Pascal’s Principle

“Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted

undiminished to every portion of the fluid and the walls of
the containing vessel.” p = p0 + ⇢gh
If we increase 𝑃"#$%&'( by some amount, 𝑃&)" will increase
What happens to the pressure at depth h when you increase the pr
exactly the same amount.
at the surface? It increases by the same amount.
The force exerted on the left piston increases the pressure
Thisin isthe liquid
the basisand
forisPascal’s
transmitted to the right piston.
principle:
𝑃&)" = 𝑃"#$%&'( + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to
portion of the fluid and the walls of the containing vessel.
 Hydraulic Lift 2

ofYou
cross-sectional area a = 2.0 cm 2
to exert
press a piston of cross-sectional area a to exert a
a force
g pipe
force leads to a larger
on an enclosed fluid.piston of cross-sectional
A connecting pipe leads to a area
larger piston
negligible of cross-sectional
mass, what must be areathe
A. Ifmagnitude
the pistons have
of your
negligible mass, what must be the magnitude of your
onforce
the Flarger piston?
1 to balance a force F2 on the larger piston?

fully filled with water. The bottom has an absolute

 D. 1.00
Attendance Quizm 3

1. You press a piston of cross-sectional area a = 2.0 cm 2

ross-sectional
to exert a force on an enclosed fluid. Atoconnecting
area a = 2.0 cm 2
exert a force
pipe
e leads
leads totoa larger
a larger piston
piston of cross-sectional
of cross-sectional area A = area
20.cm2. If the pistons have negligible mass, what must be
gible mass, what
the magnitude must
of your betothe
force magnitude
balance a of your
he1.0
larger
× 103piston?
N force on the larger piston?

𝐹1 𝐹3
=
𝑎 𝐴
 Attendance Quiz
2. In which of the following situations would you feel the
most pressure?
A. In outer space without a suit
B. Jon Snow on top of the wall
principle
C. Getting ready to jump from the top of Vinzon’s Hall

D. In a parachute right after you jumped from a flying dragon

E. Inside this room while answering this seatwork

p = p0 + ⇢gh
pens to the pressure at depth h when you increase the pre
ace? It increases by the same amount.
Attendance Quiz
3. At a certain depth in the incompressible Narrow Sea,
the gauge pressure is 𝑝6 . At three times this depth, what
will be the gauge pressure?
A. Greater than 3𝑝6
B. Equal to 3𝑝6
C. Less than 3𝑝6

𝑝6 = 𝑝 − 𝑝9
𝑝6: = 𝑝: − 𝑝9
Attendance Quiz
4. At a certain depth in an incompressible liquid, the
absolute pressure p. At twice this depth, what will be the
absolute pressure p’?
A. Greater than 2𝑝
B. Equal to 2𝑝
C. Less than 2𝑝

𝑝 = 𝑝9 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑝: = 𝑝9 + 𝜌𝑔 2ℎ
 C. 0.956 m
Attendance Quiz
D. 1.00 m 7

1. You press a piston of cross-sectional area a = 2.0 cm2

piston of cross-sectional
to exert area a =
a force on an enclosed 2.0Acm
fluid.
2
to exertpipe
connecting a force
ecting
leadspipe leads piston
to a larger to a larger piston of cross-sectional
of cross-sectional area A = area
20.cm
have
2. If the pistons have negligible mass, what must be
negligible mass, what must be the magnitude of your
the magnitude of your force to balance a
force on the larger piston?
1.0 × 10 N force on the larger piston?
3

𝐹1 𝐹3
= water. The 𝐹
iner is fully filled with 1 = 100 𝑁
bottom has an absolute
𝑎 𝐴
 Attendance Quiz Answers
2. In which of the following situations would you feel the
most pressure?
A. In outer space without a suit
principle
B. Jon Snow on top of the wall
C. Getting ready to jump from the top of Vinzon’s Hall
D. In a parachute right after you jumped from a flying dragon
E. Inside this room while answering this seatwork

p = p0 + ⇢gh
pens to the pressure at depth
Most pressure h when
at greatest you increase the pre
depth.
ace? It increases by the same amount.
Attendance Quiz Answers
3. At a certain depth in the incompressible ocean, the
gauge pressure is 𝑝6 . At three times this depth, what will
be the gauge pressure?
A. Greater than 3𝑝6
B. Equal to 3𝑝6
C. Less than 3𝑝6

𝑝6 = 𝑝 − 𝑝9
𝑝6: = 𝑝: − 𝑝9
Attendance Quiz Answers
4. At a certain depth in an incompressible liquid, the
absolute pressure is p. At twice this depth, what will be
the absolute pressure p’?
A. Greater than 2𝑝
B. Equal to 2𝑝
C. Less than 2𝑝

𝑝 = 𝑝9 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑝: = 𝑝9 + 𝜌𝑔 2ℎ
 Test Your Understanding (Review) 11

𝑃&AB

What is now the pressure at the surface of the liquid on three

open tubes?
i. 𝑃&AB
CDEE
ii.
F
CDEE
iii. 𝑃&AB +
F

iv. Not enough information

PHYSICS 71
Chapter 12 Fluid Mechanics

35 Buoyancy

National Institute of Physics

College of Science
University of the Philippines Diliman
Archimedes’ Principle
First century BC, the Hiero II, the king of Syracuse suspected
that the goldsmith might have replaced some of the gold given
to him by silver.
Hiero asked Archimedes to find out whether the wreath was
pure gold.

Any object, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, is

buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object.
- Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 250 BC)
Archimedes’ Principle
First century BC, the Hiero II, the king of Syracuse suspected
that the goldsmith might have replaced some of the gold given
to him by silver.
Hiero asked Archimedes to find out whether the wreath was
pure gold.

Any object, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, is

buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object.
- Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 250 BC)
 Buoyancy
wn as Archimedes’ principle.
Archimedes’ principle from Newton’s laws by
rces acting on a portion of a fluid and noting
ibrium Buoyancy is the apparent loss of
u the net force must be zero. Figure 13-
ical forces acting on an object being weighed
weight of objects when submerged
S
These forces are the force of gravity Fg acting
S S
(a)

in a liquid
the spring scale Fs acting up, a force F1 acting
he fluid pressure on the top surface of the ob- F I G U R E 1 3 - 1 1 (a) Weighing an object submerged in a fluid.
S S
(b) Free-body diagram Sshowing the weight F , the force F of the
acting up because of the fluid pressing on the
The buoyant force is the net
S g s
u
the object. Because the spring scale reads a
spring, and the forces F1
and F2
that are exerted
S
on theS
object
S
by S
S the surrounding fluid. (c) The buoyant force B , where B ! F1 " F2 ,
upward force exerted by a fluid on
weight of the object, the magnitude of force F2
S
is the total force exerted by the fluid on the object.
an the magnitude of force F1. The vector sum
a submerged or immersed object.
S S S
is equal to the buoyant force B ! F1 " F2 (Figure 13-11c). The
rs because the pressure of the fluid on the bottom surface of the
an the The buoyant force on a body in a
u pressure on the top surface of the object.
fluid has the magnitude
the spring scale has been eliminated and the submerged object
by an equal volume of the fluid (outlined by the dashed lines),
𝐹 =𝐹 −𝐹 =𝑚 𝑔
S S S
r to as the sample of fluid. The buoyant force B ! F1 " F2 act- F1
) 3 1 %
of fluid is identical to the buoyant force that acted on our origi-
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑉𝑔
so because the fluid surrounding the sample and the fluid sur-
) Fgf
ct are identically configured; there is no reason to suppose the
rounding fluid would not be the same at corresponding points F2
ers. The sample of fluid is in equilibrium, so we know the net
must be zero. The upward buoyant force thus equals the down-
e sample of the fluid:
B ! Fgf 13-11
lt does not depend on the shape of the submerged object. If we
 surrounding water. Fg

Buoyancy

Fig. 14-10 (a) The water surrounding the

hole in the water produces a net upward
buoyant force on Fwhatever fillsbuoyant (b) is due Fb
the hole.force Fb
b The The net force is downward,
For a stone of the
(b)same volume Stone
(c) Wood
to theaspressure
the hole,of the so the stone accelerates
the gravitational force exceeds the buoyant Fg
surrounding water. Fg downward.
force in magnitude. (c) For a lump of wood
of the same volume, the gravitational force
is less than the buoyant force in magnitude.

ater surrounding the tom of the sack than near the top. Some of the f
Apparent
ces a net upward
weightFb where the space occupied by the sack has been
The net force is downward,
ver fills the hole. (b)
Stone tors Fdrawn
b near theforce
The net bottom of that space (wit
is upward,
volume as the hole,
xceeds the buoyant
(c)
Fg
𝐹
I JKK
downward.
=𝐹 −𝐹
so the stone accelerates
I L
Wood
lengths thanso
F
we vectorially
g
those drawnaccelerates
the wood near the top of the sa
add all the forces on the sack fro
upward.
For a lump of wood
nents cancel and the vertical components add t
gravitational force :
force in magnitude.
on the sack. (Force Fb is shown to the right of th
Because the sack of water is in static eq
equal to the magnitude mf g of the gravitatio
tom of the sack than near the top. SomeFb !ofm (Subscript
f g.forces
the f refers to fluid,
are represented in Fig.here the
14-10a,
where the space occupied by the the
sack buoyant
has been force
left is equal
empty. Note tothat
thethe
weight
force ofvec-
the
Fb
tors drawn nearThe
Wood thenet force is
bottom that spaceIn(with
ofupward, Fig. 14-10b,
upwardwe have replaced
components) havethe sack
longer
ncy
ncy
Buoyancy Example 1
atue
atue isis raised
raised from the sea bottom 12.13 What is the tension in the cable hoisting the statue?
tension
tension in in the
the hoisting
hoisting cable (assumed
is A
s (a)
(a) at 15.0-kg
at rest
rest and solidunderwater
and completely gold (a) Immersed statue in equilibrium (b) Free-body diagram of statue
y
ely statue
ely out
out of
of the is being raised
the water?
water?
from a sunken ship.
What is the tension in T
both
oth cases
cases the
the statue
statue is in equilibrium and
thethe
weight,
weight, the hoisting
cable tension,cable
cable when
and a buoyant
theit
the is completely
weight
weight of
of the
the fluid displaced by the
B
air
air in
in part
part (b)).
(b)). Figure
Figure 12.13b shows the x
tatue. immersed?
tatue. Our
Our target
target variables are the values
1Tsw22 and
Tsw and in air 1Tair
in air air2. We are given the
calculate
calculate thethe buoyant
𝜌6MNObuoyant= force in seawater U
19300 kg/m
gg Archimedes’s
Archimedes’s principle.
principle.
𝜌"V = 1029 kg/m U
we
we first
first find
find the
the statue’s volume V using mg ! 147 N
ble
ble 12.1:
12.1:
15.0
15.0 kg
kg
33 33
== 7.77 * 10 -4
-4 3
m A spring scale attached to the upper end of the cable will indicate
** 10
10 kg>m
kg>m a tension 7.84 N less than the statue’s actual weight m statue g =
uals
uals the
the weight
weight of
of this same volume of 147 N.
again:
again: (b) The density of air is about 1.2 kg>m3, so the buoyant force
of air on the statue is
swVg
rrsw Vg
33 -4
-4 33 2
Bair = rairVg = 11.2 kg>m3217.77 * 10 -4 m3219.80 m>s22
>m
>m 217.77
217.77 ** 10
10 m 219.80 m>s 2
= 9.1 * 10 -3 N
Buoyancy Example 2

A block of density 𝜌 = 800 kg/mU floats face down in a fluid of

density 𝜌% = 1200 kg/mU . The block has height 𝐻 = 6.0 cm.
(a) By what depth h is the block submerged?
(b) If the block is held fully submerged and then released, what
is the magnitude of its acceleration?
Buoyancy Example 3
A piece of wood is 0.600 m long, 0.250 m wide, 0.080 m thick. Its
density is 700. kg/mU . What volume of lead must be fastened
underneath it to sink the wood in calm water so that its top is just
even with the water level? What is the mass of this volume of
lead?

𝜌]3^ = 1000 kg/mU

𝜌N(&O = 11.3×10U kg/mU
Test Your Understanding 20

You place a container of seawater on a scale and note the reading

on the scale. You now suspend the statue in the water (Fig.12.17).
How does the scale reading change?
(i) It increases by 7.84 N;
(ii) it decreases by 7.84 N;
(iii) it remains the same;
(iv) none of these.
Buoyancy Test your understanding
1. The buoyant force that acts on an object submerged in
water is due to
A. equal water pressures on all sides.
B. greater water pressure on the bottom than on the top.
C. the greater volume of the submerged object compared
with the volume of an equal weight of water.
D. whether or not the object is denser than water.
Buoyancy Test your understanding
1. The buoyant force that acts on an object submerged in
water is due to
A. equal water pressures on all sides.
B. greater water pressure on the bottom than on the top.
C. the greater volume of the submerged object compared
with the volume of an equal weight of water.
D. whether or not the object is denser than water.
Buoyancy Test your understanding
Identical-sized lead and aluminum cubes are suspended
at different depths by two wires in a large body of water.
(note: 𝜌`L > 𝜌bc )
2. Which cube experiences greater
buoyant force? Same
3. For which cube is the tension in
the wire greater? Lead
4. Which cube experiences a
greater force on its lower face?
Lead
5. For which cube is the difference
in pressure between the upper and
lower faces greater? Same
PHYSICS 71
Chapter 12 Fluid Mechanics

36 Fluid flow and

Bernoulli’s equation

National Institute of Physics

College of Science
University of the Philippines Diliman
Objectives:
u Enumerate the properties of an ideal fluid.

u Apply Bernoulli’s principle and continuity equation to

problems involving fluid flow.
 lines. In steady flow, fluid cannot cross the
nar
w isFluid Dynamics
walls of a flow tube.

dary
and
no

Area A
Flow lines

Flow tube
tant
of au Flow line – path of an individual particle in a fluid
21).
u Fluid flow
n or
ll at u Steady flow (Laminar) – flow lines never cross each other
es a u Turbulent – flow pattern changes continuously
1 dt
u Density is constant (incompressible)
umeu No internal friction (not viscous)

has
Ideal Fluid
u Fluid is non-viscous
u The flow is steady – particles within the fluid have the
same velocity
u The fluid is incompressible – density is constant
u The fluid is irrotational
Streamline – path taken by fluid particle under steady
flow
Velocity is always tangent to the streamline
Flow/Continuity Equation
u In a time interval Δ𝑡, a fluid moving in a tube with cross
sectional area 𝐴1 travels through Δ𝑥1
Δ𝑥1 = 𝑣1Δ𝑡1
𝑚1 = 𝜌𝑉1 = 𝜌𝐴1𝑥1
Δ𝑥3 = 𝑣3Δ𝑡3
𝑚3 = 𝜌𝑉3 = 𝜌𝑉3𝑥3
u Within the same Δ𝑡1 = Δ𝑡3 = Δ𝑡, the amount (mass) of
fluid flowing anywhere else should be the same
𝑚1 = 𝑚3
𝜌𝐴1Δ𝑥1 = 𝜌𝐴3Δ𝑥3

𝐴1𝑣1Δ𝑡 = 𝐴3𝑣3Δ𝑡
𝑨𝟏 𝒗 𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗 𝟐
Continuity equation and flow rate
𝑨𝟏 𝒗 𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗 𝟐
Continuity equation for incompressible fluid

𝒅𝑽
= 𝑨𝒗
𝒅𝒕
Volume flow rate
Volume flow rate is constant for any time interval 𝑑𝑡 for
incompressible fluids

𝒅𝑽
𝝆
𝒅𝒕
Mass flow rate
Continuity equation
u In general, if fluids are incompressible
𝑚1 = 𝑚3
𝜌1𝑉1 = 𝜌3𝑉3

𝝆𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝝆𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐
Continuity equation for compressible fluids
Continuity Equation
u Why would you put your thumb over the end of a
garden hose?

𝑑𝑉
= 𝐴𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴 𝑣3 3
 A1 A1
A2

v2 v1
v1
Low speed high speed Low speed
Low KE high KE Low KE
High pressure low pressure High pressure
Continuity Equation Example
Incompressible oil of density 850 kg/m3 is pumped through
a cylindrical pipe at a rate of 9.5 liters per second.
(a) The first section of the pipe has a diameter of 8.0 cm.
What is the flow speed of the oil?
What is the mass flow rate? 𝑑 𝑣 𝑑 𝑣
1 1 3 3
𝑑𝑉 L mU
= 9.5 × = 9.5×10wU mU ⁄s
𝑑𝑡 s 1000 L
𝐴1 = 𝜋𝑟 3 = 𝜋 4.0×10w3 m 3 = 5.03×10wU m3
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 ⁄𝑑𝑡 9.5×10wU mU ⁄s
= 𝐴1 𝑣1 → 𝑣 = = = 1.9 m⁄s
𝑑𝑡 𝐴 wU
5.03×10 m 3

𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑉
=𝜌 = 850 kg⁄mU 9.5×10wU mU ⁄s
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 8.1 kg⁄s
Continuity Equation Example
Incompressible oil of density 850 kg/m3 is pumped through
a cylindrical pipe at a rate of 9.5 liters per second.
(b) The second section of the pipe has a diameter of 4.0
cm. What are the flow speed and mass flow rate in that
section?
𝐴1 𝑑1 𝑣1 𝑑3 𝑣3
𝑣1 𝐴1 = 𝑣3 𝐴3 → 𝑣3 = 𝑣1
𝐴3
𝜋 4.0×10w3 m 3
𝑣3 = w3 3
𝑣1 = 4𝑣1 = 4 1.9 m⁄s = 7.6 m⁄s
𝜋 2.0×10 m
ent in regions of different cross section; if it were the same everywhere, the net
force on every fluid element would be zero. When a horizontal flow tube narrows
and a fluid element speeds up, it must be moving toward a region of lower pres-
sure in order to have a net forward force to accelerate it. If the elevation also
changes, this causes an additional pressure difference.

A change in the velocity of the fluid or a change in the

Deriving Bernoulli’s Equation
elevation translates to a corresponding change in
To derive Bernoulli’s equation, we apply the work–energy theorem to the fluid in 12.22 Deriving Bernoulli’s equation.
pressure
a section of a flow tube. In Fig. 12.22 we consider the element of fluid that at The net work done on a fluid element by
some initial time lies between the two cross sections a and c. The speeds at the the pressure of the surrounding fluid
equals the change in the kinetic energy
lower and upper ends are v1 and v2 . In a small time interval dt, the fluid that is plus the change in the gravitational potential
initially at a moves to b, a distance ds1 = v1 dt, and the fluid that is initially at c energy.
moves to d, a distance ds2 = v2 dt. The cross-sectional areas at the two ends are
v2
A1 and A2 , as shown. The fluid is incompressible; hence by the continuity equa- d p2A2
tion, Eq. (12.10), the volume of fluid dV passing any cross section during time dt c

Bernoulli’s Equation
is the same. That is, dV = A1 ds1 = A2 ds2 .
Let’s compute the work done on this fluid element during dt. We assume
A2 dV

that there is negligible internal friction in the fluid (i.e., no viscosity), so the ds2
only nongravitational forces that do work on the fluid element are due to the
pressure of the surrounding fluid. The pressures at the two ends are p1 and p2 ;
the force on the cross section at a is p1 A1 , and the force at c is p2 A2 . The net
work dW done on the element by the surrounding fluid during this displace- Flow
ment is therefore
v1 b
dW = p1A1 ds1 - p2 A2 ds2 = 1p1 - p22dV (12.13) a y2
dV
A1
The second term has a negative sign because the force at c opposes the displace- p1A1
ment of the fluid. ds1
The work dW is due to forces other than the conservative force of gravity, so it
y1
equals the change in the total mechanical energy (kinetic energy plus gravita-
tional potential energy) associated with the fluid element. The mechanical energy
for the fluid between sections b and c does not change. At the beginning of dt
the fluid between a and b has volume A ds , mass rA ds , and kinetic
 1 1 energy.
. The cross-sectional areas at the two ends are
v2
Bernoulli’s Equation
incompressible; hence by the continuity equa- d p2A2
uid dV passing any cross section during time dt c
Pressure
= Au2 ds2. varies with height and flow speed A2 dV
on this fluid element during dt. We assume
u In
riction in moving a portion
the fluid (i.e., of thesomass
no viscosity), the through the ds2
pipe,
do work thefluid
on the following occurs:
element are due to the
The
u pressures
Work: atd𝑊 the =
two𝐹d𝑠
ends=are𝑝 p𝐴 and p ;
1 1 1 d𝑠12 − 𝑝3 𝐴3 d𝑠3
a is p1 A1 , and the force at c is p2 A2 . The net
y the surrounding 𝒅𝑾 = during
fluid 𝒑𝟏 −this
𝒑𝟐 displace-
𝒅𝑽
Flow
u Change in Kinetic Energy
v1 b
𝟏
- p2 A2 ds2 = 1p𝐝𝑲
1 -= 𝝆 𝐝𝑽
p22dV 𝒗𝟐𝟐(12.13)
− 𝒗𝟐𝟏 a y2
𝟐 dV
A1
u Change
gn because in at
the force Potential
c opposes Energy
the displace- p1A1
ds1
𝐝𝑼 = 𝝆 𝐝𝑽 𝒈 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
her than the conservative force of gravity, so it
u Conservation
chanical energy (kinetic of Energy
energy plus gravita- y1

with the fluid element. The mechanical energy

𝒅𝑾 = 𝒅𝑲 + 𝒅𝑼
nd c does not change. At the beginning of dt
1 3
volume 𝑝A11− ds1𝑝,3 mass
𝑑𝑉 = 1 ds
rA 𝜌 d𝑉 − 𝑣13
1 , and𝑣3kinetic + 𝜌 d𝑉 𝑔 𝑦3 − 𝑦1
f dt the fluid between c and d3has kinetic energy
ds are v1 and v2 . In a small time interval dt, the fluid that is plus the change in the gravitational potent
to b, a distance ds1 = v1 dt, and the fluid that is initially at c energy.
Bernoulli’s Equation
ce ds2 = v2 dt. The cross-sectional areas at the two ends are
v2
n. The fluid is incompressible; hence by the continuity equa- d p2A2
1
e volume of fluid dV passing any cross section 3 during
3 time dt
𝑝1 −
dV = A ds
𝑝=3 A 𝑑𝑉 ds
=.
𝜌 d𝑉 𝑣3 − 𝑣1 + 𝜌 d𝑉 𝑔 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 c
1 1 2 2 3 A2 dV
he work done on this fluid element during dt. We assume
Dividing
ibleuinternal frictionout
in the and
d𝑉fluid rearranging
(i.e., no viscosity), sothetheterms, ds2
wethat
nal forces do workBernoulli’s
obtain equation
on the fluid element are due to the
ounding fluid. The pressures 1 at the two ends are p1 and p2 ;
3
oss section𝑝1at −a is𝑝3p1 A=
1 , and − 𝑣at13c is+p2𝜌𝑔
𝜌 the𝑣3force 𝑦3 −
A2 . The net𝑦1
3
the element by the surrounding fluid during this displace- Flow
1 3 1 3
𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 + 𝜌𝑣1 = 𝑝3 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦3 + 𝜌𝑣3
3 3 v1 b
W = p1A1 ds1 - p2 A2 ds12 = 1p 3 1 - p22dV (12.13) a y2
𝑝 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 + 𝜌𝑣 = constant dV
3 A1
s a negative sign because the force at c opposes the displace- p1A1
ds1
due to forces other than the conservative force of gravity, so it
y1
n the total mechanical energy (kinetic energy plus gravita-
gy) associated with the fluid element. The mechanical energy
Applies only to an ideal fluid (zero viscosity)
n sections b and c does not change. At the beginning of dt
a and b has volume A1 ds1 , mass rA1 ds1 , and kinetic
2
1 . At the end of dt the fluid between c and d has kinetic energy
net change in kinetic energy dK during time dt is
Bernoulli’s Equation
𝟏
𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 = 𝝆 𝒗𝟐𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐𝟏 + 𝝆𝒈 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝟐

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝑷𝟏 + 𝝆𝒗𝟏 + 𝝆𝒈𝒚𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝝆𝒗𝟐 + 𝝆𝒈𝒚𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

1
u Case 1: 𝑦 is constant → 𝑃3 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌 𝑣13 − 𝑣33
3

u Case 2: 𝑣 = 0 (𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐) → 𝑃3 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑔 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ

Torricelli’s Law Example
u An enclosed tank containing a liquid of density 𝜌 has a
hole in its side at a distance 𝑦1 from the tank’s bottom.
The hole is open to the atmosphere and its diameter is
much smaller than the diameter of the tank. The air above
the liquid is maintained at a pressure 𝑃. Determine the
speed of the liquid as it leaves the hole when the liquid’s
level is a distance h above the hole.

Assume 𝐴3 ≫ 𝐴1 → 𝑣3 ≈ 0.

1 3 1 3
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣1 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑃3 + 𝜌𝑣3 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦3
2 2
1 3
𝑃9 + 𝜌𝑣1 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦3
2
2 𝑃 − 𝑃9
𝑣1 = + 2𝑔 𝑦3 − 𝑦1
𝜌
 quation. It’s reasonable to ignore internal friction friction because because the the
he water flows at a steady
aExample
relatively12.7
hasBernoulli’s largeEquation Water pressure
diameter, so weExample can also alsoin use theBernoulli’s
use home
Bernoulli’s To
T
o we can use the continu- flo
fl
tion.
ion. Let points 1 and 2 be at the inlet pipe and and at at thethe2bathroom,
bathroom,
ernal
Waterfriction
enters becausea house the (Fig. 12.23) through a pipe with an inside 12.2 (1
(1
ctively. We are given the pipe diameters at
at points
To second points 11 and and 2, 2,
e can also
diameter use Bernoulli’s
of 2.0 cmtheatareas an absolute * 10 5
of th
which we calculate A1 andpressure , as well
A22floor wellof 4.0 as
as the the speed
speed Pa (about 387
12.5 Bernoulli’s Equation
pipe
4 and atAthe
atm). bathroom,
1.0-cm-diameter pipe*leads to
1.5 m>s and pressure p1 = 4.0 10 55(1-cm Pathe at
at second-floor
pipe)the
the inlet inlet pipe. pipe.bathroom
meters
5.0 at above.
m points
Example1 12.7and
When Water 2,pressure
the flow inspeed
the home at the inlet pipe is 1.5 m>s, find
ake y1 = 0 and y2 = 5.0 m . We find the speed speed vv22 using using the the
d Athe , as well as the speed
2 flow speed, pressure, and volume flow ratehouse?in equation.
the
nuity equation
Water enters
and
a house
the
(Fig. 12.23)
at anpressure
through
p
a pipe with
4.0 using
an inside
5.0 mbathroom.
12.23 What is the water pressure in the second-story bathroom
Bernoulli’s
* 10 Pa (aboutBernoulli’s
5
equation.
5 diameter of 2.0 cm absolute pressure of
2 of this
10 Pa at the 4 atm).inlet pipe.
A 1.0-cm-diameter pipe leads to the second-floor bathroom
wing a) vFlow
2 , we speed
calculate
5.0 m above. When the
the flow volume
speed at the inlet flow m>s, findv A
pipe is 1.5rate
2
2 A22..
d the speed v2 using the
the flow speed, pressure, and volume flow rate in the bathroom.

Use S O Lcontinuity
U T I SOLUTION
O N equation.
UTE:Bernoulli’s
sing From the continuity equation. equation, Eq. (12.10), (12.10),
IDENTIFY
w rate v2A2. rate.andWater is SET
effectivelyUP:
IDENTIFY and SET UP: We assume that the water flows at a steady
We2soassume that the water flows at a steadyHot-wate
p11.0 cm2
incompressible, we can use the continu-
A1 ity equation. It’s reasonable to ignore internal friction because the 2
Water Hot-wate
rate.
v 2 = Water v
pipe
1
is=aeffectively
has relatively large diameter, incompressible,
11.5
so we can Bernoulli’s =
also usem>s2 so6.0 weTofloor
6.0 can
m>ssecond use the continu-
m>s meter tank tank
Eq. (12.10), equation. Let points 1 and 2 be at the inlet2pipe and at the bathroom,
A2 respectively. given thecm2
ity equation. It’sp10.50
We reasonable
are to
pipe diameters atignore
points 1 and internal
2, friction because the
(1-cm pipe)
1
Hot-water
from which we calculate the areas A and A , as well as the speed
1 2 5.0 m From w
mm>s2pipe
Bernoulli’shas a
v =relatively
Weequation,
take y = 0 and y Eq.
1.5
1 m>s and large =
= 5.0 m(12.16),
pressure p 4.0 diameter,
* 10
1 Pa at the5
so
inlet pipe.we can also use Bernoulli’s
= 6.0 m>s 1 2
tank
. We find the speed v using the 2
The
The supplyfl
volume
volume
equation. Let points 1theand 2 be at the inlet pipe and at the bathroom,
continuity equation and the pressure p using Bernoulli’s equation.
1 Knowing2v , we calculate
2
(2-cm
2 volume flow rate v A .
=respectively.
p1 - 2 r1v - 2 - - 2
2 2 2
v y
Water
EXECUTE:2 WeFrom theare 1 given
continuity rg1y
equation, Eq.the 2 pipe
(12.10), 11 diameters at points 11 and 2, meter
dV
dV
p11.0 cm2 2 Hot-water From water
A
= 4.0 * 10 Pa A p10.50 cm2 the
from which 5 we v = calculate areas and Atank
A1 flow 2, asiswell as the speed
1
2 v =
2
1 11.5 m>s2
The 2
= 6.0 m>s
volume rate
supply
(2-cm pipe) dt
dt
5
v 1 = 1.5
y12- 111.0 *p =10 m>s
From and
Bernoulli’s
3
pressure
equation, Eq. (12.16), p
3 12
= 22
4.0 * 10
The
2
2
volumePa 22
atis the inlet pipe.
flow rate

We2take y = 0 kg>m
p - r1v - v 2 -2136
2
1

and y = 5.0
1 2 2
2
rg1y - ym
1
2
2 >s
m. We
2 1 -dV2.252.25
find m thedV>s
m >sspeed
2 2
22 v *using
= A v = p10.50 -2 2
10 m2 16.0
-2
the
m>s2
2
from
v1 = = which
1.5 m>s m>s weand calculate pressure the pareas = 4.0 A11 and
4.0 * 10 A522, Pa
10 as well theasinlet
at the the speed
inlet pipe.
v 1.5 and pressure p 1 = * 5 Pa at pipe.
vv1
We
1 = 1.5 m>s and pressure p11 = 4.0 * 105 Pa at the inlet pipe.
=take
Example1.5 ym>s 12.7
= and0 and pressure
Water
y = 5.0 1 m= . 4.0
ppressure We *find10in the the athome
Paspeed thev2inletusingpipe.
the
Bernoulli’s
1
We take
We take
We
y
take yy11 = 1
1 = 0
= 00 and and Equation
and yy22 = y 2
2 =
= 5.05.0
5.0 m m . Example
m.. We We
We find find
find the the speed v
speed vv22 using
the speed 2 using the
using the
the
continuity
continuity equation equation and
and the
the pressure
pressure p using
pp22 using Bernoulli’s
Bernoulli’s equation.
equation.
continuity
continuity equation
equation and
and the
the pressure
pressure p 2 using
using Bernoulli’s
Bernoulli’s equation.
equation.
Knowing
Water
Knowing v
enters
v , we a calculate
house the
(Fig. volume
12.23)
2, we calculate the volume flow rate v22A22.
2flow ratea vpipe
through A . with an inside 12.2
Knowing vv22,, we
Knowing 2 we calculate the the volume
volume flow flow rate vv22A A.
diameter of 2.0 calculate cm at an absolute pressurerate of 4.0 22*. 10 5 Pa (about of th
EXECUTE: From
EXECUTE: From the the continuity
continuity equation,equation, Eq. Eq. (12.10),
(12.10),
EXECUTE: From the continuity equation, Eq. (12.10),
4 atm). A 1.0-cm-diameter pipe leads to the second-floor bathroom
5.0 m above.A AWhen the flow
p11.0 cm2
speed 222 at the inlet pipe is 1.5 m>s, find HH
v = A 111 v = p11.0 p11.0 cm2 cm2 11.5 m>s2 = 6.0 m>s Hta
the flow vv2222speed,
= A vvpressure,
= A 2
111 =
1
=
p10.50and volume
cm2 2
11.5
2 11.5 flow m>s2
m>s2 rate = =in 6.0
the m>s
6.0 bathroom.
m>s ta
ta
A22 2 p10.50
p10.50 cm2 cm2 2
b) Pressure
From Bernoulli’s equation, Eq. Eq. (12.16),
(12.16),
From
From S O Bernoulli’s
L U T I
Bernoulli’sO N equation,
equation, Eq. (12.16), The v
Use Bernoulli’s equation. The
The vo
vo
p = p - 111 r1v 2222 - v 22222 - rg1y - y 2
IDENTIFY = pp1111 and
pp2222 = - 22 r1v
- 1 SET22UP:
r1v - vvWe
- 12
1 2 assume
- rg1ythat
- rg1y 22 - - they11122water flows at a steady
y
22 2
2 1
1 2
rate. Water is effectively 555 Pa incompressible, so we can use the continu-
=
= 4.0
= 4.0
4.0 * *
* It’s 10
10 5 Pa
10 reasonable
Pa
ity equation. 1
to ignore internal friction because the
- 11 11.0 * 10 333 kg>m33332136 m2222>s2222 - 2.25 m2222>s22222
-
pipe has- a22211.0 1 11.0
relatively * 10
* 10large
3 kg>m
kg>m 2136
2136 m
diameter, mso>s >swe- -can 2.25
2.25alsom
muse>s 22
>s Bernoulli’s
equation. - Let
11.0 points * 10 331
3 and 2 333be at the inlet
kg>m 219.8 m>s pipe m2
222215.0 and at the bathroom, EVALU
- 11.0
- 11.0We *
* 10 10 kg>m
kg>m the 219.8
219.8 m>s
m>sdiameters215.0
215.0 m2 m2at points 1 and 2, EVALU
EVALU
respectively. are given pipe showe
555 Pa - 0.17 555 Pa 555 Pa showe
showe
from = = 4.0
which
4.0 *
= 4.0 *
we
* 10 10 calculate
10 Pa Pa - the
0.17 *
- 0.17 *
areas
* 10 10 A
10 1Pa and
Pa - - A
- 0.49 0.49
,
0.49
2 as *
well
*
* 10
10
10 as Pathe speed
Pa
5 the ter
the
the te
te
ter
v1 = 1.5 m>s and 5 pressure p1 = 4.0 * 10 22Pa at the inlet pipe.
= 3.3
= 3.3 *
3.3 * 10
* 10
5
105 Pa Pa =
Pa = 3.3
= 3.3 atm
3.3 atm =
atm = 48
= 48 lb>in.
48 lb>in.2
lb>in. rises fr
rises
rises fff
We take y = 0 and y = 5.0 m. We find the speed v using the
 5.0 m 5.0 m
Example 12.7
m Bernoulli’s Water pressure
Equation in the home
Example
Water enters a house (Fig.Water 12.23) through a pipe with an inside 12.2
diameter of 2.0 cmWater at an absolutemeter
Water pressure of 4.0 * 10 512.5Pa (about 387 of th
Bernoulli’s Equation

4 atm). A 1.0-cm-diameter meter

pipe 1 leads Fromto the
water second-floor bathroom
Hot-water WaterExample 12.7 meter
tank5.0 mmeter
above. When Waterthe flow
pressure
1
inspeed
the1home at supply
the inlet pipe is 1.5 m>s, find
Hot-water
r From From
water water
Water enters a house (Fig. 12.23) through a pipe with an(2-cm pipe)
tankthe flow speed,
1 pressure, and volume flow
supply rate
inside 12.23
5 in the bathroom.
What is the water pressure in the second-story bathroom

pipe leads to supply

diameter of 2.0 cm at an absolute pressure of 4.0 * 10 Pa (about of this house?
From water
4 atm). A 1.0-cm-diameter the second-floor bathroom
(2-cm pipe) (2-cm pipe)
c) Volume
volume flowtherate flow rate
5.0 m above. When the flow speed at the inlet pipe is 1.5 m>s,
supply
is
flow speed, pressure, and volume flow rate in the bathroom.
find

S O L U T I SOLUTION
O N (2-cm pipe)
volume
flow dVflow
rate is rateandisSET UP: We assume that the water-2 2
IDENTIFY Aand
= rate.
IDENTIFY
v SET
= UP: We * assume
2Water2is effectively incompressible, so we can use them2
p10.50 10 that 16.0
flows at a steady
continu- the m>s2
water flows at a steady
dtWater
rate.dV
ity equation. It’s reasonable to ignore internal friction because the
isvaeffectively incompressible,
so we can also-2 2 so weTo can
2

second use the continu-

=ity v2 = = A
pipe has
= equation.
A2equation. 2 Let =
relatively large diameter,
2 points* p10.50
-4
1 and10 -23 *
m2= 10
2
pipe 16.0 m2
m>s2 16.0
use Bernoulli’s
m>s2floor
dt p10.50
4.7
respectively.*We10
It’s reasonable
are given thempipe>sdiameters
2 be at the inlet
to 0.47points 1L>s
and at the bathroom,
atignore and internal
2, friction because the
(1-cm pipe)

-2 2
p10.50 *
pipe has= We 10
from
a4.7
v
-4
= 1.5 m2
relatively
*= 30>s
m>s
10
and 16.0
which we calculate
-4
pressure m>s2
the areas A and A , as well as the speed
large 3
mm. We
p =
>sdiameter,
4.0 * 10
1

=the speed
Pa
0.47
at
2
5
the so we can also use Bernoulli’s
L>s
inlet pipe.
5.0 m

= 4.7 * 10 take ym and y = 0.47 L>s

1 1

UATE: This continuity

is a reasonable 1 = 5.0 2
flow rate for a bathroom faucet or
find v using the
2

equation.
-4 3 Let points 1 and 2 be at the inlet pipe and at the bathroom,
equation and the pressure p using Bernoulli’s equation.
2

0er. m
Note
UATE: >s =
that 0.47
if the L>swater is turned
Knowing v , we calculate the volume flow rate v A .
This2 EXECUTE:
is a We
2

reasonable flow off,

rate v
2 2

for 1 aand v
bathroom
2 are both
faucet zero,
Water
or
his respectively.
is1 a reasonable From
2
theare
flow given
rate
continuity
for
equation, the
Eq.
a pipe
bathroom
(12.10), diameters
faucet at
or points 11 and 2,
meter

ermfrom
wer. 2 r1v
Note that
2
which - if vthe
we 1 2A in p11.0
water Bernoulli’s
is
cm2
turned
2
equation
off, v and vanishes,
v
Hot-water
are both and p
zero, 2
From water

Acalculate the areas 1 and

Aor1are A2,zero,as well as the speed
1

that if the water is turned p10.50 off, v and v both

v = v = 11.5 = supply
onable flow rate for a bathroom faucet
2 1 m>s2 6.0 m>s tank
5 2
5
from
erm 13.3 * 10
2From
-off, Pa
2
v1vand to2

2 equation,3.5
inpressure
cm2
Bernoulli’s* 10 1 Pa. 2 5
(2-cm pipe)

2v12 = 21.5 m>s 1 =equation 4.0 * The vanishes,

10 Pa atis theand inlet
p2 pipe.
r1v Eq. (12.16), p
v - v 2 v
Bernoulli’s
ater is 2 in
turned Bernoulli’s and equation
are both vanishes,
zero, and
volume flowprate
2 1 p =5 1 2
p - r1v - v 2 - rg1y - y 2 5
1 2
5 * y10= Pa 5y *
2 2
from
We 3.3 take 2
0 and
1
to 3.5
2 2
= 10
1
5.0 m 2
Pa.1
. We find thedV speed = A v = p10.50
2 2 v *using
-2 2
10 m2 16.0the
m>s2
Attendance Quiz
𝟏
𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 = 𝝆 𝒗𝟐𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐𝟏 + 𝝆𝒈 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝟐

Consider a water pipe installed in a dorm.

1. What happens to the fluid pressure at the second floor
if the pipe has the same diameter with that of the first
floor? (Decrease, Increase, remains the same relative to
first floor)
2. To have a flowing water on the second floor, which
must be true?
𝑃1"A − 𝑃3’O < 0 𝑃1"A − 𝑃3’O > 0 𝑃1"A − 𝑃3’O = 0