kond/Iya ivaValaya saMgazna

Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan

STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS XI - mathematics
2012 - 2013

Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan,

Regional Office,

ERNAKULAM
 PREFACE
“God is a child; and when he began to play, he
cultivated Mathematics. It is the godliest of
man’s games”
Good Education is defined as acquiring skills. There are many different ways to be educated and
many subjects can be studied. A good education is one that teaches a student to think. Mathematics
develops logic and skill of reasoning among students. Focus of this material is primarily to strengthen
the mind to absorb the concepts and bring in the students the required self-confidence while
learning the subject. Maths should be learnt with interest and it is made simple and approachable.
The material is a supplement to the curriculum and arranged in a chronological manner as published
in textbook. As per CBSE examination pattern Higher Order Thinking Skills questions with solutions
can be found in each chapter. This will definitely facilitate students to approach examinations with
ease and confidence. And finally, let the students remember that success is 1% inspiration and 99%
perspiration. Hard work can never fail and will certainly help them reap rich rewards. Success will
then become a habit for them.

“Seeing much, suffering much, and studying

much, are the three pillars of learning”
“Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner
everywhere”
WE WISH ALL THE STUDENTS THE VERY
BEST!!!
 CONTENTS
Sl. No Topics
1 SETS
2 RELATIONS AND
FUNCTIONS
3 TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
4 PRINCIPLE OF
MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
5 COMPLEX NUMBERS
AND QUADRATIC
EQUATIONS
6 LINEAR INEQUALITIES
7 PERMUTATIONS AND
COMBINATIONS
8 BINOMIAL THEOREM
9 SEQUENCES AND
SERIES
10 STRAIGHT LINES
11 CONIC SECTION
12 THREE DIMENSIONAL
GEOMETRY
13 LIMITS AND
DERIVATIVES
14 MATHEMATICAL
REASONING
15 STATISTICS
16 PROBABILITY
 Unit wise Mark Distribution

Units Marks

Sets function 29

Algebra 37

Co-ordinate Geometry 13

Calculus 06

Reasoning 03

Statistics and Probability 12

Total 100
 Chapter 1
Sets
Concept: Representation of a set
Concepts:- Different types of sets – Subsets- Power sets – Universal set –
Operations on sets – Compliment of a set – Practical Problems.

Text book questions

Ex: 1 Questions 3, 4,5
Ex: 2 Questions 1, 2
Ex: 3 Questions 4, 5,6* ,7*
Ex: 4 Questions 4, 6, 9
Ex: 5 Questions 4*, 5*
Misc.Ex: Questions 8, 9, 11, 15**, 16**
Example Question: 34**

Note: * Important

** Very Important

Extra/HOT questions

1. Write the following sets in set builder form

I) {1/4, 2/5, 3/6, 4/7, 5/8}
II) { ...., -5, 0, 5, 10, ....}
III) {-4, 4}
2. Let A, B and C are three sets then prove the following:
i) ( )
ii) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
iii) ( ) ( ) ( )
iv) ( ) ( ) ( )
3. Draw Venn diagrams for the following sets:
i) ( )
ii) ( )
iii) ( )
iv) ( ) ( )
v) ( )
 vi) ( )
vii) ( ) ( )
4. In a survey of 100 students, the number of students studying the
various languages were found to be English only 18, English but not
Hindi 23, English and Sanskrit 8, English 26, Sanskrit 48, Sanskrit and
Hindi 8, Number of no language 24. Find
i) How many students were studying Hindi?
ii) How many students were studying English and Hindi
[Ans:18,3]
5. In a survey of 25 students it was found that 15 had taken Maths, 12
had taken Physics and 11 had taken Chemistry, 5 had taken Maths
and chemistry, 9 had taken Maths and Physics, 4 had taken Physics
and Chemistry and 3 had taken all the three subjects. Find the number
of students that had taken:
i) Only Chemistry
ii) Only Maths
iii) Only Physics
iv) Physics and Chemistry but not Maths
v) Maths and Physics but not Chemistry
vi) Only one of the subject
vii) At least one of the subjects
viii) None of the subjects [Ans:5, 4, 2, 1, 6, 11, 23, 2]
6. Of the members of three athletic team in a certain school, 21 are in
the Basketball Team, 26 in the Hockey team and 29 in the Football
team. 14 play hockey and basketball, 15 play hockey and football, 12
play football and basketball and 8 play all the three. How many
members are there in all?
[Ans:43]
7. In a survey of 100 persons it was found that 28 read magazine A, 30
read magazine B, 42 read magazine C, 8 read magazines A & B, 10
read magazine B&C and 3 read all the three. Find:
i) How many read none of the magazines?
ii) How many read magazine C only?
iii) How many read magazine A only?
iv) How many read magazine B & C but not A ?
[Ans:18,32,13,0]
8. Let A and B be two finites sets such that n(A) = m and n(B) = n. If
the ratio of number of elements of power sets of A and B is 64 and
 n(A) + n(B) = 32. Find the value of m and n.
[Ans:19, 23]

9. In a survey of 400 students of a school, 100 were listed as smokers

and 150 as chewers of Gum, 75 were listed as both smokers and gum
chewers. Find out how many students are neither smokers nor gum
chewers. [Ans:225]
10. In a university out of 100 teachers, 15 like reading newspapers only,
12 like learning computers only and 8 like watching movies only on
TV in the spare time. 40 like reading news papers and watching
movies, 20 like learning computer and watching movies, 10 like
reading news paper and learning computer, 65 like watching movies.
Draw a Venn diagram and show the various portions and hence
evaluate the numbers of teachers who:
i) Like reading newspapers
ii) Like learning computers
iii) Did not like to do any of the things mentioned above. [62, 39, 1]
 Chapter 2:
Relations and Functions
Concept:
Cartesian products of sets – equality of ordered pairs- triple product-
relations- functions- domain- range- different types of functions- algebra
of functions.
Notes:
 If (a,b) = (c,d) then a = c and b = d.
 AxB = { (x,y) / x ϵ A, y ϵ B }
 AxAxA = { (x,y,z) / x, y, z ϵ A }
 A relation R is a subset of the Cartesian product.
 A function is a relation with every element of first set has one only
one image in second set.
 The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a function is called
domain.
 The set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in a function is
called the range.
 Second set itself is known as co-domain.

Text book questions

Ex: 2.1 Questions: 1, 2*, 5*, 7*
Ex: 2.2 Questions: 1, 2, 6, 7*
Ex:2.3 Questions: 2*, 5*
Misc. Ex: Questions: 3*, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12

Example Question: 22*

Extra/HOT questions

1. Find x and y if (x2-3x, y2-5y) = (-2, -6 ).

2. Draw he graph of the following functions:
a) Modulus function in [ -4, 4 ]
b) Signum function in [-6, 6 ]
c) Greatest integer function in [-3, 4 ]
3. Find the domain of the following functions:
a) ( )
b) ( )
c) ( )
( )( )

4. Find the domain and range of the following functions:

a) ( )
b) ( ) √
c) ( )
| |
d) ( )
| |

5. If ( ) then show that f(a) = f(1/a) and also evaluate

f(3/2)-f(2/3)
6. Let R = {(x,y) / x, y ϵ N , x+2y = 13} then write R as an ordered
pair and also find the domain and range.
7. Let A = {x / x is a natural number <12 } and R be a relation in A
defined by (x,y) in R if x+y = 12, then write R.
8. A function f is defined on the set of natural numbers as

( ) {

Write the function in roster form and also find the domain and range
of the function.
9. Let A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {-1, 0, 1} and C = {3, 4} then verify the
following:
a) A X (B U C) = (A X B) U (A X C)
b) A X ( B-C ) = (A X B) – (A X C)
c) ( ) ( ) ( )
10. If A = {-3, -2, 0, 2, 3} write the subset B of A X A such that first
element of B is either -3 or +3.
 Chapter 3: Trigonometric functions

Concept:

Radian measure- relation between degree and radian- trigonometric

functions- sign of trigonometric functions- trigonometric functions of
sum and difference of two angles- trigonometric equations- sine
formula- cosine formula- their applications.

Notes:

 If in a circle of radius r, an arc of length „l‟ subtends an angle of θ

radians then l = rθ.
 Radian measure =( π/180) x degree measure.
 Sin (-x) = - sin x
 Cos (-x) = cos x
 Cos(2nπ+x) = cos x
 Sin ( 2nπ+x) = sin x
 Sin x = 0 gives x = nπ where n ϵ Z
 Cos x = 0 gives x = (2n+1)π/2 where n ϵ Z
 Refer text book for other formulas.
Text book questions
Ex:3.1 Questions: 1*, 2*, 3*, 6
Ex:3.2 Questions: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Ex:3.3 Questions: 5, 6, 7*, 11, 12*, 14*, 15*, 16,
18, 21*,
22**,23**, 24*, 25*

Ex:3.4 Questions: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9**

Misc. Ex: Questions: 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8*, 9*, 10*

Examples: Questions: 24**, 25**, 26*, 27*, 29**

Supplementary text
 Ex:3.5 Questions: 1, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13,
14**, 15**,16**

Examples: Questions: 27**, 28*

Extra/ HOT Questions

1. The angles of a triangle are in A.P and the greatest angle is double the
least. Express the angles in degrees and radians

2. Show that the equation cosec x=4ab/(a+ b)2 (ab>0) is possible if a=b

3. Show that a) sin 150 cos120 + cos330 sin 660 = -1

( ) ( ) ( )
b) ( ) ( ) ( )

4. If tan x= , show that x+y = 450

5. Show that the following:

a) cos 10 cos 50 cos60 cos70=3/16

b) sin 10 sin 50 sin60 sin70=√

c) cos 20 cos40cos60=1/8
6. If sin x sin y =1/4 and 3tanx=4tany then prove that sin(x+y)=7/16

7. Prove that

8. If m tan(x-30)= n tan(x+120) then show that

( )
9. Solve the equation 4 sinx cosx + 2sinx +2cosx+1=0

10. Solve the triangle when c=3.4cm ,A=250,B=850

[ans; a=1.53cm,b=3.6cm,C=800

11. Show that for any parallelogram, if a and b are the sides of two non
parallel sides , x is the angle between these two sides and d is the
length of the diagonal that has a common vertex with sides a and b
,then d2= a2+b2+2ab cos x
 Chapter 4
PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

INTRODUCTION

To prove certain results or statements in Algebra, that are formulated in terms of

n, where n is a natural number, we use a specific technique called principle of
mathematical induction (P.M.I)

Steps of P.M.I

Step I - Let p(n): result or statement formulated in terms of n (given question)

Step II – Prove that P(1) is true

Step III – Assume that P(k) is true

Step IV – Using step III prove that P(k+1) is true

Step V - Thus P(1) is true and P(k+1) is true whenever P(k) is true.

Hence by P.M.I, P(n) is true for all natural numbers n

Type I

Eg: Ex 4.1

1) Prove that
1+3+32+………+3n-1 =

Solution:-

Step I : Let P(n): 1+3+32+………+3n-1 =

Step II: P(1):
LHS = 1
RHS =

LHS=RHS
Therefore p(1) is true.
Step III: Assume that P(k) is true
i.e 1+3+32+………+3k-1 = ______(1)
 Step IV: we have to prove that P(k+1) is true.
ie to prove that 1+3+32+………+3k-1 +3 =

Proof
LHS = (1+3+32+………+3k-1) +3
= + 3k from eq(1)

= 3k-1 + 2.3k
2
= 3.3 – 1 = 3k+1-1 = RHS
k

2 2
Therefore P(k+1) is true

Step V: Thus P(1) is true and P(k+1) is true whenever P(k) is true. Hence by

P.M.I, P(n) is true for all natural number n.

Text book
Ex 4.1
Q. 1,2, 3**(HOT), 4, 5*,6*,7,8,9,10*,11**,12,13**,14**,15,16**,17**,
eg 1, eg 3

Type 2

Divisible / Multiple Questions like Q. 20**,21,22**,23 of Ex 4.1

eg 4, eg 6**(HOT)
Q 22. Prove that 32n+2-8n-9 is divisible by 8 for all natural number n.
Solution
Step I: Let p(n): 32n+2-8n-9 is divisible by 8
Step II: P(1): 34 – 8 -9 =81-17 = 64 which is divisible by 8
Therefore p(1) is true
Step III: Assume that p(k) is true
i.e 32k+2 -8k-9 = 8m; m is a natural number.
2k
i.e 3 .9 = 8m+8k+9
ie 32k = 8m +8k+9 ______(1)
9
Step IV: To prove that p(k+1) is true.

ie to prove that 32k+4 -8(k+1) –9 is divisible by 8.

Proof: 32k+4-8k-17 = 32k.34-8k-17 =( ) x 34 – 8k-17(from eqn (1))

= (8m+8k+9)9-8k-17 = 72m+72k+81-8k-17 = 72m-64k+64 = 8[9m-

8k+8] is divisible by 8.

Step V: Thus P(1) is true and P(k+1) is true whenever P(k) is true. hence by
P.M.I, P(n) is true for all natural numbers n.

Type III: Problems based on Inequations

Ex 4.1 Q. 18,14, eg 7
( )
(Q 18) Prove that 1+2+3+……+n<

( )
Step I : Let P(n): 1+2+3+……+n<

Step II: P(1): 1< which is true, therefore p(1) is true.

Step III: Assume that P(k) is true.

( )
ie 1+2+3+……+k< _______(1)

Step IV: We have to prove that P(k+1) is true. ie to

( )
prove that 1+2+3+…..+k+(k+1)<
Proof: Adding (k+1) on both sides of inequation (1)
( )
1+2+3+…..+k+(k+1) < ( )
= (4k2+4k+1)+8k+8
8
2
= 4k +12k+9
8

= (2k+3)2
8
 Therefore 1+2+3+…..+k+(k+1)< (2k+3)2
8
P(k+1) is true.
Step V: Thus P(1) is true and P(k+1) is true whenever P(k) is true. Hence by
P.M.I, P(n) is true for all natural number n.

HOT/EXTRA QUESTIONS
Prove by mathematical induction that for all natural numbers n.
1) a2n-1 -1 is divisible by a-1 (type II)
2) n7 + n5 + 2n3 - _n_ is an integer(HOT)
7 5 3 105
3) sin x +sin 3x + …….+ sin (2n-1)x = sin2nx (HOT Type 1)
sin x
2n-1 n
4) 3 +3 +4 is divisible by 2 (type II)
5) Let P(n): n2+n-19 is prime, state whether P(4) is true or false
6) 22n+3 ≤ (n+3)! (type III)
7) What is the minimum value of natural number n for which 2n<n! holds
true?
8) 72n+23n-3.3n-1 is divisible by 25 (type II)

Answers

5) false
7) 4
 Chapter 5
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

INTRODUCTION
√ ,√ etc do not have values in the system of real numbers.
So we need to extend the real numbers system to a larger system.
Let us denote √ by the symbol i.
2
ie i = -1
A number of the form a+ib where a&b are real numbers is defined to be a
complex number.
Eg 2+i3, -7+√ i, √ i, 4+1i, 5=5+0i, -7=-7+0i etc

For z = 2+i5, Re z =2 (real part)

and Im z = 5 (imaginary part)
Refer algebra of complex numbers of text book pg 98
1) Addition of complex numbers
(2+i3) + (-3+i2) = (2+-3) + i(3+2)
= -1+5i
2) Difference of complex numbers
(2+i3)-(-3+i2) = (2+3) + i(3-2)
=5+i
3) Multiplication of two complex numbers
(2+i3)(-3+i2) = 2(-3+i2) + i3(-3+i2)
= -6+4i-9i+6i2
= -6-5i-6 (i2 = -1)
= -12-5i
4) Division of complex numbers
2+i3_ = (2+i3) x (-3-i2)
-3+i2 (-3+i2) (-3-i2)
= -6-4i-9i-6i2
(-3)2-(i2)2
= -6-13i+6
9-( -1)x 4
= -13i = -i
13
 5) Equality of 2 complex numbers
a+ib = c+id, iff a=c & b=d
6) a+ib =0, iff a=0 and b=0
Refer : the square roots of a negative real no & identities (text page
100,101)
Formulas
a) IF Z=a+ib then modulus of Z ie │Z│= (a2+b2)1/2
b) Conjugate of Z is a-ib
c) Multiplicative inverse of a+ib = a _ __ib____
(a +b2)
2
(a2+b2)

**d) Polar representation of a complex number

a+ib = r(cos ө + isin ө)

Where r = │Z│= (a2+b2)1/2 and ө = arg Z(argument or amplitude of Z which
has many different values but when –π< ө≤π, ө is called principal argument of
Z.

Trick method to find ө

Step 1 First find angle using the following
1) Cosө = 1 and sinө = 0 then angle = 0
2) Cosө = 0 and sinө = 1 then angle = π/2
3) Sinө= √ /2 and cosө=1/2 then angle = π/3
4) Sinө = ½ and cosө = √ /2 then angle = π/6
Step 2: To find ө
1) If both sinө and cosө are positive then ө = angle (first quadrant)
2) If sinө positive, cosө negative then ө = π-angle (second quadrant)
3) If both sinө and cosө are negative the ө= π+angle (third quadrant)

4) If sinө negative and cosө positive then ө= 2π-angle (fourth quadrant)

Or ө = - (angle) since sin (– ө) = -sinө and cos (–ө) = cos ө
5) If sinө = 0 and cosө = -1 then ө=π

**e) Formula needed to find square root of a complex number

(a+b)2 = (a-b)2 + 4ab

ie [x2 + y2 ] 2 = [x2 - y2 ] 2 + 4x2y2

 e) Powers of i

i)

ii)

iii)

iv) , for any integer k

Examples:

, and &

g) Solutions of quadratic equation ax2+bx + c = 0 with real coefficients a,b,c

√
and a are given by , If b2 – 4ac ≥ 0

√
If b2- 4ac < 0 then

Refer text page 102 the modulus and conjugate of a complex number
properties given in the end. (i) to (v)
Ex 5.1
Q. 3*(1 mark), 8* (4 marks), 11**, 12**, 13**, 14**(4 Marks)

Polar form (very important)

Ex 5.2

Q 2**) Express Z = -√ +i in the polar form and also write the modulus and the
argument of Z

Solution Let -√ +i = r(cosө+isinө)

Here a = -√ , b = 1

r = (a2+b2)1/2 = √ =√ =2

-√ +i = 2cosө+ i x 2sinө

Therefore 2cosө = -√ and 2sinө = 1

Cosө = -√ /2 and sinө = ½

Here cosө negative and sinө positive

Therefore ө = π-π/6 = 5π/6 (see trick method given above)

Therefore polar form of Z = -√ +i = 2(Cos5π/6 + iSin5π/6)

│Z│= 2 and argument of Z = 5π/6 and √ ( )

Ex 5.2

Q (1 to 8)** Note: Q 1) ө = 4π/3 or principal argument ө = 4π/3 - 2π = -2π/3

Q 5) ө = 5π/4 or principal argument ө = 5π/4-2π = -3π/4

eg 7**, eg 8**

Ex 5.3

Q 1,8,9,10 (1 mark)

Misc examples (12 to 16)**

Misc exercise

Q 4**,5**,10**,11**,12**,13**,14**,15**,16**,17*,20**

Supplementary material

eg 12**

Ex 5.4

Q (1 to 6)**

EXTRA/HOT QUESTIONS

1** Find the square roots of the following complex numbers (4 marks)

i. 6 + 8i
ii. 3 - 4i
iii. 2 + 3i (HOT)
iv. 7 - 30√ i
v. 3 + 4i (HOT)
3 - 4i

2** Convert the following complex numbers in the polar form

i. 3√ +3i
ii. 1–i
1+i
iii. 1+i
iv. -1 + √
v. -3 + 3i
vi. -2 –i

3. If a+ ib = where x is a real, prove that a2 +b2 =1 and b/a = 2x/(x2-1) 4marks

4 Find the real and imaginary part of i. (1 mark)

5 Compute : i + i2 + i3+ i4 (1 mark)
6 Solve the following quadratic equations (I mark)
i) x2-(√ + 1)x +√ = 0
ii) 2x2 + 5 = 0
7 Find the complex conjugate and multiplicative inverse of (4 mark)
i) (2 - 5i)2
ii) 2 + 3i
3 – 7i
8 If │Z│ = 2 and arg Z = π/4 then Z= _______. (1 mark)

Answers

1) i) 2√ + √ , -2√ - √
ii) 2 –i, -2 + i
iii) √√ + √√ , √√ + √√ ,
√ √ √ √
iv) 5 - 3√ , -5 + 3√
v) 3/5 + 4/5 i, -3/5 -4/5 i
2) i) 6(cos π/6 + isinπ/6)

ii) cos (–π/2) + isin(-π/2)

iii) √ (cos π/4 + isinπ/4)

iv) 2(cos2π/3 + isin 2π/3)

iv) 3√ (cos 3π/4 + isin 3π/4)

 vi) 2√ (cos 5π/4 + isin 5π/4) or 2√ ,cos(-3π/4) + isin(-3π/4)]
4) 0,1
5) 0
6) i) √
ii) √ , -√
7) i) -21 + 10i, -21_ - 10 i
541 541

ii) -15 – 23i, 3 – 7i

58 58 2 + 3i

8) √ √
 CHAPTER 6

LINEAR INEQUALITIES

Rules for solving inequalities

The following rules can be applied to any inequality
 Add or subtract the same number or expressions to both sides.
 Multiply or divide both sides by the same positive number.
 By multiplying or dividing with the same negative number, the
inequality is reversed.
a<b implies b>a
a<b implies –a>-b
a<b implies 1/a >1/b
x2≤a2 implies x≤a and x≥-a

Recall
x = 0 is y axis
y=0 is x axis
x=k is a line parallel to y axis passing through (k,0)of x axis.
y=k is a line parallel to x axis and passing through (0,k)of y axis.

Procedure to solve a linear inequality

o Simplify both sides by removing group symbols and collecting like
terms.
o Remove fractions by multiplying both sides by an appropriate
factor.
o Isolate all variable terms on one side and all constants on the
other side.
oMake the coefficient of the variable 1 and get the solution
(whenever coefficient of x is negative multiply through out by -1 so
that the ineqality is reversed.
Eg -2x ≥ 5
2x ≤ -5
x ≤-5/2
x ≤ -2.5 therefore solution is (-∞,-2.5]
Note: If x≥ 0, y≥0 is given in question every point in the shaded
region in the first quadrant including the points on the line and the
axis, represents the solution of the given system of ineqalities.
 Method to find Graphical Solution
• Draw lines corresponding to each equation treating it as equality
• Find the Feasible Region – intersection of all the inequalities
Steps to find Feasible region
Step 1: Take any point on the left (down) or right (up) of the line and
substitute that in the given inequality.
Step 2: If the point satisfies the inequality, the region containing that
point is the required region. Otherwise opposite region is the
required region.
Step 3: If inequality is of the type ≥ , ≤ then the points on the line are
also included in the solution region, so draw dark lines.
Step 4: If inequality is of the type >, < then the points on the line are not
included in the solution region, so draw dotted lines

Note: For the following in equation x ≥ 2, substitute the point (0,0) (left side) in x ≥ 2. Then
we get 0≥2 which is false. Therefore right side is the required region.

Shade the region corresponding to the inequation x≥2

Y

Xl 0 1 2 3 X

X=2

Y l
Y
Solve graphically: x+y≤4; 2x+y≤6; x,y≥0
(0,6)
x 0 4 x 0 6
y 4 0 y 3 0

(0,4)
C 2x + y = 6

B (2,2)

x+y=4

O A (4,0)
(3,0) X

Solve graphically
x + y  400
2x+y
 600
 Consider x+y=400

x 0 400
y 400 0

Consider 2x+y=600

X 0 300
y 600 0

(0,600)

(0,400)
C 2x + y = 60

B (200,200)
Feasible
region x + y = 400

O A (400,0)
(300,0) X

x + y ≤ 20
360x + 240y ≤ 5760
Consider x+y=20
x 0 20
y 20 0

Consider 3x+2y=48 (Dividing

throughout by 120)
X 0 16
y 24 0

(0,24)

(0,20)
C
3x +2 y = 48

B (8,12)

Feasible
region x + y = 20

O A (20,0)
(16,0) X
 Solve graphically:
• 200X + 100Y ≥ 4000
• X + 2Y ≥ 50

Consider 2x+y=40

X 0 20
y 40 0

Consider x+2y=40

X 0 50
y 25 0
 Y

C
(40,0) Feasible
Region

(0,25)
B (10,20)

X+2y=50
2x+y=40

O A X
(20,0) (50,0)

Solve graphically:
x+3y ≤ 12
3x+y ≤ 12
 Y

(0,12)

3x + y = 12

(0,4)

C (3,3)
B
Feasible x +3 y = 12
region

O
(4,0) A (12,0) X

Solve graphically:
x/10 +y/20 ≥ 14
3/50 x+1/10 y ≥ 14
 Consider 2x+y=280

X 0 140
y 280 0

Consider 3x+5y=700

X 0 233.3
y 140 0

C
(0,280)

Feasible
Region
(0,140)

B (10,20)

3X+5y=700
2x+y=280

O A X
(140,0) (233.3,0)

Ex 6.1

1to 4 (1 mark)

11 to 15, 16**, 18**, 20**, 22**, 24**, 25**,26**

eg 15**

Ex 6.3

(8 to 15)**

eg 16**
eg17**

Misc Ex

4*, 5*,6*, 8*, 9*, 10*, (11 to 14)**

EXTRA /HOT QUESTIONS

1) Solve i) 5x-2 - 7x-3 > x

3 5 4
ii) 2x-3 +8 ≥ 2 + 4x
4 3
iii) 2-3x < 1-x <3+4x
5 3 2
2) Solve graphically
i) 2x+y ≥ 3, x-2y ≤ -1, x≥0, y≥0
ii) x+4y ≤ 4, 2x+3y ≤ 6, x≥0, y≥0
iii) x+y ≥ 1, x ≤ 5, y ≤ 4, 2x +3y ≤ 12, x≥0, y≥0
3) The water acidity in a pool is considered normal when the average pH
reading of 3 daily measurements is between 8.2 and 8.5. If the first two
pH readings are 8.48 and 8.35, find the range of pH value for the third
reading that will result in the acidity level being normal
4) In the first 4 papers each of hundred marks Ravi got 90, 75, 73, 85 marks.
If he wants an average of greater than or equal to 75 marks and less than
80 marks, find the range of marks she should score in the fifth paper.
5) The longest side of a triangle is 3 times the shortest side and the third side
is 2 cm shorter than the longest side. If the perimeter of the triangle is
atleast 61 cm find the minimum length of the shortest side.

Answers

1) i) (4,∞)
ii) (-∞, 63/10]
iii) (¼ , ∞)
3 Between 7.77 and 8.67
4 More than or equal to 52 but less than 77
5 9 cm
 CHAPTER 7

PERMUTATIONS (Arrangements) AND COMBINATIONS (selections)

In permutation order is important, since 27 & 72 are different

numbers(arrangements). In combination order is not important.

 Fundamental principle of counting (FPC)

Station A Station B Station C

m ways n ways

then by FPC there are mn ways to go from station A to station C

 The number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time, where

repetition is not allowed is given by nPr = n(n-1)(n-2)…….(n-r+1)
where 0<r≤n.
5
eg P2 = 5 x 4 = 20
7
P3 = 7 x 6 x 5 = 210
 Factorial notation: n! = 1 x 2 x 3 x …..x n, where n is a natural number
eg 5! = 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5
we define 0! = 1
also n! = n(n-1)!
= n(n-1)(n-2)!
 nPr = _n!_ Where 0 ≤ r ≤ n
(n-r)!
 Number of permutations of n different things, taken r at a time, where
repetition is allowed is nr
 Number of permutations of n objects taken all at a time, where P1 objects
are of first kind, P2 objects are of second kind…..Pk objects are of the kth
kind and rest, if any, are all different is ____n!____ (eg 9)
P1!.P2!…Pk!
 The number of combinations of n different things taken r at a time is
given by
n
Cr = n(n-1)(n-2)….(n-r+1) , where 0< r≤n
1.2.3……r
eg C3 = 5 x 4 x 3 = 5C2
5

1x2x3
 n
Cr = nCn-r
eg 5C3 = 5C2
7
C5 = 7C2
 n
Cr = n!___, where 0≤r≤n.
r!(n-r)!
 n n
Cr = Cs implies r = s or n = r+s (eg 17* ) 1 mark
 n
Cn = nC0 = 1
 n
C1 = n
eg 5C1 = 5
 n
Cr + nCr-1 = n+1Cr
Ex 7.1
1, 2, 4
Ex 7.2
4* , 5* (1 mark)
eg 8* (1 mark), eg 11*, 12**,13**,14**,16** (4 marks)
Ex 7.3
7*, 8*, 9**,10**,11**
Theorm 6 to prove (4 marks)*
eg 17* (1 mark) use direct formula n = 9+8 = 17 since nCr = nCs implies r
= s or n = r+s
eg 19**
Ex 7.4
2**,3*,5*,6*,7**,8*,9*
eg 21**, eg 23*(HOT), eg 24*
Misc Ex
1**,2**,3**,4*,5*,7**,10**,11**
EXTRA/HOT QUESTIONS
1) How many permutations can be made with letters of the word
MATHEMATICS ? In how many of them vowels are together?
2) In how many ways can 9 examination papers be arranged so that the
best and the worst papers are never together. (HOT)
3) How many numbers greater than 56000 can be formed by using the
digits 4,5,6,7,8; no digit being repeated in any number.
4) Find the number of ways in which letters of the word
ARRANGEMENT can be arranged so that the two A‟s and two R‟s
do not occur together. (HOT)
5) If C(2n,3): C(n,3):: 11:1 find n.
6) If P(11,r) = P(12,r-1) find r.
 7) Five books, one each in Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, English and
Hindi are to be arranged on a shelf. In how many ways can this be
done?
8) If nPr = nPr+1 and nCr = nCr-1 find the values of n and r.
9) A box contains five red balls and six black balls. In how many ways
can six balls be selected so that there are at least two balls of each
color.
10) A group consist of 4 girls and 7 boys in how many ways can a
committee of five members be selected if the committee has i) no girl
ii) atleast 1 boy and 1 girl
iii) atlest 3 girls.

Note : atleast means ≥

Answers

1) 4989600, 120960
2) 282240 Hint (consider the best and the worst paper as one paper)
3) 90
4) 1678320
5) 6
6) 9
7) 120
8) n = 3, r = 2
9) 425
10) i) 21
ii) 441
iii) 91
 CHAPTER 8

BINOMIAL THEOREM

Binomial theorem for any positive integer n

(a+b)n = nC0an + nC1an-1b + nC2an-2b2 + nC3an-3b3 + ……..+ n

bn

Recall

1) nCr = __n!__
(n-r)! r!
2) Cr = nCn-r
n

7
C4 = 7C3 = 7 x 6 x 5 = 35
1x2x3
8 8
C6 = C2 = 8 x 7 = 28
1x2
n n
3) Cn = C0 = 1
4) nC1 = n
OBSERVATIONS/ FORMULAS

1) The coefficients nCr occurring in the binomial theorem are known as

binomial coefficients.
2) There are (n+1) terms in the expansion of (a+b)n , ie one more than the
index.
3) The coefficient of the terms equidistant from the beginning and end are
equal.
4) (1+x)n = nC0 + nC1x + nC2x2 + nC3x3 + …… + nCnxn. (By putting a = 1 and
b = x in the expansion of (a + b)n).
5) (1-x)n = nC0 - nC1x + nC2x2 - nC3x3 + …… + (-1)n nCnxn (By putting a = 1
and b = -x in the expansion of (a + b)n).
6) 2n = nC0 + nC1 + nC2 + nC3 + …… + nCn (By putting x = 1 in
(4))
7) 0 = nC0 - nC1 + nC2 - nC3 + …… +(-1)n nCn. (By putting x = 1 in (5))

8**) (r + 1)th term in the binomial expansion for (a+b)n is called the general
term which is given by

Tr+1 = nCr an-r br.

th
i.e to find 4 term = T4, substitute r = 3.
 9*) Middle term in the expansion of (a+b)n
i) If n is even, middle term = 0 1 term.

ii) If n is odd, then 2 middle terms are 0 1 term and 0 1 term.

10*) To find the term independent of x or the constant term, find the
coefficient of x0.(ie put power of x = 0 and find r)

Problems

eg 4** (4 marks)

Ex 8.1

Q 2,4,7,9 (1 mark)

10*, 11*,12* (4 marks)

13**,14** (4 marks)

13**) Show that 9n+1 – 8n – 9 is divisible by 64, whenever n is a positive integer

Or

32n +2 - 8n - 9 is divisible by 64

Solution: 9n+1 – 8n – 9 = (1+8)n+1 – 8n – 9

= n+1C0 + n+1C18 + n+1C282 + n+1C383 + …….+ n+1Cn+18n+1 – 8n – 9

= 1 + 8n + 8 + 82 [ n+1C2 + n+1C3.8 + …… + 8n-1] – 8n – 9

(since n+1C0 = n+1Cn+1 = 1, n+1C1 = n+1,

8n+1/82 = 8n+1-2 = 8n-1)

= 82 [ n+1C2 + n+1C3.8 + …… + 8n-1] which is divisible by 64

Problems

eg 5*,6**,7* (4 marks)

eg 8**,9** (6 marks)
Ex 8.2

Q 2,3* (1 mark)

Q 7**,8**,9**,11**,12** (4 marks), 10** (6 marks)

eg 10**,11 (HOT),12 (HOT), 13(HOT), eg 15*,17** (4 marks)

Misc ex

Q 1** (6 mark),2,3(HOT), 8* (4 marks)

Ex 8.2

Q 10**(6 marks)

The coefficients of the (r-1)th , rth and (r+1)th terms in the expansion of (x+1)n
are in the ratio 1: 3 : 5. Find n and r.

Solution

Tr+1 = nCrxn-r

Tr = T(r-1)+1 = nCr-1xn-r+1

Tr-1 = T(r-2)+1 = nCr-2 xn-r+2

Given nCr-2 : nCr-1 : nCr :: 1 : 3 : 5

n
Cr-2 = 1
n
Cr-1 3
_____n!___ ÷ ____n!_____ = 1
(n – r+2)! (r-2)! (n- r+1)! (r-1)! 3

(n- r+1)! x (r-1)! = 1

(n- r+2)! (r-2)! 3

(n- r+1)!______ x (r- 2)!(r-1) = 1

(n- r+1)!(n- r+2) (r- 2)! 3
_r-1_ = 1
n-r+2 3

3r-3 = n-r+2
n-4r = -5 _________(1)

n
Cr-1 = 3
n
Cr 5
simplify as above and get the equation 3n – 8r = -3 ________(2)
solving (1) and (2) we get
n = 7 and r = 3.
EXTRA/HOT QUESTIONS
1) Using Binomial theorem show that 23n – 7n – 1 or 8n – 7n – 1 is divisible
by 49 where n is a natural number. (4 marks**)
2) Find the coefficient of x3 in the equation of (1+2x)6 (1-x)7 (HOT)
3) Find n if the coefficient of 5th , 6th & 7th terms in the expansion of (1+x)n
are in A.P.
4) If the coefficient of xr-1, xr, xr+1 in the expansion of (1+x)n are in A.P.
prove that n2 – (4r+1)n + 4r2 – 2 = 0. (HOT)
5) If 6th,7th,8th & 9th terms in the expansion of (x+y)n are respectively a,b,c
&d then show that b2 – ac = 4a (HOT)
c2 – bd 3c
6) Find the term independent of x in the expansion of 0 1
(4 marks*)
7) Using Binomial theorem show that 33n – 26n – 1 is divisible by 676. (4
marks**)
8) The 3rd,4th & 5th terms in the expansion of (x+a)n are 84, 280 & 560
respectively. Find the values of x, a and n. (6 marks**)
9) The coefficient of 3 consecutive terms in the expansion of (1+x)n are in
the ratio 3 : 8 :14. Find n. (6 mark**)
10) Find the constant term in the expansion of (x-1/x)14
11) Find the middle term(s) in the expansion of
i) 0 1 ii) 0 1

12) If (1+x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + …..+Cnxn

Prove that C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 + ……+ nCn = n.2n-1
Answers
2) -43
3) n = 7 or 14
6) 76545/8
8) x =1, a=2, n = 7
9) 10
10) -3432
11) i) -252
ii) -63 x14
32
 Chapter 9

SEQUENCES AND SERIES

Arithmetic progression (A.P)

Standard AP → a, a+d, a+2d………a+(n-1)d

An = a+ (n-1) d
Sn = ( ( ) )
= ( )
Arithmetic mean A between the two numbers a and b is
A =
If A1,A2,…..An are n A.M between the two numbers a and b,
Then d=
A1 = a + d = a +
A2 = a + 2d = a + 2

……………………

An = a + nd = a + n

Geometric progression (G.P)

Standard GP → a, ar ,ar2…….arn-1

An = arn-1
( ) ( )
Sn = or if r ≠ 1

S∞ = if | |< 1

If G is the GM between a and b, then G = √

If G1,G2,…..Gn are n G.M between the two numbers a and b ,

then r = ( )
G1 = ar = a ( )

G2 = ar2 = a ( )

………………………….
Gn= arn = a( )

Sum to n terms of special series

( )
Sn= 1+ 2 + 3 +……+n =

( )( )
Sn= 12+ 22 + 32 +……+n2 =

* ( )+
Sn= 13+ 23 + 33 +……+n3 =

TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS

* Exercise 9.2 Qns 5,7,8,11,14

* Exercise 9.3 Qns 2,3,5,11,16,17,19,21,23,25

* Exercise 9.4 Qns 3,4,5,6,7

* Misc Exercise → Qns 3,4,5,10,12,14,18,21

** → Exercise 9.2 Qns 9,10,12,13,15

** → Exercise 9.3 Qns 12,13,14,15,18,22,26,27,28

** → Exercise 9.4 Qns 1,2,8,9,10

** → Misc Exercise → Qns 19,22,23,24, 25,26

** → Examples 4,5,6,10,13,18,21
EXTRA/ HOT QUESTIONS

1. Which term of the sequence 25, 24 , 23 , 22 ,…..is the first negative

term. (Ans.35)

2. How many terms are identical in the two AP.

2,4,6,……….up to 100 terms and 3,6,9………….. up to 80 terms

(Ans.33)

3. solve for x : 1+4+7+………..+x = 590 (Ans.x=58)

4. Find the sum of all the three digit numbers which leaves the reminder 2
when divided by 5. (Ans.98910)
5. The digits of a three digit natural number are in AP and their sum is 15
.The number obtained by reversing the digits is 396 less than the original
number. Find the number.

6. If pth, qth, and rth terms of GP are in GP. Show that p,q,r are in AP

7. If a,b,c,d are in GP, then show that a2+ b2, b2+ c2, c2+ d2 are in GP

8. Evaluate …………………. to infinite terms.

9. The common ratio of a GP is (- 4/5) and sum to infinity is (80/9). Find the
first term. (Ans.7)

10. If S1, S2, S3 are the sums of first n, 2n, 3n terms of a GP. Then Show that
s1 (s3-s2) = (s2-s1)2

11. are in AP Show that y2 , x2 and z2 are in AP .

12. Find the sum of 103 + 113 +…….+ 203 (Ans.42075)

13. Find the nth term and the sum of n terms of the series

+ + + ………………

14. Find the sum of n terms of 13 + + + ….....

15. If AM and GM of roots of a quadratic equation are 8 and 5 respectively,

then write the quadratic equation. (Ans.x2-16x+25=0)
 Chapter 10
STRAIGHT LINES
SLOPE OF A LINE : m = tanθ if θ is the angle of inclination.

m = if ( , ) and ( , ) are two points on the line.

SLOPE of a horizontal line is 0 and vertical line is not defined.

If m1 and m2 are slopes of L1 and L2 respectively.

L1 || L2 m1 = m2

L1 | L2 → m1 x m2 = -1

Acute angle between L1 and L2

tanθ = | | the obtuse angle

.

EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE

x-axis y = 0

y-axis x = 0

|| to x-axis y = b

|| to y-axis x = a

Having slope m and making an intercept c on y-axis y = mx+c

Making intercepts a and b on the x-axis and y-axis → + =1

passing through ( , ) and ( , ) → y - y1 = (x-x1)

Having normal distance from orgin P and angle between the normal and
positive x-axis → x cos ω + y sinω = P.

General form → Ax + By + C = 0

Distance of a point ( , ) from a line ax + by + c = 0 is | |

√
 TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS

* Exercise 10.1 Qns 5,8,9

* Exercise 10.2 Qns 7,8,9,10,11,16

* Exercise 10.3 Qns 3,4,5,7,8,9,10,12,16

* MiscExercis→ Qns 1,6,7,8,9,12,14,15,23

** → Exercise 10.1 Qns 11,13

** → Exercise 10.2 Qns 12,13,15,18,20

** → Exercise 10.3 Qns 13,14,17,18

** → Misc Exercise → Qns 3,4,11,18,19

** → Example → 2,3,13,14,15,17,19,20,23

Misc Example →23

EXTRA/ HOT QUESTIONS

1. Find the equation of the line through (4,-5) and parallel to the line joining
the points (3,7) & (-2,4).

(Ans.3x-5y-37=0)

2. If A(1,4) , B(2,-3) and C(-1,-2) are the vertices of a triangle ABC . find
a) The equation of the median through A
b) The equation of the altitude through A
c) The right bisector of side BC
3. Find the equation of the straight line which passes through (3,-2) and
cuts off positive intercepts on the x axis and y axis which are in the ratio
4:3
4. Reduce the equation 3x-2y+4 =0 to intercept form. Hence find the length
of the segment intercepted between the axes.
5. Find the image of the point (1,2) in the line x-3y+4 =0
6. If the image of the point (2,1) in a line is (4,3) .Find the equation of the
line.

7. Find the equation of a line passing through the point (-3,7) and the point
of intersection of the lines 2x-3y+5 = 0 and 4x+9y = 7.
(Ans.8x+3y+3=0)
8. Find the equation of straight lines which are perpendicular to the line

12x+5y = 17 and at a distance of 2 units from the point (-4,1)

(ans. 5x-12y+6=0 & 5x-12y+58=0)

9.The points A(2,3) B(4,-1) & C(-1,2) are the vertices of a triangle. Find the
length of perpendicular from A to BC and hence the area of ABC (Ans.
√
units & 7 sq.units)

10. Find the equation of straight line whose intercepts on the axes are thrice as
long as those made by 2x +11y = 6

(Ans.2x+11y =18)
 Chapter 11

CONIC SECTION
CIRCLE:

The equation of a circle with centre at (h, k) and radius r is ( )

( )

Equation of a circle with centre at origin and radius r is

PARABOLA( Symmetric about its axis)

Right Left Upward Downward

Equation
Axis y=0 y= 0 x= 0 x= 0
Figure

Focus (a, 0) (-a, 0) (0, a) (0, -a)

Vertex (0,0) (0,0) (0,0) (0,0)
Latus 4a 4a 4a 4a
Rectum
Directrix x = -a x=a y = -a y =a
ELLIPSE ( Symmetric about both the axis)

Equation

Equation of the major y=0 x=0

axis
Length of major axis 2a 2a
Length of minor axis 2b 2b
Vertices ( a, 0) (0, a )
Foci ( c, 0) (0, c )
Eccentricity

Latus Rectum
HYPERBOLA

Equation

Equation of the y =0 x =0
transverse axis
Length of transverse axis 2a 2a
Length of conugate axis 2b 2b
Vertices ( a, 0) (0, a )
Foci ( c, 0) (0, c )
Eccentricity

Latus Rectum

TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS

* →Exercise 11.1 Qns 10,11

* → Exercise 11.2 Qns 5,6,8

* → Exercise 11.3 Qns 5,6,7,8,9,10

* →Exercise 11.4 Qns 4,5,6

* →Example → 4,17,18,19

** →Exercise 11.1 Qns 9,12,13,14

** → Exercise 11.2 Qns 11,12

** → Exercise 11.3 Qns 13 to Qns 20

** → Exercise 11.4 Qns 10 to Qns 15

Extra Questions:

1.Find the centre and the radius of 3x2 + 3y2 + 6x -4y -1 =0

(ans : (-1, 2/3), 4/3)

2. Find the value of p so that x2 + y2 + 8x +10y +p =0, is the equation of the

circle of radius 7 units. (ans : -8)

3. Find the equation of the circle when the end points of the diameter are

A ( -2 ,3), B ( 3, -5) ( ans: x2 + y2 -x +2y -21 =0 )

4. Find the equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle formed by the
straight lines: x + y = 6, 2x + y =4 and x +2y = 5

(ans: x2 + y2 -17x -19y +50 =0 )

5. Find the area of the triangle formed by the lines joining the vertex of the
parabola x2 = 12y to the ends of its latus rectum. ( ans : ½ x 12 x 3 sq.units)

6. Find the equation of the ellipse with eccentricity ¾ , foci on y- axis , center at
the origin and passes through the point ( 6, 4) ( ans: 16x2 + 7y2 = 688)

7. Find the length of major axis and minor axis of 4x2 +y2 = 100

8. Find the equation of the parabola with the centre at origin, length of
transverse axis 6 units and a focus at( 0, 4). (ans: 7y2 - 9x2= 63)

9. The line 5x –y = 3 is a tangent to a circle at a point ( 2, 7) and its centre is on

the line x + 2y = 19. Find the equation of the circle ( ans: x2 + y2 -14x -12y
+59 =0 )

10. Find equation of the circle which touches the y – axis at origin and whose
radius is 3 units. ( ans: x2 + y2 - 6x =0 )
 Chapter 12
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
Any point on x – axis - > ( x, 0, 0)

Any point on y – axis - > ( 0, y, 0)

Any point on z – axis - > ( 0, 0, z)

Any point on XY - plane ( x, y, 0)

Any point on YZ - plane ( 0, y, z)

Any point on ZX - plane ( x, 0,z)

Distance between two points P ( x1 , y1, z1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2, z2 ) is

|PQ| = √( ) ( ) ( )

The co- ordinates of R which divides a line segment joining the points

P ( x1 , y1, z1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2, z2 )

Internally and externally in the ratio m : n respectively

R. / and

S. /

The coordinates of the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are ( x1 , y1, z1 ) ,
( x2 , y2, z2 ) and ( x3 , y3, z3 ) is

( )

TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS

 Exercise 12 .2 -- 3, 4, 5

 Example – 7, 8,9, 10,11,12,13

 Exercise 12 .3 -- 3, 4, 5

 Misc Q 1 to Q 6
 Extra Questions:

1.Find the distance between ( -3, 4, -6) and its image in the XY – plane.

( ans : 12 units)

2.Find the points on the y- axis which are at a distance of 3 units from the point
( 2, 3, -1)

( ans : ( 0, 1, 0), ( 0, 5, 0) )

3.If A and B are the points ( 1, 2, 3 ) and ( -1, 4 , -3) respectively then find the
locus of a point P such that PA2 - PB2 = 2k2

( ans : 2x – 2y + 6z + 6 + k2
= 0)

4. If the points A ( 1, 0 , -6 ), B ( -3, p, q ) and C ( -5, 9, 6) are collinear, find the

values of p and q.

( ans : p = 6 , q = 2 )

5. Two vertices of a triangle are ( 2, -6 ,4) , (4, -2, 3) and its centroid is
. / , find the third vertex.

( ans : ( 2,5,2))
 Chapter 13
LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
Some standard results on limits

1) ( ) iff ( ) ( )

2) where k is a fixed real number.

3) ( ) ( ) where f(x) is a real polynomial in x.

4) for all n  N

5) x c

Algebra of limits

Refer : NCERT Textbook page no: 292.

Evaluation of algebraic limits

Type I ( Direct substitution method)

Eg: Evaluate ( ) = 13 – 12 + 1 = 1

Evaluate the following limits:

NCERT Textbook Exercise 13.1 Q 1,2,3,4,5,9,11,12.

Additional Questions and HOT Questions

** 1) ( ) Ans: 1

** 2) ( ) 60 Ans: 1
√ √
** 3) Ans:2

Type II (Factorisation method)

Eg : Evaluate :

( )( )
( form) =

= ( )

= 12 + 1 + 1 = 3
 Evaluate the following limits.

NCERT Textbook Exercise 13.1 Q 7,8 , Example 2.

Evaluate:

( )(√ )
** 1) ans:

** 2) ans:
2 √

** 3) ans: 0
Type III

For any positive integer n, = ( This is applicable

for any rational number n and for a

Evaluate :

Ans: = = 4 = 4 = 32

Evaluate the following limits.

NCERT Textbook Exercise 13.1 Q 10 , Example 3.

1) Evaluate : Ans: 64

2) If = 9 , find the value of a.

Type IV
√
Evaluate

√ √
Ans: =

Put y = 1+x when x 0, y 1

√
value =

⁄ ⁄
=

=
Evaluate

1) NCERT Ex 13.1 Q 6

( )
2) ans = – n

( )
3) ans =
( )

( ) ⁄
4) ans =

Type V

Concepts : =1

=1

=1

NCERT Exercise 13.1 : Q 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21

Evaluate : ans:

Evaluate : ans:

Type VI
NCERT Exercise 13.1 : Q 17

Evaluate :

Type VII
( )
Evaluate :
( )

Let
( ) , ( )-
=
( ) , ( )-

= =
 Textbook Q no: 22

Evaluate 1) ans: 2

2) ans :

3) ans : (–1)

4) ans : ½
( )2

Type VIII
Applying sin C  sin D formulae

Evaluate 1)

2) ans : cos a

Type IX

( ) ( )
** NCERT Exercise 13.1 -

1) Q 23

2) Q 24

3) Q 25

4) Q 26
| |
** 5) If ( ) { , find ( )

6) If ( ) { , find ( )
Type X
** NCERT Exercise 13.1 -

1) Q 28

2) Q 30

3) Q 32

4) Let ( ) { . Find k if ( ) exists. Ans : k = –1

Type XI
Exponential Limits

= 1

NCERT Exercise 13.2 Q1 , Q2, Q4, Q6.

Type XII
NCERT Exercise 13.2 Q3 , Q5

Type XIII
( )
=1

NCERT Exercise 13.2 Q7 , Q8

DIFFERENTIATION
Type I
Find the derivatives of the following functions from first principle.

1)

2)

3)

4) ( )

5)

6) NCERT Ex 13.2 Q4

** 7) sin x

** 8) cos x
 ** 9) tan x

** 10) sec x

** 11) cosec x

** 12) sin 2x

** 13) cos 3x

14) x sin x

15) sin2 x

16) sin(x+1)

17) Misc Example 19

Type II

Find the derivatives of the following

* 1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

* 6)

Type III
Ex 13.2 Q1

Ex 13.2 Q2

Ex 13.2 Q3

Ex 13.2 Q5
Type IV

( )= . + .

NCERT Ex 13.2
* 1) Q7 (1),(2)

* 2) Q9 (2) ,(3), (4),(5)

* 3) Q11 (1)

* 4) Example 18

** 5) Misc Ex Q 15, Q22, Q25, Q29.

Type V

–
( )=

Misc Exercise Q 5,6,7,8,9,16,17,18,20,26.

Additional questions and HOT Questions

1. Find the derivatives of the following functions

a)

** b) ( )( )

** c)

2. If show that = y.
 Chapter 14

MATHEMATICAL REASONING
Type-I

Concept: statements: A sentence which is either true or false, but not

both

(1) N.C.E.R.T text book page 324

Question no.1(*) , 2(*),4(*),9(*),10(*)

Type-II
Negation of a statement: Denial of a statement is called negation of a
statement.
(1) N.C.E.R.T text book page 329
Question no.1(*),2(*),3(*),4(*),5(*)

Type-III

Compound statement and component statement

A compound statement is a statement which is made up of two or more

statements .Each statement is called a component statement.

(1) N.C.E.R.T page 327 example 4(*)

(2) N.C.E.R.T page 329 exercise 14.2 - question no.3(*)

Type-IV

Compound statement with ‘and’ or ‘or’

(1) N.C.E.R.T page 330 example 6

(2) N.C.E.R.T page 333 example 8
Type-V
Quantifiers

Quantifiers are phrases like ‘there exists’ and ‘for all’ etc...

(1) N.C.E.R.T page 335 exercise 14.3 question no.2(*)

 Type-VI

Inclusive or exclusive or

(1) N.C.E.R.T page 332 example 7

(2) N.C.E.R.T page 335 exercise 14.5 question no.4

Type-VII

Implications

(1) N.C.E.R.T page no.338 exercise 14.4 question no.1(**)

(2) N.C.E.R.T page no.345 Mis exercise 14.4 question no.7(**)
(3) Rewrite the following statement with if then in five different ways
If a number is a multiple of 9, then it is a multiple of 3.
Type-VIII

Contra positive and Converse statement

Contra positive statement of p q is q implies p

Converse of the statement p q is q p.

(1) N.C.E.R.T page 336 example 9(**)

(2) N.C.E.R.T page 337 example 10(**)
(3) N.C.E.R.T page 338 exercise 14.4 question no .2(**)
(4) N.C.E.R.T page 345 misc. exercise question no.2(**)
Type-IX

Validating statements

Direct method: By assuming that ‘p’ is true, prove that ‘q’ must be true.

Contra positive method: By assuming ‘q’ is false, prove that ‘p’ must be false.

Method of contradiction: Assume ‘p’ is not true. Then we arrive at some

result which contradicts our assumption.

(1) N.C.E.R.T page 342 exercise 14.5 question no.1(**)

(2) N.C.E.R.T page 342 exercise 14.5 question no.3(**)
(3) N.C.E.R.T page 345 Mis exercise 14.5 question no.6(*)
(4) N.C.E.R.T page 340 example 13(**)
(5) N.C.E.R.T page 340 example 14(**)
(6) N.C.E.R.T page 340 example 15(**)
 Type-X

By giving a counter example we can disprove a given statement.

(1) N.C.E.R.T page 342 question no.4(**)

(2) N.C.E.R.T page 342 example 7(*)

Type-XI
Validating of compound statement
(1) N.C.E.R.T mise exercise –question no.5(*)
 Chapter 15

STATISTICS

Type-I

Concept: mean deviation for ungrouped data

∑| ̅| ∑| |
M.D ( ̅ ) = , M.D (M) =
̅ = arithmetic mean M=median

(1) N.C.E.R.T page 351 example 1 (*)

(2) N.C.E.R.T page 351 example 2 (*)

(3) N.C.E.R.T page 352 example 3 (*)

(4) N.C.E.R.T page 360 exercise 15.1 question . 1 (*)

(5) N.C.E.R.T page 360 exercise 15.1question. 3 (*)

(6) N.C.E.R.T page 360 exercise 15.1 question. 4 (*)

Type-II

Concept: mean deviation for grouped data discrete distribution

∑ | ̅| ∑ | |
M.D ( ̅ ) = , M.D (M) = where N = ∑

(1)N.C.E.R.T page 353 example 4 (*)

(2) N.C.E.R.T page 354 example 5 (*)

(3) N.C.E.R.T page 360 exercise 15.1 question.5 (*)

(4) N.C.E.R.T page 360 exercise 15.1 question.6 (*)

(5) N.C.E.R.T page 360 exercise 15.1 question .7(*)

Type – III

Concept: mean deviation for grouped data continuous frequency

distribution
∑ | ̅|
M.D ( ̅ ) = where ̅ =A + ∑
 ∑ | |
M.D (M) = where M = ( )h

(1)N.C.E.R.T page 359 example 7(**)

(2) N.C.E.R.T page 361 exercise 15.1 question . 9(**)

(3) N.C.E.R.T page 361 exercise 15.1 question . 10(**)

(4) N.C.E.R.T page 361 exercise 15.1 question . 11(**)

Type-IV

Concept: variance and standard deviation for ungrouped data

∑( ̅)
=

(1)N.C.E.R.T page 364 example 8(*)

(2)N.C.E.R.T page 361 exercise 15.2 question .1(*)

(3) N.C.E.R.T page 361 exercise 15.2 question .2(*)

(4) N.C.E.R.T page 361 exercise 15.2 question .3(*)

Type-V

Concept: variance and standard deviation of a discrete frequency distribution

∑ ( ̅) ∑ ∑
= or = –. /

(1)N.C.E.R.T page 365 example 9(*)

(2) N.C.E.R.T page 365 example 11(*)

(3) N.C.E.R.T page 371 exercise15.2 question. 4(*)

(4) N.C.E.R.T page 371 exercise 15.2 question.5(*)

Type-VI

Concept: variance and standard deviation of a continuous frequency

distribution

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
= –. / or = [ –. / ] where di =

(1) N.C.E.R.T page 370 example 12(**)

 (2) N.C.E.R.T page 372 exercise 15.2 question .8(*)
(3) N.C.E.R.T page 372 exercise 15.2 question .9(*)
(4) N.C.E.R.T page 372 exercise 15.2 question .10(*)

Type-VII
Concept: coefficient of variation C.V = . ̅ / x 100
(1) N.C.E.R.T page 374 example 14(*)
(2) N.C.E.R.T page 376 exercise 15.3 question .5(*)

Type – VIII(HOT questions)

(1) N.C.E.R.T page 380 misc exercise questions 2,3,4,5(*)

EXTRA AND HOT QUESTIONS

(1) Find the mean ,variance and standard deviation for the following data
class 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
frequencies 3 4 7 7 15 9 6 6 3
Ans: 56,422.33,20.65
(2) Find the mean variance and standard deviation using short cut method.
Heights in 70-75 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-100 100-105 105-110 110-115
cm
frequencies 3 4 7 7 15 9 6 6 3
Ans: 93,105.52,10.27
(3) Calculate mean, variance and standard deviation for the following by
short cut method.
classes 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
frequency 3 7 12 15 8 3 2
Ans: 62,201,√
(4) Calculate the mean deviation from the median for the following data.
classes 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
frequency 4 6 10 20 10 6 4
Ans: Median=45
Mean deviation=11.33
 Chapter 16

Probability

For important terms and definitions refer NCERT text book.

Type- I

Concept : sample space

(1)NCERT text book page 386 question no. 1 (*)

(2) NCERT text book page 386 question no. 2 (*)

(3) NCERT text book page 386 question no. 3 (*)

(4) NCERT text book page 386 question no. 4 (*)

(5) NCERT text book page 386 question no. 5 (*)

(6) NCERT text book page 386 question no. 11 (*)

(7) NCERT text book page 386 question no.12 (**)

Type- II

Concept : types of events

(1)NCERT text book page 393 question no. 2 (*)

(2) NCERT text book page 393 question no. 3 (*)

(3) NCERT text book page 393 question no. 1 (*)

(4) NCERT text book page 393 question no. 4 (**)

(5) NCERT text book page 392 example 7 (**)

Type- III

Concept : Algebra of events: AUB , A B , A but not B etc

(1) NCERT text book page 393 question no. 6 (**)

 EXTRA AND HOT QUESTIONS

(1) From a group of 2 men and 3 women 2 persons are selected .

Describe the sample space of the experiment. If E is the event in which 1
man and 1 woman are selected. Then which are the cases favourable to
E (Type-I*)
(2) Two dice are rolled. A is the event that the sum of the numbers shown
on the two dice is 5.B is the event that at least one of the dice shows up
a 3.Are the two events A and B.
(a) Mutually exclusive.
(b) Exhaustive (Type-II**)
(3) Two dice are thrown the events A , B, C are as follows

A: Getting an odd number on the first die.

B: Getting a total of 7 on the two dice.

C: Getting a total of greater than or equal to 8 on the two dice.

Describe the following events

(a) AUB
(b) A’
(c) B – C
(d) B C

PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT
Important concepts

P(E) =

If A and B are two mutually exclusive events P (AUB) = P(A) + P(B)

If A and B are any two events then P (AUB) = P(A) + P(B)-- P(A B)

P(not A) = 1—P(A)
 Type – I

Concept: Probability of an event

(1) N.C.E.R.T text book page 404 question no.3(*)

(2) N.C.E.R.T text book page 404 question no.4(**)
(3) N.C.E.R.T text book page 404 question no.8(**)
(4) N.C.E.R.T text book page 404 question no.10(**)
(5) N.C.E.R.T text book page 403 example 14(**)
(6) N.C.E.R.T text book page 400 example 10(**)

EXTRA AND HOT QUESTIONS

(7) Three identical dice are rolled . Find the probability that the same
number will appear on each of them.
Ans: 1/36 (hot)
(8) Two dice are thrown simultaneously . Find the probability of getting a
total of 9.
Ans: 1/9 (*)
(9) A bag contains 8 red ,3 white and 9 blue balls. Three balls are drawn at
random from the bag. Determine the probability that none of the balls
drawn is white .
Ans: 34/57 (**)
(10) In a single throw of 3 dice. Find the probability of not getting the same
number on all the dice.
Ans: 35/36 (**)
(11) The letters of the word “SOCIETY “ are placed at random in a row .What
is the probability that the 3 vowels come together.
Ans: 1/7 (**)
(12) Find the probability that in an arrangement of the letters of the word
“DAUGHTER” the letter D occupies the first place.
Ans: 1/8 (**)
(13) Find the probability that in a random arrangement of the letters of the
word “INSTITUTION’ the three T’s are together.
Ans: P 1/110 (**)
 Type – II

P(AUB)= P(A) + P(B) (mutually exclusive cases )

P (AUB) = P(A) + P(B)-- P(A B)

(1) N.C.E.R.T page 405 question no.14(**)

(2) N.C.E.R.T page 405 question no.15(*)

(3) N.C.E.R.T page 405 question no.16(**)

(4) N.C.E.R.T page 405 question no.17(**)

(5) N.C.E.R.T page 405 question no.18(**)

(6) N.C.E.R.T page 405 question no.19(**)

(7) N.C.E.R.T page 405 question no.20 (**)

(8) N.C.E.R.T page 409 misc exercise question no.3 (**)

(9) N.C.E.R.T page 401 example 11(**)

EXTRA AND HOT QUESTIONS

(1) One card is drawn from a set of 17 cards numbered 1 to 17. Find the
probability that the number is divisible by 3 or 7.
Ans: 7/17. (*)
(2) Two dice are thrown together. What is the probability that the sum of
the numbers of the two faces is neither 9 nor 11.
Ans : 5/16 (*)
(3) Two unbiased dice are thrown. Find the probability that neither a
doublet nor a total of 10 will appear.
Ans: 7/9 (**)
(4) Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards without
replacement .Find the probability that neither a jack nor a card of
spade is drawn.
Ans: 105/221 (**)
(5) If P(AUB)=0.6 and P(A B)=0.2. Find P( ̅) + P( ̅ )
Ans: 1.2
 (6) A and B are two mutually exclusive events if P(A) = 0.5 and P( ̅ )
=0.6.Find P(AUB)

Type – III

At least one, at most one cases

(1) N.C.E.R.T page 402 examples 12 (**) {hot}

(2) N.C.E.R.T page 407 example 15 (**)
(3) N.C.E.R.T page 408 misc exercise question .1 (**) {hot}
(4) N.C.E.R.T page 408 misc exercise question.2 (**)
(5) N.C.E.R.T page 409 misc exercise question 7 (**)
(6) N.C.E.R.T page 409 misc exercise question 9 (**)

EXTRA AND HOT QUESTIONS

(1) Three coins are tossed once . Find the probability of getting
(a) Atmost 2 heads
(b) Atleast 2 heads
(c) Exactly 2 tails
(d) Atmost 2 tails
(e) 3 heads
(f) No heads

Ans: (a) 7/8 (b)1/2 (c)3/8 (d)7/8 (e)1/8 (f)1/8

(2) The probability that a student will get A,B,C or D grade are
0.4,0.35,0.15and 0.1 respectively. Find the probability that she will get
(a) B or C grade
(b) Atmost C grade
(3) In a single throw of 2 dice write the corresponding events and the
probability of getting
(a) A total of 9
(b) Two ones
(c) Atleast one 6
(d) A sum of 9 or 11
(e) A sum of atleast 10
(f) A sum as a prime number
Ans: (a)1/9(b)1/36(c)11/36(d)1/6(e)1/6(f)5/12
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

CLASS: XI SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS

SESSION ENDING EXAMINATION BLUE PRINT

TOTAL OF
UNIT S. NO NAME OF CHAPTER VSA SA LA TOTAL
UNIT
I 1 SETS 1 1 10(2)
RELATIONS AND
2 1 1 - 5(2)
FUNCTIONS 29(7)
TRIGONOMETRIC
3 - 1+1* 1* 14(3)
FUNCTIONS
PRINCIPLE OF
II 4 MATHEMATICAL - 1* 6(1)
INDUCTION

5 COMPLEX NUMBERS - 1* - 4(1)

AND QUADRATIC
EQUATIONS

6 - 1 6(1) 37(9)
LINEAR INEQUALITIES

7 PERMUTRATIONS AND - 2 - 8(2)

COMBINATIONS

8 1 2 9(3)
BINOMIAL THEOREM

9 1* 4(1)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
III 10 STRAIGHT LINES 1 1* - 5(2)
11 CONIC SECTIONS 1 4(1)

13(4)
12 INTRODUCTION TO - 1 - 4(1)
THREE DIMENSIONAL
GEAMETRY

IV 13 LIMITS AND 1 6(1) 6(1)

DERIVATIVES

V 14 MATHEMATICAL 3 - - 3(3) 3(3)

REASONING
VI 15 STATISTICS - - 1 6(1) 6(1)
VII 16 PROBABILITY - - 1 6(1) 6(1)
TOTAL 6(6) 48(13) 42(7) 100(26) 100(26)

1 * MEANS Internal Choice

2 Number in Brackets indicates the number of questions

3 VSA (1 Mark) SA (4 Marks) LA (6 Marks)

 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, BANGALORE REGION
SESSION ENDING EXAMINATION MODEL PAPER

Class : XI Maximum Marks: 100

Subject: Mathematics Time Allotted: 3 Hrs.

General Instructions:

1. All questions are compulsory.

2. The question paper consists of 26 questions divided into 3 sections A, B and C. Section A
comprises of 6questions of 1 mark each, section B comprises of 13 questions of 4 marks each
and section C comprises of 7 questions of 6 marks each.
3. All questions in section A are to be answered in one word/one sentence/as per the exact
requirement of the question.
4. There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided in 4 questions of section
B and 2 questions of section C. You have to attempt only one of the alternatives in all such
questions.
5. Use of calculators is not permitted.

Section A
1. How many relations can be defined on the set A = { }
2. Find the 4th term in the expansion of ( )
3. Write the equation of the line which is equally inclined to both the axes and passing through the
origin.
4. Determine whether this is a statement and give reason for your answer:
The product of (-1) and 8 is 8.
5. Write the negation of the statement: The number 2 is greater than 7.
6. State whether the “Or” used in the following statement is “exclusive” or “inclusive”: All
integers are positive or negative.

Section B
7. If A={3,6,9,12,15,18,21} ; B={4,8,12,16,20} ; C={2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16},find
A B  C & B  A C
8. Define the following functions and sketch the graphs of:
a. Identity function b. constant function.
9. Prove that :
10. Solve the following:
OR
In any triangle ABC, prove that ( ) ( ) ( )

11. Convert the following into polar form: ( )

.

OR
Find: √
12. How many words, with or without meaning, can be made from the letters of the word MONDAY,
assuming that no letter is repeated if,
a. 4 letters are used at a time?
b. All the letters are use at a time?
c. All the letters are used, but the first letter is a vowel?
13. In how many ways can one select a cricket team of eleven from 17 players in which only 5 players
can bowl if each cricket team of 11 must include at least 4 bowlers? Comment on the importance
of sports in school curriculum.
14. The vertices of PQR are P(2, 1), Q(-2, 3) and R(4, 5). Find the equation of the median through the
vertex R.
OR
In the triangle ABC with vertices A(2, 3), B(4, -1) and C(1, 2), find the equation and length of the
altitude from the vertex A.
15. Draw a rough sketch of the parabola represented by the equation . Also find the
coordinates of its focus, equation of the directrix and length of the latus rectum.
16. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining the points (-2, 3, 5)
and (1, -4, 6) in the ratio (i) 2 : 3 internally, (ii) 2 : 3 externally.

17. Evaluate: (√ √ ) (√ √ )
18. Using binomial theorem, prove that always leaves remainder 1 when divided by 25.
19. A person has 2 parents, 4 grandparents, 8 great-grandparents, and so on. Find the number of his
ancestors during the ten generations preceding his own. What is your opinion on joint family
system?

OR

Find the sum to n terms of the series ………………..

 Section C
20. A class has 175 students. The following is the description showing the number of students
studying one or more of the following subjects in this class: Mathematics 100, Physics 70,
Chemistry 46, Mathematics and Physics 30, Mathematics and Chemistry 28, Physics and
Chemistry 23, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry 18.
a. How many students are enrolled in at least one of the subjects?
b. How many of the students are not studying any of the subjects? Write any two life skills
which can be achieved by learning Mathematics.

21. Prove that: ( ) ( )

OR

Find if tan x =

22. Solve the following system of inequalities graphically:

23. Find the mean, standard deviation and the coefficient of variation of the data given below: (use
short cut method)
Marks 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
Frequency 2 1 12 29 25 12 10 4 5

24. Three dice are tossed once. Find the probability of getting:

a. 1 triplet b. 2 on two dice c. sum of the numbers on the 3 dice is at the most 4

25.Prove the following using the Principal of Mathematical Induction for all :
( )( )
( ) .

OR
Prove the following using the Principal of Mathematical Induction for all :
is divisible by 8.
26.(i)Find the derivative from first principles, of ( )

a  bx, x  1

(ii) Given f ( x)  4, x  1 . If lim f ( x)  f (1) what are the possible values of a and b ?
x 1
b  ax, x  1
