DEFINITION: A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA or in

the DNA or RNA of virus ❑ MUTANT →An organism that carries mutated gene or chromosome
MUTATION

CLASS TYPE
1. GENE MUTATION
Changes in the nucleotide base sequence of a gene.
2. CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION :Changes in chromosomal structure & chromosome number.

Base Base Change in structure of chromosome/ Chromosomal aberration Spontaneous mutation

TYPE Base Substitution Base Inversion
Insertion Deletion ❑ Mutation happen
One or More than one TYPE TRANSLOCATION DELETION INVERSION DUPLICATION spontaneously during DNA
One or more A rearrangement of a replication in cell division.
more nucleotides or Removal/loss of
One nucleotide/
nucleoti
nucleotide
small region Occurs when a chromosomal chromosome segment, Repetition of one ❑ Occurs naturally (a normal
nucleotide pairs disappear one segment of
DEFINITION

segment / section (or a where a segment of or more mistake) about one in every million
de are of DNA chromosome,

DEFINITION
replaces by /remove/ region of a chromosome) chromosome is break off, segments of to one in every billion divisions.
inserted breaks off & containing one or ❑ Due to low level natural mutagens.
another nucleotide delete in the breaking off & attach/ rejoining inverted (rotated) 180o chromosome;
in the genetic
in the
genetic
rotate 1800 more genes when ❑ The most common mechanism
another region; either the same and rejoined within a giving the
genetic before the chromosome for spontaneous mutation is
material (DNA). material chromosome or another non- chromosome, rearrange additional sets of point mutation (gene mutation).
material rejoining the breaks at two
(DNA).
(DNA).
DNA.
homologous chromosome.
points.
the linear gene genes ❑ Example: non-disjunction
sequence.
May change codon Frameshift mutation Trisomy 21 Cri-du-chat
❑ Causes Induced mutation

Ex:
into codon that: ❑ change/shift the Down syndrome syndrome
change in ❑ Occur when organism exposed
❑Code for reading frame of
the to mutagens such as chemical
different amino codon during
particular & radiation.
acid. translation. Change in number of chromosome/Chromosomal NUMBER alteration
codons in ❑ Can create new mutations by
(Missense ❑ Gene will be mRNA treating organism with
mutation) transcribe in the MUTAGENS.
Ex: Sickle cell wrong three base
(transcripti ❑ANEUPLOIDY
on). ❑Addition or losing one or more individual
anaemia groups (codon).
❑ Codons will be
❑ Amino ❑POLYPLOIDY/EUP chromosomes. MUTAGEN –
acid LOIDY ❑Because of non-disjunction occur during meiosis. A chemical or physical agent that
EFFECT

❑Code for same translate differently

amino acid
sequence ❑Involves the whole set ❑ interacts with DNA & cause a mutation.
& will abrupt the is also of chromosomes.
(Silent mutation) coding sequence of changed ❑Having more than two PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
amino acid. Thus, (translatio sets of chromosome.
❑Code for stop codons will code X-rays Colchicine
codon
n). ❑More common in
different amino
(nonsense acids.
❑ Cause plants : 3n (triploid),
TWO TYPES
α-rays Mustard gas
minor 4n (tetraploid), 5n
mutation) ❑ This will change the phenotypi (pentaploid), I) Autosomal abnormalities β-rays Ethidium
❑→ polypeptide all amino acids a. 2n-1 (Monosomy 21)
chain become c 6n (hexaploid), 8n
b. 2n+1 (Trisomy 21)
bromide
sequence at and abnormalit (octaploid) & 10n
shorter/truncate after the point of II) Sex chromosomal abnormalities
ies. (decaploid).
d. mutation. a. Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY)
b. Turner syndrome (45,XO).
Thalassae
EX:

Sickle cell anaemia

mia