Designation: C 1198 – 01

Standard Test Method for

Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s
Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by Sonic Resonance1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope selected frequency range are known to include the resonant

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dy- frequency that the specimen must possess if its geometry and
namic elastic properties of advanced ceramics. Specimens of mass are within specified tolerances.
these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequen- 1.5 The procedures in this test method are, where possible,
cies that are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and consistent with the procedures of Test Methods C 623, C 747,
geometry of the test specimen. Therefore, the dynamic elastic and C 848. The tables of these test methods have been replaced
properties of a material can be computed if the geometry, mass, by the actual formulas from the original references. With the
and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable test speci- advent of computers and sophisticated hand calculators, the
men of that material can be measured. Dynamic Young’s actual formulas can be easily used and provide greater accu-
modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the racy than factor tables.
flexural mode of vibration. The dynamic shear modulus, or 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonant vibra- standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
tions. Dynamic Young’s modulus and dynamic shear modulus only.
are used to compute Poisson’s ratio. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.2 This test method is specifically appropriate for advanced safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ceramics that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic (1).2 responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Advanced ceramics of a composite character (particulate, priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
whisker, or fiber reinforced) may be tested by this test method bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
with the understanding that the character (volume fraction, 2. Referenced Documents
size, morphology, distribution, orientation, elastic properties,
and interfacial bonding) of the reinforcement in the test 2.1 ASTM Standards:
specimen will have a direct effect on the elastic properties. C 372 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Por-
These reinforcement effects must be considered in interpreting celain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Fired Ceramic Whitew-
the test results for composites. This test method is not are Products by the Dilatomer Method3
satisfactory for specimens that have cracks or voids that are C 623 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus,
major discontinuities in the specimen. Neither is the test and Poisson’s Ratio for Glass and Glass-Ceramics by
method satisfactory when these materials cannot be fabricated Resonance3
in a uniform rectangular or circular cross section. C 747 Test Method for Moduli of Elasticity and Fundamen-
1.3 A high-temperature furnace and cryogenic cabinet are tal Frequencies of Carbon and Graphite Materials by Sonic
described for measuring the dynamic elastic moduli as a Resonance4
function of temperature from −195 to 1200°C. C 848 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus,
1.4 Modification of this test method for use in quality and Poisson’s Ratio for Ceramic Whitewares by Reso-
control is possible. A range of acceptable resonant frequencies nance3
is determined for a specimen with a particular geometry and C 1145 Terminology of Advanced Ceramics4
mass. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside C 1161 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced
this frequency range is rejected. The actual modulus of each Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures4
specimen need not be determined as long as the limits of the D 4092 Terminology Relating to Dynamic Mechanical
Measurements on Plastics5
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on 3. Terminology
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on 3.1 Definitions:
Properties and Performance.
Current edition approved April 10, 2001. Published June 2001. Originally
3
published as C 1198 – 91. Last previous edition C 1198 – 96. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.
2 4
The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01.
5
end of the text. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.

Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 C 1198
3.1.1 advanced ceramic, n—a highly engineered, high per- random distribution and orientation of phases, crystallites, and
formance, predominately nonmetallic, inorganic, ceramic ma- components.
terial having specific functional attributes. (C 1145) 3.2.6 nodes, n—a slender rod or bar in resonance contains
3.1.2 dynamic mechanical measurement, n—a technique in one or more locations having a constant zero displacement,
which either the modulus or damping, or both, of a substance called nodes. For the fundamental flexural resonance, the nodes
under oscillatory load or displacement is measured as a are located at 0.224 L from each end, where L is the length of
function of temperature, frequency, or time, or combination the specimen.
thereof. (D 4092) 3.2.7 resonance, n—a slender rod or bar driven into one of
3.1.3 elastic limit [FL−2], n—the greatest stress that a the modes of vibration described in 3.2.3 or 3.2.9 is said to be
material is capable of sustaining without permanent strain in resonance when the imposed frequency is such that the
remaining upon complete release of the stress. resultant displacements for a given amount of driving force are
3.1.4 elastic modulus [FL−2], n—the ratio of stress to strain at a maximum. The resonant frequencies are natural vibration
below the proportional limit. frequencies that are determined by the elastic modulus, mass,
3.1.5 Poisson’s ratio (µ) [nd], n—the absolute value of the and dimensions of the test specimen.
ratio of transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain 3.2.8 slender rod or bar, n—in dynamic elastic property
resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the testing, a specimen whose ratio of length to minimum cross-
proportional limit of the material. sectional dimension is at least five and preferably in the range
3.1.6 Discussion—In isotropic materials Young’s modulus of 20 to 25.
(E), shear modulus (G), and Poisson’s ratio (µ) are related by 3.2.9 torsional vibrations, n— the vibrations that occur
the following equation: when the oscillations in each cross-sectional plane of a slender
µ 5 ~ E/2G ! 2 1 (1)
rod or bar are such that the plane twists around the length
dimension axis.
3.1.7 proportional limit [FL−2], n—the greatest stress that a 4. Summary of Test Method
material is capable of sustaining without deviation from 4.1 This test method measures the resonant frequencies of
proportionality of stress to strain (Hooke’s law). test specimens of suitable geometry by exciting them at
3.1.8 shear modulus (G) [FL−2], n—the elastic modulus in continuously variable frequencies. Mechanical excitation of
shear or torsion. Also called modulus of rigidity or torsional the bars is provided through the use of a transducer that
modulus. transforms a cyclic electrical signal into a cyclic mechanical
3.1.9 Young’s modulus ( E) [FL−2], n—the elastic modulus force on the specimen. A second transducer senses the resulting
in tension or compression. mechanical vibrations of the specimen and transforms them
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: into an electrical signal. The amplitude and frequency of the
3.2.1 anti-nodes, n—an unconstrained slender rod or bar in signal are measured by an oscilloscope or other means to detect
resonance contains two or more locations that have local resonance. The resonant frequencies, dimensions, and mass of
maximum displacements, called anti-nodes. For the fundamen- the specimen are used to calculate dynamic Young’s modulus
tal flexure resonance, the anti-nodes are located at the two ends and dynamic shear modulus.
and the center of the specimen.
3.2.2 elastic, adj—the property of a material such that an 5. Significance and Use
application of stress within the elastic limit of that material 5.1 This test method may be used for material development,
making up the body being stressed will cause an instantaneous characterization, design data generation, and quality control
and uniform deformation, that will be eliminated upon removal purposes. It is specifically appropriate for determining the
of the stress, with the body returning instantly to its original modulus of advanced ceramics that are elastic, homogeneous,
size and shape without energy loss. Most advanced ceramics and isotropic.
conform to this definition well enough to make this resonance 5.1.1 This test method is nondestructive in nature. Only
test valid. minute stresses are applied to the specimen, thus minimizing
3.2.3 flexural vibrations, n—the vibrations that occur when the possibility of fracture.
the oscillations in a slender rod or bar are in the plane normal 5.1.2 The period of time during which measurement stress
to the length dimension. is applied and removed is of the order of hundreds of
3.2.4 homogeneous, adj—the condition of a specimen such microseconds. With this test method it is feasible to perform
that the composition and density are uniform, such that any measurements at high temperatures, where delayed elastic and
smaller specimen taken from the original is representative of creep effects would invalidate modulus measurements calcu-
the whole. Practically, as long as the geometrical dimensions of lated from static loading.
the test specimen are large with respect to the size of individual 5.2 This test method has advantages in certain respects over
grains, crystals, or components, the body can be considered the use of static loading systems for measuring moduli in
homogeneous. advanced ceramics. It is nondestructive in nature and can be
3.2.5 isotropic, adj—the condition of a specimen such that used for specimens prepared for other tests. Specimens are
the values of the elastic properties are the same in all directions subjected to minute strains; hence, the moduli are measured at
in the material. Advanced ceramics are considered isotropic on or near the origin of the stress-strain curve with the minimum
a macroscopic scale, if they are homogeneous and there is a possibility of fracture. The period of time during which

2
 C 1198
measurement stress is applied and removed is of the order of
hundreds of microseconds. With this test method it is feasible
to perform measurements at high temperatures, where delayed
elastic and creep effects would invalidate modulus measure-
ments calculated from static loading.
6. Interferences
6.1 The relationships between resonant frequency and dy-
namic modulus presented herein are specifically applicable to
homogeneous, elastic, isotropic materials.
6.1.1 This test method of determining the moduli is appli-
cable to composite ceramics and inhomogeneous materials
only with careful consideration of the effect of inhomogeneities
and anisotropy. The character (volume fraction, size, morphol-
ogy, distribution, orientation, elastic properties, and interfacial
bonding) of the reinforcement/inhomogeneities in the speci- FIG. 1 Block Diagram of a Typical Test Apparatus
mens will have a direct effect on the elastic properties of the
specimen as a whole. These effects must be considered in variable-frequency audio oscillator, used to generate a sinusoi-
interpreting the test results for composites and inhomogeneous dal voltage, and a power amplifier and suitable transducer to
materials. convert the electrical signal to a mechanical driving vibration.
6.1.2 If specific surface treatments (coatings, machining, A frequency meter (preferably digital) monitors the audio
grinding, etching, etc.) change the elastic properties of the oscillator output to provide an accurate frequency determina-
near-surface material, there will be accentuated effects on the tion. A suitable suspension-coupling system supports the test
properties measured by this flexural method, as compared to specimen. Another transducer acts to detect mechanical vibra-
static/bulk measurements by tensile or compression testing. tion in the specimen and to convert it into an electrical signal
6.1.3 This test method is not satisfactory for specimens that that is passed through an amplifier and displayed on an
have major discontinuities, such as large cracks (internal or indicating meter. The meter may be a voltmeter, microamme-
surface) or voids. ter, or oscilloscope. An oscilloscope is recommended because
6.2 This test method for determining moduli is limited to it enables the operator to positively identify resonances,
specimens with regular geometries (rectangular parallelepiped including higher order harmonics, by Lissajous figure analysis.
and cylinders) for which analytical equations are available to If a Lissajous figure is desired, the output of the oscillator is
relate geometry, mass, and modulus to the resonant vibration also coupled to the horizontal plates of the oscilloscope. If
frequencies. This test method is not appropriate for determin- temperature-dependent data are desired, a suitable furnace or
ing the elastic properties of materials which cannot be fabri- cryogenic chamber is used. Details of the equipment are as
cated into such geometries. follows:
6.2.1 The analytical equations assume parallel/concentric 7.2 Audio Oscillator, having a continuously variable fre-
dimensions for the regular geometries of the specimen. Devia- quency output from about 100 Hz to at least 30 kHz. Frequency
tions from the specified tolerances for the dimensions of the drift shall not exceed 1 Hz/min for any given setting.
specimens will change the resonant frequencies and introduce 7.3 Audio Amplifier, having a power output sufficient to
error into the calculations. ensure that the type of transducer used can excite any specimen
6.2.2 Edge treatments such as chamfers or radii are not the mass of which falls within a specified range.
considered in the analytical equations. Edge chamfers on 7.4 Transducers—Two are required; one used as a driver
flexure bars prepared according to Test Method C 1161 will may be a speaker of the tweeter type or a magnetic cutting head
change the resonant frequency of the test bars and introduce or other similar device depending on the type of coupling
error into the calculations of the dynamic modulus. It is chosen for use between the transducer and the specimen. The
recommended that specimens for this test not have chamfered other transducer, used as a detector, may be a crystal or
or rounded edges. Alternately, if narrow rectangular specimens magnetic reluctance type of photograph cartridge. A capacitive
with chamfers or edge radii are tested, then the procedures in pickup may be used if desired. An electromagnetic coupling
Annex A1 should be used to correct the calculated Young’s system with an attached metal foil may also be used, with due
modulus, E. consideration for effects of the foil on the natural vibration of
6.2.3 For specimens with as-fabricated/rough or uneven the test bar. The frequency response of the transducer across
surfaces, variations in dimension can have a significant effect the frequency range of interest shall have at least a 6.5 kHz
in the calculations. For example, in the calculation of the bandwidth before −3 dB power loss occurs.
dynamic modulus, the modulus value is inversely proportional 7.5 Power Amplifier, in the detector circuit shall be imped-
to the cube of the thickness. Uniform specimen dimensions and ance matched with the type of detector transducer selected and
precise measurements are essential for accurate results. shall serve as a prescope amplifier.
7.6 Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope, any model suitable for gen-
7. Apparatus eral laboratory work.
7.1 The test apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of a 7.7 Frequency Counter, preferably digital, shall be able to

3
 C 1198
measure frequencies to within6 1 Hz.
7.8 Furnace—If data at elevated temperature are desired, a
furnace shall be used that is capable of controlled heating and
cooling. It shall have a specimen zone large enough for the
specimen to be uniform in temperature within 6 5°C along its
length through the range of temperatures encountered in
testing. It is recommended that an independent thermocouple
be placed in close proximity to (within 5 mm), but not
touching, the center of the specimen to accurately measure
temperature during heating and cooling.
7.9 Cryogenic Chamber—For data at cryogenic tempera-
tures, any chamber shall suffice that shall be capable of
controlled heating/cooling, frost-free and uniform in tempera-
ture within 6 5°C over the length of the specimen at any
selected temperature. A suitable cryogenic chamber is shown in
Fig. 2 (2). It is recommended that an independent thermo-
FIG. 3 Specimen Positioned for Measurement of Flexural and
couple be placed in close proximity to (within 5 mm), but not Torsional Resonant Frequencies Using Thread or Wire
touching, the center of the specimen to accurately measure Suspension
temperature during heating and cooling.
7.10 Specimen Suspension—Any method of specimen sus- torsional vibration, the axes of suspension have to be off-center
pension shall be used that is adequate for the temperatures from the longitudinal axis of the specimen (shown in Fig. 3).
encountered in testing and that allows the specimen to vibrate 7.11 Specimen Supports—If the specimen is supported on
without significant restriction. Thread suspension is the system direct contact supports, the supports shall permit the specimen
of choice for cryogenic and high-temperature testing. (See Fig. to oscillate without significant restriction in the desired mode.
1 and Fig. 3.) Common cotton thread, silica-glass fiber thread, This is accomplished for flexural modes by supporting the
oxidation-resistant nickel (or platinum) alloy wire, or platinum specimen at its transverse fundamental node locations (0.224 L
wire may be used. If metal wire suspension is used in the from each end). In torsional modes the specimen should be
furnace, coupling characteristics will be improved if, outside supported at its center point. The supports should have minimal
the temperature zone, the wire is coupled to cotton thread, and area in contact with the specimen and shall be cork, rubber, or
the thread is coupled to the transducer. The specimen should be similar material. In order to properly identify resonant frequen-
initially suspended at distances of approximately 0.1 L from cies, the transducers should be movable along the total speci-
each end. The specimen should not be suspended at its men length and width. (See Fig. 4.) The transducer contact
fundamental flexural node locations (0.224 L from each end). pressure should be consistent with good response and minimal
The suspension point distances can be adjusted experimentally interference with the free vibration of the specimen.
to maximize the vibrational deflection and resulting signal. For
8. Test Specimen
8.1 Prepare the specimens so that they are either rectangular
or circular in cross section. Either geometry can be used to
measure both dynamic Young’s modulus and dynamic shear
modulus. However, experimental difficulties in obtaining tor-
sional resonant frequencies for a cylindrical specimen usually
preclude its use in determining shear modulus, although the
equations for computing shear modulus with a cylindrical
specimen are both simpler and more accurate than those used
with a rectangular bar.

1—Cylindrical glass jar

2—Glass wool
3—Plastic foam
4—Vacuum jar
5—Heater disk
6—Copper plate
7—Thermocouple
8—Sample
9—Suspension wires FIG. 4 Specimen Positioned for Measurement of Flexural and
10—Fill port for liquid
Torsional Resonant Frequencies Using Direct Support and Direct
FIG. 2 Detail Drawing of a Typical Cryogenic Chamber Contact Transducers

4
 C 1198
8.2 Resonant frequencies for a given specimen are functions the transducers so that the torsional mode of vibration may be
of the bar dimensions as well as its mass and moduli; therefore, induced and detected. (See Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.)
dimensions should be selected with this relationship in mind.
NOTE 1—The proper identification of the fundamental flexural mode is
Make selection of size so that, for an estimated modulus, the important as spurious frequencies inherent in the system may interfere,
resonant frequencies measured will fall within the range of especially when greater excitation power and detection sensitivity are
frequency response of the transducers used. A slender rod with required for work with a specimen that has a poor response. The location
a ratio of length to minimum cross-sectional dimension greater of the nodes for the fundamental and the first four overtones are indicated
than ten and approximately 25 is preferred for ease in calcu- in Fig. 5. One method to locate the nodes on the specimen is to move the
lation. For shear modulus measurements of rectangular bars, a detector along the length of the specimen; a node is indicated when the
output amplitude goes to zero. An anti-node is indicated when the output
ratio of width to thickness of five is recommended for amplitude reaches a local maximum. Another node location method (used
minimizing experimental difficulties. Suitable rectangular often with string suspensions) is to lay a thin rod across the specimen at
specimen dimensions are: 75 mm in length, 15 mm in width, a presumed node or anti-node location. If the output amplitude is not
and 3 mm in thickness. Suitable cylindrical rod dimensions are: affected, then the rod is on a node; if the output amplitude goes to zero,
125 mm in length and 6 mm in diameter. then the location is an anti-node. When several resonant flexural frequen-
8.2.1 These specimen sizes should produce a fundamental cies have been identified, the lowest frequency can be verified as the
fundamental, if the numerical ratios of the first three overtone frequencies
flexural resonant frequency in the range from 1000 to 10 000
to the lowest frequency are: 2.7, 5.4, and 8.9. Note that these ratios are for
Hz and a fundamental torsional resonant frequency in the range a Bernoulli-Euler (simple) beam under ideal conditions. Typically the
from 10 000 to 30 000 Hz. (Representative values of Young’s ratios will be slightly lower.
modulus are 410 GPa (59 3 106 psi) for alumina (99 %), 200
9.1.2 Find and verify (see Note 2) the fundamental resonant
GPa (29 3 106 psi) for silicon nitride, and 530 GPa (77 3 106
frequency in the torsion mode. The dimensions and mass of the
psi) for titanium diboride.) Specimens shall have a minimum
specimen may be measured before or after the test. Measure
mass of 5 g to avoid coupling effects; any size of specimen that
the length and width dimensions within 6 0.01 mm or 6 0.1 %
has a suitable length-to-cross section ratio in terms of fre-
(whichever is greater) at three locations and determine the
quency response and meets the mass minimum may be used.
average for each dimension. Measure the thickness/diameter
Maximum specimen size and mass are determined primarily by
within 6 0.002 mm or 6 0.1 % (whichever is greater) at three
the power of the test system and physical space capabilities.
locations and determine the average of the three measurements.
8.3 Finish the surfaces of the specimen using a fine grind
Measure the mass within 6 10 mg or 6 0.1 % (whichever is
(400 grit or finer). All surfaces on the rectangular specimen
greater).
shall be flat. Opposite surfaces across the length and width
shall be parallel within 0.01 mm or 6 0.1 % whichever is NOTE 2—Identification of the fundamental torsional mode is based on
greater. Opposite surfaces across the thickness shall be parallel the same approaches used in identifying the flexural modes; node
within 0.002 mm or 6 0.1 % whichever is greater. The identification or frequency ratios, or both. Fig. 5 locates the node positions
for torsional vibrations. The ratios of the first three torsional overtones to
cylindrical specimen shall be round and constant in diameter the fundamental torsional frequency are 2, 3, and 4.
within 0.002 mm or 6 0.1 % whichever is greater.
8.4 Dry the specimen in air at 120°C in a drying oven until 9.2 Procedure B—Elevated-Temperature Testing—
the mass is constant (less than 0.1 % or 10 mg difference in Determine the mass, dimensions, and resonant frequencies at
mass with 30 min of additional drying). room temperature in air as outlined in 9.1. Place the specimen
in the furnace and adjust the driver-detector system so that all
9. Procedure the frequencies to be measured can be detected without further
9.1 Procedure A—Room-Temperature Testing: adjustment. Determine the resonant frequencies at room tem-
9.1.1 Switch on all electrical equipment and allow to perature in the furnace cavity with the furnace doors closed,
stabilize in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommenda- etc., as will be the case at elevated temperatures. Heat the
tions. Suspend or support the specimen properly (see Fig. 3 and furnace at a controlled rate that does not exceed 150°C/h. Take
Fig. 4). Activate the equipment so that power adequate to data at 25° intervals or at 15 min intervals as dictated by
excite the specimen is delivered to the driving transducer. Set
the gain of the detector circuit high enough to detect vibration
in the specimen and to display it on the oscilloscope screen
with sufficient amplitude to measure accurately the frequency
at which the signal amplitude is maximized. Adjust the
oscilloscope so that a sharply defined horizontal baseline exists
when the specimen is not excited. Scan frequencies with the
audio oscillator until specimen resonance is indicated by a
sinusoidal pattern of maximum amplitude on the oscilloscope
or by a single closed loop Lissajous pattern. (It is recom-
mended that the frequency scan start at a low frequency and
then increase.) To verify that the frequency is fundamental and
not an overtone, either the node/anti-node locations or one or
more overtones should be identified (see Note 1). If a deter- FIG. 5 Dynamic Modulus Resonant Modes and Nodal Locations
mination of the shear modulus is made, offset the coupling to Tracking Guide Template

5
 C 1198
heating rate and specimen composition. Follow the change in where:
resonant frequencies with time and temperature closely to µ = Poisson’s ratio.
avoid losing the identity of each frequency. (The overtones in
flexure and the fundamental in torsion may be difficult to
NOTE 4—In the modulus equations the mass and length terms are given
differentiate if not followed closely; spurious frequencies in units of grams and millimetres. However, the defined equations can also
inherent in the system may also appear at temperatures above be used with mass and length terms in units of kilograms and metres with
600°C using certain types of suspensions, particularly wire.) If no changes in terms or exponents.
desired, data may also be taken on cooling. It must be 10.1.1 If L/t $ 20, the T1 can be simplified to:
remembered, however, that high temperatures may alter the
specimen either reversibly or permanently (for example, phase T1 5 @1.000 1 6.585 ~t/L!2# (4)
change, devitrification, or microcracking). Such potential
changes should be considered in planning the range of test and E can be calculated directly.
temperatures and in interpreting test results as a function of 10.1.2 If L/t < 20 and Poisson’s ratio is known, then T1 can
temperature. Dimensions and mass of the specimen should be be calculated directly from Eq. 3 and then used to calculate E.
measured both before and after the test to check for permanent 10.1.3 If L/t < 20 and Poisson’s ratio is not known, then an
thermal effects. Measurements should be made to the precision initial Poisson’s ratio must be assumed to start the computa-
described in 9.1. tions. An iterative process is then used to determine a value of
9.3 Procedure C—Cryogenic Testing—Determine the mass, Poisson’s ratio, based on experimental Young’s modulus and
dimensions, and resonant frequencies in air at room tempera- shear modulus. The iterative process is flowcharted in Fig. 6
ture, as outlined in 9.1. Measure the resonant frequencies at and described in 10.1.3.1 through 10.1.3.5 below.
room temperature in the cryogenic chamber. Take the chamber 10.1.3.1 Determine the fundamental flexural and torsional
to the minimum temperature desired (see Note 3), monitoring resonant frequency of the rectangular test specimen, as de-
frequencies as the chamber is cooled. Allow the specimen to scribed in 9.1. Using Eq 8 and Eq 9, calculate the dynamic
stabilize at minimum temperature for at least 15 min. Heating shear modulus of the test specimen for the fundamental
rate should not exceed 50°C/h and data may be taken at torsional resonant frequency and the dimensions and mass of
intervals of 10 min or 15°C or as desired. Dimensions and mass the specimen.
of the specimen should be measured both before and after the 10.1.3.2 Using Eq 2 and Eqs. 3, calculate the dynamic
Young’s modulus of the rectangular test specimen from the
test to check for permanent thermal effects. Measurements
fundamental flexural resonant frequency, the dimensions, and
should be made to the precision described in 9.1.
mass of the specimen and the initial/iterative Poisson’s ratio.
NOTE 3—Caution: Take care to remove water vapor from the chamber Care must be exercised in using consistent units for all the
by flushing with dry nitrogen gas prior to chilling so that frost deposits on parameters throughout the computations.
the specimen do not cause anomalous results. 10.1.3.3 The dynamic shear modulus and Young’s modulus
values calculated in 10.1.3.1 and 10.1.3.2 are substituted into
10. Calculation Eq 12 for Poisson’s ratio satisfying isotropic conditions. A new
10.1 Dynamic Young’s Modulus (1,3)—For the fundamental value for Poisson’s ratio is calculated for another iteration
in flexure of a rectangular bar calculate as follows (3): starting at 10.1.3.2.
10.1.3.4 The steps in 10.1.3.2 through 10.1.3.3 are repeated
E 5 0.9465 ~m ff 2 /b !~L3/ t3!T1 (2)
until no significant difference (2 % or less) is observed between
the last iterative value and the final computed value of the
where: Poisson’s ratio.
E = Young’s modulus, Pa,
m = mass of the bar, g, (see Note 4),
b = width of the bar, mm, (see Note 4),
L = length of the bar, mm, (see Note 4),
t = thickness of the bar, mm, (see Note 4),
ff = fundamental resonant frequency of bar in flexure, Hz,
and
T 1 = correction factor for fundamental flexural mode to
account for finite thickness of bar, Poisson’s ratio,
etc.
and:
T 1 5 1 1 6.585 ~1 1 0.0752 µ

1 0.8109 µ2!~t/L!2 2 0.868 ~t/L!4

2 F 8.340 ~1 1 0.2023 µ 1 2.173 µ2!~t/L! 4

1.000 1 6.338 ~1 1 0.1408 µ 1 1.536 µ2!~t/L! 2 G (3) FIG. 6 Process Flowchart for Iterative Determination of Poisson’s
Ratio

6
 C 1198
10.1.3.5 Self-consistent values for the moduli are thus
obtained.
10.1.3.6 If the rectangular specimen is narrow and the four
long edges of the rectangular bar have been chamfered or
rounded, then the calculated Young’s modulus, E, should be
corrected in accordance with Annex A1.
10.1.4 For the fundamental in flexure of a rod of circular
cross section calculate as follows (3):
E 5 1.6067 ~L3/D 4! ~m ff 2 ! T 18 (5)

where:
D = diameter of rod, mm, (see Note 4), and
T18 = correction factor for fundamental flexural mode to
account for finite diameter of bar, Poisson’s ratio, etc. FIG. 7 Plot of the Shear Modulus Correction Term A

and
T 18 5 1 1 4.939~1 1 0.0752 µ 1 0.8109 µ2! ~D/L!2
A = an empirical correction factor dependent on the width-
to-thickness ratio of the test specimen (Ref (5)). This
2 0.4883 ~D/L!4 correction factor has an effect of less than 2 % and can
be omitted, unless accuracies of better than 2 % are
2 F 4.691~1 1 0.2023 µ 1 2.173 µ 2 !~ D/L! 4
1.000 1 4.754~1 1 0.1408 µ 1 1.536 µ 2 !~ D/L! 2 G (6)
desired. (See Fig. 7 for a plot of A as a function of the
width-to-thickness ratio.) A rational equation fitted to
the points from Fig. 7 is given in Eq 10.
A =
10.1.4.1 If L/D $ 20, the T18 can be simplified to the
following: @0.5062 2 0.8776 ~b/t! 1 0.3504 ~b/t!2 2 0.0078 ~b/t!3 #
(10)
2
@12.03 ~b/t! 1 9.892 ~b/t!2 #
T18 5 @1.000 1 4.939 ~D/L! # (7)
10.2.2 For the fundamental torsion of a cylindrical rod
calculate as follows:
10.1.4.2 If L/D < 20 and Poisson’s ratio is known, then T18
G 5 16 m ft 2 ~L/p D 2 ! (11)
can be calculated directly from Eq 6 and then used to calculate
E.
10.3 Calculate Poisson’s ratio as follows:
10.1.4.3 If L/D < 20 and Poisson’s ratio is not known, then
an initial Poisson’s ratio must be assumed to start the compu- µ 5 ~ E/2G! 2 1 (12)
tations. Final values for Poisson’s ratio, the dynamic Young’s
modulus, and dynamic shear modulus are determined, using where:
the same method described in 10.1.3.1 through 10.1.3.5 and the µ = Poisson’s ratio,
modulus equations for circular bars (see Eq 5, Eq 6, and Eq E = Young’s modulus, and
11). G = shear modulus.
10.2 Dynamic Shear Modulus (4) : 10.4 Calculate moduli at elevated and cryogenic tempera-
tures as follows:
10.2.1 For the fundamental torsion of a rectangular bar
calculate as follows. See Fig. 7 (4): MT 5 Mo@fT/fo# 2 @1/~1 1 a DT!# (13)

4 L m ft 2
G5 b t @ B/~1 1 A!# (8) where:
M T = modulus at temperature T (either Young’s modulus,
E, or shear modulus, G),
where: Mo = modulus at room temperature (either Young’s
G = dynamic shear modulus, Pa, modulus, E, or shear modulus, G),
ft = fundamental resonant frequency of bar in torsion, Hz, fT = resonant frequency in furnace or cryogenic chamber
B = b/t 1 t/b at temperature T,
, and (9)
4~t/b! 2 2.52 ~t/b!2 1 0.21 ~t/b! 6 fo = resonant frequency at room temperature in furnace
or cryogenic chamber,

7
 C 1198

a = average linear thermal expansion (mm/mm·°C) 12. Precision and Bias

from room temperature to test temperature; (the 12.1 An intralaboratory study by Dickson and Wachtman
method in Test Method C 372 is recommended), and (6) on 40 high-density alumina specimens demonstrated an
D T = temperature differential in °C between the test uncertainty of 0.2 % for the dynamic shear modulus and 0.4 %
temperature T and room temperature. for dynamic Young’s modulus. The uncertainty included both
10.5 Use the following stress conversion factor: random and systematic errors. This estimate was based upon
1 Pa 5 1.450 3 10 24 psi (14) uncertainties of 0.1 % on the thickness, width, and mass
measurements; an estimate of 0.1 % on the equations; and
measurements of torsional frequency to 0.0007 % and of
11. Report flexural frequency to 0.0015 %. The latter uncertainties were
based upon frequency uncertainties of 0.08 Hz in torsion and
11.1 Report the following information: 0.03 Hz in flexure. If frequencies are measured to an accuracy
11.1.1 Identification of specific tests performed and appara- of 1 Hz, the uncertainty for frequency would be larger, but only
tus used, with a description of any deviations from the 0.05 % in flexural and 0.01 % in torsion.
described practice. 12.2 Spinner and Tefft (1) report that the measured frequen-
11.1.2 Complete description of material(s) tested stating cies of bulkier specimens are least affected by the method of
composition, number of specimens, specimen geometry and coupling or the position of the supports with respect to the
mass, specimen history, and any treatments to which the nodes. In view of these considerations a conservative generic
specimens have been subjected. Comments on surface finish, estimate of the bias for resonant frequencies is about 1 part in
edge conditions, observed changes after cryogenic or high- 4000 for flexural resonance. For torsional resonant frequencies
temperature testing, etc. shall be included where pertinent. Spinner and Valore (5) estimate the bias as one part in 2000 for
11.1.3 Name of the person performing the test and date of flat specimens and one part in 10 000 for square specimens.
the test. 12.3 A propagation of errors analysis of the equations for E
11.1.4 Laboratory notebook number and page on which test and G using the stated precisions for dimensions, mass, and
data are recorded or the computer data file name, if used, or frequency measurements in this test method is in progress.
both.
11.1.5 Numerical values obtained for measured resonant 13. Keywords
frequencies, the dynamic Young’s modulus, dynamic shear 13.1 advanced ceramics; dynamic; elastic modulus; elastic
modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and temperature of measurement for properties; Poisson’s ratio; resonance; resonant beam; shear
each specimen tested. modulus; Young’s modulus

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. CORRECTION FOR EDGE CHAMFERS OR RADII IN RECTANGULAR BEAMS IN THE CALCULATION OF YOUNG’S
MODULUS

A1.1 Introduction
A1.1.1 This modulus standard uses a rectangular specimen
with a simple prismatic cross section for calculating the
dynamic Young’s modulus using Eq 2. In actual practice,
rectangular specimens with edge chamfers or radii, as illus-
trated in Figs. A1.1 and A1.2, are frequently used for mechani-
cal testing. (The edge treatment is used with flexure strength
specimens to reduce or eliminate the sensitivity to edge
damage). The modulus equation (Eq 2) in the standard does not
account for the effect of such edge treatments on the moment
of inertia and the density, and subsequent effects on the
dynamic Young’s modulus.
A1.1.2 This annex provides a simple means to modify Eq 2
to correct the calculated Young’s modulus for the two types of FIG. A1.1 Specimen Cross Section for a Rounded-Edge Beam
edge treatments. This analysis and corroborative experimental
data are from reference (7). The corrections to E are significant such as those recommended in 8.2. These adjustments are only
(0.5 % or greater) for narrow specimens which are typical of applicable for flexural modes of resonance and are not appro-
flexure strength test configurations, (for example C 1161). The priate for the longitudinal resonance mode or for torsional
corrections are less significant for wide specimens (w/t >5) resonance.

8
 C 1198

It 5
b~t 2 2r!3 ~b 2 2r!r3 ~b 2 2r! ~t 2 r!2 r
12 1 6 1 2
p
S4
1 4r4 16 2 9p D
S S
t 4
1 pr2 2 2 r 1 2 3p DD2
(A1.4)

The true Young’s modulus, Ecor, may be determined from Eq

A1.1
A1.3.5 For standard 3 mm 3 4 mm rectangular cross
section flexure strength specimens (C 1161 size B) Eq A1.1
may be expressed:
Ecor 5 FEb (A1.5)
Correction factors F for a standard 3 mm 3 4 mm specimen
with four chamfered edges are given in Table A1.1. Analogous
values of F for standard 3 mm 3 4 mm specimens with four
FIG. A1.2 Specimen Cross Section for a Chamfered-Edge Beam rounded edges, r, are given in Table A1.2

A1.2 Measurement Procedure A1.4 Density Correction

A1.2.1 Measure the chamfer size, c, or the rounded edges, r, A1.4.1 An additional correction, but of lesser magnitude,
of the rectangular specimen by any convenient method to the may also be incorporated. Eq 2 in this standard contains an
same accuracy used for the overall dimensions. A traversing assumption (References 1 and 3) that the density is related to
stage under a microscope, a traveling microscope, or an optical the mass and physical dimensions of the rectangular beam
comparator may be suitable. Use the average c, or r, for the following Eq A1.6:
correction. The correction factors and equations below may be m
rb 5 btL (A1.6)
less accurate if the chamfers or rounded edges are uneven or
dissimilar in size. The correction factors only applicable if all A1.4.2 However, edge treatments alter the relationship be-
four long edges are treated. tween the density, mass and physical dimensions of the test
piece. If an edge treated beam is used to determine the dynamic
A1.3 Moment of Inertia Correction Young’s modulus, then Eq A1.6 is invalid and an additional
A1.3.1 The true Young’s modulus, Ecor, for symmetrically correction should be made to E as follows.
chamfered specimens may be calculated as follows: The correct density, rt, of a chamfered beam is:

SD
Ib
Ecor 5 I Eb
t
(A1.1) TABLE A1.1 Correction factors, F and P, for chamfered standard
3mm 3 4mm strength test specimens for ASTM C 1161. A
where Eb and Ib are the calculated Young’s modulus and chamfer size of 0.150 mm is the maximum value allowed for this
moment of inertia assuming the beam is a simple rectangular geometry by ASTM C 1161 and ISO 14704.
beam, uncorrected for chamfers or rounds, respectively. It is the Chamfer Moment Correction factor, Density Correction factor,
true moment of inertia of a beam with four symmetric chamfers Dimension, c F P
(mm) b = 4 mm, t = 3 mm b = 4 mm, t = 3 mm
or edge radii applied to the long edges of the beam.
0.080 1.0031 1.0011
A1.3.2 Chamfers reduce the moment of inertia, I, and 0.090 1.0039 1.0014
slightly alter the radius of gyration. The effect upon I previ- 0.100 1.0048 1.0017
0.110 1.0058 1.0020
ously has been quantified in connection with work to minimize 0.115 1.0063 1.0022
experimental error in flexure strength testing (Refs. 8, 9, 10). 0.118 1.0066 1.0023
Even a small chamfer can alter I a meaningful amount. For 0.120 1.0069 1.0024
0.122 1.0071 1.0025
example, a 45° chamfer of 0.15 mm size will reduce I by 1 % 0.124 1.0073 1.0026
for common 3 mm 3 4 mm ceramic flexure strength speci- 0.126 1.0076 1.0027
mens. The moment of inertia, Ib, for a rectangular cross section 0.128 1.0078 1.0027
0.130 1.0080 1.0028
beam of thickness, t, and width, b, (with no chamfer) is: 0.132 1.0083 1.0029
bt3 0.134 1.0085 1.0030
Ib 5 12 (A1.2) 0.136 1.0088 1.0031
0.138 1.0090 1.0032
A1.3.3 The true moment of inertia, It, for a beam with four 0.140 1.0093 1.0033
0.150 1.0106 1.0038
45° chamfers of size c along the long edges is (Refs. 8, 9): 0.160 1.0121 1.0043

S D
0.170 1.0136 1.0048
bt3 c2 1 0.180 1.0152 1.0054
It 5 12 2 9 c2 1 2 ~3t 2 2c!2 (A1.3)
0.190 1.0169 1.0061
0.200 1.0186 1.0067
where the second term on the right hand side shows the 0.210 1.0205 1.0074
reduction due to the chamfers. It is assumed that the four 0.220 1.0224 1.0081
chamfers are identical in size. 0.230 1.0244 1.0089
0.240 1.0265 1.0097
A1.3.4 The true moment of inertia, It, for a beam with four 0.250 1.0287 1.0105
identical rounded edges of radius r is (Ref. 9)

9
 C 1198
TABLE A1.2 Correction factors, F and P, for edge rounded rt 5 m/@L ~bt 2 r2 ~4 2 p!!# (A1.8)
standard 3mm 3 4mm strength test specimens for ASTM C 1161.
A rounded edge of 0.200 mm is the maximum value allowed for and then:

SD
this geometry by ASTM C 1161 and ISO 14704.
rt
Radius Moment Correction factor, Density Correction factor, Ecor 5 r Eb 5 PEb (A1.9)
Dimension, r F P b
(mm) b = 4 mm, t = 3 mm b = 4 mm, t = 3 mm
0.080 1.0013 1.0005
where P is the correction factor for the change in the r
0.090 1.0017 1.0006 relationship due to the edge treatment. Values of P for standard
0.100 1.0021 1.0007 3 mm 3 4 mm specimens with either four chamfered or
0.110 1.0025 1.0009
0.120 1.0030 1.0010 rounded edges are listed in Tables A1.1 and A1.2.
0.130 1.0035 1.0012
0.140 1.0041 1.0014
0.150 1.0046 1.0016
A1.5 Combined Correction
0.160 1.0053 1.0018
0.170 1.0059 1.0021
A1.5.1 To correct E for both the change in moment of
0.180 1.0066 1.0023 inertia and density due to edge treatments on a standard 3mm
0.190 1.0074 1.0026 3 4 mm cross section specimens:
0.200 1.0082 1.0029
0.210
0.220
0.230
1.0090
1.0098
1.0107
1.0032
1.0035
1.0038
Ecor 5 IS DS D
Ib
t
rt
rb Eb 5 FPEb (A1.10)

0.240 1.0116 1.0041

NOTE A1.1—This standard calculates E using Eq 2 which requires the
0.250 1.0126 1.0045
0.260 1.0136 1.0049 beam mass and physical dimensions. Other standards and equipment may
0.270 1.0146 1.0052 use alternative equations that use the material’s density (measured by
0.280 1.0157 1.0056 Archimedes water displacement or a similar technique) to calculate E. In
0.290 1.0168 1.0061 such cases, only the moment of inertia correction, Eq A1.5, is necessary.
0.300 1.0180 1.0065

rt 5 m/@L ~bt 2 2c2!# (A1.7)

The correct density, rt, for an edge-rounded beam is:

REFERENCES

(1) Spinner, S., and Tefft, W. E.,“ A Method for Determining Mechanical (6) Dickson, R. W., and Wachtman, J. B., “An Alumina Standard
Resonance Frequencies and for Calculating Elastic Moduli from These Reference Material for Resonance Frequency and Dynamic Elastic
Frequencies,” Proceedings, ASTM, 1961, pp. 1221–1238. Moduli Measurement I. For Use at 25°C,” Journal of Research of the
(2) Smith, R. E., and Hagy, H. E., “A Low Temperature Sonic Resonance National Bureau of Standards—A. Physics and Chemistry, Vol 75A,
Apparatus for Determining Elastic Properties of Solids,” Internal No. 3, May–June, 1971, pp. 155–162.
Report 2195, Corning Glass Works, April, 1961. (7) G. Quinn and J. Swab, “Elastic Modulus by Resonance of Rectangular
(3) Spinner, S., Reichard, T. W., and Tefft, W. E., “A Comparison of Prisms: Corrections for Edge Treatments,” J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 83
Experimental and Theoretical Relations Between Young’s Modulus (2) 317-320 (2000).
and the Flexural and Longitudinal Resonance Frequencies of Uniform
(8) F. Baratta, “Requirements for Flexure Testing of Brittle Materials, U.S.
Bars,” Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards—A.
Army TR 82-20, U.S. Army Materials and Mechanics Research
Physics and Chemistry , Vol 64A, No. 2, March–April, 1960.
Center, Watertown, MA, 02172, April 1982.
(4) Pickett, G., “Equations for Computing Elastic Constants from
Flexural and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of Vibration of Prisms (9) F. Baratta, G. Quinn, and W. Matthews, “Errors Associated with
and Cylinders,” Proceedings, ASTM, Vol 45, 1945, pp. 846–865. Flexure Testing of Brittle Materials,” U.S. Army MTL TR 87-35, U.S.
(5) Spinner, S., and Valore, R. C., “Comparisons Between the Shear Army Materials Technology Laboratory, Watertown, MA 02172, July
Modulus and Torsional Resonance Frequencies for Bars and Rectan- 1987
gular Cross Sections,” Journal of Research, National Bureau of (10) W. H. Duckworth, “Precise Tensile Properties of Ceramic Bodies,” J.
Standards, Vol 60, 1958, RP2861, p. 459. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 34 [1] 1-9 (1951).

The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection
with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such
patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your
views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at
610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (www.astm.org).

10