Computer reservation system

Computer reservation systems, or central reservation systems (CRS),

are computerized systems used to store and retrieve information and

conduct transactions related to air travel, hotels, car rental, or other

activities. Originally designed and operated by airlines, CRSs were later

extended for use by travel agencies. global distribution systems (GDS) to

book and sell tickets for multiple airlines. Most airlines

have outsourced their CRSs to GDS companies,[1] which also enable

consumer access through Internet gateways. Modern GDSs typically also

allow users to book hotel rooms, rental cars, airline tickets as well as other

activities and tours. They also provide access to railway reservations and

bus reservations in some markets, although these are not always

integrated with the main system. These are also used to relay

computerized information for users in the hotel industry, making reservation

and ensuring that the hotel is not overbooked.

Airline reservations systems may be integrated into a larger passenger

service system, which also includes an airline inventory system and

a departure control system.

In 1946, American Airlines installed the first automated booking system, the

experimental electromechanical Reserves. A newer machine with

temporary storage based on a magnetic drum, the Magnetron Reserves,

soon followed. This system proved successful, and was soon being used

by several airlines, as well as Sheraton

Hotels and Goodyear for inventory control. It was seriously hampered by

the need for local human operators to do the actual lookups; ticketing

agents would have to call a booking office, whose operators would direct a

small team operating the Reservisor and then read the results over the

telephone. There was no way for agents to directly query the system.

The MARS-1 train ticket reservation system was designed and planned in

the 1950s by the Japanese National Railways' R&D Institute, now

the Railway Technical Research Institute, with the system eventually being

produced by Hitachi in 1958.[2] It was the world's first seat reservation

system for trains.[3] The MARS-1 was capable of reserving seat positions,

and was controlled by a transistor computer with a central processing

unit and a 400,000-bit magnetic drum memory unit to hold seating files. It

used many registers, to indicate whether seats in a train were vacant or

reserved to accelerate searches of and updates to seat patterns, for

and CRT displays.

Remote access

In 1953, Trans-Canada Airlines (TCA) started investigating a computer-

based system with remote terminals, testing one design on the University

of Toronto's Manchester Mark 1 machine that summer. Though successful,

the researchers found that input and output was a major problem. Ferranti

Canada became involved in the project and suggested a new system

using punched cards and a transistorized computer in place of the

unreliable tube-based Mark I. The resulting system, ReserVec, started

operation in 1962, and took over all booking operations in January 1963.

Terminals were placed in all of TCA's ticketing offices, allowing all queries

and bookings to complete in about one second with no remote operators

needed.

In 1953, American Airlines CEO C. R. Smith chanced to sit next to R. Blair

Smith, a senior IBM sales representative, on a flight from Los Angeles to

New York. C.R. invited Blair to visit their Reservisor system and look for

ways that IBM could improve the system. Blair alerted Thomas Watson

Jr. that American was interested in a major collaboration, and a series of

low-level studies started. Their idea of an automated airline reservation

Business Research Environment (SABRE), launched the following

year.[4] By the time the network was completed in December 1964, it was

the largest civil data processing system in the world.

Other airlines established their own systems. Pan American World

Airways launched its PANAMAC system in 1964. Delta Air Lines launched

the Delta Automated Travel Account System (DATAS) in 1968. United

Airlines and Trans World Airlines followed in 1971 with the Apollo

Reservation System and Programmed Airline Reservation System (PARS),

respectively. Soon, travel agents began pushing for a system that could

automate their side of the process by accessing the various ARSes directly

to make reservations. Fearful this would place too much power in the

hands of agents, American Airlines executive Robert Crandall proposed

creating an industry-wide computer reservation system to be a central

clearing house for U.S. travel; other airlines demurred, citing fear

of antitrust prosecution.

Travel agent access

In 1976, United began offering its Apollo system to travel agents; while it

would not allow the agents to book tickets on United's competitors, the

marketing value of the convenient terminal proved indispensable. SABRE,

Following airline deregulation in 1978, an efficient CRS proved particularly

important; by some counts, Texas Air executive Frank Lorenzo purchased

money-losing Eastern Air Lines specifically to gain control of its SystemOne

CRS.

Also in 1976 Videcom international with British Airways, British

Caledonian and CCL launched Travicom, the world's first multi-access

reservations system (wholly based on Videcom technology), forming a

network providing distribution for initially two and subsequently 49

subscribing international airlines (including British Airways, British

Caledonian, TWA, Pan American World Airways, Qantas, Singapore

Airlines, Air France, Lufthansa, SAS, Air Canada, KLM, Alitalia, Cathay

Pacific and JAL) to thousands of travel agents in the UK. It allowed agents

and airlines to communicate via a common distribution language and

network, handling 97% of UK airline business trade bookings by 1987. The

system went on to be replicated by Videcom in other areas of the world

including the Middle East (DMARS), New Zealand, Kuwait (KMARS),

Ireland, Caribbean, United States and Hong Kong. Travicom was a trading

name for Travel Automation Services Ltd. When BA (who by then owned

100% of Travel Automation Services Ltd) chose to participate in the

Galileo UK and a migration process was put in place to move agencies

from Travicom to Galileo.

European airlines also began to invest in the field in the 1980s initially by

deploying their own reservation systems in their homeland, propelled by

growth in demand for travel as well as technological advances which

allowed GDSes to offer ever-increasing services and searching power. In

1987, a consortium led by Air France and West Germany's Lufthansa

developed Amadeus, modeled on SystemOne. Amadeus Global Travel

Distribution was launched in 1992. In 1990, Delta, Northwest Airlines, and

Trans World Airlines formed Worldspan, and in 1993, another consortium

(including British Airways, KLM, and United Airlines, among others) formed

the competing company Galileo International based on Apollo. Numerous

smaller companies such as KIU have also formed, aimed at niche markets

not catered for by the four largest networks, including the low-cost

carrier segment, and small and medium size domestic and regional airlines.

Trends

For many years the GDSs had a dominant position in the travel industry. To

bypass the GDS, and avoid high GDS fees, airlines have started to
distribute flights directly from their websites.[5] Another possibility to bypass

the GDSs is direct connection to travel agencies. American Airlines' direct

connect is a prominent example of this development