which sets forth information
concerning a hazardous material.
NON-PRODUCTION LABORATORY: A building or portion thereof wherein chemicals

or gases are stored, handled or used on a non-production basis for testing, research,
experimental, instructional or educational purposes.
NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (NTP): A temperature of 70°F and a
pressure of 1 atmosphere.
ORGANIC PEROXIDE: An organic compound having a double oxygen or peroxy (-O-O-

) in its chemical structure. Organic peroxides can present an explosion hazard
(detonation or deflagration), can be shock sensitive, can be susceptible to
decomposition into various unstable compounds over an extended period of time. The
materials are divided in to six classes from Classes I through V and unclassified
detonable class, with decreasing levels of hazard from Class I through Class V.
OUT OF SERVICE SYSTEM: This is a fire protection system that is not fully
functional; or whose operation is impaired or is otherwise not in good working order.
OXIDIZER: A material that readily yields oxygen or other oxidizing gas, such as
bromine, chlorine and fluorine, or that readily reacts to promote or initiate combustion
of combustible materials. The materials are divided in to 4 classes, with increasing
level of hazard from Classes 1 through 4.
PERSONAL SUPERVISION: Supervision by the holder of any certificate of fitness who

is required to be personally present on the premises, or other proximate location
acceptable to the department, while performing the duties for which the certificate is
required.
PHYSICAL HAZARD: A chemical for which there is evidence that it is a combustible or

flammable liquid; a flammable solid or gas; an explosive; an organic peroxide; an
oxidizer; a pyrophoric material; an unstable (reactive) material; a water-reactive solid
or liquid; or a cryogenic liquid.
PYROPHORIC MATERIAL: A material that is so chemically unstable that it may ignite

spontaneously at a temperature at or below 130˚F.
REDUCED FLOW VALVE: A valve equipped with a restricted flow orifice and inserted
into a compressed gas container that is designed to reduce the maximum flow from
the valve under full-flow conditions. The maximum flow rate from the valve is
determined with the valve allowed to flow to atmosphere with no other piping or
fittings attached.
SAFETY CAN: An approved container with a capacity of not more than 5-gallons and
equipped with a spring-closing lid and spout cover designed to relieve internal
pressure when exposed to fire.
SASH: A movable panel or panels set in the hood entrance.
SOLID: A material that has a melting point and decomposes or sublimates at a

temperature greater than 68°F.
STANDARD CUBIC FEET (SCF): Cubic feet of gas at normal temperature and
pressure (NTP).
STORAGE CABINET: A cabinet for the storage of flammable and combustible liquids
constructed in accordance with section 6.3 of NFPA 30.
UNSTABLE(REACTIVE) MATERIAL: A material, other than an explosive, that will

vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense or become self-reactive and undergo
other violent changes, including explosion, when exposed to heat, friction or shock, or
in the absence of an inhibitor, or in the presence of contaminants, or in contact with
incompatible materials. The materials are divided in to 4 classes, with increasing level
of hazard from Classes 1 through 4.
WATER-REACTIVE MATERIAL: A material (solid, liquid, or gas) that has a dangerous

chemical reaction when reacting with water. Upon coming in contact with water, a
water reactive material may explode, violently react, produce flammable, toxic, or other
hazardous gases, and/or generate enough heat to cause ignition of the material or
nearby materials. Water-reactive materials are divided in to Classes 1 through 3, with
increasing levels of hazard from Class 1 to Class 3.
2. CLASSIFICATIONS
2.1. Laboratory Unit Hazard Classification
(1)Pre-existing laboratory
There are four types of laboratories and classified according to their fire rating and
whether or not an automatic sprinkler system is installed. The four different
classifications are shown in the table below.
Table I-1. Pre-existing Laboratory Type

Lab Type Fire Rating Fire Protection
I 2 Hours Sprinklers
II 1 Hour Sprinklers
III 2 Hours No Sprinklers
IV 1 Hour No Sprinkler
(2) New fire code

The modifications of the new fire code were primarily made to restrict the maximum
allowable storage limitations for flammable and combustible liquids as permitted in
NFPA 45. Following the new fire code, all non-production laboratories would be
classified as Class “D” and Class “B” laboratories. For Class D laboratories, the new
fire code keeps flammable and combustible liquid densities (in gallons per square foot)
to a minimum while potentially allowing for up to 200 gallons of flammable and
combustible liquids. For the Class B laboratories, the new fire code allows
substantially increased flammable and combustible liquid densities (more gallons per
square foot) but at the same time mirrors the maximum 30 gallon limit set forth in the
old Rule.
Table I-2. Non-production Laboratory Classification in New Fire Code

Lab Class Fire Rating Fire Flammable & Flammable &
Protection* Combustible Combustible
Liquid Density Liquid Limit
B 1 or 2 Hours Sprinklers Up to 20 Up to 30 gal
gal/100ft2
D 1 or 2 Hours Sprinklers Up to 2 Up to 200 gal
gal/100ft2
* In accordance with the new building code, laboratory units shall be provided
throughout with an automatic sprinkler system.
Note: Educational and instructional labs and labs in health care occupancies
shall comply with Class D requirement only.
2.2. Class of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
For the pre-existing laboratory, there are only two categories of flammable and
combustible liquids separated by their flash point, one is flammable liquids (flash
point is below 100ºF) and the other is combustible liquids (flash point is at or above
100ºF). However, for the new fire code, the there are 3 classes of flammable liquids
and 3 classes of combustible liquids defined as the following table.
Table I-3. Class of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Flash Boiling Examples
point point
Acetaldehyde,
Class IA < 73ºF < 100ºF Ethyl ether, Gasoline,
Methyl formate, Pentane
Acetone, Benzene,
Flammable liquids Carbon disulfide,
Class IB < 73ºF ≥ 100ºF Cyclohexane, Ethanol,
(Class I liquids)
Methyl alcohol, Toluene
Amylacetate,
≥ 73ºF but Not
Class IC Butyl alcohol, Hydrazine,
< 100ºF Applicable Styrene, Xylene
Acetic acid,
Formaldehyde,
≥ 100ºF but Not
Class II Glacial acetic acid,
< 140ºF Applicable Hydrazine, Naphtha,
Stoddard solvent
Combustible
Cyclohexanol,
liquids
Formic acid,
(Class II & III ≥ 140ºF but Not
Class IIIA Naphthalene,
liquids) < 200ºF Applicable Nitrobenzene,
Octyl alcohol
Formalin, Glycerine,
Not Picric acid,
Class IIIB ≥ 200ºF
Applicable Propylene glycol
2.3. General Rule of Hazard Classes
Some hazard classes are assigned numerical designations based upon their hazard
potential. For example, oxidizers and unstable (reactive) materials are classified as
Class 1, 2, 3 or 4 materials; water –reactive solids and liquids are classified as Class 1,
2 or 3 materials; and organic peroxides are classified as Class I, II, III IV or V
materials. The following chart explains the severity of each class:
Arabic Numeral Roman Numeral

4 HIGHEST HAZARD I
3 II
2 III
1 IV
0 LOWEST HAZARD V
2.4. NFPA Diamond Sign
The sign provides a readily recognized for identifying specific hazards and their
severity. The system is characterized by the "diamond shape". It identifies the hazards
of a material and the degree of severity of the health, flammability, and instability
(reactivity) hazards. In addition, a special precaution symbol may be used if necessary.
Hazard severity is indicated by a numerical rating that ranges from 0 indicating a
minimal hazard, to 4 indicating a severe hazard. The hazards are color coded (blue for
health, red for flammability, and yellow for instability or reactivity) and arranged
spatially as follows:
The six o'clock position on the symbol represents special hazards and has a white
background. The special hazards in use are W, which indicates unusual reactivity with
water and is a caution about the use of water in either fire fighting or spill control
response, and OX, which indicates that the material is an oxidizer.
The followings are the detailed description of each categorization of the NFPA diamond
sign (NFPA 704):
(1) Class of Health Hazard
 Class 0. Materials that, under emergency conditions, would offer no hazard
beyond that of ordinary combustible materials.
 Class 1. Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause significant
irritation.
 Class 2. Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause temporary
incapacitation or residual injury.
 Class 3. Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause serious or
permanent injury.
 Class 4. Materials that, under emergency conditions, can be lethal.
(2) Class of Flammability Hazard

 Class 0. Materials that will not burn under typical fire conditions, including
intrinsically noncombustible materials such as concrete, stone, and sand.
 Class 1. Materials that must be preheated before ignition can occur. Materials
in this degree require considerable preheating, under all ambient temperature
conditions, before ignition and combustion can occur.
 Class 2. Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high
ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. Materials in this degree would
not under normal conditions form hazardous atmospheres with air, but under
high ambient temperatures or under moderate heating could release vapor in
sufficient quantities to produce hazardous atmospheres with air.
 Class 3. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient
temperature conditions. Materials in this degree produce hazardous
atmospheres with air under almost all ambient temperatures or, though
unaffected by ambient temperatures, are readily ignited under almost all
conditions.
 Class 4. Materials that rapidly or completely vaporize at atmospheric pressure
and normal ambient temperature or that are readily dispersed in air and burn
readily.
(3) Class of Instability (Reactivity) Hazard

 Class 0. Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire
conditions.
 Class 1. Materials that in themselves are normally stable but that can become
unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures.
 Class 2. Materials that readily undergo violent chemical change at elevated
temperatures and pressures.
 Class 3. Materials that in themselves are capable of detonation or explosive
decomposition or explosive reaction but that require a strong initiating source
or must be heated under confinement before initiation.
 Class 4. Materials that in themselves are readily capable of detonation or
explosive decomposition or explosive reaction at normal temperatures and
pressures.
(4) Special Hazard

Special hazards address water reactivity and oxidizing properties of the materials. The
materials that react violently or explosively with water (water reactivity rating of 2 or 3)
shall be identified by the label “W” and materials that possess oxidizing properties
shall be identified by the letter “OX”. The severity of the hazard posed by an oxidizer
can be divided in to 4 classes from Classes 1 through 4. The adding of the
quantification of the oxidation helps to better define the hazard. For example, for the
material categorized as a Class 2 oxidizer (e.g. calcium chlorite) can be marked “OX 2”
to better define the hazard.
The descriptions of the class of water reactivity hazards and oxidizer hazards are listed
as follows:
a.) Class of Water Reactivity Hazards

 Class 0. The chemical is essentially non-reactive with water.
 Class 1. The materials that react vigorously with water, but not violently.
 Class 2. The materials that react violently with water, including the ability to
boil water, or that evolve flammable or toxic gas at a sufficient rate to create
hazards under emergency response conditions.
 Class 3. The materials that react explosively with water without requiring heat
or confinement.
b.) Class of Oxidizer
 Class 1. An oxidizer that does not moderately increase the burning rate of
combustible materials with which it comes into contact.
 Class 2. An oxidizer that cause a moderate increase in the burning rate of
combustible materials with which it comes in contact.
 Class 3. An oxidizer that cause a severe increase in the burning rate of
combustible materials with which it comes into contact.
 Class 4. An oxidizer that can undergo an explosive reaction due to
contamination or exposure to thermal or physical shock and that causes a
severe increase in the burning rate of combustible materials with which it
comes into contact.
Some chemicals in use already have these markings (or their equivalents) on the
container. For those without classifications, determine the chemical hazard rating
using the data available from the manufacturer-supplied MSDS.
Class of Organic Peroxide

 Class V. Organic peroxides that burn with less intensity than ordinary
combustibles or do not sustain combustion and that pose no reactivity hazard.
 Class IV. Organic peroxides that burn in the same manner as ordinary
combustibles and that pose a minimal reactivity hazard.
 Class III. Organic peroxides that burn rapidly and that pose a moderate
reactivity hazard.
 Class II. Organic peroxides that burn very rapidly and that pose a severe
reactivity hazard
 Class I. Organic peroxides that are capable of deflagration but not detonation.
 Unclassified detonable: Organic peroxides that are capable of detonation and
pose an extremely high-explosion hazard through rapid explosive
decomposition.
PART II
3. GENERAL FIRE CODE REQUIREMENTS
3.1. Fire Department Permit
A permit is required to maintain or operate a non-production chemical laboratory or

storage room in which more than 1 gallon of flammable or combustible liquid or 75
SCF of flammable gas are handled, stored, or used in testing, research, experimental
or instructional work. This permit will be issued by the Fire Commissioner after the
location has been inspected and approved as acceptable for such practices.
The certificate of fitness holder is responsible for ensuring that all required permits are
secured in visible locations. The holder is responsible for complying with the
requirements of the Fire code.
Permits are valid for 12 months only. Every permit or renewal shall require an
inspection and shall expire after twelve months. Permits are not transferable and any
change in occupancy, operation, tenancy or ownership shall require that a new permit
be issued. Current permits (or a legible copy) shall be readily available for inspection
by any representative of the department.
Fire Department Permit Sample (Pre-existing Laboratory):
Fire Department Permit Sample (new fire code):
Generally speaking, the certificate of fitness holder can determine whether the
laboratory is “pre-existing laboratory” or “new laboratory” by the information
contained on the permit. If the description under the laboratory address mentions
about “type” (e.g. type 2), then it is usually a pre-existing laboratory. If the description
mentions about “laboratory size (e.g. 3210SF)” or “fire rating (e.g. 2HR), normally this
laboratory needs to follow the new fire code. You should verify with the building fire
safety personnel whether the laboratory you are responsible to supervise must comply
with the new fire code or by the former regulations.
Enforcement action may be taken against the building owner, tenant and the
certificate of fitness holder when the required permits are not secured. The
enforcement actions may include fines and/or the revocation of the certificate of
fitness. In addition to the requirements of Fire Code, all applicants for a permit must
meet the requirements of the Department of Buildings. Other agencies such as
NYCDOH, NYCDEP, NYSDEC, OSHA, and USEPA may have additional requirements.
3.2. General Operations, Housekeeping and Good Work Practices
Poor operations, housekeeping & work practices are one of the leading causes of
hazardous material incidents, work place accidents and fires. Before performing any
chemical reaction, evaluation shall be made for hazards that can be encountered or
generated during the course of the work. The evaluation must include (1) the hazards
associated with the properties and the reactivity of the materials used and any
intermediate and end products that can be formed; (2) the hazards associated with the
operation of the equipment at the operating conditions; (3) and the hazards associated
with the proposed reactions, for example, oxidation and polymerization. Poor
housekeeping can result in fire accidents, lost tools/supplies, damaged equipment and
contribute to higher operating costs. Good housekeeping minimizes fire, accidents,
reduces waste & disposal costs, increases efficiency and generally results in cheaper
production costs. Areas kept in neat & organized condition provides a positive
impression on inspectors. The following is some guidance on good practices.
(1) General Housekeeping and Standards:

 Access doors, aisles and exit doors clear of obstructions. Keep storage of
items out of hallways and stairwells. The Fire Code contains various
requirements for aisle spacing depending upon stacking arrangements.
 Secure storage areas to minimize liability and hazards of intrusion or
dumping.
 Be familiar with the use, limitations and location of emergency equipment
such as emergency eyewashes, safety showers, fire alarms, exits and fire
extinguishers.
 Be aware of Fire Code storage requirements for permit and certificates of
fitness.
 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) information should be readily available.
 The following areas shall require special consideration:
o Handling and storage of chemicals, flammable and combustible liquids,
and gases
o Open flame and spark-producing equipment hot work authorization
o Arrangements and use of portable electric cords
(2)Work Areas:
 Empty, but not clean, containers should be handled as having the same
hazards as non-empty containers. In some cases, the residual vapors are
more dangerous than the liquids. For example, gasoline vapors are more
flammable than liquid gasoline.
 Keep work areas clean and free of obstructions.
A messy laboratory is hazardous!

 Limit the amount of
hazardous materials to
the minimum needed for
an operation and keep
process containers
covered when not being
used.
 Clean surfaces (counter
tops, bench tops, fume
hoods and floors) of
drips and residues.
 Clean spilled chemicals immediately. Small spills can be cleaned up by
properly trained employees with the appropriate spill response supplies and
dispose of all wastes properly.
 Any release of hazardous material into a sewer, water way, ground or
atmosphere shall be subjected to comply with all requirement of federal,
state, or local regulations.
 Routinely inspect and address potential sources of leaks and spills including
tanks, pipes, hoses and container storage areas. Spill control equipment &
containment structures should be inspected periodically.
 Code required signage must be provided on entrance to locations where
hazardous materials are stored.
 Good house keeping shall be maintained so as to avoid accumulations of the
combustible dust.
 Do not store, handle, or use of any liquid where the liquid may come in
contact with any electrical receptacle, switch and control.
 All furniture, casework, and equipment in laboratory units shall be arranged
so that means of access to an exit can be reached easily from any point.
(3) Safety Procedures

Building owners are responsible for providing the periodic inspection, testing, and
maintenance of the following systems, and the Certificate of Fitness should be aware
of these requirements:
 Utilities (Steam, gas, electrical)
 Air supply and exhaust systems
 Fire protection equipment
 Detectors and alarms
 Compressed gas regulators and pressure relief valves
 Waste disposal systems
 Fire doors
 Emergency lighting and exit signs
 Electrically operated equipment
If Certificate of Fitness is aware that any of the above system is not operational, they
shall immediately notify the building owner or other designated building employee to
fix the problem.
(4) Separation of incompatible materials

Incompatible materials, shall be separated while in storage except for stored materials
in individual containers each having a capacity of not more than 5 pounds or 0.5
gallon. Separation shall be accomplished by:
 Segregating incompatible materials in storage by a distance of not less than
20 feet.
Or
 Storing liquid and solid materials in hazardous material storage cabinets.
Materials that are incompatible shall not be stored in the same cabinet.
Or
 Storing compressed gases in gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures in
accordance with the Fire Code. Materials that are incompatible shall not be
stored within the same cabinet or exhausted enclosure.
Or
 Isolating incompatible materials in storage by a noncombustible partition
extending not less than 18 inches above and to the sides of the stored
material.
A and B are incompatible materials. They

are both stored in individual containers
each more than 0.5 gallons in size and are
separated by a noncombustible partition. At least 18 inches
Some examples of incompatible chemicals are shown in the table below. The chemicals
in the right column should not be allowed to come in contact the chemicals in the left
column. The MSDS’s should be consulted regarding specific incompatibilities. When
you dilute corrosives, especially for concentrated strong corrosives, always add the
corrosive material to water slowly while stirring; never the reverse. The exothermic
reaction from the dilution can cause the water to flash to steam resulting in possible
thermal and chemical burns due to splashing.
Table II-1. Examples of incompatible chemicals

SOURCE: Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.,1995.
Chemical Incompatibles
Chromic acid, ethylene glycol, hydroxyl-
Acetic acid containing compounds, nitric acid, perchloric
acid, permanganates, peroxides
Acetone Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid mixtures

Bromine, chlorine, copper, fluorine, mercury,
Acetylene
silver
Carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride or other

Alkali and alkaline earth metals
chlorinated hydrocarbons, halogens, powdered
(lithium, sodium, potassium)
metals (e.g. aluminum or magnesium),water
Bromine, calcium hypochlorite, chlorine,
Ammonia(anhydrous) iodine, hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous),mercury
(e.g. in manometers),
Table II-1. Examples of incompatible chemicals (continued)

Acids, chlorates, finely divided organic or
Ammonium nitrate combustible materials powdered metals,
flammable liquids, nitrates, sulfur
Aniline Hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid
Azides Acids
Bromine See Chlorine
Calcium oxide Water
Carbon (activated) All oxidizing agents, Calcium hypochlorite
Carbon tetrachloride Acids, ammonium salts, chlorates, finely
divided organic or combustible materials,
powdered metals, sodium, sulfur,
Chlorine Ammonia, acetylene, benzene, butadiene,
butane, hydrogen, finely divided metals,
methane, propane (or other petroleum gases),
sodium carbide, turpentine
Chromic acid and chromium Acetic acid, alcohol, camphor, flammable
liquids in general, glycerol naphthalene
Cyanides Acids
Flammable liquids Ammonium nitrate, chromatic acid, halogens,
hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, sodium
peroxide
Hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous) Ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous)
Hydrogen peroxide Acetone, alcohols, aniline, chromium,
combustible materials, copper, iron, most
metals or their salts, nitromethane, organic
materials,
Hypochlorites Acids, activated carbon
Mercury Acetylene, ammonia, fulminic acid
Nitrates Sulfuric acid
Nitric acid (concentrated) Acetic acid, aniline, any heavy metals, brass,
chromic acid, copper, flammable gases,
Table II-1. Examples of incompatible chemicals (continued)
flammable liquids, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen
sulfide
Nitrites Potassium or sodium cyanide.
Flammable liquids, solids, or gases; grease,
Oxygen
hydrogen, oils
Acetic anhydride, alcohol, bismuth and its
Perchloric acid
alloys, grease, oils, paper, wood
Acids (organic or mineral), avoid friction, store
Peroxides, Organic
cold
Phosphorus (white) Air, alkalis, oxygen, reducing agents
Phosphorus pentoxide Water
Potassium Carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, water
Benzaldehyde, ethylene glycol, glycerol,
Potassium permanganate
sulfuric acid
Sodium See Potassium
Sodium nitrite Ammonium nitrate and other ammonium salts
Acetic anhydride, benzaldehyde, carbon
disulfide, Ethyl or methyl alcohol, ethyl
Sodium peroxide
acetate, ethylene glycol, furfural, glacial acetic
acid, glycerin, methyl acetate
Sulfides Acids
Potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate,
Sulfuric acid potassium permanganate (similar compounds
of light metals, such as sodium, lithium)
Acetyl chloride, alkaline and alkaline earth
metals, their hydrides and oxides, barium
peroxide, carbides, chromic acid, phosphorous
Water
oxychloride, phosphorous pentachloride,
phosphorous pentoxide, sulfuric acid, sulfur
trioxide
Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
Safety Data Sheet (SDS) information should be readily available. The safety data sheet
(SDS) contains specific information about the health and physical hazards of the
material used, as well as safe work practices and required protective equipment. It
may also describe the material's physical characteristics and procedures that should
be followed in case of an emergency. For example, the SDS may list appropriate and
inappropriate extinguishing agents. The Certificate of Fitness holder must refer to the
SDS when questions arise about how to handle, use, or store hazardous chemicals or
materials. The SDS may also be requested by health care personnel to facilitate proper
medical care in the event of chemical exposure. (See Appendix B for a sample of a
“Safety Data Sheet”)
4. LABORATORY UNIT HAZARD CLASSIFICATION, DESIGN AND STORAGE
4.1. Flammable & Combustible Liquids Quantity Limitation for Different Laboratory
Units
The density and total quantity of hazardous materials allowed within a laboratory
unit, excluding storage rooms, must be in accordance with the following limitations.
(1) Pre-existing laboratories

For the pre-existing laboratories, flammable and combustible liquids in each
laboratory unit shall be maintained within the maximum allowable quantities specified
in the following tables.
Table II-2. Quantity Limitation for Pre-existing Laboratory
Lab Type Fire Fire Protection Flammable Combustible

Rating liquids liquids
(hr)
I 2 Sprinklered as per table
30 Gallons
2703.1.1(1)
II 1 Sprinklered as per table
25 Gallons
2703.1.1(1)
III 2 Nonsprinklered as per table
20 Gallons
2703.1.1(1)
IV 1 Nonsprinklered as per table
15 Gallons
2703.1.1(1)
Sprinklered or
Schools K-12 1 or 2 20 Gallons* 5 Gallons*
Nonsprinklered
a. See appendix C for specific information
(2) New fire code
In the new fire code, laboratories are classified either Class B or Class D. Moreover,
educational and instructional labs and labs in health care occupancies shall comply
with Class D requirement only. All laboratory units shall be separated from non-
laboratory areas at least by 1-hour fire rated construction. The density of flammable
and combustible liquids allowed within a laboratory unit may be increased to those set
forth in Table 10.1.1 of NFPA 45 for laboratory unit fire hazard Class B. Chemical
inventories in each laboratory unit shall be maintained within the maximum allowable
quantities specified in the following tables. Appendix D presents the maximum
quantities for different laboratory sizes. It is the Certificate of Fitness holder’s
responsibility to figure out what is the approximate maximum quantity that he/she
can store or use in the laboratory according the laboratory class and size.
Table II-3. Quantity Limitation in the New Fire Codea
Excluding Quantities in Including Quantities in

Storage Cabinets or Safety Storage Cabinets or Safety
Cans Cans
Laboratory unit Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
hazard classification Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity
Class I Class I, II, Class I Class I, II,
Liquids IIIA Liquids Liquids IIIA Liquids
Alone per per Lab Unit Alone per per Lab Unit
Lab Unit (gal) (gal) Lab Unit (gal) (gal)
Class B 1 gals/100 ft2 1 gals/100 ft2 10 gals/100 ft2 20 gals/100 ft2
75 (max)c 75 (max)c 25 (max)b 25 (max)b
Class D 1 gals/100 ft2 1 gals/100 ft2 2 gals/100 ft2 2 gals/100 ft2
75 (max)c 75 (max)c 150 (max)d 150 (max)d
a. Educational and instructional labs and labs in health care occupancies shall
comply with Class D requirement only
b. Increased to 30 gallons with 2-hr laboratory fire rating
c. Increased to 100 gallons in the labs other than educational and instructional labs
or labs in health care occupancies
d. Increased to 200 gallons with 2-hr laboratory fire rating in the labs other than
educational and instructional labs or labs in health care occupancies
e. Laboratory units used for the instruction of students through the 12th grade shall
be limited to 50 percent of the flammable and combustible liquids quantity.
4.2. Other Laboratory Hazardous Material Quantity Limitations
The following quantity limitations are independent of any hazardous materials that are
stored in an approved chemical storage room:
(1)Pre-existing laboratories
For the pre-existing laboratories, other laboratory hazardous material quantity in each
laboratory unit shall be maintained within the maximum allowable quantities specified
in the following tables:
Table II-4. Laboratory Hazardous Material Quantity Limitations for Pre-existing
Laboratories
Schools
Lab Type I II III IV
K-12a
Flammable Solids 15 Lbs 10 Lbs 6 Lbs 3 Lbs 50 Lbs
Oxidizing Material 50 Lbs 40 Lbs 30 Lbs 20 Lbs 100 Lbs
Unstable Reactive
12 Lbs 6 Lbs 3 Lbs 2 Lbs 30 Lbs
Material
Not Not Not Not
Corrosive Material 50 Gals
applicable applicable applicable applicable
Other Hazardous Not Not Not Not
80 Lbs
Material applicable applicable applicable applicable
a. See appendix C for specific information
Table II-5. Flammable Gases Quantity Limitations for Pre-existing Laboratories
Area of Laboratory Maximum

Up to 500 Sq. Ft. Per additional Capacity*
100 Sq. Ft.
9.24 Cu. Ft. 1.54 Cu. Ft. 15.4 Cu. Ft.
* Water container capacity
(2) New fire code

For those laboratory units following the new fire code, other laboratory hazardous
material quantity in each laboratory unit shall be maintained within the maximum
allowable quantities specified in the following tables:
Table II-6. Laboratory Hazardous Material Quantity Limitations in the New Fire Code
Maximum quantity Maximum quantity

in 1-hr fire rated lab in 2-hr fire rated lab
Water-Reactive Material 2.5 Lbs. 5 Lbs.
Pyrophoric Material 0.5 Lbs. 1 Lbs.
Highly Toxic Material 5 Lbs. 5 Lbs.
Toxic Material 250 Lbs. 250 Lbs.
Corrosive Material 250 Gallons 250 Gallons
Flammable Solids 10 Lbs. 15 Lbs.
Oxidizers/Org Peroxides 40 Lbs.a 50 Lbs.a
Unstable reactive material 6 Lbs. b 12 Lbs.b
a. maximum 2 lbs of Class 3 oxidizers & 1 lb of Class I organic peroxides
b. maximum 1 lb of Class 3 unstable reactive material
In addition, there are special quantity limitations for compressed gases. For those
laboratory units following the new fire code, the total number of lecture bottle-sized
containers of any type shall be limited to 25. However, for the educational or
instructional laboratories, the total number of lecture bottle-sized containers of any
type shall be limited to 10. For the containers other than the lecture bottles, the
material quantity limitations are listed as the following table:
Table II-7. Hazardous Gases Quantity Limitations in New Fire Code
(Non-Educational or Non-Instructional Labs)
Gas Type Area of Laboratory Maximum
Up to 500 Sq. Ft. Per additional Capacity
100 Sq. Ft.
Flammable gases 12 Cu. Ft. a,b 2.4 Cu. Ft. a,b Not applicable
Oxidizing gases 12 Cu. Ft. a,b 2.4 Cu. Ft. a,b Not applicable
Liquefied flammable gases 2.4 Cu. Ft. a,b 0.36 Cu. Ft. a,b Not applicable
Other hazard gases (e.g. 0.3 Cu. Ft.a 0.06 Cu. Ft.a Not applicable
unstable/reactive,
pyrophoric, etc.)
Health hazard 3 or 4 gases 0.3 Cu. Ft.a 0.06 Cu. Ft.a Not applicable
a. Water container capacity
b. The quantity limitations for flammable gases, oxidizing gases and liquefied
flammable gases were doubled from what appears in sections 11.6.5(1) thru (3) of
NFPA 45 as allowed by section A11.6.5 for sprinklered labs.
Table II-8. Hazardous Gases Quantity Limitations in New Fire Code

(Educational and Instructional Labs)
Gas Type Maximum Capacity
Flammable gases 6 Cu. Fta

Oxidizing gases 6 Cu. Fta
Liquefied flammable gases 1.2 Cu. Fta
Other hazard gases (e.g. 20 SCFb
unstable/reactive,
pyrophoric, etc.)
Health hazard 3 or 4 gases 20 SCFb

a. The quantity limitation is limited by NFPA which uses water container
capacity units
b. The quantity limitation is limited by Fire Code which uses SCF units (20 SCF
is approximately equal to 0.10 cu ft).
Typical internal volume of common gas containers are listed in Appendix A (page 54).
Appendix E presents the maximum quantities of gases for different laboratory sizes. It
is the Certificate of fitness holder’s responsibility to figure out what is the approximate
maximum quantity that he/she can store or use in the laboratory according the
laboratory class and size.
In the test, examinees do not have to memorize the maximum quantity tables (Table II-
2 to Table II-8 or tables in Appendix D and E), but they need to know how to USE the
tables in Appendix D and E to figure out the maximum quantity limitation of different
chemicals under different condition. Appendix F provides an inventory table. Using
this table, the Certificate of fitness (C-14) holder can monitor the hazardous materials
and maintain compliance with the code requirements.
A. Prohibitions
It shall be unlawful in any non-production laboratory or any accessory storage of

laboratory chemicals in a storage room to use an open flame for heating or distilling
any flammable solid, flammable liquid or flammable gas or to store, handle or use any
following hazard materials:
(1) Explosive;
(2) unclassified detonable organic peroxide;
(3) detonable pyrophoric material;
(4) detonable unstable (reactive) material;
(5) detonable water-reactive material;
(6) Class 4 unstable (reactive) material;
(7) Class 4 oxidizing material;
(8) below grade any flammable gas.
For the pre-existing laboratories in the schools K to 12th grade, there are other
prohibitions that must be complied with as follows
(1) It shall be unlawful to manufacture or store in a school any:

a) Acetylide of copper; or other metallic acetylide
b) Amide or amine explosive;
c) blasting powder
d) Chloride of nitrogen;
e) Colored fire in any form;
f) Cymogene or any volatile product of petroleum (except rhigoline) or coal tar
having a boiling point lower than sixty degrees Fahrenheit;
g) Flashlight powders;
h) Fulminate or any fulminating compound (e.g. fulminate of mercury);
i) Guncotton;
j) Gunpowder in any form;
k) Liquid acetylene;
l) Liquefied chlorine;
m) Nitro-glycerine, except in official U. S. pharmacopoeia solution, or in the
form of pills, tablets, or granules containing not more than one-fiftieth of a
grain each;
n) Picrates;
o) Potassium chlorate in admixture with organic substances or with
phosphorus or sulphur; provided that this restriction shall not apply to the
manufacture or storage of tablets of chlorate of potash intended for use
solely for medicinal purposes;
p) Smokeless powder.
(2) No more than five (5) gallons of volatile flammable oils derived from petroleum,
shale oil or coal tar should be stored at any one time.
(3) No more than twenty-five (25) pounds of potassium and/or sodium chlorate is
permitted to be stored.
B. Laboratory Safety Requirement
(1) Hazard identification signs.

Unless otherwise exempted by the commissioner, hazard identification signs for the
specific materials contained shall be conspicuously affixed on stationary containers
and at entrances to locations where hazardous materials are stored, handled, used, or
dispensing.
With the exception of educational facilities, pre-existing laboratories were required to

be provided with a sign on the outside of each laboratory door indicating, “Laboratory
– Potentially Hazardous Substances”. A new Fire Department rule requires that all
new laboratories be provided with a sign on the outside of each laboratory indicating,
“Laboratory – Caution: Hazardous Materials”. All laboratories, including educational
facilities, should be provided with the preferred new sign language, however the old
sign language shall also be acceptable. Pre-existing laboratories were also required to
provide signs on entrance doors whenever water reactive, radioactive and/or
flammable or poisonous gases (e.g. DOT placards) or bio-hazardous materials (e.g.
OSHA sign) were in use.
In addition to the above signage requirements, NFPA Standard 45 also requires that
all laboratories (both pre-existing and new) be provided with warning signs on
entrance doors for laboratories that store or use materials that constitute an unusual
or severe fire hazard, including unstable, toxic, radioactive, carcinogenic, pathogenic,
water reactive or cryogenic materials. “Lettered” or “pictured” signs shall be
acceptable to identify the laboratory as those that store and/or use materials that
present an unusual or severe fire hazard.
The “Laboratory – Potentially Hazardous Substances” sign or the “Laboratory –

Caution: Hazardous Materials” sign shall be constructed of metal or other durable
material, with RED letters on a white background which shall be located in the area of
the mid-point of the height of the door.
The sample pictures of different signs are presented below:
a.) Fire Department Rule Section 4827-01(g)(1) Sign

1/4” stroke
1½”
5/16”
7/16”
1/16”
b.) New FC 2706-01 lab rule sign
1/4” stroke
1½”
5/16”
7/16”
1/16”
c.) OSHA biohazard sign
d.) DOT
Table II-9. DOT placard.
Class Label Examples
Ammonium nitrate;
Hydrated picric acid which
Class 1 : Explosives becomes explosive upon
drying
Class 2 :Gases
Division 2.1 Flammable
Hydrogen; Methane
gases
Division 2.2 Non-

flammable, non-toxic Carbon Dioxide; Oxygen
compressed gases
Division 2.3 Gases toxic Diborane; Fluorine;

by inhalation Nitrogen dioxide
Methanol; Ethanol; Esters;

Class 3 : Flammable liquids
Ethers; Ketones
Class 4: Flammable solids

Naphthalene;
Finely divided metal
Division 4.1 Flammable (e.g., aluminum, cadmium,
solids chromium, titanium, zinc)
Division 4.2
Acetic acid; Cumene; Phenol;
Spontaneously
Propionic acid
combustible materials
Table II-9. DOT placard.
Class Label Examples
Acetyl chloride; Aluminum;
Calcium carbide;
Chloride (anhydrous);
Division 4.3 Dangerous
Chlorosulfonic acid;
when wet materials
Magnesium;
Phosphorus pentatchloride;
Sodium; Stannic chloride;
Thionyl chloride
Class 5 : Oxidizers and Organic peroxides
Ammonium nitrate; Bromine;
Calcium nitrate;
Chromic acid; Fluorine;
Nitric acid; Oxygen; Peroxide;
Division 5.1 Oxidizers
Perchloric acid;
Potassium chlorate;
Potassium nitrate;
Sodium dichromate;
Sodium nitrate; Sulfuric acid
Division 5.2 Organic Benzoyl peroxide;

peroxides Hydrogen peroxide;
Ethyl methyl ketone peroxide
Acrolein; Arsenic salts;

Class 6: Toxic materials and
Calcium cyanide; Nicotine;
Infectious substances
Hydrocyanic acid;
Organic mercury compounds
Any material having a

Class 7: Radioactive
specific activity greater than
materials
0.002 microcuries per gram
(µCi/g)
Acids
(Acetic acid; Citric acid;
Formic acid; Oxalic acid)
Class 8: Corrosive materials Bases
(Ammonium hydroxide;
Calcium hydroxide;
Potassium hydroxide;
Sodium hydroxide)
e.) No-smoking sign
In addition, “No Smoking” signs shall be required even in institutions that totally
prohibit smoking. The signs shall be provided in English as a primary language and
conspicuously posted in the following locations:
a.) In rooms or areas where hazardous materials are stored or used.
b.) Within 25 feet of outdoor hazardous material storage, handling and use areas,
including dispensing areas.
c.) Facilities or areas within facilities in which smoking has been entirely prohibited.
The Fire Department has published an approved “No Smoking” sign. It is set forth in
Fire Department rule (as the following figure). However, the Fire Department does not
mandate that this design be used. Other legible, durable signs, clearly communicating
the “no smoking” requirement, may be used, but are subject to Fire Department
enforcement action if found to be inadequate.
An example of acceptable sign on a laboratory door
1. All required signs are posted in

the entrance of the laboratory.
2. The “Laboratory – Potentially
Hazardous Substances” sign
posted in red letters
3. “No Smoking” sign is posted
4. “Radioactive”, “Biohazard” ,
“Flammable Material” placards
are posted
(2) Fume hoods and exhaust systems
Approved fume hoods and exhaust systems which are installed to limit work place
exposure to hazardous or noxious fumes, vapors or dusts. In general, fresh air is
drawn in from the open side of the fume hood, and expelled outside the building
(ducted type fume hood). Although commonly used outside N.Y.C., hoods made safe
through filtration and fed back into the room are not allowed to be used in the city.
Special-use chemical fume hoods and special-use local exhaust systems shall be
identified to indicate their intended use.
The hoods are designed for use when working with chemicals and must NOT be used
for the storage of chemicals. This prohibition does not apply to the storage of
chemicals used in a long term experiment or research, chemicals for which special
ventilation requirements are recommended based on the unusually hazardous nature
of the chemicals, and any other chemical storage approved by the Fire Department.
Users should be periodically reminded to open hood sashes slowly and to allow hood
sashes to be open only when needed. Chemical fume hoods shall be located in areas of
minimum air turbulence, so people walking past the hood or place irrelevant activities
should be minimized. The Certificate of Fitness holder must make sure that these
systems are maintained in good working order and make sure that the face velocity of
chemical fume hoods, exhaust systems, and laboratory special exhaust systems are
inspected and tested annually by qualified inspectors.
With the exception of educational facilities, fume hood installations in pre-existing

laboratories were required to provide a minimum average face velocity of 100 feet per
minute (fpm) with a minimum face velocity at any point no less than 75 fpm. While no
maximum face velocity or sash test height criteria was adopted, nationally recognized
standards did recognize fume hoods with maximum face velocity limits ranging from
120 to 150 fpm and sash heights in the 12 to 18 inch range as acceptable. For new
laboratories, NFPA 45 requires fume hoods to be evaluated using ASHRAE Standard
110, Method of Testing Performance of Laboratory Fume Hoods. ASHRAE Standard 15
indicates that face velocities of 80 to 120 fpm will generally provide the required
containment. NFPA Standard 45, however, does not mention a required sash height
that should be used when tested for face velocity.
In order to allow that pre-existing fume hoods be permitted to meet the lower
minimum average fume hood face velocities specified in NFPA Standard 45, and for
the sake of uniformity, fume hood installations in pre-existing laboratories would be
required to meet an average face velocity range of 80 to 150 fpm at a sash height range
of 12 to 18 inches. The new labs, however, are required to meet an upper limit of 120
fpm or pass an ASHRAE 110 test. Fume hoods operating outside of this range would
be required to be repaired, replaced, or otherwise altered to meet the required range,
unless acceptable to the Fire Department based upon an evaluation by a qualified
professional of the fume hood’s performance. Air system flow detectors, if installed,
must be inspected and tested annually. Where potentially corrosive or obstructive
conditions exist, the inspection and test frequency shall be increased.
The physical condition of the hood interior, sash, and ductwork need to be visually
inspected if they are clean, dry, tight, and friction-free.
A sign must be affixed to each hood containing the following information from the last
inspection, or a properly maintained log of all hoods providing the following
information shall be maintained:
(1) Inspection interval
(2) Last inspection date
(3) Average face velocity
(4) Location of fan that serves hood
(5) Inspector’s name
Keep the hood sash closed as
much as possible when the
fume hood is not in use.
An annual inspection record with

“Date”, “Face velocity” and
“Inspector’s name”.
All activities inside the hood must be suspended immediately following the discovery of
deficiencies that cause the hood to perform outside of limits established by regulatory
authority requirements and/or nationally recognized industry standards. Fume hoods
taken out of service should be marked as such (e.g. “DO NOT USE”).
Special requirements for chemical fume hood using perchloric acid:

The chemical fume hood specifically designed for percholoric acid operations must be
identified as “FOR PERCHLORIC ACID OPERATIONS”.
When perchloric acid is heated above ambient temperatures, it will give off vapors that
can condense and form explosive perchlorates. In order to decrease the potential
hazard, the heating process must be only used in a chemical fume hood specially
designed for percholoric acid operations or in a hood that the vapors can be trapped
and scrubbed before they are released into the hood.
The hood, exhaust ductwork, and fan shall be acid resistant, nonreactive, and
impervious to perchloric acid. A water spray system shall be provided for washing
down the hood interior behind the baffle and the entire exhaust system after each use,
the effective washing down method has been recommended in the CRC Handbook of
Laboratory Safety. Prior to using a perchloric acid hood, the hood must be water-
washed and must ensure there is no residual perchlorate.
(3) Heating equipment

All heating of flammable or combustible liquids must be conducted in a manner to
minimize fire risks.
Laboratory heating equipment such as ovens, furnaces, environmental chambers, and
other heated enclosures shall not be used to heat, store, or test flammable or
combustible liquids or aerosols containing flammable gases unless the equipment is
designed or modified to prevent internal explosion.
Baths handling flammable liquids or combustible liquids heated to their flash points
shall be placed in a chemical fume hood or shall be vented to a safe location to control
vapors.
Burners, induction heaters, ovens, furnaces, and other heat-producing equipment

shall be located a safe distance from areas where temperature-sensitive and
flammable materials and compressed gases are handled.
(4) Safety showers, neutralizing or absorbing agents and curtains

Where more than 5 gallons of corrosive liquids or flammable liquids are stored,
handled, or used, fixed overhead or flexible hand-held safety showers must be
available in the laboratory, or outside the laboratory within 25 feet of
laboratory/storage-room entrance door. Additionally, neutralizing or absorbing agents
shall be provided. Safety showers shall be tested annually and a record of such
maintenance must be maintained on the premise.
A record must be
maintained.
Keep the
safety shower
unblocked.
Curtain and drapes used in laboratories must be documented as “flame proof”
(chemically treated) or “inherently flame resistant”. Documentation must be provided
by a person holding a “flame proofing certificate of fitness”.
(5) Fire retardant clothing for using pyrophoric reagents
Fire-retardant lab coats must be worn by any person that uses pyrophoric reagents
outside the inert atmosphere of a glovebox.
Fire-retardant gloves shall be worn, whenever possible, by any person that uses
pyrophoric reagents outside the inert atmosphere of a glovebox.
Any person that uses pyrophoric reagents outside the inert atmosphere of a glovebox
must wear natural-fiber clothing under their fire-retardant lab coats and on their legs
and feet
(6) Ventilation and oxygen sensor
Occupied laboratories should operate at 8 room air changes per hour while ventilation
rates in unoccupied labs can be reduced to 4 room air changes per hour. Storage room
shall be equipped with a continuously operated ventilation system that provides at
least 6 room air changes per hour and vents to the outside air. The location and
configuration of fresh air intakes shall be chosen so as to avoid drawing in chemicals
or products of combustion coming either from the laboratory building itself or from
other structures and devices.
If laboratory exhaust ventilation is out of service or inoperable, all laboratory

operations involving the handling and use of hazardous materials shall be suspended until the
deficiency is corrected. All hazardous materials shall be secured safely or removed from the
laboratory until the deficiency is corrected.
When the total cryogenic gas capacity in one fire area exceeds the permit limit of 60
gallons, an oxygen sensor equipped with an audible alarm shall be provided in
cryogenic gas storage or used areas to continuously monitor the level of oxygen in the
area. The alarm shall actuate when oxygen concentration drops below 19.5%.
(7) Means of access to an Exit
It shall be unlawful to obstruct or impede access to any required means of egress. All
required means of egress, including each exit, exit access and exit discharge, shall be
continuously maintained free from obstructions and impediments to immediate use in
the event of fire or other emergency. Emergency lighting facilities shall be provided for
any laboratory work area requiring a second means of access to an exit.
(8) Storage room requirements
Each storage room must be constructed in a manner such that it has at least a 2-hour
fire rating. Storage rooms shall be equipped with a continuously operated ventilation
system that provides at least 6 room air changes per hour and vents to the outdoors.
A sprinkler system must be installed in each storage room. Electrical devices,
equipment and systems installed in storage rooms in non-production laboratories
shall comply with the Electrical Code requirements for Class I, Group D, Division 2
locations. Chemicals shall not be used and all incompatible materials must be
separated within the storage room.
For the storage rooms which follow the new fire code, the capacity of each storage
room shall not exceed a total volume of 300 gallons of chemicals or a liquid density of
5 gallons per square foot of floor area or 2,500 SCF flammable gas.
5. CHEMICAL STORAGE, HANDLING, USE, AND WASTE DISPOSAL
5.1. Chemical Storage and Handling
General Storage Requirement:
 Containers should be in good condition, stored in an upright position and

closed when not in use.
 Chemicals should be stored per manufacturer’s recommendations and in
such a way to minimize the potential for tipping, tearing, puncture, or
breakage.
Unstable Shelves and Heavy Chemicals:
The Cause of Explosion and Fire
A collapsed shelf in a solvent storage cabinet is

implicated in the fire incident. The fire destroyed a
university chemical laboratory completely including all
of the research, laboratory notes, and other work by
the supervisor and his students. The fire also damaged
the adjacent laboratory.
 Flammable/combustible material must be stored away from open flame or

other ignition sources.
 Don't stack equipment against containers.
 Segregate incompatible materials/wastes by hazard category to prevent
reactions (e.g. acids and bases). Organize chemicals first by COMPATIBILITY
— not alphabetic succession.
 Know the characteristic of the material begin stored and possible interaction
with other material stored.
 No flammable gas is allowed be stored below grade.
 Under the new fire code, no Class I liquids, or flammable solids can be
stored below the ground level. Additionally, Class II and Class IIIA liquids
are only allowed in below grade sprinklered areas and Class IIIB liquids are
allowed in below grade areas provided the areas are sprinklered.
 Safety cans should be considered for storage of flammable solvents instead
of glass containers.
 Avoid storing any chemicals on the floor, especially chemicals stored in glass
containers. If you must store containers of liquids on the floor, it is highly
recommended that they should be away from pedestrian traffic and they are
in secondary containments to control spills in case any container is
accidentally broken.
 Piles of chemicals should be stacked in a secure manner, properly labeled in
closed containers.
 Should not store chemicals above eye level.
Keep chemicals
under eye level
At least 18 inches
 Storage shall be maintained 2 feet or more below the ceiling in areas of
buildings not protected by a sprinkler system, or a minimum of 18 inches
below sprinkler head deflectors in areas protected by a sprinkler system.
 Raise drums off floor to

prevent corrosion from
concrete "sweating" or
storage in “wet” areas
(i.e. pools).

Raise drums off floor.
 Storage area should be checked periodically for container integrity, leaks,

older stock, faded/missing labels etc.
 Defective containers shall be promptly removed from service or disposed of

in approved manner.
Rusty surface!
A leaking container
Handling and storage of chemicals shall conform to the manufactures’

recommendations and Safety Data Sheet (SDS)). The transportation of hazardous
chemicals in laboratory buildings provides the greatest potential for chemical exposure
to the building occupants. Spills occurring outside storerooms and laboratories may
lead to hazardous concentrations of vapors and gases being distributed throughout
the building. As a result, chemical quantities outside of storage shall be maintained at
the lowest possible level necessary for the work performed and Class I liquids shall not
be transferred from one vessel to another in any exit access corridor, and the spill
scenario shall be limited to less than 5 gal for handling or storing all hazardous
chemicals.
If the materials need to be transported between different floors, use of elevator for
transport of hazardous materials should be accomplished by the minimum number of
persons. In addition, it is not encouraged to use stairway to transport any amount of
those materials.
Containers used to store chemicals and gases must be clearly labeled. These labels
must indicate the container's contents. The containers of materials that might become
hazardous during prolonged storage shall be dated when first opened. Containers of
materials that become hazardous during prolonged storage in unopened containers
shall also be dated when received into the laboratory chemical inventory. Such
materials shall be properly managed and disposed of according to the expiration date,
and recommendations on the label and safety data sheets. There are several chemicals
that can increase in hazard potential if subjected to long-term storage. For example,
ethyl ether when exposed to air can result in the formation of potentially explosive
peroxides (See Appendix A). Another example is picric acid, which becomes highly
shock-sensitive when its normal water content is allowed to evaporate. Reactive
monomers that have been inhibited to reduce the chance of unintentional
polymerization can become unstable when the inhibitor is consumed.
Proper management includes:

(1) Defining those materials present that are time-sensitive (materials that become
hazardous during prolonged storage);
(2) Defining each time-sensitive material’s inspection frequency;
(3) Defining proper or approved inspection methodologies to determine the relative
hazard of the time-sensitive material; and
(4) Defining pass/fail criteria for inspection results.
Material that is found to be safe or that can be treated to be made safe shall be
permitted to be redated and retained for an additional 6-month period. All other
material shall be safely discarded.
The Certificate of Fitness holder must periodically check the labels to make sure that
they are still legible. When the label on a container is not legible and its contents
cannot be identified, the Certificate of Fitness holder must treat its contents as
hazardous waste. The Certificate of Fitness holder must then make arrangements to
have the contents of the container disposed of in a safe manner according to the
federal, state, and local regulations.
All containers on
the working area
must be clearly
labeled.
The maximum allowable container capacity for flammable liquids and combustible
liquids are listed as the following table. It shall be unlawful to store flammable liquid
in containers with an individual capacity exceeding 5 gallons and combustible liquids
in containers with an individual capacity exceeding 60 gallons.
Table II-10. The maximum allowable container capacity

Flammable Liquidsb Combustible Liquidsb
Container Type IA IB IC II IIIA
Glassa 1 pt 1 qt 1 gal 1 gal 5 gal
Metal (other than DOT drums) or 1 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal
approved plastic
Safety cans 2.6 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal
gal
Metal container (DOT 1 gal 5 gal 5 gal 60 gal 60 gal
specification)
Polyethylene (DOT specification) 1 gal 5 gal 5 gal 60 gal 60 gal
a. Break-resistant plastic coated glass containers as large as 1 gal shall be permitted
to be used where the liquid would cause excessive corrosion or degradation of a
metal or an approved plastic container.
b. In educational and instructional laboratory work areas, containers for Class I or
Class II liquids shall not exceed the following capacity: Safety cans of 2.1 gallons
and other containers of 1 gallon.
5.2. Flammable and Combustible liquid storage cabinets
Flammable and combustible liquid storage cabinets must be provided with a

conspicuous label in red letters on contrasting background which reads:
FLAMMABLE—KEEP FIRE AWAY. The cabinet doors must be well fitted, self-closing
and equipped with a three-point latch. The bottom of the cabinet shall be liquid-tight
to a height of at least 2 inches. The combined total quantity of liquids in a cabinet
shall not exceed 120 gallons
Installing the cabinets can increase the maximum allowable flammable and
combustible liquid quantity stored in a non-production laboratory. However, it is
prohibited that more than THREE storage cabinets are located in a single fire area,
unless the additional cabinets (or groups of up to three cabinets) are separated from
other cabinets or groups of cabinets by at least 100 feet.
5.3. Storage of Class I and Class II Liquids in Refrigerators
The flammable liquids stored in refrigerated equipment shall be stored in closed

containers. Protection against the ignition of flammable vapors in refrigerated
equipment is available through two types of laboratory refrigerators:
(1) Explosion-proof model: It is designed to protect against ignition of flammable
vapors both inside and outside the refrigerated storage compartment.
(2) Flammable liquids storage refrigerator: The intent is to eliminate ignition of
vapors inside the storage compartment by sources also within the
compartment. And its design are intended to control or limit the damage should
an exothermic reaction occur within the storage compartment and also reduce
the potential for ignition of floor-level vapors.
Flammable Liquids and Domestic

A liter of Refrigerators: An Explosive
isopentane Combination.
A biomedical laboratory in one

research facility were given an
unexpected demonstration of what can
happen when flammable liquids are
stored in a domestic refrigerator.
Ordinary domestic refrigerators are allowed to be installed in chemical laboratories but

are not permitted to store flammable liquids. The following signs shall be posted on all
ordinary domestic refrigerators that are installed in chemical laboratories:
DO NOT STORE FLAMMABLE SOLVENTS

IN THIS REFRIGERATOR.
OR
STORE NO FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
Examples of signs for different refrigerators
Domestic Refrigerator Laboratory-safe Refrigerator
(Store No Flammables) (Flammable Materials Storage)
Well segregated chemicals in the refrigerator!
Do not store food with chemicals!
5.4. Liquid Dispensing
(1) Pressurized liquid dispensing containers

Pressurized liquid dispensing containers used for flammable and combustible liquids
shall be listed or labeled for their intended use by a nationally recognized testing
laboratory. Non-metallic containers larger than 1 gal must not be used. Containers
shall be pressurized only with nitrogen or inert gas; air shall not be used.
Prior to pressurizing the system, all fittings and connections shall be secure and leak
free.
(2) Dispensing Class I liquids

Dispensing of Class I liquids to or from containers shall be performed either in a
separate area outdoors or inside liquid storage areas specifically designed and
protected for dispensing Class I flammable liquids. However, if the amount is less than
or equal to 5 gal in capacity, it can also be performed in a chemical fume hood or in an
area provided with ventilation adequate to prevent accumulations of flammable
vapor/air mixtures from exceeding 25 percent of the lower flammable limit.
Class I liquids must not be transferred between conductive containers of greater than
1 gal capacity unless the containers are electrically interconnected by direct bonding
or by indirect bonding through a common grounding system. When dispensing Class I
liquids involves nonconductive containers larger than 1 gal, which can be difficult to
bond or ground, special dispensing procedures commensurate with the electrical
characteristics of the liquid must be developed and implemented.
(3) Dispensing tools

Avoiding splashing or turbulence is also important for reducing ignition opportunity
by using of a stirring rod or pouring liquids down the side of the container or using
squeeze bottles. Smaller size containers, low flow rates during pouring/filling and good
ventilation system could also reduce the risk.
Pyrophoric liquids dispensed in a chemical fume hood shall be from sure-seal-type

bottles with syringes or double-tipped needles in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendation and nationally established laboratory safety practices.
5.5. Waste, Handling and Disposal
Before a chemical material is used, the user shall determine that

information and facilities are available for safe disposal of
hazardous materials and waste products. Waste chemicals shall not
be combined or mixed with other waste chemicals unless they have
been evaluated for compatibility by a qualified person.
Chemical waste containers shall be labeled in accordance with the

regulations of the New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation.
Flammable and combustible liquid waste quantities shall be subject

to the maximum container sizes and type in accordance with the
maximum allowable container capacity table (Table II-10). Other
liquid waste must be subject to the maximum container sizes and types in accordance
with Class II combustible liquids set forth in the allowable container capacity table
(Table II-10). All waste quantities must be included in the maximum allowable
quantity for the laboratory unit.
All hazardous waste shall be stored, handled or disposed of according to federal, state
and local regulations.
6. FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Many storage areas and laboratories are required to have fire protection systems,
including sprinklers and fire alarm systems. While it is not the responsibility of C-14
Certificate of Fitness holders to supervise the maintenance of fire protection systems,
it is important to understand the importance of the systems for overall safety building
occupants. In this regard, if you become aware of the need to repair or otherwise
service of fire protection system, you should notify the building impairment
coordinator.
The owner/managing agent/tenant of the premises is required to designate an

impairment coordinator for the building/entity. It is important for the impairment
coordinator to take immediate steps to notify the FDNY. You should know who has
been designated at your location.
Any impairment to a life safety system poses safety risks to a building and its
occupants. The impairment coordinator shall be responsible to ensure posting of a fire
guard detail, notifications to onsite personnel, and posting out of service signage.
Some of these systems are briefly described below.
6.1. Fire Alarm Systems
Manual fire
alarm pull Smoke detector
station
Fire alarm systems are required in many premises as part of a fire protection system.
The new Fire Code has expanded the requirement for fire alarm systems which include
but are not limited to the following buildings: hospitals, universities or as specified in
New York City Building Code. The primary purpose of fire alarm systems within
protected premises is to warn building occupants and transmit signals indicating a
fire condition to the Fire Department via an approved central station company.
A fire alarm system is a system consisting of components and circuits arranged to

monitor and annunciate the status of fire alarm and supervisory signal-initiating
devices, and to initiate the appropriate response to these signals.
In general, a fire alarm system is classified as automatic, manually activated, or both.

If a fire condition occurs, the alarm system warns the occupants within the premises
by actuating loud sirens, gongs, bells, speakers, horns and flashing lights (strobes). A
Certificate of Fitness for S95 for Supervision of Fire Alarm System is responsible for
conducting inspections and ensuring maintenance.
6.2. Sprinkler System and Standpipe System
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection requirement specified by FDNY

regulations and laws. It consist s of a water supply system that provides adequate
pressure and flows at a rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire
sprinklers are connected. Its purpose is to control the fire or suppresses the fire.
Sprinklers are intended to control the heat release rate of the fire to prevent building
structure collapse, and pre-wet the surrounding materials to prevent fire spread. The
fire is only extinguished when the burning combustibles are exhausted or after
manual extinguishment is done by Firefighters. Water reactive substances may pose
special risks at locations.
A standpipe system is a fire protection system that is designed to provide rapid access
to water in the event that a fire breaks out. Standpipes are installed as stand alone
systems which act like building-specific fire hydrants. Standpipe systems can be
combined with sprinkler systems. They can provide automatic or manual sprinklers as
well as connection points for fire hoses.
These systems are most commonly installed in buildings which are tall, large, or
highly specialized or in other buildings. Dry standpipe systems consist of a series of
pipes which bring water to various points in a building when it is used by Fire fighters.
The pipes are dry and empty whenever there is not a need. Wet systems are “charged,”
meaning that they always are filled with water. Water reactive substances may pose
special risks at locations.
6.3. Portable Fire Extinguishers
Fire extinguishers must be provided in each laboratory and storage area. Generally,
dry-chemical extinguishers are installed in laboratories and storage areas. Fire
extinguishers must be conspicuously located where they are visible and readily
accessible. They must be installed so that the top of the extinguisher is not more than
5 ft above the floor and the clearance between the bottom of the extinguisher and the
floor is not less than 4 in. These extinguishers or extinguishers suitable for more than
one class of fire are most effective when they are discharged at the base of the fire.
However, the Fire Commissioner may require other types of extinguishers depending
on the nature of the chemicals used in the laboratory. Portable fire extinguishers are
important in preventing a small fire from growing into a catastrophic fire, however,
they are not intended to fight large or spreading fires.
(1) Portable fire extinguisher types
The Certificate of Fitness holder must be familiar with the different types of fire
extinguishers that are present. He/she must know how to operate the extinguishers in
a safe and efficient manner. He/she must know the difference between the various
types of extinguishers and when they should be used. A description of the five classes
of fires and the appropriate extinguishers are described below.
Class A fires occur when ordinary combustible materials are ignited. For example,
wood, cardboard, and most plastics fires are Class A fires. Water type extinguishers
should be used to extinguish these fires. The water type extinguishers cool the fire
while quenching the flame.
Class B fires occur when flammable liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, grease and oil
are ignited. These fires must extinguished by smothering the flame. The flame may be
smothered using CO2, dry chemical or foam extinguishers. Water type extinguishers
should not be used for class B fires. However, personnel should be aware that CO2
and dry chemical extinguishers are likely to be ineffective against oxidizer-based (e.g.
oxidizer or organic peroxide) fires. All laboratories are required to have the minimum
fire extinguisher rating of 20-B with maximum travel distance of 50 ft.
Class C fires occur when electrical equipment catches fire. These fires must be fought
with fire extinguishers that do not conduct electricity. Fire extinguishers for the
protection of delicate electronic chemical extinguishers must be used to extinguish
electrical fires. Foam and water type extinguishers must not be used to extinguish
electrical fires. After shutting off the electrical equipment, extinguishers for Class A or
B fires may be used. As a result, the fire extinguisher shall be sized and located on the
basis of the anticipated either Class A or Class B hazard.
Class D fires occur when they involve combustible metals, such as magnesium,
titanium, potassium, sodium, and lithium. For metallic or pyrophoric material fires, do
not use water, foam or carbon dioxide as an extinguishing agent. Dousing metallic
fires with inappropriate extinguisher may generate flammable gas, an extremely
dangerous explosion hazard, particularly if fire is in a confined environment. Use
extinguishers designed for class D fires only.
Class K fires are kitchen fires in cooking appliances that involve combustible cooking
media (vegetable or animal oils and fats). Fire extinguishers for the protection of Class
K hazards shall b selected from types that are specifically listed and labeled for use on
Class K fires.
The use of the markings to identify a fire extinguisher’s suitability is particularly
important: the marking are shown in the table below.
Markings to Indicate Extinguisher Suitability According to Class of Fire:
Letter-Shaped Recommended
Symbol Markings Marking System
Class A: Ordinary Combustibles
Class B: Flammable Liquids
Class C: Electrical Fires
Class D: Combustible Metals
Class K: Combustible Cooking
Symbols may also be painted on the extinguisher. The symbols with the shaded
background and the slash indicate that the extinguisher must not be used for that
type of fire. Examples of these symbols are shown on the following picture. The
Certificate of Fitness holder must understand these symbols.
Examples of fire extinguishers
Class BC fire extinguisher Class ABC fire extinguisher Class D fire extinguisher
Note: Do not use an ammonium based dry chemical fire extinguisher on chlorine-
based oxidizers. The reaction between the chlorine, the oxidizer and the ammonium
salts in the fire extinguishing agent may produce an explosive compound (NCL3).
Generally, operation instructions are clearly painted on the side of the fire
extinguisher. They clearly describe how to use the extinguisher in case of an
emergency. An example of these instructions is shown below.
Operation Instructions for a Fire Extinguisher
(2) Portable fire extinguisher tags
TIPS
 A real hologram strip is 3 inches long by ¼ inch wide.
 Counterfeit tags will NOT have a high quality silver hologram.
 The hologram on a counterfeit tag will NOT change color as it is moved against
the light.
If your PFE tags look different than the one pictured above, contact your supervisor.
If you suspect your PFE is a counterfeit, contact FDNY immediately by e-mail:
Tags.Decal@fdny.nyc.gov
(3) Portable fire extinguisher inspections
MONTHLY
Portable fire extinguishers must be kept in good working order at all times. The
extinguishers are required to be inspected monthly. The building owner is responsible
to designate a person to perform a monthly inspection, which may or may not be the
C-14 Certificate of Fitness holders. This monthly inspection is called a "quick check".
The QUICK CHECK should check if:

(1) the fire extinguisher is fully charged;
(2) it is in its designated place;
(3) it has not been actuated or tampered with;
(4) there is no obvious or physical damage or condition to prevent its operation.
The information of the monthly inspection record must include the date of the
inspection, the name/initials of the person who did the inspection. This monthly quick
check is documented on the back of the PFE tag or by an approved electronic method
that provides a permanent record.
ANNUALLY
At least annually all Portable Fire Extinguishers must be checked by a W-96
Certificate of Fitness holder from FDNY approved company. After each annual
inspection W-96 COF holder will replace the PFE tag. The information of the annual
inspection record must be indicated on the new PFE tag.
7. EMERGENCY PLANS
7.1. Emergency Plans
The owner of a new or pre-existing laboratory must cause plans for laboratory
emergencies to be prepared. The emergency plan must include the following
procedures in the event of a chemical emergency, fire, or explosion:
(1) Procedures for sounding the alarm;
(2) Procedures for notifying and coordinating with the Fire Department and other
emergency response agencies;
(3) Procedures for evacuating and accounting for personnel including primary and
secondary evacuation routes, as applicable;
(4) Procedures for establishing requirements for rescue and medical duties for
those requiring or performing these duties;
(5) Procedures and schedules for conducting regular emergency drills;
(6) Procedures for shutting down and isolating equipment under emergency
conditions to include the assignment of personnel responsible for maintaining
critical functions or for shut down of process operations;
(7) Appointment and training of personnel to carry out assigned duties, including
steps to be taken at the time of initial assignment, as responsibilities or
response actions change, and at the time anticipated duties change;
(8) Aisles designated as necessary for movement of personnel and emergency
response;
(9) Maintenance of fire protection equipment; and
(10) Safe procedures for startup to be taken following the abatement of an
emergency.
All laboratory users, including, but not limited to, instructors and students, must be
trained on the emergency plan prior to laboratory use and at least annually thereafter.
Records for such training must be maintained on the premises for a minimum of 3
years.
8. Emergency Procedures
(1) Fire notification
Anyone becoming aware of an unwanted fire is required to immediately notify
the emergency operator (911). The New York City Fire Department will respond. No
supervisor or other person shall issue any directive or take any action to prevent or
delay the reporting of a fire or other emergency to the department. You should also
notify the building’s designated fire safety person who is familiar with the building and
can meet the responding emergency units upon their arrival, and direct them quickly
to the fire area.
The Certificate of Fitness holder must know the locations of manual fire alarm system
pull stations and portable fire extinguishers and how to operate them. In addition to
calling 911, you should also activate the fire alarm system manual pull station, only in
the event of a fire emergency. Activation of the manual pull station will sound the
alarm in the building and typically will notify the fire department.
The Certificate of Fitness holder should know how to respond when an individual's
clothing has caught fire. The most important instruction for the case of clothing fires:
immediately drop to the floor and roll. If the person is panicking and running, other
people in the area should immediately knock that person to the floor and roll that
person around to smother the flames. Most non-production laboratories are also
required to have installed a safety shower. If the safety shower is near, the use of this
shower would also be an effective way to smother the flames. If after smothering the
fire, if the clothing that caught fire can be removed, remove it. If the clothes are burnt
onto your skin, do not remove the clothes but soak with water and keep cool. In all
cases, immediately seek medical attention.
(2) Spill notification

In case of a major spill, the Certificate of Fitness holder must notify the Fire
Department by calling 911 immediately.
8.1. Penalties for Non-compliance with Fire Code
All applicants and certificate holders are required to promptly notify the Department of
any change in the applicant's or certificate holder's residence address, any change in
work location when such location is required for and/or indicated on such certificate
or permit and such other information as the Department may require. Certificate of
Fitness holders and permit holders must ensure that all requirements of the Fire Code
and Fire Department Rules are met. Failure to comply with these provisions may
subject Certificate of Fitness holder and/or permit holders to enforcement action,
including violations, summonses and fines.
9. LABORATORY OPERATIONS
9.1. Preparation
Before an experiment, evaluations must be made for hazards that can be encountered
or generated during the experiment. You should identify the possible hazards
associated with the materials, the reactivity of the material used and end products
that can be formed. This information is typically found on the SDS. You should also
evaluate the hazards associated with the operation of the equipment and the proposed
reactions (e.g. oxidation and polymerization). Where reactions are being performed to
synthesize materials, the hazard characteristics of which have not yet been
determined by test, precautions must be employed to control the highest possible
hazard based on a known hazard of similar material.
If a new material might have an explosion potential, the experiment must be

conducted in an enclosure that will protect people and property from potential
damage. Shielding shall be used whenever there is a reasonable probability of
explosion or vigorous chemical reaction and associated hazards during charging,
sampling, venting, and discharge of products.
Any unattended/automatic laboratory operations involving hazardous chemicals must

be provided with regular surveillance for abnormal conditions.
9.2. Heating and Distillation Operations.
All heating of flammable or combustible liquids shall be conducted so as to minimize

fire hazards. Strong oxidizing materials, such as perchloric acid, shall not be heated
by gas flames or oil baths.
Distillation apparatus are used to heat and reflux solvents in order to obtain them in
high purity. Distillations must be conducted in equipment designed and fabricated for
this use and must be assembled with consideration being given to fire hazards from
vent gases and possible equipment breakage or failure. Glass equipment used for
distillations shall be inspected for cracks, scratches, and other defects prior to each
use. Faulty glass equipment shall be discarded or repaired.
Solvent stills are used to produce dry, oxygen free, high purity solvents. It is
recommended to avoid the presence of unstable components in the still pot (e.g.,
peroxides) and to avoid overheating still contents.
Filtrations, extractions, sublimations, adsorptions, evaporations, centrifuging

operations, and other separation techniques that involve flammable or combustible
materials shall be protected from ignition sources and shall be provided with
ventilation that prevents the accumulation of an ignitable concentration of vapors in
the work area.
9.3. Open Flame Operations.
 Portable open-flame devices fueled by flammable gases or combustible liquids

shall be enclosed or used in such a manner as to prevent the flame from
contacting or igniting combustible material or combustible waste. Combustible
materials shall be kept at least 2 feet away from the open flame.
 Hoses/tubing connecting a gas supply to a torch or Bunsen burner shall be in

good condition, compatible with the gas being used, and rated at least 150
percent of working pressure. Hose/tubing connections shall be gas-tight at the
gas supply and torch/burner. Prior to each use, all connections shall be verified
for tightness.
 Open flame equipment with a small gas container attached shall be handheld,
clamped, or weighted to prevent equipment from falling over. If this equipment
(e.g. butane burners) is used in educational and instructional lab units, it
should not be used by students for laboratory experiments. They may be used
by teachers or by individual students only under direct supervision of teachers.
Care should be taken to use the propane burners on non-flammable surfaces
only. It will also be necessary to store the cylinders containing butane in locked
metal cabinets.
 If open flame operations are performed outside a hood, operations shall not be
conducted under shelves, cabinets, or other overhanging equipment.
 Whenever possible, alternative methods to the use of open flames, such as

heating mantels, hot plates, glass bead sterilizers, or infrared loop sterilizers,
shall be used. The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) provides some
general guidelines for the use of four different burners in educational lab units:
gas burners, alcohol burners, propane burners, and hot plates.
a). Hot plates and gas burners

The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) advocates the use of hot plates
instead of gas burners. Remember that hot plates in use must not be left unattended
and hot plates remain hot after being turned off and should still be handled cautiously.
Instructional and educational laboratory instructors who choose to use Bunsen

burners should be aware of the following:
 Bunsen burners are very common. The simple type has only an air regulator.
The adjustable type also permits gas regulation.
 Tirrill and Meker burners permit adjustments to be made to both the air and
gas supply. The Meker type is useful when an extremely hot flame is required.
 To light a gas burner safely, strike a match and hold the flame near the barrel
of the burner. Then turn the gas on slowly. If the burner strikes back (burns at
the spud), shut off the gas immediately. Never touch the hot barrel of the
burner.
 Caution students who are about to heat material in test tubes not to look down
into the tube. Tell them to hold test tube at a 45 degree angle to flame, and
never to point the mouth of the tube toward themselves or others. The test tube
holder or tongs should hold test tubes near the lip of the tube. If material boils
over, this will prevent if from touching the hand holding it.
 Instruct students to slowly heat substances in test tubes, moving the tube
evenly over the flame. Otherwise, the vapor meeting a mass of matter above it
may cause the bottom of the tube to be blown out or the matter to be ejected
violently. The test tube holder should not be heated and should be held
carefully. Students should always be closely supervised when heating material
in test tubes. Use caution when heating any plastic item. It may be flammable
or give off toxic or harmful vapors. Make sure all test tubes are Pyrex or some
other heat resistant glass.
 Be familiar with the location of the emergency gas shut-off button. Gas service,
if needed, should be turned on with the key at the beginning of class. The
teacher should use the gas shut-off button to turn off gas service when exiting
the class/lab room. The gas switch should always be in the off position to
reduce the chance of vandalism.
c). alcohol burners
Many serious accidents have occurred due to alcohol

burners. Alcohol burners are not permitted.
9.4. Biological operations using open flames and flammable liquids
The volume of flammable liquid in use in an open container shall be limited to 0.1 pt
or less. The container of flammable liquid shall be glass or metal and shall have a tight
fitting, slip-on lid to seal the container when not in use or if the flammable liquid
catches on fire.
The container of flammable liquid shall be kept as far as possible from the open flame
but not less than 12 inch. Combustible materials shall be kept at least 2 feet away
from the open flame and the container of flammable liquid. Absorbent paper shall not
be used under the open flame operation.
Flammable liquids and other hazardous materials that are not used for open flame
operations shall be placed in storage.
9.5. Operations involving possible vigorous reactions.
 Quantities of reactants shall be limited and procedures shall be developed to

control or isolate vigorous or exothermic reactions.
 Glass apparatus containing gas or vapors under vacuum or above ambient

pressure shall be shielded, wrapped with tape, or otherwise protected from
shattering (such as engineering controls or by apparatus design) during use.
 Flammable gases or vapors evolved during drying operations shall be

condensed, trapped, or vented to avoid ignition.
10. Educational and Instructional Laboratory Operations
Educational laboratory units and instructional laboratory units must be under the
direct supervision of an instructor while the laboratory is in operation.
(1) Hazard Risk Assessment.

Prior to instructors performing demonstrations or students conducting
experiments using hazardous chemicals, a documented hazard risk assessment
shall be performed. A hazard risk assessment is a written document prepared by a
qualified person, and shall include all of the following:
o An evaluation of the hazards of the demonstration or experiment;
o Appropriate personal protective equipment required;
o Safe work procedures;
o Emergency procedures; and
o Waste disposal procedures.
(2) Instructor Responsibilities.

Whenever instructors are performing demonstrations or students are conducting
experiments using hazardous materials, the instructor shall be fully familiar with
the hazard risk assessment, provide a safety briefing to students, ensure that
adequate personal protective equipment has been provided and is being properly
used, and ensure that safety barriers are in place between students and the
demonstration or experiment to prevent personal injury.
Instructors in teaching laboratories shall be trained and knowledgeable in fire

safety procedures, emergency plans, the hazards present in the lab, the
appropriate use of personal protective equipment, and how to properly conduct a
hazard risk assessment.
(3) Chemical Storage and Handling.
Bulk quantities of chemicals shall be stored in a locked room outside of the

classroom in educational laboratories. Chemicals stored and in use in an
educational laboratory shall be limited to the amount needed for daily use in the
laboratory. The chemicals stored in an educational laboratory shall be kept in an
appropriate, locked cabinet, except for the amounts actually in use during an
individual class session.
Quantities of chemicals in an instructional lab shall be limited to the lowest possible
level necessary and in no case shall exceed the per-laboratory unit quantities
specified or the maximum allowable quantities specified in the Section 4 of this
booklet.
Dispensing of bulk quantities of chemicals for an experiment or demonstration shall

be performed in a prep room outside of the classroom. For existing educational and
instructional laboratories that do not have a separate preparation room, the
dispensing of bulk quantities of chemicals for experiments or demonstrations shall
be performed prior to the arrival of the students in the classroom.
The minimum amount of chemical(s) needed to perform the experiment or

demonstration shall be transferred to a small, appropriately labeled, sealable
bottle(s) or dropping bottle(s). Bottles of chemicals shall only be open in the
classroom while the experiment or demonstration is being performed.
(4) Performance of Experiments or Demonstrations.

The instructor shall conduct a safety briefing prior to the start of each experiment
conducted by students to review the hazards of the chemicals used, the personal
protective equipment required for the experiment, and a review of the emergency
procedures.
Experiments or demonstrations for students involving open flames; fire; or the use of
flammable, reactive, toxic or corrosive chemicals shall be performed in a location that
does not block access to the means of egress from the laboratory work area.
Experiments or demonstrations that involve or produce hazardous quantities of

fumes, vapors, particulates, or gases shall be performed in a chemical fume hood or
other ventilation device adequate to capture the materials.
Experiments or demonstrations involving chemicals that are performed outside a fume

hood must be performed
A. in a location that is at least 10 feet from student
or
B. behind an impact-resistant plastic or tempered-glass safety shield.
(1) The shield shall be at least 24 in. high and shall wrap 180 degrees around
the hazard or extend at least 12 in. beyond the hazard in both directions.
(2) The shield shall be secured to the work surface with bolts or clamps to
keep it in place.
Experiments or demonstrations using flammable liquids and open flames shall be

performed by a knowledgeable instructor.
Part III
In this part, compressed gases and corrosive materials are covered. The Certificate of
Fitness holder should know the proper storage, handling and use requirements
associated with these chemicals.
11. CORROSIVE MATERIALS
11.1. General Description
Corrosives act either directly, by chemically destroying the part or indirectly by

causing inflammation. Acids and bases are common corrosive materials. Information
on pH can often be found in the SDS. It is important to know the pH of substances
because they may be corrosive or react with incompatible materials. For example,
acids and bases should not be stored or used near each other as their accidental
combination could generate a huge amount of heat and energy, possibly resulting in
an explosion. Personal protective equipment (PPE) should be worn to prevent possible
harm. PPE includes gloves, respiratory protection, eye protection, and protective
clothing. The need for PPE is dependent upon the nature
and quantity of the materials in use and shall be based on
risk assessment.
It is also important to know the pH in case you get the

material on your skin or in your eyes. And in order to
prevent any corrosive materials enters eyes, always wear
eye protection when working with corrosives. Adequate
safety glasses must be worn at all times when handling
corrosive chemicals (ordinary glasses do not provide
adequate protection). Whenever a substance enters the eye, flush with water for 15
minutes and get prompt medical attention.
11.2. Storage and Use Requirements
Special care needs to be taken when storing acids. Minor spills and acid fumes can
quickly corrode standard metal storage cabinets or soapstone countertops, for
example. The best choice for storing acid containers is a chemically-resistant cabinet
designed for that purpose, with polyethylene construction being the best choice.
Polyethylene spill trays are also a very good idea, whether acids are stored on a bench
top or in a cabinet. Containers of sodium bicarbonate or other suitable neutralizing or
absorbing agents must be provided where more than 5 gallons are stored or used per
laboratory or storage room and accessible in these storage areas at all times.
Corrosives, if exposed to incompatible materials, can lead to dangerous reactions such
as explosions, release of toxic gas, or extreme fire conditions. Compressed gas
containers and systems should not be exposed to corrosive chemicals or fumes that
could damage containers, valves or valve-protective caps. Acids and bases should not
be stored or used near each other as their accidental combination could generate a
huge amount of heat and energy, possibly resulting in an explosion.
When corrosive liquids are stored in excess of 5 gallons, special emergency showers
must be installed in the laboratory/storage-room, or outside the laboratory within 25
feet of laboratory/storage-room entrance door. Store containers at a convenient height
for handling, below eye level if possible. High shelving increases the risk of dropping
containers and the severity of damage if a fall occurs. The showers are designed to
quickly drench the individual in case of emergency. The Certificate of Fitness holder
must make sure the showers remain accessible and unobstructed at all times.
Handling and use of corrosive materials shall be located in accordance with the
distances and exposures noted for storage.
12. COMPRESSED AND LIQUEFIED GASES
ADDITIONAL PERMITS AND CERTIFICATES OF FITNESS
Quantities requiring a permit AND Supervision by a G-97 certificate of fitness holder:

When there are more than 60 gallons cryogenic containers in a storage area outside of
the laboratory, permits and a G-97 Certificate of Fitness (Supervision of Commercial
Cryogenic Systems and for Storage and Handling of Cryogenic Liquids) holder must be
present.
12.1. General Requirement
Compressed gas containers are often used in the laboratory. All compressed gases are
potential hazards because of the pressure within the container, their flammability,
and/or their toxicity. The chemical is in gaseous form and pressurized, it can quickly
contaminate a large area in the event of a leak.
Compressed gas containers not in use must be stored in an approved storage area.
(1) Labeling all compressed gas container clearly
The contents of any compressed gas container must be clearly identified. Gas
identification should be stenciled or stamped on the container or a label which shall
be marked to show the authorizing code and its working pressure at 70°F. Do not rely
solely on the color of the container to identify the contents. Reject any container that
is unmarked or has conflicting marking or labels.
(2) Refilling container

The practice of transferring compressed gases from one commercial container to
another is not permitted.
12.2. Storing Containers
(1) Upright position

All containers must be secured from tipping over and shall be stored in an upright
position and be equipped with a pressure regulator designed for the specific gas and
marked for its maximum container pressure. You can use appropriate material, such
as chain, plastic coated wire cable, commercial straps, etc., to secure containers. The
only exception for storing the compressed gas containers in a horizontal position is
those containers with an internal volume is less than 0.174 Cu. Ft. (e.g. lecture
bottles).
Containers should be
secured!
Containers are
secured by straps.
(2) Well-ventilated areas

Containers of all gases that have health hazard ratings of 3 or 4; or have a health
hazard rating of 2 without physiological warning properties; or are pyrophoric gases
shall be kept in a continuously mechanically ventilated hood or enclosure. The
containers that are greater than lecture bottle size shall be kept in continuously
mechanically ventilated gas cabinets.
Cylinders of pyrophoric gases that are greater than lecture bottle size that are located
in laboratory units shall be kept in approved continuously mechanically ventilated,
sprinklered gas cabinets.
(3) Separation from hazardous conditions

All compressed gas containers and systems in storage or use shall be away from
materials and conditions that present potential hazards to them or to which they
present potential hazards. Those containers shall be segregated in hazard classes
while in storage, especially be separated from incompatible materials. It is
recommended to group containers according to the type of gas (e.g. flammable,
oxidizer, toxic or corrosive) or whether containers are full or empty, if they are stored
at the same location. Combustible waste shall be kept a minimum of 10 feet from
compressed gas containers and systems. Generally, corridors are not designed for
storage of compressed gases. However, there are circumstances when the Department
may allow this. Any corridor storage of compressed gases should be approved by the
Department prior to commencing such storage. Oxidizing gases shall not be
stored/used or come in contact with oil, grease, or other petroleum base.
Generally, the compressed gas containers shall be kept away from

 Sources of ignition
 Temperature extremes (Above 125 degrees F or less than mean low atmospheric
temperatures)
 Corrosive chemicals or fumes
 Falling objects
 Ledges, unprotected platforms, and elevators or other areas where the container
could drop a distance exceeding one-half the height of the container
12.3. Containers in Use

(1) Train Users
Before attempting to connect a container to a system, be certain that the personnel
handling the containers are trained and knowledgeable regarding the product,
container, fittings, equipment, and proper connection procedures.
(2) Regulator use

Containers, when in use, must be connected to gas delivery systems and a regulator
instrument. The regulator system shall be equipped with two gauges installed so as to
show both the pressure in the container and the pressure in the system.
Container
Pressure
Delivery Gauge
Pressure
Container Valve
Gauge
Container
Connection
Pressure
Valve
Adjusting
Protection Cap
Screw
(3) Valves
Valves utilized on compressed gas systems shall be suitable for the use intended and
shall be accessible. Valve handles or operators for required shutoff valves shall not be
removed or otherwise altered to prevent access or hinder operation. Always open the
valves slowly and only with the proper regulator in place. Valve protection caps should
remain in place until ready to withdraw gas, or connect to a manifold. Before removing
the regulator from the container, close the container valve first and release all
pressure from the regulator.
(4) Eye protection
Always wear eye protection when working on or near
compressed gas systems. Never let anyone without eye
protection into any area where compressed gas are
used or stored.
(5) Containers not in use

In order to decrease the potential hazards for the laboratory personnel, all not “in use”
containers, except nominal 1lb propane containers made for consumer use, shall be
removed from the laboratory unit to a storage facility (“ in use” can include connected
to a regulator; connected to a manifold; or an unconnected reserve stored alongside a
connected container). Always shut off and have a container cap on any container that
is not in use or is being stored.
12.4. Typical Internal Volume of Cylinders
The following table provides information on the typical internal volume of cylinders:
Model Nominal Dimension Internal Volume

(Diameter x Length*, inch) (Water volume, Cu. Ft.)
TYPE STANDARD CYLINDER SIZES AND CAPACITIES (NFPA 45)
Lecture Bottle 2 x 15 0.016
D 4.5 x 18 0.08
E 4.5 x 31 0.164
M 7 x 43 0.77
G 9 x 55 1.54
H 9 x 60 1.75
LPG WEIGHT COMMON LPG CONTAINER SIZES AND CAPACITIES
16.4 oz. 4¼ x 6¼ 0.051
5 lbs. 9 ⅜ x 12½ 0.192
20 lbs. 12 ⅛ x 20⅛ 0.769
TYPE COMMON ACETYLENE CONTAINER SIZES AND CAPACITIES
B (40 SCF) 6 x 25 0.278
WC (110 SCF) 8½ x 33½ 0.885
WK (330 SCF) 13 x 42 2.414
* Includes valve and cap
12.5. Compressed Gas Container Disposal or Return
It is dangerous to empty a compressed gas container completely, a container is

considered empty when the container pressure is at atmospheric pressure or 15 psia
(pounds per square inch absolute) remaining. The empty containers shall be labeled
with the word “empty” or the abbreviation “MT and the date”. Always handle empty
containers as carefully as full ones; residual pressure can be dangerous.
Examples of the gas container tag
Container before use Container in service Empty container
12.6. Piping system
Permanent piping must be identified at the supply point and at each discharge point
with the name of the material being transported.
Piping systems, including regulators, must not be used for gases other than those for
which they are designed and identified unless a thorough review of the design
specifications, materials of construction, and service compatibility is made and other
appropriate modifications have been made.
12.7. Cryogenic Liquid
(1) Safety Practices

Always handle cryogenic/refrigerated liquids carefully. At their extremely low
temperatures, they can produce frostbite on the skin and exposed eye tissue. When
spilled, they tend to cover a surface completely, cooling a large area. Delicate tissues,
such as those of the eyes, can be damaged by exposure to these cold vapors, even
when the contact has been so brief to affect the skin of the hands or face. Boiling and
splashing always occurs when charging a warm container, or when inserting warm
objects into a liquid. Always perform the operations slowly to minimize boiling and
splashing. Never allow any unprotected part of the body to touch uninsulated pipes or
vessels which contain cryogenic/refrigerated fluids. Even nonmetallic materials are
dangerous to touch at low temperatures. Use tongs to withdraw objects dipped in a
cryogenic/refrigerated liquid. Objects that are soft and pliable at room temperature,
such as rubber or plastics, are easily broken because they become hard and brittle at
extremely low temperatures. Carbon steels also become brittle at low temperatures
and will easily break.
If severe spraying or splashing may occur, a face shield or chemical goggles should be
worn for additional protection. Insulated gloves should always be worn when handling
anything that comes in contact with cold liquids and vapors. Gloves should be loose
fitting so that they can be removed quickly if liquids are spilled into them. Trousers
should be left outside of boots or work shoes.
In the event of unlikely contact with a cryogenic/refrigerated liquid, a cold-contact

burn may occur, which means that the skin tissue freezes. If this should occur,
remove any clothing that may restrict the blood circulating to the frozen area. Do not
rub frozen parts because the tissue may become damaged. Immerse the affected parts
in warm water (105°F to 115°F). Never use dry heat. If possible, put the victim in a
warm room. Obtain medical assistance as soon as possible.
Persons who work with cryogenic/refrigerated liquids, including handling, storage,

and transfer operations should be trained in the:
1. nature and properties of cryogenics in both liquid and gaseous phases;
2. specific instructions on the equipment to be used;
3. approved materials that are compatible with the cryogens;
4. use and care of protective equipment and clothing;
5. safety, first aid, and self aid when first aid and/or medical treatment is not
available;
6. handling emergency situations such as fire, leaks, and spills;
7. good housekeeping practices are essential for the safety of personnel.
(2) Ventilation
All gases should be used and stored in well-ventilated areas. All of the gases except
oxygen can cause a person to suffocate by replacing breathable air in an enclosed
workplace. However, workers will not be aware of the presence of such gases without a
tool to help them detect the gases. Therefore, an oxygen sensor equipped with an
audible alarm must be installed to monitor the level of oxygen in the area when the
total cryogenic gas capacity exceeds 60 gallons. In addition, all entrances to such
areas should have prominent durable signs indicating danger due to extreme cold and
possibility of rapid suffocation.
Part IV
Summary Checklist of the most common requirements
Date: ___________________
C of F Holder’s Name:
Business name: ___________________ _________________________
Address: _________________________ Supervising
City & State: _____________________ Chemical Laboratories Signature: __________________
C of F # : ____________________
Phone #: _________________________
Exp Date:
SECTION A.
General Requirement Responses Recommended Action
1. Is there a valid fire permit for the laboratory? Yes No If No, discontinue use and
remove from site and
obtain a permit.
2. Is there a person in your laboratory unit Yes No If No, correct and comply.
responsible for supervising laboratory who
holds a C- 14 C of F as required by code?
SECTION B.
Laboratory Safety Responses Recommended Action
1. Have you checked if all portable fire Yes No If No: correct and comply
extinguishers are available, unobstructed and
clearly marked?
2. Have you checked whether the owner has Yes No If No: correct and comply
designated an Impairment Coordinator?
3. Have you checked if all exit ways are free and Yes No If No: correct and comply
unobstructed?
4. Have you checked if the emergency phone Yes No If No: correct and comply
numbers and the evacuation plan are updated
and clearly posted in appropriate locations?
5. Have you checked if the SDS are maintained Yes No If No: correct and comply
correctly and are readily available to lab staff
and emergency personnel?
6. Have you checked if the electrical cords are in Yes No If No: correct and comply
good condition?
7. Have you checked if the inspection record is Yes No If No: correct and comply
affixed to each hood, and each fume hood is
maintained in good working order?
8. Have you checked if the inspection record is Yes No If No: correct and comply
affixed to each safety shower and each shower
is unobstructed and can work properly?
9. Have you checked if neutralizing or absorbing Yes No If No: correct and comply
agents are provided at all areas used for the
storage of acids?
10. Have you checked if your work areas neat; Yes No If No: correct and comply
Food/drink absent?
SECTION C.
Signs and Warning Placards Responses Recommended Action
1. Have you checked if the appropriate warning Yes No If No: correct and comply
signs are properly posted on exterior entrances
to laboratory areas?
2. Have you checked if the no smoking sign is Yes No If No: correct and comply
posted on exterior entrances to storage and
laboratory areas and within such areas?
3. Have you checked if non-explosion proof Yes No If No: correct and comply
refrigerators and cold room are clearly labeled?
SECTION D.
Chemical Storage and Handling Responses Recommended Action
1. Is there any prohibited hazardous material Yes No If Yes: correct and comply
stored/used in the laboratory?
2. Have you checked if the maximum storage limit Yes No If No: correct and comply
is complied?
3. Have you checked if all chemical containers are Yes No If No: correct and comply
properly labeled?
4. Have you checked if all containers are in good Yes No If No: correct and comply
conditions?
5. Have you checked if all chemicals are properly Yes No If No: correct and comply
safety segregated?
6. Have you checked if all gas containers are Yes No If No: correct and comply
properly secured and clearly labeled?
7. Have you checked if peroxide forming Yes No If No: correct and comply
chemicals not expired or tested after expiration
date?
8. Have you checked if the water-reactive Yes No If No: correct and comply
chemicals are stored in suitable receptacles,
properly identified and away from any possible
fuel sources and water?
Additional Comments:
Section/Item # Description of Deficiencies
Appendix A
In this appendix, the supplementary information of common hazardous materials in
non-production chemical laboratory is covered.
1. FLAMMABLE SOLID
Many flammable solids may react violently or explosively on contact with water
including water applied for extinguishment purposes (i.e., water fire extinguishers).
They may also be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flame. Some of these materials
will burn with intense heat. Dusts or fumes may form explosive mixtures in air.
Containers may explode when heated. Materials may re-ignite after fire is
extinguished.
Fires may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Some of these materials
may also be pyrophoric – spontaneously reacting with oxygen in air to ignite. Many
flammable solids are metals. Oxides from metallic fires are a severe health hazard,
inhalation or contact with substance or decomposition products may cause severe
injury or death. Cutting some flammable solids can initiate a fire. For example, using
a torch to cut titanium tubing will generate sufficient heat to ignite the material. Dry
sand can usually be used to smother a fire involving flammable solids. Keep a
container of sand near the work area.
2. HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC MATERIALS
Toxic chemicals are chemicals that can produce injury or death when inhaled,
ingested, or absorbed through the skin. While damage may be acute or chronic the
Fire Code is only concerned with acute lethality. The extent of lethality depends on the
dose and duration of exposure. Exposure may enter the body through three routes:
inhalation, ingestion, or contact with the skin and eyes.
For the purposes of the Fire Code, Toxic & Highly Toxic Material are defined in terms
of LD50 values as follows.
Summary Definitions Toxic & Highly Toxic
Toxic Highly Toxic

Oral LD50 (albino rats) 50-500 mg/kg <50 mg/kg
Skin Contact LD50 (albino rabbits) 200-1000 mg/kg <200 mg/kg
Inhalation LC50 (albino rats) gas 200-2000 ppmv/air <200 ppmv/air
Inhalation LC50 (albino rats)
2-20 mg/L <2 mg/L
mists/dust
For the purposes of Fire Code compliance, it is important to have supporting

documentation regarding the toxicity of the specific materials being stored, handled or
used. Generally this would be SDS’s. Care should be exercised when changing
material vendors as the SDS information may be different. It is the facility storing,
handling or using these chemicals to know their toxicity and be able to demonstrate to
an inspector that the appropriate classification and handling procedures are being
used.
The level of toxicity of Highly Toxic and Toxic Materials may be reduced by diluting
such materials with other materials, such as water, to a degree that the resulting
mixture may no longer be Highly Toxic or Toxic. For the purposes of Fire Code
compliance, a mixture containing any amount of Highly Toxic and/or Toxic material is
presumed to be a highly toxic or toxic material, as applicable, unless it is otherwise
certified and labeled by the manufacturer.
Highly Toxic and Toxic Materials that are compressed gases can be referred to the
section of this study guide, Part III-1 [COMPRESSED AND LIQUEFIED GASES], which
follows requirements of the NFPA 45 and the New Fire Code Chapter 30 [Compressed
Gases]. Additionally Highly Toxic and Toxic Materials that meet the definition of other
hazard classes shall comply with those requirements also including New Fire Code
Chapters 35 (Flammable Gases), 37 (Highly Toxic and Toxic Materials), 40 (Oxidizers)
and 41 (Pyrophoric), as applicable.
2.2. Storage and Use Requirements (liquids/solids)
The indoor and outdoor storage, handling or use of Highly Toxic and Toxic solids or
liquids in amounts that do not exceed the maximum allowable quantity per control
area shall be in accordance with the general provisions for hazardous materials and
with the general previsions for Highly Toxic & Toxic Materials.
3. UNSTABLE REACTIVES (INSTABILITY HAZARD)

In storing unstable reactive materials, care must be taken to ensure
that the materials do not encounter any incompatible materials or
conditions that could cause a reaction. Storage of temperature-sensitive materials
requires the use of temperature controls. Whenever the chemical manufacturer or SDS
specifies a maximum/minimum storage temperature, the storage area must also have
an emergency alarm that notifies personnel whenever the temperature falls below or
exceeds the set point. These personnel must ensure notification to the fire department.
There are different storage considerations for “deflagrating” unstable reactives, as

opposed to those for “non-deflagrating” unstable reactives. To determine whether or
not a material is considered deflagrating, one must consult an SDS or the chemical
manufacturer.
Additionally, one must determine the class of unstable reactive by consulting an SDS
or by contacting the chemical manufacturer. The classes of unstable reactives are
ordered in incrementally increasing hazard. A Class 4 unstable reactive, therefore,
must be handled more carefully than a Class 1 unstable reactive.
The storage and use of these materials near incompatibles such as heat sources must
be avoided. Material must be kept away from any possible fuel sources. Proper
personal protective equipment must be worn at all times while handling these
materials.
Many unstable materials possess other hazards such as flammability, corrosivity, and
toxicity. Be sure to reference SDS’s or manufacturer’s information for all materials
prior to working with material. All hazards should be investigated prior to use and
handling and steps taken to reduce the potential for problems, in accordance with the
Fire Code. In the event of an uncontrolled spill or release of material, the area should
be evacuated and notification made to 911 as soon as possible.
4. OXIDIZERS AND ORGANIC PEROXIDES

(1) Oxidizers
Oxidizers are chemicals that release large amounts of oxygen. Because this class of
compounds can act as an oxygen source, they can be unpredictable and dangerous
during fire situation. Inorganic oxidizers can increase the danger of fire around
flammable or combustible materials, while organic oxidizers are flammable in
themselves. Oxidizers and organic peroxides are both considered “oxidizing materials”
in that they provide oxygen to chemical and physical reactions. Some organic oxidizers
can even explode when they are exposed to heat, shock or friction. Most oxidizer are
corrosive and can irritate skin or lungs. In general, oxidizers shall be kept away with
organic or combustible materials.
(2) Organic peroxides

Organic peroxide is a compound having a double oxygen or peroxy (-O-O-) in its
chemical structure. The oxygen-oxygen linkage (-O-O-), a thermally sensitive and
energetic bond, makes organic peroxides become relative unstable compounds which
can decompose spontaneously and sometimes explosively. For example, if one liter of
liquid with 100 ppm peroxides is distilled down to dryness and the residue explodes,
the energy is roughly equivalent to good firecracker or a .22 caliber bullet charge (i.e.,
one kilo-Joule). This is the same energy as a 280 pound weight falling from a 30-inch
height onto the floor or a change of two degrees Fahrenheit in a cup of water.
Moreover, the decomposition of organic peroxide generally produces heat and by-
products (e.g. free radicals, gases, mists) which can becomes uncontrolled and violent.
Improper storage or handling could lead to an uncontrolled decomposition. All
materials in the vicinity of organic peroxides should be investigated for compatibility,
and segregated if necessary.
Solid oxidizers and organic peroxides are less likely to pose problems than liquids and
gases due to their physical characteristics. However, special attention must be paid to
the class of oxidizer and organic peroxides that may be found on the label
accompanying the material, it’s SDS (Safety Data Sheet), or through a phone call 1-
800-CHEMTREC or to the manufacturer. For instance, greater care must be used in
the storage of Class 4 oxidizers than with Class 1 oxidizers. Similarly, greater care
must be used in the storage of Class I organic peroxides than with Class IV organic
peroxides.
Solid oxidizers are less likely to pose problems than liquids and gases due to their
physical characteristics. However, great care must be used in the handling and use of
all oxidizing materials. In some respects, the hazard during handling may be
significantly increased due to the potential absence of a suitable container. The use of
these materials near potential fuels must be avoided. Fuels include paper, wood, and
flammable liquids. Also of concern is the use of oxidizing materials near some acids,
as a dangerous reaction may occur when these materials are mixed. All materials in
the vicinity of oxidizers and organic peroxides should be investigated for compatibility,
and segregated if necessary.
All potential sources of ignition must be removed from the vicinity of oxidizers in use.
“No smoking” signs must be posted prominently and no open flames – such as those
associated with boilers or water heaters – are permissible where oxidizers and organic
peroxides are used or stored.
(1)Oxidizers
It is important to understand that the conditions of acceptable storage for oxidizing
materials are based upon their ability to cause combustible and flammable materials
to ignite and burn, or explode. The fundamental and general rule is to keep fuels
(including wood, paper, cardboard, flammable liquids and gases, metals, etc…) and
sources of ignition away from the stored oxidizing materials.
Many oxidizing materials possess other hazards such as flammability, corrosivity and
toxicity. Chlorine, for instance, is an oxidizer that is also both corrosive and toxic.
Strong oxidizing materials, such as perchloric acid, shall not be heated by gas flames
or oil baths. Adequate safety glasses must be worn at all times when handling
oxidizing chemicals (ordinary glasses do not provide adequate protection). All hazards
should be investigated prior to use and handling and steps taken to reduce the
potential for problems, in accordance with the Fire Code.
In the event of an uncontrolled spill or release of a liquid, solid or gaseous oxidizing

material, the area should be evacuated and notification to 911 made as soon as
possible.
(2)Organic Peroxides
In general, great care of temperature and contamination must be used in handling or
storing organic peroxides. The most important one is the control of the temperature.
Whether handling or storing organic peroxides, if the temperature is maintained below
its Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature, most uncontrollable reaction are
avoided. In addition, where the required storage temperature range, as specified by the
manufacturer, extends beyond normal ambient temperatures, high or low temperature
limit switches, as applicable, shall be provided in addition to normal temperature
controls. These limit switches shall actuate an alarm in a supervised area to ensure
reporting to the fire department. In addition, contamination can lead to rapid
decomposition too. Organic peroxides shall be stored in their original DOT shipping
containers. Organic peroxides shall be stored in a manner to prevent contamination.
For any containers holding a peroxide-forming compound, label it with the words
“Date received”, “Date opened” and “Expiration date”. Laboratory chemicals known to
form peroxides have been categorized into three groups (Group A, Group B, Group C)
based on their susceptibility to peroxide formation. The chemicals in Group A can
form explosive peroxide levels even in an unopened container, and severe peroxide
hazard after prolonged storage, especially after exposure to air. All have been
responsible for fatalities. The chemicals in Group B have peroxide hazards on
concentration. The chemicals in Group C, which are hazardous due to, peroxide
initiation of autopolymerization. The peroxide-forming potential increases for liquids of
Group C, especially for butadiene, chloroprene and tetrafluoroethylene, such that
these materials should be considered as a peroxide hazard. The sample chemicals in
each group are listed in the following table.
Table. Peroxide-Forming Chemicals
SOURCE: Clark, D.E., Peroxides and Peroxide - Forming Compounds, Chemical Health and
Safety, 2001, 8 (5), 12-21
Group A
Butadienea Isopropyl ether Sodium amide
Chloroprene a Potassium amide Tetrafluoroethylene a
Divinyl acetylene Potassium metal Vinylidene chloride
Group B
Acetal Diacetylene (butadiyne) Methyl-isobutyl ketone
Acetaldehyde Dicyclopentadiene 4-Methyl-2-pentanol
Diethylene glycol
Benzyl alcohol dimethyl ether (diglyme) 4-Penten-1-ol
2-Butanol Dioxanes Diethyl ether 1-Phenylethanol
Ethylene glycol ether
Chlorofluoroethylene acetates (cellosolves) 2-Phenylethanol
Cumene (isopropylbenzene) Furan Tetrahydrofuran
Cyclohexene 4-Heptanol Tetrahydronaphthalene
2-Cyclohexen-1-ol 2-Hexanol Vinyl ethers
Cyclopentene Methyl acetylene Other secondary alcohols
Decahydronaphthalene
(decalin) 3-Methyl-1-butanol
Group C
Butadiene b Styrene Vinyl chloride
Chlorobutadiene Tetrafluoroethylene b Vinyl pyridine
Chloroprene b Vinyl acetate Vinyladiene chloride
Chlorotrifluoroethylene Vinyl acetylene
a. When stored as a liquid monomer.
b. Can form explosive levels of peroxides when stored as liquid. When stored as gas, peroxide
accumulation may cause autopolymerization.
5. WATER-REACTIVE SOLID & LIQUIDS
Water-Reactive chemicals react with the hydrogen and oxygen in water to create new
combinations of chemicals and produce energy, resulting in an exothermic reaction.
Water reactive materials often produce byproducts that may be ignited by the heat
generated, thereby producing a flame or explosion. Water-reactive materials are often
elemental metals in either whole or powder form. Examples include Potassium,
calcium, and sodium.
The chemical equation below shows the reaction of elemental potassium with water.
The heat generated by the reaction ignites the hydrogen gas, creating a bright flame.
2 K + 2 H2O → 2 KOH + H2
A reaction of potassium metal with water.
Water-reactive materials are divided in to Classes 1 through 3, with increasing levels

of hazard from Class 1 to Class 3. To determine the class of the water-reactive
material, one should consult the SDS or call the chemical manufacturer.

In storing water reactive materials, care must be taken to ensure that the materials do
not come in to contact with any water or other incompatible materials.
The hazards presented by these materials in storage also exist during the use of these
materials. The use of these materials near incompatibles such as heat sources and
water must be avoided. Material must be kept away from any possible fuel sources. All
water reactives should be managed under solvent or in an inert atmosphere.
Many water reactive materials possess other hazards such as flammability, corrosivity
and toxicity. Be sure to reference SDS’ or manufacturer’s information for all materials
prior to working with material. All hazards should be investigated prior to use and
handling and steps taken to reduce the potential for problems, in accordance with the
Fire Code.
6. PYROPHORICS MATERIALS
Pyrophoric reagents shall be handled only by those with experience in their hazards
and properties or under close, direct supervision by those with experience in their
hazards and properties. No one should work alone with pyrophoric reagents during
transfer or cleanup operations.
The handling and use of pyrophoric materials near incompatibles such as heat
sources and water must be avoided. Material must be kept away from any possible
fuel sources. All pyrophorics should be managed under inert gases, solvent or in an
inert atmosphere. Compressed pyrophoric gas systems shall have approved emergency
shutoff valves that can be activated at each point of use and each source. Proper
personal protective equipment must be worn at all times while handling these
materials.
Open dispensing of pyrophoric liquids or Handing/dispensing pyrophoric solids must

be done inside of an inert atmosphere glove box. Residual moisture and contaminates
shall be cleaned from reaction vessels, glassware, needles, and other lab equipment
that will be exposed to pyrophoric reagents. Equipment shall be purged with a high-
purity dry inert gas prior to use.
The void space at the top of containers of pyrophoric reagents shall be backfilled with
a high-purity dry inert gas as the reagent is removed. Needles, spatulas, wipes, and
tools that have been in contact with pyrophoric reagents shall be stored in an inert
atmosphere or shall be neutralized in accordance with the manufacturer’s written
instructions.
Pyrophoric reagents and water reactive materials in glove boxes shall be sealed in
airtight containers when the chemicals are not in use.
Many pyrophorics possess other hazards such as flammability, corrosivity and

toxicity. Be sure to reference SDS’ or manufacturer’s information for all materials prior
to working with material. All hazards should be investigated prior to use and handling
and steps taken to reduce the potential for problems, in accordance with the Fire
Code.
Appropriate fire extinguishing equipment must be present in each in areas where

these materials are handled. Extinguishing agents include a Class D fire extinguisher
and Metal X for metal fires.
In the event of an uncontrolled spill or release of material, the area should be

evacuated and notification made to 911 as soon as possible.
Manufacturing, storing, handling and/or using of detonable pyrophoric materials is

prohibited in most cases. Always consult the Fire Code prior to conducting any
activities with any of these materials.
Pyrophoric materials will often have very specific storage or handling requirements
due to the volatile nature of the chemicals. It is important to consult the SDS or to
contact the chemical manufacture for specific guidelines. Some examples of
pyrophoric materials include diethylaluminum chloride, lithium metal or silane gases.
Appendix B
Sample Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

SECTION 1: PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION
Material Name
Squeaky Clean Solution
Product Code
Not available.
Synonyms
Not available.
Product Use
Aqueous alkaline cleaning solution for the removal of grease, oil, dirt, dust, grime, and other soils
from a variety of metal and non-metal surfaces. If this product is used in combination with other
products, refer to the Safety Data Sheet for those products.
Restrictions on Use
For professional use only.
MANUFACTURER SUPPLIER IMPORTER/DISTRIBUTOR

The AK™ Company SK Systems, Inc. SKCanada Inc.
4 North MM Street 20 North C Road Suite 2 2 Re Road
Princeton, NJ 08543 Richardson, TX 75080 Brampton, Ontario, Canada L1A 1B2
Phone: (800) 333-3333 Phone: 1-800-999-9999 Phone: 1-800-999-9999
www.cc.com www.sk.com
Emergency Telephone Number

Medical: 1-888-234-1828 Chemical: 1-800-424-9300 (CHEMTREC)
Issue Date
March 6, 2017
Supersedes Issue Date
May 11, 2015
Original Issue Date
July 9, 1999
SECTION 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
Classification in accordance with Schedule 1 of Canada’s Hazardous Products Regulations (HPR)

(SOR/2015-17) and paragraph (d) of 29 CFR 1910.1200 in the United States
Acute Toxicity - Oral - Category 4
Skin Corrosion/Irritation - Category 1A
Serious Eye Damage/Eye Irritation - Category 1
Skin Sensitization - Category 1A
Health Hazard Not Otherwise Classified. - Category 1
GHS Label Elements
Symbol(s)
Signal Word
Danger.
Hazard Statement(s)
Harmful if swallowed.
Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
May cause allergic skin reaction.
Precautionary Statement(s)
Prevention
Do not breathe mist/vapors/spray. Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face
protection. Wash thoroughly after handling. Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the
workplace. Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
Response
IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or
doctor. IF ON SKIN (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with
water/shower. If skin irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention. Wash contaminated clothing
before reuse. IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for
breathing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor. IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for
several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Immediately call a
POISON CENTER or doctor.
Storage
Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. Store locked up. Do not store below 40°F.
Disposal
Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations.
Statement of Unknown Toxicity 85% of the mixture consists of ingredient(s) of unknown acute toxicity.
Other hazards
May cause digestive tract irritation.
SECTION 3: COMPOSITION / INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
CAS Component Name Percent

7732-18-5 Water 90-99
497-19-8 Disodium carbonate 0.95-1.05
68439-46-3 Alcohols, C9-11, ethoxylated 0.67-0.74
26896-20-8 Neodecanoic acid 0.78-0.86
1310-73-2 Sodium hydroxide 0.33-0.36
SECTION 4: FIRST AID MEASURES
Eyes:
IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present
and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor.
Skin:
IF ON SKIN (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with
water/shower. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor. Wash contaminated clothing
before reuse.
Ingestion:
IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. If swallowed, do NOT induce vomiting. Immediately call a
POISON CENTER or doctor.
Inhalation:
IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor.
Most Important Symptoms/Effects
Acute
Harmful if swallowed. Toxic if inhaled. Causes skin burns, eye damage, allergic skin reaction.
May cause respiratory irritation. May cause digestive tract irritation.
Delayed
Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking.
Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
Treat symptomatically and supportively.
SECTION 5: FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES
Extinguishing Media
Suitable Extinguishing Media
Use extinguishing agents appropriate for surrounding fire.
Unsuitable Extinguishing Media
Do not use high-pressure water streams.
Special Hazards Arising from the Chemical
Negligible fire hazard.
Hazardous Combustion Products
Decomposition and combustion materials may be toxic. Burning may produce Carbon monoxide,
Nitrogenoxide, sulfur oxides.
Advice for firefighters
Containers may rupture or explode if exposed to heat.
Fire Fighting Measures
Move container from fire area if it can be done without risk. Keep storage containers cool with
water spray.
Heated containers may rupture. "Empty" containers may retain residue and can be dangerous.
Product is not sensitive to mechanical impact or static discharge.
Special Protective Equipment and Precautions for Firefighters
A positive-pressure, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and full-body protective
equipment are required for fire emergencies.
SECTION 6: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
Personal Precautions, Protective Equipment and Emergency Procedures

Wear personal protective clothing and equipment, see Section 8.
Methods and Materials for Containment and Cleaning Up
Spilled product is slippery. Do not breathe dust or vapors. Do not touch or walk through spilled
product. Keep unnecessary and unprotected personnel from entering. Ventilate area and avoid
breathing vapor or mist. Contain spill as a liquid for possible recovery, or sorb with compatible
sorbent material and shovel with a clean, spark proof tool into a sealable container for disposal.
Additionally, for large spills: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for collection and later disposal.
Environmental Precautions
Prevent material from entering drains or sewers.
SECTION 7: HANDLING AND STORAGE
Precautions for Safe Handling

Keep away from sparks or flame. Do not breathe dust or vapors. Contaminated work clothing
should not be allowed out of the workplace. Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face
protection.
Wash thoroughly after handling.
Conditions for Safe Storage, Including any Incompatibilities
Keep container tightly closed when not in use and during transport. Store containers in a cool, dry
place. Do not pressurize, cut, weld, braze, solder, drill, or grind containers. Keep containers away from
heat, flame, sparks, static electricity, or other sources of ignition. Empty product containers may retain
product residue and can be dangerous. Do not store below 40°F.
Incompatible Materials
Strong acids, reducing agents, oxidizers.
SECTION 8: EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION
Component Exposure Limits

Sodium hydroxide 1310-73-2
Canada 2 mg/m3 Ceiling
ACGIH, OSHA, NIOSH 2 mg/m3 Ceiling
ACGIH - Threshold Limit Values - Biological Exposure Indices (BEI)

There are no biological limit values for any of this product's components.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS:
Provide general ventilation needed to maintain concentration of vapor or mist below applicable
exposure limits. Where adequate general ventilation is unavailable, use process enclosures, local
exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to control airborne levels below applicable
exposure limits.
Individual Protection Measures, such as Personal Protective Equipment
Eye/face protection
Wear safety glasses. Additional protection like goggles, face shields, or respirators may be
needed dependent upon anticipated use and concentrations of mists or vapors. Eye wash
fountain and emergency showers are recommended. Contact lens use is not recommended.
Respiratory Protection
A respiratory protection program which meets USA's OSHA General Industry Standard 29 CFR
1910.134 or Canada's CSA Standard Z94.4-M1982 requirements must be followed whenever
workplace conditions warrant a respirator's use. Consult a qualified Industrial Hygienist or Safety
Professional for respirator selection guidance.
Glove Recommendations
Where skin contact is likely, wear gloves impervious to product; use of natural rubber (latex) or
equivalent gloves is not recommended. To avoid prolonged or repeated contact where spills and
splashes are likely, wear appropriate chemical-resistant face shield, boots, apron, whole body
suits or other protective clothing.
When product is heated and skin contact is likely, wear heat-resistant gloves, boots, and other
protective clothing.
Protective Materials
Personal protective equipment should be selected based upon the conditions under which this material is
used. A hazard assessment of the work area for PPE requirements should be conducted by a qualified
professional pursuant to regulatory requirements. The following PPE should be considered the minimum
required: Safety glasses, gloves, lab coat or apron.
SECTION 9: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Appearance Light amber Physical State Liquid

clear liquid
Odor Mild Color Clear, light amber
Odor Threshold N/A pH 11.5 (aqueous solution)
Melting Point 0C Boiling Point 100C
Boiling Point Range N/A Freezing point N/A
Evaporation Rate (equal to water) Flammability (solid, N/A
gas)
Autoignition N/A Flash Point >100C
Temperature
Lower Explosive Limit N/A Decomposition N/A
temperature
Upper Explosive Limit N/A Vapor Pressure 17.5mmHg@20C
Vapor Density (air=1) N/A Specific Gravity 1
(water=1)
Water Solubility (complete) Partition coefficient: N/A
noctanol/
water
Viscosity N/A Solubility (Other) N/A
Density N/A Molecular Weight N/A
Volatile Organic 0 WT%; 0 LB/US gal; 0 g/L; As per 40 CFR
Compounds (As 51.100(s) Product Vapor Pressure @20°C = 17.5 mmHg.
Regulated) Product does not contain photochemicaly reactive solvents
SECTION 10: STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
Reactivity
May react on contact with strong acids.
Chemical Stability
Stable under normal temperatures and pressures.
Possibility of Hazardous Reactions
Polymerization is not known to occur under normal temperature and pressures. Not reactive with
water.
Conditions to Avoid
Avoid sparks or flame.
Incompatible Materials
Avoid oxidizing agents, reducing agents, strong acids.
Hazardous decomposition products
Oxides of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur. See also SECTION 5: HAZARDOUS COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS.
Thermal decomposition products
Carbon monoxide. Nitrogen oxides (NOx). Sulfur oxides.
SECTION 11: TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Information on Likely Routes of Exposure

Inhalation
May cause respiratory irritation.
Skin Contact
Causes burns. May cause allergic skin reaction.
Eye Contact
Causes eye damage.
Ingestion
Harmful if swallowed. May cause irritation or burns.
Acute and Chronic Toxicity
Component Analysis - LD50/LC50
The components of this material have been reviewed in various sources and the following selected
endpoints are published:
Disodium carbonate (497-19-8)
Oral LD50 Rat 4090 mg/kg; Dermal LD50 Mouse 2210 mg/kg; Inhalation LC50 Rat 2300 mg/m3 2 h
Neodecanoic acid (26896-20-8)
Oral LD50 Rat 2000 mg/kg; Dermal LD50 Rat >3160 mg/kg (no deaths occurred )
Inhalation LC50 Rat >3 mg/L 6 h (no deaths occurred )
Sodium hydroxide (1310-73-2)
Dermal LD50 Rabbit 1350 mg/kg
Product Toxicity Data
Acute Toxicity Estimate
Not available.
Immediate Effects
Harmful if swallowed. Toxic if inhaled. Causes burns, eye damage, skin burns. May cause allergic
skin reaction. May cause respiratory irritation.
Delayed Effects
Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking.
Irritation/Corrosivity Data
Causes burns. May cause digestive tract irritation.
Respiratory Sensitization
Based on best current information, there is no known human sensitization associated with this
product.
Dermal Sensitization
May cause allergic skin reaction.
Component Carcinogenicity
None of this product's components are listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, DFG or OSHA
Germ Cell Mutagenicity
Based on best current information, there is no known teratogenicity associated with this product.
Experimental evidence suggests that this product does not cause mutagenesis.
Tumorigenic Data
No data available
Reproductive Toxicity
Based on best current information, there is no known reproductive toxicity associated with this
product.
Specific Target Organ Toxicity - Single Exposure
No target organs identified.
Specific Target Organ Toxicity - Repeated Exposure
No target organs identified.
Aspiration hazard
Based on available data, the classification criteria are not met.
Medical Conditions Aggravated by Exposure
Individuals with pre-existing respiratory tract (nose, throat, and lungs), eye, and/or skin disorders
may have increased susceptibility to the effects of exposure.
SECTION 12: ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Component Analysis - Aquatic Toxicity

Disodium carbonate 497-19-8
Fish: LC50 96 h Lepomis macrochirus 300 mg/L [static ]; LC50 96 h
Pimephales promelas 310- 1220 mg/L [static ]
Invertebrate: EC50 48 h Daphnia magna 265 mg/L IUCLID
Neodecanoic acid 26896-20-8
Fish: LC50 96 h Lepomis macrochirus 32 mg/L [static ]
Invertebrate: EC50 48 h Daphnia magna 47.11 mg/L IUCLID
Fish: LC50 96 h Oncorhynchus mykiss 45.4 mg/L [static ]
Invertebrate Toxicity
No additional information is available.
Persistence and Degradability
No information available for the product.
Bioaccumulative Potential
Mobility
SECTION 13: DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
Disposal Methods
The U.S. EPA has not published waste numbers for this product’s components. Dispose in
accordance with federal, state, provincial, and local regulations. Regulations may also apply to
empty containers. The responsibility for proper waste disposal lies with the owner of the waste.
Contact ArmaKleen regarding proper recycling or disposal.
SECTION 14: TRANSPORT INFORMATION
U.S. DOT Information: Not regulated for transport.

IATA Information: Not regulated for transport.
TDG Information: Not regulated for transport
SECTION 15: REGULATORY INFORMATION
Canada Regulations
CEPA - Priority Substances List
None of this product's components are on the list.
Ozone Depleting Substances
None of this product's components are on the list
Council of Ministers of the Environment - Soil Quality Guidelines
Council of Ministers of the Environment - Water Quality Guidelines
U.S. Federal Regulations
This material contains one or more of the following chemicals required to be identified under
SARA Section 302 (40 CFR 355 Appendix A), SARA Section 313 (40 CFR 372.65), CERCLA (40 CFR
302.4), TSCA 12(b), and/or require an OSHA process safety plan.
CERCLA: 1000 lb final RQ ; 454 kg final RQ
SARA Section 311/312 (40 CFR 370 Subparts B and C)

Acute Health: Yes Chronic Health: No Fire: No Pressure: No Reactivity: No
Component Analysis - Inventory
Disodium carbonate (497-19-8), Neodecanoic acid (26896-20-8), Sodium hydroxide (1310-73-
2),Water (7732-18-5), Alcohols, C9-11, ethoxylated (68439-46-3),
US CA
Yes DSL
Not listed under California Proposition 65.
SECTION 16: TRANSPORT INFORMATION OTHER INFORMATION
NFPA Ratings
Health: 1 Fire: 0 Reactivity: 0
Hazard Scale: 0 = Minimal; 1 = Slight; 2 = Moderate; 3 = Serious; 4 = Severe
Summary of Changes
Revision to comply with WHMIS 2015.
Key / Legend
ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; BOD - Biochemical Oxygen
Demand; C -Celsius; CA - Canada; CA/MA/MN/NJ/PA - California/Massachusetts/Minnesota/New
Jersey/Pennsylvania*; CAS - Chemical Abstracts Service; CFR - Code of Federal Regulations (US);
CERCLA - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act; CLP -
Classification, Labelling, and Packaging; CPR – Controlled Products Regulations; DOT - Department of
Transportation; DSL - Domestic Substances List; EPA – Environmental Protection Agency; F -
Fahrenheit; IDL - Ingredient Disclosure List; IDLH - Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health; IMDG -
International Maritime Dangerous Goods; LEL - Lower Explosive Limit; LLV - Level Limit Value; LOLI -
List Of LIsts™ - ChemADVISOR’s Regulatory Database; MAK - Maximum Concentration Value in the
Workplace; MEL - Maximum Exposure Limits; NDSL – Non-Domestic Substance List (Canada); NFPA –
National Fire Protection Agency; NIOSH - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; NJTSR -
New Jersey Trade Secret Registry; NTP - National Toxicology Program; OSHA - Occupational Safety and
Health Administration; PELPermissible Exposure Limit; RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act; SARA - Superfund Amendments and Safety Data Sheet Material Name: ArmaKleen MPC Cleaning
Solution SDS ID: 82783 Limit Value; TSCA - Toxic Substances Control Act; TWA - Time Weighted
Average; UEL - Upper Explosive Limit; UN/NA - United Nations /North American; US - United States;
WHMIS - Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (Canada).
Other Information
This document has been prepared in accordance with the SDS requirements of the OSHA Hazard
Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200 and Canada’s Hazardous Product Regulations (HPR)
Disclaimer:
User assumes all risks incident to the use of this product. To the best of our knowledge, the information
contained herein is accurate.
Appendix C
Storage and Use of Limited Quantities of Chemicals, Acids, and

Flammables for Instruction Purposes in [Public High] Schools
Through the Twelfth Grade
1. The storage of dangerous chemicals, volatile flammable oils and liquids shall be
confined to metal cabinets vented at top and bottom. A cardholder should be
provided for a visible record of the contents and maximum amount stored therein;
also, a caution sign, if applicable to read: "In case of fire do not use water."
2. Listed below are the maximum quantities of combustibles and dangerous chemicals
which may be stored in [public high]schools through the twelfth grade:
Maximum
Hazardous materials
Quantities
Explosives
Picric acid 1 lb.
Carbon bisulphide 10 lbs.
Carbon Dioxide 1 lb.
Anhydrous Ammonia 1 lb.
Sulphur Dioxide 1 lb.
Nitrous Oxide 1 lb.
Oxygen 1 lb.
Volatile Flammable Liquids (Insoluble)
Crude Petroleum 2 lbs.
Benzine, Benola or Naphthas of any kind 2 lbs.
Ether, Sulphuric 10 lbs.
Varnishes, Lacquers, etc. 2 lbs.
Volatile Flammable Liquids (Soluble)
Acetone 1 lb.
Alcohol, Denatured 5 gals.
Aylcohol. Methyl 5 gals.
Non-Volatile Flammable Liquids (Insoluble)
Amyl Acetate 2 lbs.
Amyl Alcohol 2 lbs.
Aniline Oil 1 lb.
Kerosene 2 lbs.
Turpentine ½ gal.
Tuluol 1 gal.
Xylol 1 gal.
Essential Oils 2 lbs.
Non-Volatile Flammable Liquids (Soluble)
Glycerine 5 lbs.
Maximum
Hazardous materials
Quantities
Combustible Solids
Phosphorous ¼ lb.
Phosphorous, Red 5 lbs.
Sulphur 15 lbs.
Metallic Magnesium 1 lb.
Gums, Resins, Pitch, Etc.
Camphor 1 lb.
Resin 11 lbs.
Venice Turpentine 1 lb.
Naphthaline 1 lb.
Shellac 1 lb.
Combustible Fibers and Powders (Vegetable)
Pulverized Charcoal 5 lbs.
Cotton, Absorbent 5 lbs.
Lampblack 2 lbs.
Lycopodium 1 lb.
Dangerously corrosive Acids
Glacial Acetic Acid 5 gals.
Hydrofluoric Acid 1 lb.
Hydrochloric Acid 12 gals.
Sulphuric Acid 12 gals.
Carbolic Acid 1 lb.
Acids
Acid, Chromic 1 lb.
Acid, Nitric 12 gals.
Peroxides
Hydrogen Peroxide, U.S.P. 0 lbs.
Sodium Peroxide 2 lbs.
Barium Peroxide 2 lbs.
Other Hydrogen Peroxides over 3 percent, not to 5 lbs.
exceed 15 percent
Chlorates
Potassium Chlorate 15 lbs.
Permanganates
Potassium Permanganates 1 lb
Nitrates
Barium Nitrate 1 lb.
Stontium Nitrate 1 lb.
Cobalt Nitrate 1 lb.
Copper Nitrate 1 lb.
Iron Nitrate, Ferric Mercury Nitrate (mercuric) 1 lb.
Mercury Nitrate (mercurous) 1 lb.
Maximum
Hazardous materials
Quantities
Potassium Nitrate 10 lbs.
Silver Nitrate 5 lbs.
Sodium Nitrate 15 lbs.
Other Metallic Nitrates 5 lbs.
Metallic Oxides
Lead Oxide (red) 5 lbs.
Lead Oxide (Litharge) 10 lbs.
Oxide of Mercury red precipitate (mercuric) 10 lbs.
Oxide of Mercury; yellow precipitate (mercurous) 5 lbs.
Substances Made Dangerous by Contact with Other
Substances
Calcium Carbide 5 lbs.
Metallic Potassium ½ lb.
All other Metals of the Alkalies or Alkaline Earths 2 lbs.
Metallic Sodium ½ lb.
Zinc Dust 5 lbs.
Slaked Lime 25 lbs.
Appendix D
Table D1. The maximum quantity limitation of flammable and combustible liquids for all Class D
laboratories (Gallons)
Exclude Cabinet Include Cabinet
Class I, II, IIIA liquids(total) Class I, II, IIIA liquids(total)
Lab Size Educational/ 1 HR or 2 HR
(Sq. Ft.) Instructional Fire Rating, Educational/ 1HR Fire Rating 2HR Fire Rating
Laboratory Other Class D Instructional Other Class D Other Class D
Laboratory Laboratory Laboratory Laboratory
100 1 1 2 2 2
200 2 2 4 4 4
300 3 3 6 6 6
400 4 4 8 8 8
500 5 5 10 10 10
1000 10 10 20 20 20
1500 15 15 30 30 30
2000 20 20 40 40 40
2500 25 25 50 50 50
3000 30 30 60 60 60
3500 35 35 70 70 70
4000 40 40 80 80 80
4500 45 45 90 90 90
5000 50 50 100 100 100
5500 55 55 110 110 110
6000 60 60 120 120 120
6500 65 65 130 130 130
7000 70 70 140 140 140
7500 75 75 150 150 150
8000 75 80 150 150 160
8500 75 85 150 150 170
9000 75 90 150 150 180
9500 75 95 150 150 190
≥10000 75 100 150 150 200
Table D2.The maximum quantity limitation of flammable and combustible liquids for all Class B
laboratories (Gallons)
Lab Size Exclude Cabinet Include Cabinet
(Sq. Ft) Class B 1HR Class B 2HR Class B
Class I Class I,II,IIIA Class I Class I,II,IIIA Class I Class I,II,IIIA Liquid
Liquid Liquid (total) Liquid Liquid (total) Liquid (total)
100 5 10 10 20 10 20
150 7.5 15 15 25 15 30
200 10 20 20 25 20 30
250 12.5 25 25 25 25 30
300 15 25 25 25 30 30
350 17.5 25 25 25 30 30
400 20 25 25 25 30 30
450 22.5 25 25 25 30 30
≥500 25 25 25 25 30 30
Appendix E
Table E1.The maximum quantity limitation of gases for pre-existing laboratories

(Water container capacity, Cu.Ft.)
Lab Size (Sq. Ft.) Flammable Gases
≤ 500 9.24
600 10.78
700 12.32
800 13.86
≥900 15.4
Table E2.The maximum quantity limitation of gases for new laboratories other than educational
or instructional laboratories (Water container capacity, Cu.Ft.)
Lab Size Flammable Liquefied Flammable Health Hazard
(Sq. Ft.) Gases Oxidizing Gases Gases Rating 3 or 4
≤ 500 12 12 2.4 0.3
600 14.4 14.4 2.76 0.36
700 16.8 16.8 3.12 0.42
800 19.2 19.2 3.48 0.48
900 21.6 21.6 3.84 0.54
1000 24 24 4.2 0.6
1500 36 36 6 0.9
2000 48 48 7.8 1.2
2500 60 60 9.6 1.5
3000 72 72 11.4 1.8
3500 84 84 13.2 2.1
4000 96 96 15 2.4
4500 108 108 16.8 2.7
5000 120 120 18.6 3
5500 132 132 20.4 3.3
6000 144 144 22.2 3.6
6500 156 156 24 3.9
7000 168 168 25.8 4.2
7500 180 180 27.6 4.5
8000 192 192 29.4 4.8
8500 204 204 31.2 5.1
9000 216 216 33 5.4
9500 228 228 34.8 5.7
10000 240 240 36.6 6
Appendix F
Maximum Allowance Quantities of Chemicals
(1) Pre-existing laboratory
Lab Type : Lab Size: Sq. Ft.
Maximum Current Maximum Current
Chemical Chemical
Allowance Inventory Allowance Inventory
Unstable
Flammable Liquids Gals Gals Reactive Lbs Lbs
Material
Flammable
Flammable Solids Lbs Lbs SCF SCF
Gases
Oxidizing Materials Lbs Lbs
(2) New fire code

Lab Class : Fire Rating: HR
Lab Size: Sq. Ft.
Chemical Chemical
Class I Liquids Corrosive
Gals Gals Gals Gals
(Excluding Cabinets) Material
Class I, II, IIIA
Flammable
Liquids Gals Gals Lbs Lbs
Solids
(Excluding Cabinets)
Class I Liquids Oxidizers/Org
Gals Gals Lbs Lbs
(Including Cabinets) Peroxides
Class I, II, IIIA Unstable
Liquids Gals Gals Reactive Lbs Lbs
(Including Cabinets) Material
Water-Reactive Flammable
Lbs Lbs SCF SCF
Material Gases
Pyrophoric Material Lbs Lbs Oxidizing Gases SCF SCF

Liquefied
Highly Toxic Material Lbs Lbs Flammable SCF SCF
Gases
Gases with
Toxic Material Lbs Lbs Health Hazard SCF SCF
rating 3 or 4
Storage Room
(Total) (Sq. Ft.)
All Chemicals 300 Gal Gal All Chemicals 5 Gal Gal
Flammable Gas 2,500 SCF SCF

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Revised 3/28/19 (include new rule changes, PFE, NOE, new recommendation letter)

FIRE DEPARTMENT ● CITY OF NEW YORK

STUDY MATERIAL FOR THE EXAMINATION FOR

SUPERVISION OF STORAGE, HANDLING AND USE OF

© 12/2010 New York City Fire Department - All rights reserved ®

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 10

A. Pre-existing Laboratories (prior to 07/01/2008) vs New Laboratories (on or after

B. Certificate of Fitness Coverage ............................................................................................................ 11

C. Required C-14 C of F Holders Coverage ........................................................................................... 11

D. Content Outline of This Booklet ......................................................................................................... 12

PART I ......................................................................................................................... 14

1. DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 14

2. CLASSIFICATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 20

2.1. Laboratory Unit Hazard Classification............................................................................................... 20

2.2. Class of Flammable and Combustible Liquids ................................................................................ 20

2.3. General Rule of Hazard Classes .......................................................................................................... 21

2.4. NFPA Diamond Sign ................................................................................................................................ 22

PART II ........................................................................................................................ 25

3. GENERAL FIRE CODE REQUIREMENTS...................................................................................... 25

3.1. Fire Department Permit........................................................................................................................... 25

3.2. General Operations, Housekeeping and Good Work Practices.................................................... 26

4.2. Other Laboratory Hazardous Material Quantity Limitations ....................................................... 34

5.1. Chemical Storage and Handling .......................................................................................................... 47

5.2. Flammable and Combustible liquid storage cabinets .................................................................... 51

5.3. Storage of Class I and Class II Liquids in Refrigerators ............................................................... 52

5.4. Liquid Dispensing..................................................................................................................................... 54

5.5. Waste, Handling and Disposal............................................................................................................. 55

6. FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION SYSTEMS .................................................................. 55

6.1. Fire Alarm Systems ................................................................................................................................. 55

6.2. Sprinkler System and Standpipe System .......................................................................................... 56

6.3. Portable Fire Extinguishers ................................................................................................................... 56

7. EMERGENCY PLANS............................................................................................................................. 61

7.1. Emergency Plans ...................................................................................................................................... 61

8. Emergency Procedures ....................................................................................................................... 62

8.1. Penalties for Non-compliance with Fire Code ................................................................................... 62

9. LABORATORY OPERATIONS ............................................................................................................ 63

9.1. Preparation................................................................................................................................................. 63

9.2. Heating and Distillation Operations. .................................................................................................. 63

9.3. Open Flame Operations. ......................................................................................................................... 64

9.5. Operations involving possible vigorous reactions. .......................................................................... 66

10. Educational and Instructional Laboratory Operations ......................................................... 66

PART III ...................................................................................................................... 68

11. CORROSIVE MATERIALS ................................................................................................................... 68

11.1. General Description ................................................................................................................................. 68

12. COMPRESSED AND LIQUEFIED GASES ....................................................................................... 69

12.1. General Requirement............................................................................................................................... 69

12.2. Storing Containers ................................................................................................................................... 71

12.3. Containers in Use ..................................................................................................................................... 72

12.4. Typical Internal Volume of Cylinders ................................................................................................. 73

12.5. Compressed Gas Container Disposal or Return .............................................................................. 73

12.6. Piping system ............................................................................................................................................ 74

12.7. Cryogenic Liquid ....................................................................................................................................... 74

PART IV ....................................................................................................................... 76

APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................... 78

1. FLAMMABLE SOLID.............................................................................................................................. 78

1.1. General Description ................................................................................................................................. 78

2. HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC MATERIALS .................................................................................... 78

2.1. General Description ................................................................................................................................. 78

2.2. Storage and Use Requirements (liquids/solids) .............................................................................. 79

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