Assignment in

ENGLISH AND AMERICAN

Katrina D. Lopez
BSED-2 English

Mr.Jhoel O. Mallare
IMAGERY
Imagery is an author's use of vivid and descriptive language to add depth to his or her
work. It appeals to human senses to deepen the reader's understanding of the work. Powerful
forms of imagery engage all of the senses and use metaphors to express ideas and concepts.

Examples Of Imagery

 Visual Imagery

This the most frequent type of imagery used to recreate a certain image.

The crimson liquid spilled from the neck of the white dove, staining and matting its pure,
white feathers.

The shadows crisscrossed the rug while my cat stretched languidly in one of the patches of
sun.

For the life of him, he couldn't figure why these East Enders called themselves black. He
kept looking and looking, and the colors he found were gingersnap and light fudge and dark
fudge and acorn and butter rum and cinnamon and burnt orange. But never licorice, which, to
him, was real black. (excerpt from Maniac Magee)

 Auditory Imagery

Auditory imagery is the mental representation of any sound and it is vital in imagining and
feeling a situation.

"....Which has its sounds, familiar, like the roar

Of trees and crack of branches, common things,

But nothing so like beating on a box"

(From 'An Old Mans Winter Night' by Robert Frost)

"At the next table a woman stuck her nose in a novel; a college kid pecked at a laptop.
Overlaying all this, a soundtrack: choo-k-choo-k-choo-k-choo-k-choo-k--the metronomic rhythm
of an Amtrak train rolling down the line to California, a sound that called to mind an old camera
reel moving frames of images along a linear track, telling a story." (excerpt from 'Riding the
Rails')
  KinestheticImagery

Kinesthetic Imagery is a broader term used to describe the sense of movement or tension.

"The clay oozed between Jeremy's fingers as he let out a squeal of pure glee."

"Tossing their heads in sprightly dance" (from 'Daffodils' by W. Wordsworth)

"With a wild rattle and clatter, and an inhuman abandonment of consideration not easy to be
understood in these days, the carriage dashed through streets and swept round corners, with
women screaming before it, and men clutching each other and clutching children out of its way.
At last, swooping at a street corner by a fountain, one of its wheels came to a sickening little jolt,
and there was a loud city from a number of voices, and the horses reared and plunged." (excerpt
from 'A tale of two cities' by Charles Dickens)

 Olfactory Imagery

Olfactory imagery is related to smell and this imagery helps summon and deliver the smells
to the reader.

"I was awakened by the strong smell of a freshly brewed coffee."

"Gio's socks, still soaked with sweat from Tuesday's P.E. class, filled the classroom with an
aroma akin to that of salty, week-old, rotting fish"

"I lay still and took another minute to smell: I smelled the warm, sweet, all-pervasive smell
of silage, as well as the sour dirty laundry spilling over the basket in the hall. I could pick out the
acrid smell of Claire's drenched diaper, her sweaty feet, and her hair crusted with sand. The heat
compounded the smells, doubled the fragrance."(excerpt from "A Map of the World", Random
House)

 Gustatory Imagery

Gustatory imagery illustrates and recreates the tastes, of food or many other things.

"Tumbling through the ocean water after being overtaken by the monstrous wave, Mark
unintentionally took a gulp of the briny, bitter mass, causing him to cough and gag."

"I have eaten the plums that were in the icebox and which you were probably saving for
breakfast

Forgive me they were delicious so sweet and so cold" (From the poem "This Is Just to Say"
by William Carlos Williams)

 Tactile imagery
 Tactile imagery appeals to the sense of touch by presenting attributes like hardness, softness
or hot and cold sensations.

'The bed linens might just as well be ice and the clothes snow.' From Robert Frost's "The
Witch of Coos"

"When the others went swimming my son said he was going in, too. He pulled his dripping
trunks from the line where they had hung all through the shower and wrung them out. Languidly,
and with no thought of going in, I watched him, his hard little body, skinny and bare, saw him
wince slightly as he pulled up around his vitals the small, soggy, icy garment. As he buckled the
swollen belt, suddenly my groin felt the chill of death." From E.B.White's, 'One More To The
Lake'

 Organic imagery

Organic imagery concentrates on recreating internal sensations like hunger, thirst, fear or
fatigue.

'It's when I'm weary of considerations, And life is too much like a pathless wood.' From
Robert Frosts "Birches"

Creating pictures with words enriches any kind of work and is the best way to communicate
'your' world to the people out there. If you can't figure out what to do with that image in your
mind, then just chase it and capture it using the power of words and imagery.
FIGURES OF SPEECH

A figure of speech is figurative language in the form of a single word or phrase. It can
be a special repetition, arrangement or omission of words with literal meaning, or a phrase
with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words.

 Personification
Personification is all about adding a human trait to an inanimate object or an abstraction.
For example: The picture in that magazine shouted for attention.

 Simile
A simile is a figure of speech that compares two unrelated things or ideas using "like" or "as"
to accentuate a certain feature of an object by comparing it to a dissimilar object that is a typical
example of that particular trait.
For example: as big as a bus, as clear as a bell, as dry as a bone, etc.

 Analogy
An analogy is a figure of speech that equates two things to explain something unfamiliar by
highlighting its similarities to something that is familiar. This figure of speech is commonly used
in spoken and written English.
For example: Questions and answers, crying and laughing, etc.

 Metaphor
A metaphor compares two different or unrelated things to reveal certain new qualities in the
subject, which you might have ignored or overlooked otherwise.
For example: The streets of Chennai are a furnace.

 Alliteration
Alliteration is the duplication of a specific consonant sound at the start of each word and in
quick succession. Although alliterations are all about consonant sounds, exceptions can be made,
when vowels sounds are also repeated. This figure of speech is commonly seen in poems.
For example: "Guinness is good for you" - Tagline for Guinness

 Hyperbole
A far-fetched, over exaggerated description or sentence is called as hyperbole and is
commonly used in jokes and making backhanded compliments.
For example: When she smiles, her cheeks fall off.

 Onomatopoeia
This figure of speech is partly pleasure and partly business. It is used to replicate sounds
created by objects, actions, animals and people.
For example: Cock-a-doodle-do, quack, moo, etc.
  Imagery
Imagery is a figure of speech, which employs words to create mental images in the mind of
the reader. It is a powerful tool and mostly used by poets, lyricists and authors. For example:
"Cloudless everyday you fall upon my waking eyes inviting and inciting me to rise, And through
the window in the wall, Come streaming in on sunlight wings, A million bright ambassadors of
morning." - A portion of the lyrics to the song 'Echoes' by the band Pink Floyd

 Symbol
Symbol refers to the use of an object or symbol to represent or indicate something else.
For example: The symbolism of a red rose (love), the symbolism of a white flag (peace), etc.

 Pun
A pun is a figure of speech that plays with words to give away obscured meanings. A pun is
also known as paronomasia.
For example: My son wanted a scooter. When I told him they are too dangerous, he moped
around the house.

 Allegory
An allegory is nothing but an improvised metaphor. It is a figure of speech, which involves
the use of characters or actions in a piece of literature, wherein the characters have more to them
than meets the eye.
For example: The Trojan Women by Euripides,
Aesop's Fables by Aesop.

 Tautology
Tautology is needless repetition of words to denote the same thing.
For example: CD-ROM disk, PIN number, ATM machine, etc.

 Palindrome
A palindrome is a series of numbers, words or phrases that reads the same in either direction.
For example: Malayalam, A Toyota's a Toyota, etc.

 Euphemism
Euphemism is a figure of speech where an offensive word or expression is replaced with a
polite word.
For example: David: Do you have a few minutes?
Ryan: No, I'm busy.
David: Ok, listen...
Ryan: No, you listen, when I said 'busy', I meant leave me the hell alone.

 Assonance
Assonance is a repetition of the vowel sounds. Such a figure of speech is found most
commonly in short sentences or verses.
For example: And murmuring of innumerable bees.
  Idiom
An idiom is a phrase, expression or group of words whose implication is not clear when you
go by the literal meaning of words.
For example: As easy as pie, at the eleventh hour, pull someone's leg, etc.

 Funny Metaphors
Funny metaphors are metaphors that ring aloud with humor.
For example: That's like trying to thread a needle with a haystack.

 Allusion
An allusion is an indirect or subtle reference made about a person, place or thing in a work of
literature.
For example: I am no Prince Hamlet.

 Antecedent
An antecedent, in grammar, is a word, a phrase, or a clause that is usually replaced by a
pronoun in a sentence, but regularly so in a following sentence.
For example: When I arrived to meet Caleb, he wasn't to be seen.

 Jargon
Jargon is the kind of language that is specific to a particular trade, occupation, professionals
or group of people.
For example: I need your vitals.

 Double Negative
A double negative is a figure of speech that occurs when two negative words or two forms of
negation are used in one sentence.
For example: I won't not use no ladder to climb the building.

 Adjunction
An adjunction is a phrase or a clause that is placed at the start of a sentence. An adjunction,
in most cases, is a verb.
For example: Runs the leopard past us as we stray deeper into his territory.

 Antithesis
An antithesis is a figure of speech where two very opposing lines of thought or ideas are
placed in a somewhat balanced sentenced.
For example: Man proposes: God disposes.

 Apostrophe
An apostrophe is used when a person who is absent or nonexistent is spoken to.
For example: "Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are.
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky."
  Climax
In a climax, the words are placed in an ascending order, depending on their significance.
These words generally revolve around a central theme and are arranged in an increasing order to
create a strong impression on the mind of the reader.
For example: "There are three things that will endure: faith, hope, and love. But the greatest of
these is love." - 1 Corinthians 13:13

 Metonymy
A metonymy is a figure of speech where one word or phrase is used in place of another. With
metonymies, a name of a particular thing is substituted with the name of a thing that is closely
related to it.
For example: "We have always remained loyal to the crown."

 Oxymoron
Oxymoron involves the usage of contradictory terms to describe an object, situation or
incident.
For example: open secret, tragic comedy, exact estimate, original copies, etc.

 Synecdoche
This is figure of speech where a part of a particular object is employed to throw light on the
whole thing.
For example: Describing a whole vehicle as just "wheels".

 Stereotype
A stereotype, as far as the figures of speech are concerned, is a convention, a predisposition
or a set approach to any particular issue.
For example: All blondes are dumb.

 Anastrophe
An anastrophe refers to an inversion or rearrangement of a group of words that usually
appear in a certain order.
For example: Gold that glitters is not all that not. (All that glitters is gold)

 Anaphora
An anaphora is an expression, which refers to another and can be ambiguous.
For example: The tiger ate the snake and it died. Longfellow

 Antonomasia
This figure of speech uses the name of a person on another person or persons possessing
characteristics that are similar to the characteristics of the former.
For example: He was the Adolf Hitler of the school.

 Litotes
Litotes are nothing but an understatement. It can be used when you are looking to underplay
a positive with a negative.
For example: The food at that restaurant is not bad at all.
  Paralipsis
A paralipsis is a figure of speech that focuses on any particular thing without really making it
obvious.
For example: I know who ate the last apple, but I will not mention Karen's name.

 Rhetoric
Rhetoric in writing refers to an unexplained and undue use of exaggeration.
For example: When I reached the peak of the mountain, I stretched out my hands, touched
heaven and took a quick look at the Almighty!

 Zeugma
Zeugma refers to the employment of a word to bridge two or more words, but here the word
makes sense to one word or all words in dissimilar ways.
For example: She lowered her standards by raising her glass, her courage, her eyes and his
hopes.

 Anticlimax
An anticlimax as a figure speech refers to the building up a climax that results in something
that cannot really be described as a climax.
For example: On discovering that his friend was murdered, with vengeance on his mind Ravi
rushed back to his college, only to find his friend sipping on coffee in the college canteen.

 Consonance
Consonance refers to the repetition of consonant sounds, within the limits of a sentence or a
certain number of sentences.
For example: "Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will
not see me stopping here. To watch his woods fill up with snow." - Stopping by Woods on a
Snowy Evening by Robert Frost

 Irony
Irony is used to stress on the opposite meaning of a word. When people are looking to be
sarcastic, they employ irony.
For example: He was so intelligent, that he failed all his tests.

 Polysyndeton
Polysyndeton refers to that figure of speech which makes good use of conjunctions and in
close succession.
For example: He ran and jumped and laughed for joy.

 Rhetorical Question
A rhetorical question is a question wherein the answer is more than obvious.
For example: A person enters a dark room and asks out loud - 'Has someone turned off the
lights?'
  Anadiplosis
Anadiplosis refers to the repetition of a significant word in a sentence in the second part of
the same sentence, usually with a slight change in its meaning or an exaggerated word for the
same.
For example: "Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering." -Yoda, Star
Wars

 Appositive
Appositive is a word or phrase that is used in juxtaposing related issues.
For example, Jeanne, Diane's eleven-year-old beagle, chews holes in the living room carpeting as
if he were still a puppy.

 Enthymeme
An enthymeme is a figure of speech where an argument that is being made has no definite
conclusion or is not completely expressed.
For example, "With a name like Smucker's, it has to be good."

 Parallelism
In the English language, parallelism refers to balance created between two or more similar
words and sentences.
For example, I like rich desserts, fast card-games, and difficult riddles.

 Asyndeton
This is a figure of speech that conveniently ignores the use of conjunctions.
For example, She has provided with a chance to earn a living, with self-respect, with satisfaction.

 Parenthesis
Parenthesis refers to a self explanatory and contradicting word or sentence that breaks the
flow in a series of sentences, often without affecting the flow in an obvious manner. Commas
and dashes are employed when a parenthesis is used.
For example, Would you, Kris, listen to me?

 Antimetabole
An antimetabole is a figure of speech, where the second half of a sentence, phrase or series is
in the exact opposite order of the first part.
For example, E,F,G - G,F,E

 Epistrophe
Epistrophe or epiphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the end of consecutive
phrases, clauses or sentences. It is extremely emphatic and is usually employed to stress the last
word in a phrase or sentence.
For example, "What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within
us." –Emerson
  Understatement
Understatement is a figure of speech that is used to undermine the due importance of a
statement.
For example, "A soiled baby, with a neglected nose, cannot be conscientiously regarded as a
thing of beauty." - (Mark Twain)

 Chiasmus
Chiasmus is another important figure of speech wherein two or more clauses are joined
together through a reversing the syntax to convey a bigger point.
For example, "I flee who chases me, and chase who flees me." - (Ovid)

 Epithet
An epithet can be best defined as a descriptive title that commonly involves a word or a phrase
that is used in lieu of the real name.
For example: Alexander the Great.

 Verbal Irony
Verbal irony is one of the most commonly employed tropes in literature that is pregnant with
hidden connotations and usually has more to eat than meets the eye. It usually denotes the
opposite of what is expressed.
For example: "Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honourable man." - Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare

 False Analogy
An elaborate comparison of two dissimilar things is called false analogy.
For example: There has to be life on other planets because as of today no one has been able to
conclusively prove that there is no life.
ANGLO-SAXON LITERATURE

Old English (Ænglisc, Anglisc, Englisc) or Anglo-Saxonis an early form of

Use of the term Anglo-Saxon assumes that the words Angles, Saxons or Anglo-
Saxon have the same meaning in all the sources. Assigning ethnic labels such as
"Anglo-Saxon" is fraught with difficulties, and the term itself only began to be used in the
8th century to distinguish "Germanic" groups in Britain from those on the
continent. Catherine Hills summarised the views of many modern scholars that attitudes
towards Anglo-Saxon and hence the interpretation of their culture and history has been
"more contingent on contemporary political and religious theology as on any kind of
evidence."