Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala

Facultad de Ingeniería
Technical Language 3
Ing. Soraya Martínez
Section: N

SPECIAL ASSIGNMENT 2:
GEARS USED IN MY CAREER (MECHANICAL ENGINEER)

NOMBRE CARNET
Pablo Daniel González Moya 201513628
April 23th, 2018.
 INDEX

Contenido
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 3
OBJECTIVES.......................................................................................................................................... 4
OVERALL OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................ 4
INMEDIATE OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................... 4
GEARS AND MECHANICAL ENGINEER ................................................................................................. 5
What Are Gears Used For:................................................................................................................... 5
How Do Gears Work: ........................................................................................................................... 5
Where Are Gears Used in Mechanical Engineer: ................................................................................ 7
Types of Gears: .................................................................................................................................... 8
CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................... 11
REFERENCES: ..................................................................................................................................... 11
 INTRODUCTION

A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh
with another toothed part to transmit torque. Geared devices can change the speed, torque,
and direction of a power source. Gears almost always produce a change in torque, creating
a mechanical advantage, through their gear ratio, and thus may be considered a simple
machine. The teeth on the two meshing gears all have the same shape.[1]Two or more meshing
gears, working in a sequence, are called a gear train or a transmission. A gear can mesh with
a linear toothed part, called a rack, producing translation instead of rotation.
The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a crossed,
belt pulley system. An advantage of gears is that the teeth of a gear prevent slippage.
When two gears mesh, if one gear is bigger than the other, a mechanical advantage is
produced, with the rotational speeds, and the torques, of the two gears differing in proportion
to their diameters.
The mechanical Engineering use the gears for all the process and all the designs. In
this document is represented all the function and types of a gear because the mecanichal
enginnerings use this gears in all the career, because is the principal mechanism to do a
rotational job and transmite the force.
 OBJECTIVES

OVERALL OBJECTIVE

To study the gears in Mechanical Engineer.

INMEDIATE OBJECTIVES

1. Know the definition and functions of a Gear.

2. Describe the types of gears.
3. Apply the definition of a gear and how we can use in mechanical engineer.
 GEARS AND MECHANICAL ENGINEER
Gears are mechanisms that mesh together via teeth and are used to transmit rotary motion
from one shaft to another. Gears are defined by two important items: radius and number of
teeth. They are typically mounted, or connected to other parts, via a shaft or base.
1. Radius: The gear radius is defined differently depending on the particular section of the
gear being discussed. The two most relevant measurements, however, are the root radius and
the addendum radius. The root radius is the distance from the center of the gear to the base
of the teeth while the addendum radius (also called the "pitch" radius) is the distance from
the center of the gear to the outside of the teeth (as circumscribed by the addendum circle
below).

2. Teeth: The teeth are the portion of the gear that makes contact with another gear. In order
for two gears to mesh together the pitch must be the same for all mating pairs. The pitch of a
gear is the distance between equivalent points of adjacent teeth. When the teeth of gears mesh
properly they prevent slipping and can exhibit efficiencies of up to 98%.

What Are Gears Used For:

Gears can serve as an efficient means to reverse the direction of motion, change rotational
speed, or to change which axis the rotary motion is occurring on. The sizes of the gears
usually depend on the desired gear ratio and the shaft upon which the gears will be mated.

How Do Gears Work:

1. Reversing Direction of Motion: Any two gears that come into contact with one another
will naturally produce an equal and opposite force in the other gear. For example, as the
smaller gear pictured below moves clockwise, the larger gear will naturally move counter-
clockwise. Any shaft attached to the respective gear will rotate in the direction of the gear it
is attached to.
2. Changing Rotational Speed: Rotational speed is adjusted through the use of a "gear ratio."
The gear ratio is the ratio of the radius of the drive or "input" gear (the one that is powering
the interaction between the two gears) to the radius of the "output" gear. It can also
commonly defined as the number of teeth on the input gear to the number of teeth on the
output gear. The larger the gear ratio the more the output rotation will slow. The smaller the
gear ratio the more the output rotation's angular velocity will increase. Gear ratios farther
from "1" means that the disparity between the gear sizes will be greater. Read more on gear
ratios below.

When discussing a pair of gears, the smaller gear is considered the pinion while the larger is
considered the "gear." When two or more gears are linked together it is considered a gear
train. The gear being turned by the motor is referred to as the “driver” gear while the last
gear, often the output gear, in the system is referred to as the “driven” gear. Any additional
gears in the drive train are “idler” gears.
3. Changing The Axis of Rotation: Perhaps the most common gear for changing rotational
axis is the bevel gear (seen below). The bevel gear is commonly used in vehicle differentials
to rotate the motion provided by the engine 90 degrees in order to drive the wheels along
their proper axis.
Where Are Gears Used in Mechanical Engineer:

Gears can be seen in a variety of applications such as automobile transmissions, clocks,

winches, remote control cars, and most other mechanisms that feature some sort of motor.

Figure 1. Gear train

Changing Speed And Torque With Gears:
Gear ratios are an important aspect of gears defined by the number of teeth on each gear. For
example, if a driven gear with 60 teeth is mated to a driver gear with 20 teeth, the gear ratio
will be 3:1 and thus the driven gear will rotate once for every three rotations of the driver
gear. Torque is also affected by gear ratios. In a simple two-gear gear train, when the driven
gear has more teeth than driver gear, the output shaft will rotate slower, but with more torque.
The opposite is true when the driver gear has more teeth. The ratio of torque between the
gears is the same as the gear ratio which is found by the number of teeth of the driven gear
divided by the number of teeth of the driver gear. When using standard gears, like those
shown in the picture above, idler gears will have no effect on the overall gear ratio of the
gear train. The gear ratio of a gear train is set by the ratio of the number of teeth on the driver
gear to the driven gear. However, the introduction of a compound gear in a gear train will
have an effect on the overall gear ratio. Compound gears pair dissimilarly sized gears
together so they rotate as one. These gears can increase the gear ratio of a gear train
significantly, while also not taking up much space.

Figure 2. Compound gear

Types of Gears:

Several different types of gears exist in order to serve different purposes.

1. Spur Gear: The most common type of gear is a spur gear. Spur gears have teeth that
protrude outward from the perimeter of the gear. They are mounted on parallel axes and can
be used to create a wide range of gear ratios. One drawback of this mechanism is that the
collisions between each tooth cause a potentially objectionable noise since the entirety of
each tooth meshes at once.

Figure 3. Spur gear

2. Helical Gears: In an effort to reduce the noise from spur gears, helical gears can be utilized.
The teeth of helical gears are cut at an angle to the face of the gear so that the tooth
engagement begins at one end and gradually transfers to the rest of the tooth as the gear
rotates. This design leads to noise reduction and an overall smoother system. The helical
pattern of the gears creates a thrust load as the gear teeth come into contact with each other
at an angle that is not perpendicular to the shaft axis. Bearings are often incorporated into
mechanisms with helical gears in order to support that thrust load.

Figure 4. Helical gear

3. Bevel Gears: Bevel gears can be used in mechanisms to change the axis of rotation.
Although they can be designed to work at other angles, they are most often used to change
the axis of rotation by 90 degrees. Similar to spur gears, bevel gears may also feature straight
or helical teeth. Additionally, hypoid bevel gears can be used when the input and output
shafts’ axes do not intersect.

Figure 5. Bevel gears

4. Worm Gears: In mechanisms where large gear reductions are needed, worm gears can be
used to achieve gear ratios of greater than 300:1 if necessary. Worm gears also possess a
natural locking feature in that the worm can easily turn the gear, but the gear cannot turn the
worm due to the shallow angle of the worm causing high friction between the gears. These
mechanisms also change the axis of rotation by 90 degrees, but in a different manner than
bevel gears. Unlike other gears where the teeth are cut parallel, worm gear teeth are cut almost
perpendicular to the shaft’s axis of rotation while mating with a more traditional gear profile.
 Figure 6. Guitar tuning keys are worm gears.
5. Rack & Pinion Gears: Rack and pinion gears are used to convert rotation into linear
motion. The circular gear, or pinion, meshes with the rack and the rotation of the pinion
causes the rack to translate. The steering mechanism in automobiles utilizes a rack and pinion
system. As the pinion rotates, it forces the rack to move linearly. Since the length of the rack
is not infinite, these mechanisms are not used in applications that have continuous rotation.
 CONCLUSIONS

 Gears are mechanisms that mesh together via teeth and are used to transmit rotary
motion from one shaft to another.

 An external gear is one with the teeth formed on the outer surface of a cylinder or
cone. Conversely, an internal gearis one with the teeth formed on the inner surface
of a cylinder or cone.

 There are many types of gears such as spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, worm
gears, gear rack, etc. These can be broadly classified by looking at the positions of
axes such as parallel shafts, intersecting shafts and non-intersecting shafts.

 It is necessary to accurately understand the differences among gear types to

accomplish necessary force transmission in mechanical designs. Even after
choosing the general type, it is important to consider factors such as: dimensions
standard of precision grade need for teeth grinding and heat treating, allowable
torque and efficiency, etc.

REFERENCES:

 Lewis, M. J. T. (1993). "Gearing in the Ancient World". Endeavour. 17 (3): 110–

115.

 Joseph Needham (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2, page
298. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.

 American Gear Manufacturers Association; American National Standards

Institute, Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols (ANSI/AGMA
1012-G05 ed.), American Gear Manufacturers Association