Douglas

al.:etCriminal
Pro ling from
Crime Scene
Analysis
victim,to! commit
additional with
acts
body,
the and! todispose theof
body.time
Theday of night
or that
the crimecommitted
was also important,
is $4
2.3 .
asmay
it provide
information
the lifestyle
onand occupation
of the
suspect
and
also relates
to the
offenderfactor!.
risk example,
For longer
the offender
an
stays his
withvictim,
the more
likelyisithe
will be
apprehended
the crime
at
scene.
theincase
of the
New York
murderKitty
of Genovese,
the killer
carried
on his
murderousto the
assault
point where
many people
heardwitnessed
or the
crime, leading
to his
eventual prosecution.
A killer
who intends
to spend
time
with his
victim therefore
must alocation
select preclude
to observation,
oneor
with which he is familiar.

Location Factors
lnforrnationlocation-
about where
victim
thewas
rst approached,
where the
crime occurred,
andthe
if crime
and death
scenes differ-provide
yet additional
data about
the offender.
For example,
such information
provides details
about
whethermurderer
the avehicle
usedto
transport
the victim
from the
death scene
or if the victim
died ather point
of abduction.

3. Crime Assessment Stage

The Crime
Assessment
in generating
Stage criminal
a pro
involves
le the
reconstruction
the sequence
of of events
and the
behavior
both
of the
offender
and victim.
Basedthe
on various
decisions
the
ofprevious
stage, this
recon-
stnrction
how
of things
happened,
people
how behaved,
how they planned
and
and organized
the encounter
provides information
about speci
characteristics
c
to be
generated
thefor
criminal
pro le. Assessments
are made
aboutclas-
the
si cationtheofcrime,
its organized/disorganized
aspects,
offender's
the selection
of avictim, strategies
usedcontrol
to victim,
the sequence
the crime,
of the
staging
not!orthe
of crime,
the offender's
motivation
the for
crime,
and crime
scene dynamics.
The classi cation
of thecrime is
determined through
the decision
process
outlined
the rst decision
in process model.
The classi cation
of acrime
as
organized
disorganized,
or introduced
rstclassi
ascation
Lust of
murder
Ha-
zelwood Douglas,
& 1980!,
but since
broadly expanded,
includes factors
such
as victim
selection, strategies
control
to the victim,
and sequence
of the
crime.
An organized
murderer
isonewho appears
to plan
his murders,
targetvictims,
his
display control
at the
crime scene,
and out
actviolent
a fantasy
againstvictim
the
sex, dismemberment,
torture!.example,
For Bundy Ted s planning
was noted
throughsuccessful
his abduction
of young
women highly
from visible
areas
beaches,campuses,
e.g., askilodge!.selected
He victims
who were
young,
attractive,similar
and appearance.
in control
His the
of victim
was initially
through clever
manipulation later
andphysical
These dynamics were
force.
importanttheindevelopment
ofadesired
fantasy victim.
ln contrast,
the disorganized
murdererless
is apt
to plan
his crime
in detail,
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
& THELAW

18
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Douglas
al.;etCriminal
Pro ling from
Crime Scene
Analysis
obtains victims
by chance.
and behaves
haphazardly
theduring
crime.
For ex-
ample, Herben
Mullin
Santa
of Cruz, California.
who killed
I4 people
varying
of
typesg.,e.
an
elderlyaman.
young
a priest!aover
girl, four-month
period.
did not
displayspeci
any c planning
targeting
or of victims;
rather,victims
the
people
were who happenedhis path,their
tocross and killings
were based
on
psychotic impulses
as well
ason
fantasy.
The determination
of whether
notthe crime
or wasi.e., ifthesubject
staged
was truly
careless
disorganized.
or orifhemadecrime
the appear
that way
to
distract
mislead
or the police!
helps direct
the investigative
pro lerthe
to killer's
motivation.
oneIncase.
a I6-year-old
high junior livingainsmall
school town
to retum home
failed school.Police, responding
from to the
father's
of report
his missing
daughter,their
began
investigation
and located
the victim's
scattered
clothing
aremote
in area outside
the town.
A crude
map also
was found
the
at
scene which
seemingly aimplied
premeditated
plan
kidnaping.
of The police
followedmapthe
toalocation
which indicated
abodymay have
been disposed
in a nearby
of river. Written
and telephoned
extortion demands
were to
sent
the
father.
bank
a executive,
for the
sum$80,000,
of indicatinga that
kidnap
was
thebasis
the abduction.demands
of The wamed
policedetailnot to
in use
electronic monitoring
devices during
investigativeefforts.
their
Was this
crime staged?
The question
was answered
in two
ways. details
The
in one
aspect
thecrime scattered
of clothingtire
tracks!
and indicated that
subjectpurposely
was acrime
staging
whiledetails
the theinother
extortion!
led the
pro lers
speculate
to thewho
subject
was; specithatcally
had
helaw
a
enforcement background
and therefore
had knowledge
of police
procedures con-
ceming crimes
kidnaping,
of hidingprimary
the intent
ofsexualassault and
possibleWith
murder.
information,
this investigative
the recommended
pro lers
that communication
continue between
the suspect
and the
police, with
the hy-
pothesis
thethat
behavior
would escalate
and subject
the become
bolder.
While further
communicationsthe family
with
were being
monitored, pro lers
the FBl s Behavioral
from Sciencetheorized
Unit the
that
subject
the case
of
waswhite
male
a was single,
who his late 20's
in to early
30 s, unemployed,
and who
had been
employeda law
asenforcementwithin
of certhe
past year.
He would
be amacho
outdoors type personwho drove
a late
well
model,
maintained vehicle
withaCBradio. The
car would
have the
overall appearance
a police vehicle.
of
As the
pro le was
developed.
FBIthe
continued
to monitor
the extortion
telephonemade
calls
thefamilythe
to by subject.
The investigation,
based on
the pro
narrowed
le, two men,
to both
local whom
of were former
police of cers.
One suspect
was eliminated,
but the
FBIbecame
very interested
the other
in
sincethe
the
general previously
pro le developed.
This individual
was placed
under surveillance.
Hetumed
out to beasingle,
white male
who was
previously
employedaslocally
police
a ofHe
cer.
was
now unemployed
and drove
a car
consistent
the FBI proHe
with le. was
observed making
acallfrom
atelephone
booth, after
and
hangingup, he
taped
anoteunder
the telephone. call
The
was
traced
theresidence
to theof
victim's
family. caller
The hadgiven instructions
VOL. 4 NO 4 -1986

19
 . llHtilblli t |. . .rAtlillt
um It t_HMlllril »..,.t...-r _ _-.. .-

Douglas et
al.: CriminalPro ling fromCrimeScene
Analysis

for thefamily toproceed the

to phone
booth the
suspect had
been observed
in.
The instructions
will be taped there,stated the
caller.
The body
of thevictim was
actually found
aconsiderable
distance from
the
"staged" crime
scene, and
the extortion
calls were
adiversionto intentionally
lead the
police investigation
away fromthe sexuallymotivatedof
crime rape-
murder. The
subject never
intended collect
to the
ransom money,
but hefeltthat
diversion wouldthrow
the the police off and takehim from the focusof the
rape-murder inquiry.
The subject
was subsequently
arrested and
convicted of
this crime.

Motivation
Motivation isadif cult factor tojudge because it requiresdealing withthe
thoughts and behavior
inner of theoffender. Motivation is moreeasily determined
in theorganized offender who premeditates,plans, andhas theability tocarry
out aplan ofaction thatis logicaland complete.On theother
hand, the disor-
ganized offendercarries outhis crimesby motivationsthat frequentlyare derived
from mentalillnesses and accompanying distortedthinking resulting from de-
lusions and hallucinations!. Drugs and alcohol, as well as panic
and stress
resulting from
disruptions during
the execution
of thecrime, arefactors which
must be considered in the overall assessment of the crime scene.

Crime Scene Dynamics

Crimescene
dynamics are thenumerous elements to
common every crime
which
scene must beinterpreted by investigating of cers and areat
times easily
misunderstood. Examples include location
of crimescene,cause
of death, method
of killing, positioning ofbody, excessivetrauma, and location ofwounds.
The investigative pro ler readsthe dynamics of acrime scene and interprets
them based on hisexperience with similar caseswhere theoutcome isknown.
Extensive research by theBehavioral Science Unit atthe FBIAcademy and in-
depth interviews
with incarcerated
felons who
have committed
such crimes
have
providedavast body ofknowledge ofcommon threadsthat link crimescene
dynamics speci c criminal personality
to pattems. For
example,acommonerror
of somepolice investigators
is to assess
aparticularlybrutal lust-mutilation
murder asthe work of asex end and to direct the investigationtoward known
sexoenders
ff when such
crimes are
commonly perpetrated
by youthfulindivid-
uals with no
criminal record.

4. Criminal Pro le Stage

The fourth
stage in
generating
acriminalpro le deals
with the
type ofperson
who committed the crime and that individual s behavioral organization with
relation tothe crime.Once thisdescription is
generated, the
strategy ofinves-
tigation can
be formulated,
as thisstrategy requires
abasic understanding of
how anindividual willrespond to a varietyof investigative
efforts.
Included inthe criminalpro le arebackground information demographics!,

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES8- THE LAW

2O
Douglas
al.:etCriminal
Pro ling from
Crime Scene
Analysis
physical characteristics,
habits, beliefs
and values,
pre offense behavior
leading
to the
crime, and
post-offense behavior.
It may
also include
investigative rec»
ommendations interrogating
for or interviewing,
identifying, apprehending
and
the offender.
This fourth
has an
stage importantmeansvalidating
of criminal
the pro le
Feedbackl.No.
Thepro le must
t withthe earlier
reconstruction
crime,
the of
with the
evidence, with
and the
key decision
process models.
In addition,
the
investigative procedure
developedthe
from
recommendations
must make
sense
in terms
of the
expected response
pattemsthe
of offender.
If there
is a lack
of
congruence,
investigative
the pro
review
lersavailable
all data.
As Hercule
Poirot observed,
To know
isto
haveall ofthe evidence
and facts
t intoplace."
5. Investigation Stage
Oncecongruence
the of the
criminal pro
is le
determined,
awrittenreport is
provided
therequesting agency
to andto its ongoing
added investigative efforts.
The investigative
recommendations generated
in Stage
4 are
applied, and
suspects
matchingpro
thele are
evaluated.
identi
If cation, apprehension,
and
aconfes-
sion result,
the goal
of the
pro le effort
has been
met. new
If evidence
generated
is
e.g., by
another murder!
and/or there
is no
identi cation
asuspect,
of reeval-
uation occurs
via Feedback
No. 2.The information
is reexamined
and the
pro le
revalidated.

6. ApprehensionStage
Onceasuspectis apprehended,
the agreement
between
outcomeand the
the
various stages
in thepro le-generating-process
examined.
are
an appre-
When
hended suspect
admits guilt,
it isimportantconduct
to adetailed
interview to
check the
total pro ling
process for
validity.

CASE EXAMPLE
A young
woman s body
nudewas
discovered
3:00
atp.m.
on the
roof landing
of the
apartment building
where lived.
she She
had been
badly beaten
about the
face and
strangled the
withstrap
of her
purse. Hernipples had
been cut
off after
death and
placed her chest. Scrawled
on in inkon the
inside her
of thigh
was,
You can't
stop me."
The wordsFuck you" were scrawled
on herabdomen.
A pendant
in theform of
aJewish Chai!, which she
sign usually wore
asa
good luck
piece around
her neck,
was missing
and presumed
taken the
by
murderer.underpants
Her been
hadpulled
over her
face; her
nylons were
removed
and very
loosely around
tied wrists
her and
ankles near
arailing.
The murderer
placedsymmetrically
had eitherside the
on of victimhead
s the
pierced earrings
-she had
been wearing.
An umbrella
and inkpen
had been
forced into
the vagina
andahaircomb was
placedher
in pubic
hair. The
woman s and
jaw nose
had
been broken
and her
molars loosened.
She suffered
multiple face
fractures caused
byabluntforce. Cause
ofdeath
was asphyxialigature
by pocketbook
strap!
VOL 4. NO 4 -1956

21
 Douglas al.;
et Criminal
Pro ling from
Crime Scene
Analysis

strangulation.were
There
post-mortem
bite marks
on the
victim's
as well
thighs,
as contusions,
hemorrhages,
lacerations
and thetobody.
The killer
also defecated
on the
roof landing
and covered
it withthe victim's
clothing.
The following
discussion
this
of case
in the
contextthe
of six
stagesthe
of
criminal-pro le-generating
illustrates
processthis
howprocess
works. s
.5
Pro ling Inputs $2
we
In terms
of crime
scene evidence,
everything offender
the used
at thecrime is
Sc.
belonged to the
scene victim. Even
the comb
and thefelt-tip pen
used write
to '1
ii:
on her
body camefrom her
purse. Theoffender apparently
did not
plan this iiz:
crime;had no gun,
he ropes, tape
or forthe victim's
mouth. Heprobably did *5
not even
plan to
encounterthat
moming
her that location. The
at crime scene Z.
indicated
aspontaneous
event; other
in words,
the killer
did notor wait
stalk
for the
victim. The
crime scene
differs from
the death
scene. The
initial abduction 2%
wason
the stairwell; then
the victimwas taken
to amore remote area. t
Investigation
victim
the of revealedthe
that26-year-old,
90-pound,l" 4'1
white
female awoke
around 6:30
a.m. She
dressed, ahad
breakfast
of coffee
and juice,
and left
her apartment
for workat anearbyday care
center, where
she was xii
employed
agroup
as teacherhandicapped
for children.
She resided
with her
mother and
father. When
she would
leave for
work inthe morning,
she would
take the
elevatorwalk down the
or stairs, depending
on hermood.
The victim
was young woman who
aquiet hadaslightcurvature
the
ofspine
kyhoscoliosis!.
The forensic
informationtheinmedical
examiner's
was important in
report
determining
extent
the the
of wounds,
as well
as how
the victim
was assaulted
and whether
evidencesexual
of assault
was present
absent.No semen
or was
noted the
in vagina,
but semen
was found
on the
body. appeared
It the
that
murdererdirectly over the
stood victim and
masturbated.were
There visible
bite
marks the
on victim's
thighs and
knee area.
He cut
off her
nipples with
aknife
after she
was deadand wrote
on thebody. Cause
of death
was strangulation.
rst manual,
then ligature,
with the
of her purse.
strap The fact
that the
murderer
used
aweaponof opportunity
indicateshe
did
thatnot prepare
to commit
this
crime. probably
He his
usedstto render
her unconscious,
which may
be the
reasonone
no heard
any screams.
There were
no deep
stab wounds
and theknife
to mutilate victim's
used the apparently
breast not
was
big,
probably
apenknife
that the
offender nonnally
carried. The
killer used
the victim's
beltstie her
to
right arm
and right
leg, but
apparently
he untied them
in order
to position
the
body before
he left.
The preliminary
police report
revealed another
that resident
of the
apartment
building,
awhitemale, aged
l5, discovered
the victim's
wallet ainstairwell
between third
the and
fourth oors
approximately
at 8:20 a.m.
He retained
the
wallet until
retumedhome from
he school for
lunch that
aftemoon.that
At time,
he gave
the wallet
his father,
to awhitemale, aged
40. The
father went
to the
victim s apartment
2:50p.m.
at and gave the
wallet the
to victim's
mother.
When the
mother called
the day
care center
to ll'lf0
her daughter
Tl about the

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
& THELAW

and.. -

22
Douglas
al.:etCriminal
Pro ling from
Crime Scene
Analysis
she leamedher
wallet, thatdaughter
had not
for work that
appeared moming.
The mother,
the victim's
sister, aand
neighbor
began
asearch
of the
building
and discovered
the body.
The neighbor
called police.
the Police
at the
scene
found who
nowitnessessaw victim
the aftershe left
her apartment
that morning.

Decision Process

This crime
style
s ais
singlehomicide the
withmurderer's
primary intent
makingasexually
it motivated of type
crime.
There awas
degree
of planning
indicated
theby
organization
and sophistication
of the
crime scene.
The idea
of
murderprobably
had occupied
the killer
foralongperiodtime.
of The
sexual
fantasieshave
maystarted
through usetheand
collecting
sadistic
of pomography
depicting torture
and violent
sexual acts.
Victim risk
assessmentthat revealed
the
victim was
knownbeto very
self-
consciousherabout
physical
handicapsize andand
she was
aplain-looking
womandid whonot
date. She
ledareclusive
life and
was not
the type
of victim
that would
or couldght an
assailantscream
or yell.
She
and wouldeasily
be
dominatedcontrolled,
and particularly
in view
of her
small stature.
Based the
uponinformation
on occupation
and lifestyle,
we havealow-risk
victim living
in an
area that
was low
at risk
for violent crimes.
The apartment
buildingpart
wasaof
23-building
public housing
projectwhich
in racial
the
mixtureresidents
of 50%
was
40% white, and
black, 10% Hispanic.
lt was
located
theinconofnesmajor
a police
precinct. had
Therebeen
othersimilar
no
crimes reported
in the
victim's
nearoyorcomplexes.
The crime
was considered
very high
risk for
the offender.
He committed
the
crimebroad
in daylight,
and there
waspossibility
a other
that people
who were
up early
mighthim.
see There
wasset
no pattem
of the
victim taking
the stairway
or the elevator.
appeared
It that
the victim happened the path the
tocross of
offender.
There nowasescalation
factor present
in this
scene. The time
crime for the
crime considerable.
was amount
Thetime
of the
murdererwithspenthis
victim
increased risk
hisof
being apprehended.
All his
activities the
withvictim-
removing
earrings,
her off
cutting
her
nipples, masturbating
over her atook
substantial amount
of time.
The location
of the
crime suggested
that the
offendercomfortable
felt the in
area.had
He been
here before,
and felt
he that
no onewould interrupt
the murder.

Crime Assessment

The crime
scene indicated
the murder
was oneevent, not
one of
aseries
of
events.also
It appeared
be arst-time
to killing, and
the subject
was nota
typical organized
offender.were
There
elements
of both
disorganization and
organization;
offender
the might
fall into
amixedcategory.
A reconstruction
of the
crime/deathprovides
scene overall
an picture
of the

VOL. 4,
NO 4 ~19B6

23
 Q

Douglas
al.: Criminal Pro ling
er from Crime
Analysis
Scene
3%-§
2: ms
crime. To
begin with,
thevictim
was not necessarily
stalked but
instead con- b»»>~
fronted.What
was her reaction?
Did sherecognize her
assailant, ght
him off, ta.

or tryto getaway? The

subject had
to killher tocarry out
his sexually
violent
fantasies. The
was
murderer on knownterritory andthus hadareason to be
there at
6:30 inthe moming:
either he
resided there
or hewas employed
at this
particular complex.
The killer's
control ofthe victimwas through the useof bluntforce
trauma,
with theblow toher facethe rst indication ofhis intention.It is probable the
victim was
selected because
she posed
little orno threat
the offender. Because
to
she didn't
ght,run,or
scream,it appears
that she
did not
perceive abductor
her
asathreat. Either she
knew him,had seen
him before,or helooked nonthrea-
tening ,i.c.
hewas dressed
as janitor,
a apostman,
or businessman!
and therefore
his presence
in theapartment would
not alarm
his victim.
In thesequencethe
of crime,
the killerrst rendered
the victim
unconscious
and possibly
dead; he
could easily
pick her up because
of hersmall size.
He
her up tothe roof
took landing and
had time to manipulate
her bodywhile she
was unconscious.
He positioned
the body,undressed her,
acted outcertain
fantasies which
led tomasturbation. The
killer tookhis timeat thescene, and
he probably
knew one would come
no
that to the
roof and
disturb him
in the
early moming
since he
was familiar
with theand had been
area there many
times
in the past.
The crime
scene was
not staged.
Sadistic ritualistic
fantasy generated
the sexual
motivation formurder. The
murderer displayed
total domination
of thevictim.
ln addition,
he placed
the victim
in adegrading
posture, which re ected
his lack
i of remorseabout thekilling.
Thecrime
scene dynamics the
of covering
of thekiller's
and
feces
hisposi-
tioning the
of body
are incongruent
and need
to be
interpreted. First,
as previously
described, crime
the was
opportunistic. The
crime scene
portrayed the
intricacies
i
2
of along-standing murderous
fantasy. Once
the killer
had victim,
a he
had set
a
plan about
killing and
abusing the
body. However,
within the
context of
the
E crime, thepro lers note
a paradox:
the covered
feces. Defecation
wasnot
part
of theritual fantasy
and thus
it wascovered. The
presence the
of fecesalso
i supports the
length of
time taken
for thecrime, the
control the
murderer had
over thevictim herunconscious state!,
and theknowledge he
would notbe
l interrupted.
The positioning
of the
victim suggested
the offender
was acting
out something
3
X he had
seen before,
perhaps ain
fantasyor
in asado-masochistic
pomographic
magazine. Because
the victim
was unconscious,
the killer
did notneed to
tie
her hands.
Yet hecontinued to
tie herneck andstrangle her.
He positioned
her
earrings in
aritualisticmanner, and
he wroteher body. This
on re ects some
sort ofimagery thathe probably
had repeated
over andin
over his mind.He
took her
necklace aassouvenir;
perhaps carry
to aroundin hispocket. The
investigative pronoted
that
lers the body
was positioned
in theform ofthe
woman s missing
Jewish symbol.

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES&THE LAW

24
 I _ j

Douglas
al.:Criminal Pro
et fromling
Crime
Scene Analysis
Criminal Pro le
Based
theon
information
derivedthe
during
previous
stages,
acriminal
pro le
of the
murderer
generated.
was a physical
First,
description
the suspect
of
stated
thatwould
he awhite
bemale, between
25 and
35, the
or same
general
asage
the victim,
andaverage
of appearance.
The murderer
wouldlook
notof
out
context
theinarea.
He would
be average
of intelligence
and would
beahigh-
school
college
or dropout.
He would
not have
amilitary
historymay
andbe
unemployed.
occupation
Hisbe would
blue-collar
skilled.
or Alcohol
drugs
or
did not
assume
amajor
role,the
asoccurred
crime in the
morning.
early
The suspect
would dif
have
culty maintaining
any kind
of personal
relation-
shipswomen.
with he dated,
Ifhe would
date women
younger
himself,
than as
he would
havebeabledominate
to to control
andtheinrelationships.
He would
be sexually
inexperienced,
inadequate,
sexually
neverand
married.
He would
have pomography
a The
collection.
subject
wouldsadistic
have ten-
dencies;
umbrella
the theand
masturbation
act clearly
are ofacts
sexual
substi-
tution.sexual
The showed
acts controlled
aggression,
ragehatred
but
or women
of 1

was obviously
present.
murderer
The notwas
reacting
to rejection
from women
as much morbid curiosity.
asto
In addressing
the habits
of the
murderer,
pro the
le revealed
there would
be
ea reason
thefor
killer
to be
at the
crime at
scene
6:30
in the
morning.
could
He
be employed
in the
apartmentbecomplex,
the
in complex
on business,
or reside
Although
offender
the have
in the complex.
might
preferred
his victim
conscious,
had
tohe
renderunconscious
her hebecause
did
not want
getcaught.
to didHe
not
want
the woman
screaming for
help.
The murderer
in ictionsexual,
s of sadistic
actsan
oninanimate
body suggests
he was
disorganized.
probably
Hebe
would
very
a confused
person, possibly
with previous
mental problems.
If he
had carried
out such
on aliving
acts victim,
he would have adifferent
typepersonality.
of factThe
that
he in icted
acts on
adead or unconscious
person indicated
his inability
to function
withlive
a or
The crime scene rethat
conscious person.
ected
killer
the justi
felt ed hisinactions
and that
he felt no remorse. He was
not subtle.
He left
the victim
inaprovocative,
humiliatingexactly
position,
waythe
wanted
he to beher
found.
challenged
He
the police
in his
message onwritten
the
victim;messages
the indicated
also the
subject might
well killagain.

Investigation
The crime
receivedcoverage
intensethe by
local
media because
it was
such
an extraordinary
homicide.local
Thepolice
responded
a radio
call
to a of
homicide.
in They
tum
noti eddetective
the which
bureau,noti
theedforensic
crime scene
unit, medical
examiner's
and county
theof ce,
district
attomey s

VOL. 4, NO. 4 -1986

25
 Douglas al.:
et Criminal
Pro ling from
Crime Scene
Analysis

of ce. Atask force

was immediately
assembledapproximately
of detectives
26
and supervisors.
An intensive
investigation resulted,
which included
speaking to,
and inter-
viewing, over
2,000 people.
Records checks
of known
sex offenders
in thearea
proved fruitless.
Hand writing
samples were
taken of
possible suspects
com-
to
pare with
the writing
on the
body. Mental
hospitalsthe
inarea
were checked
for people
who might
fit thepro le ofthis type
killer.
The FBl sBehavioral Science
Unit wascontacted to
compileapro le. In the
pro le, the
investigation recommendation
included that
the offender
knew that
the police
soonerlater would contact
or him because he either
worked or lived
the building. The
in killer would
somehow injecthimself into
the investigation,
and althoughhe mightappear cooperative
to theextreme, would
he really
be
seeking information.
addition,he might
ln try tocontact the
victim s family.

Apprehension
The outcome
of the investigation was
apprehension
of asuspect l3 months
following the
discoverythe
of victim's
After receiving criminal
body. the pro le,
police reviewed
their les
22 suspects they
of had interviewed.
One manstood
out. Thissuspect s father
down the hallin
lived the same apartmentbuildingas
the victim.
Police originally
had interviewed
his father,
who toldthem hisson
wasapatientat thelocal psychiatric
hospital. Police
leamed later
that the
son
had been
absent without
permission from
the hospital
the day
and evening
prior
to the murder.
They also
learned he
was anunemployed actor
wholived
alone; his mother
had diedof astroke when hewas 19years oldl lyears previous!. He
had had
academic problems
repeatinga grade
of and dropped outschool. He wasa
of
white, 30-year-old,
never-married male
who wasan onlychild. Hisfather was
ablue-collar worker whoalso wasan ex-prizeghter. Thesuspect reportedly
had his amt in acast at the time of the crime. A searchof his room revealeda
pomography collection.
He hadnever been in themilitary, had
girlfriends,
no
and wasdescribedbeing
as insecurewith women. The man suffered fromdepres-
sion and
was receiving
psychiatric treatment
and hospitalization.
He hadahistory
of repeated
suicidal attempts
hanging/asphyxiation!before
both and after the
offense.
The suspect
was tried,
guilty,
found and isserving sentence
a from
years
25
to life for this mutilation murder. He deniescommitting themurder andstates
he didnot knowthe victim.Police proved
that security
was laxat thepsychiatric
hospital in
which the
suspect was
con ned and
that heliterally
could come and
goas
he pleased. However,
the most
conclusive evidence
against him
at histrial
were histeeth impressions.
Three separate
forensic dentists,
prominent intheir
eld, conducted
independent
and all agreed
tests that the
suspect s teeth
impres-
sions matched the bite marks found on
the victim s body.

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES8- THE LAW

26
 Douglas
al.:etCriminal
Pro ling from
Crime Scene
Analysis
CONCLUSION
Criminal personality
pro lingproven
has beato
useful
tool law
to enforcement
in solving
violent, apparently
motivelessThe
crimes.
process
has aided
signif-
icantlythe
in solution
manycases the
of overpast
decade.
Itis believed that
throughresearch
the efforts
personnel
of in the
National
FBI s Centerthe for
Analysis
ofViolentCrimeprofessionals
and otherinthe
eld,proprocess
ling
will continue
to be
re ned and
beaviable
investigative
to law
aid
enforcement.

REFERENCES
Brussel. J.
S. I968!
. Casebook
ofacrimeprvchirurirr
_. New
York"
. . Grove
Casey-Owens.
I984!.anonymous
M.
The letter-writer
psychological
Journal
a pro
Forensic
le?
of Sciences.
29, BI6-819.
Christie.
A.I963!.The clock:
pp. 227-228!.
New York:
Pocket Books.
Geberth.
J. V.
I981.
September!. Psychological
pro ling.and
LawOrder.
pp.46-49.
Hazelwood,
R.R.I983.
September!.
behavior-oriented
The rape
of victims:
interview
key
'I'he
pro
to ling. FBI
Law Enforcement
Bulletin. pp.
I-Iazlewood.
R.R. I.E.I-8.
8i Douglas. I980. April!.
The murderer.
lust LawFBI
Enforcement
Bulletin.
Lunde.T.D.I976!.
Murdermadness.
and Francisco,
San San CA:
Francisco
Book Co.
Miron.S..
M. Douglas.
8: J. E.I979. September!.
Threat analysis:
The psycltolinguistic
approach.
LawFBI
Enforcement Bulletin.
pp. 5-9.
Palmer. S.I960!
. AStudy ofmurder
..New York"
Thomas Crowell
.
Reiser.I982.
M. March!.
Crime-speci c psychological
consultation.
Police
' The
' hChief.
pp. 53-56.
on homicide
Ressler.
K.. Burgess.
R. W.. Douglas.
A. E..&Depue.
J. R.
L. I985!. Cnminal
pro ling rescue .
AW
In Burgess
EdRape
! sexual
and Aassault:
research
handbook
343-349!.
pp. York:
New Garland.
is Rider. A. 0.9
mo. June!.
rm m=s=it=r=
A psychological
pro le. I.pan
FBI
Law Enforcement
Blllltllll, pp.
6-I3.
Rizzo.
D.N.I982!.
Murder
Boston:
in andKillers
their
victims. liueriiarional
Journal
O eiider
of and
Therapy
Comparative Criniinolagy.
Z6 I!. 36-42.
Rossi I982.
D. January!.
Crime scene
behavioralAnother
analysis:
fortool
the
law enforcement
investigator.
Df ciE.proceedings
Vorpagel.
R. I982.the88th
of Annual IACP Conference.
Painting
January!. proTheles:
Police
Chief.
psychological I52-I55.
pp. anew
Charlatanism.
charisma. science
or ?
Of cial proceedings
the88th
of Annual IACP Conference.
The Police
Chief.I56-I59.
pp.

VOL. 4, NO. 4 -198$

27
i*

WW;

t il
~c»2z£~%s>;:.
>~/12;; i!k&#39;r<&#39;"/

The questionremained asto E; >./=

~: mi.v m "»
whether incarcerated
offenders would
cooperatesuch research.order
in In to
determine the
feasibility
the intend-
of
ed study,
a pilotproiect was
undertak-
en. Crimeswhich the FBIeither has
in
primary jurisdiction
or hastraditionally
assisted localagencies byproviding
technical assistance
pertise, such
and specialex-
as hostage/terrorism,
skyjacking, extortionlkidnaping,
assas-
s
a
sination, andmass/multiple murder,
were targetedfor study. Guidelines
were formulatedconjunctionwith the
in
Legal Instruction
Unitof
the FBI Acad-
emy.
Eight convictedoffenders were During the
then approached
and askedifthey
1.979 Fiesta
Tex.,
ParadeSan Antonio.
in
asniper,who was
aformermental patient,
would be willing to be interviewed killed2personsand injured
51 others,
including
e
13 children
about theircrimes. Theywere long- shooting and6policemen.Photos depict
scene
and arsenal
used bythe
term incarceratedfelons lodgedin var- sniper. Insight
into the
psychological
ious Stateand Federalpenitentiaries behavior persons
of involved
such crimes is
in
the overall
of
goal this research
program.
and wereselected for
the gravityof
their violent crimes. The results were
very encouraging.
Based onthis re-
sponse, plans
were developed
for an
l

30
 /as

Dr. Grorh Special AgentHess/er

DI. Burgess

with alarge number ofcases. No for- This instrument provided not only
extended, ongoing systematic studyof guidelines for
interviewing subjects
but
convicted offendersin order to better mal data bank, however, has been de-
also asystem of recordingand coding
veloped against which new cases can
understand thepatterns anddynamics
of criminalbehavior. Sexualhomicide systematically becompared. Also, relevantdata
to permit computeranal-
was selectedas the initial area
of pri- is
there little or
no followup once an ysis andretrieval. This
protocol which
offender has been successfully appre- continues to undergo revision and re-
mary focusand concentrationbecause finement! is divided into five sections:
it isalethal type ofcrime thatattractsa hended and convicted. Consequently,
there is very little subsequent inputof ! Physical characteristics of
the of-
deal
great of publicattention. fender, ! background development,
information which would serve to
sharpen andrefine theexisting bodyof ! offense data, ! victim data, and
Background of FBI Profiling
knowledge. ! crime scene data.lt encompasses
For the past few years, effortsat the offender&#39;s
physical description,
Given the opportunity to interview
developing psychologicalprofiles of medicall psychiatric
history, earlyhome
suspects for
individual
of
cases sexual identified offenders and realizing the
need to develop a protocol to insurelife and upbringing, schooling,military
assaultl homicide have been undertak-
en by members ofthe BehavioralSci- systematic retrieval of pertinentdata, service, occupation/vocational history,
the TrainingDivision engaged the serv- sexual developmentand maritalhisto-
ence Unit. These cases werereferred
ices of Dr. A. Nicholas Groth and Dr. ry, recreationalinterests, criminalhisto-
to the unit bylocal
police departments. ry, the characteristics of
his offense,
From the available evidence and infor- Ann Wolbert Burgess, two experts in
the field of sexual assault who had modus operandi, victim selection,and
mation, unit members developed a the scene of his crime.
psychological compositeof the sus- been conducting specialized police
schoolson
rape and child molestation Once the assessment schedule
pect. The approach is one of brain-
for law enforcement agents at the FBI had been designed, it was adminis-
storming, intuition, and educated
guesswork. The product wasthe result Academy. Thisprofessional affiliation tered to three groupsof sexualoffend-
of years
of accumulated investigative provided amultidisciplinary approach ers sex murderers, rapists and child
experience inthe field and familiarity to the study ofthe sex murderer, com- molesters, and sex offenders confined
bining contributionsfrom both law en- to a mental health facility. During the
forcement and the behavioral first year 979! of the study,interviews
sciences. with 26 men who were convicted of a
From areview of the pertinent
literature and from the direct, firsthand
field experienceand prior
work of the
researchers, this team proceeded to
developadata schedule forinvestiga-
tive inquiry and offender assessment.

31
 v

ti;
Special AgentDoug/as Edmund E.Kemper, amass murderer,
is
interviewed bySA Doug/as.

sex-related homicide and were incar-

Interestingly, institution officials
cerated in various institutions
the countrywere completed.The sec-
across
have been supportive of the research -=95 Q
ond group rapists and childmolesters investigation efforts,and theoffenders
incarcerated in a maximum security themselves have been very receptive
prison consisted of approximately our
to solicitation for their help
and
125 adult
male offenders who were participation inthis study. Although a
administered the interview schedule. few have denied or minimized their
subjects
These were equally
divided culpability, themajority haveprovided
between those
who sexually
had as- information consistent with the known
saulted adults
and those who had sex- of
facts the case.
assaulted
ually children. Sex
offenders What promptsconvicted offenders
committed to a security treatment cooperate
to with law enforcement Selected inmates of the Oregon StalePeni-
tentiary participated
in the research program.
mental health! facility following con- agents? Avarietyof
reasons exist. For
viction but prior to
disposition com- those troubled by what they have
prised thethird group.Approximatelydone, cooperation may be an effort to
1O0 men were interviewed, again gain some perspective and under-
equally dividedbetween rapistsand standingof
their behavior oran effort
molesters.
child to compensateand makesome typeof
Computer programs were then restitution. Others, especially if they
written to
process the data. lt is antici- feel
forgotten or ignored,may respond
pated that as this body of data accu- to the fact that someone is paying
mulates, it will
provide information attention and showing some interest in
about anumber of
issues pertaining to them. A selected number multiple
of
the sexual offender. murderers appear to be fascinated with
law enforcement, as evidenced by their
attempts to become identified with the
profession, i.e.,
posing aslaw enforce-
ment officers, holding
positions such
as security guards or auxiliary police,
etc. These offenders welcome an op-
portunity to again
associate them-
selves with investigative efforts. Some
may expectthat cooperationwill result
in favors or benefits; others may feel

32
 study, which
addresses sexual
assault,
nothing tolose, sinceall profiles will
be developed
identifiable behaviors,
based onis unique
traits, and
in that
it represents the
char- bined approaches
com-
app83lS been have exhausted acteristics. profiles,
The turn,
in will aid ment/criminal justice of law enforce-
realistic hope for paroleor local lawenforcement agencies in the
and bQh3VlOf8l
exists. Finally,
others may par- investigation theofcrime
and the science/mental
iden- as well health
professionals,
in the study because it pro- tification and
apprehensionoffend-
of as active participation di-
and
an opportunity to dwell on and ers. in addition, such rect contribution from convicted
profiles and combatthis majortype ofserious felons,
the fantasies,memories, and will sen/eto im- to
related information
feelings ofthe original
Whatever their reasons, nobleprove interrogation
techniquesin- andcrime. FBI
terviewing skills
and toidentify those
healthy pathological,
or each
techniques whichwill bemost produc- Footnote
own way contributes something tive with
each type
of offender.
Fiichard Ault,
L. Jr. and James
Psychological Assessment
Crime:
of
T. Fieese.
A
Profiling."Law
FBI
understanding variety
the and Knowledge gleaned from thisre- Enforcement Bulletin,
vol. 49,
No. 3,1980, pp.
March
of thiscategoryofcrime.
search will
have importantimplications22-25.
Procedure
The reliability
and thevalidity of . . . an extended,
data retrieved
from thestudy of ongoing systematic
offenders will
ultimately be
test-
by the with predec-study of convicted
accuracy which
derived from offenders [was
offender profiles!
this data lt from initiated] in order
are fulfilled. is
pool to
these data
that various
typesoffend- better understand the
of
er profiles
are beginning
to emerge.
Althoughtwo
no offenders patterns and
are exactly dynamics
alike, and
there is
awide range of criminal
of behavior
individual differences
found among
of-
fenders who
commit similar
offenses,for crime
prevention by
identifying im-
they also
share some
similarities portant
or biopsychosocial
factors
an
of
common traits.
it will be boththese offender. ltwill assistby attempting
to
important differences
and theimpor-provide answers
to such
questions as:
tant similarities
that servedifferenti-
to 1! Whatleadsapersonto become
ate and identify differentkinds or asexual offender andwhat arethe
specific types
offenderswithin theearly warning
of signals?
same offense category. 2! What sen/es to
encouragetoor
inhibit the
commissionhis
of offense?
Goals andPurposes of
Program 3! Whattypes ofresponse or
cop-
personality researching strategies
This criminal by anintended victim
are
programdesignedto contribute
is to successful with
what typeof sexual
advancesthe
in studyof sexual homi- offender avoiding
in victimization ?
cide a subjectabout which
little de- 4! What
are the
implicationshis
for
is currently dangerousness, prognosis,
pendable information disposition,
available -by establishing
anational and modeof treatment?
data bankfrom whichreliable informa- Current emphasis is on the rape-
tion canbe retrieved.From
the data murderer, sincethe TrainingDivision
derived fromthis research, offender receives annuallyclose to 100 un-
solved, sex-related
homicides forre-
view and analysis. Thisresearch
programenvisioned
is ultimately
as ex-
pandingencompass
to abroader
vari-
ety of felony crimesto include
hostagetaking and
techniques to
im-
prove hostage
negotiation.
further
A
benefit willbe the improvement of
techniques ofinterviewing, interroga-
tion, and
informant targeting
in criminal
and espionage
matters. The
present

33
 2Teelblmicgmes

A Psychological
Assessment of Crime
PRO FILING
Special Agents
Behavioral Science Unit
Editor&#39;sAsNote:
adjunct to its
an _ FBlAcademy, Ouantico, Va.
programs in By RICHARD
abnormal ~- L. AULT, JR. and JAMESREESE
T.
the Behavioral
Science
the
During summer of 1979, a
Academy, Ouantico, Va.,
FBI has woman
in The incidentreports, togetherwith
asuburban city on the east transcripts
to assist the /aw of interviews withthe vic-
coast reported to the police thatshe tims, wereforwarded to
enforcement community in the the FBITrain-
of psychological pro les in had been raped. Afterlearning the ing Divisionwith arequest from the
unsolved criminalcases. A of
facts this case,the investigatingoffi-
cer realizedthat thiswas theseventh police department that apsychological
Psychological Assessment of Crime." rape within pro le of
the past2years wherein provided. Afterthe suspect or suspectsbe
Profiling"the
is introductory article in
a
three-part seriesof reports on theuse the samemodus operandi was used. the submitted materialsexamination
careful of
by the FBI
There were no investigativeleads re-
at psychological criminal analysis as Academy s Behavioral Science Unit,a
maining any
in ofthese incidents.
The
an investigative
technique. Subsequent thus farhad psychological profile
investigation conducted was constructed
articles will
feature thespeci c and provided
to therequesting agency.
application of to lust yielded nosuspect.
this technique The BehavioralScience Unit advised
murderer andarson-for-profit that these rapes were probably com-
mitted bythe sameperson andde-
investigations. lmu! W -.... scribed himas awhite male, 25to 35
years ofage most
likely late
20&#39;s or

»I

,/-..

A-i..
Published
thebyFederal
Bureau
Investigation,
of Department
U.S.. Justice!
of
Dr92rvr92in?DI"
theFrnm
FRI Law Enforcement
Bulletin, March,1980
¥

early 30 s!, divorced or separated, As the crime rate grows in this biography briefly outlining the most
working at marginal employment la- country and the criminals become outstanding characteristics of the sub.
more sophisticated,the investigative ject. The goal the
of profiler isto
borer, etc.!, high school education, provide enoughinformation tolnvesti.
poor self-image,living inthe immediate tools of
the police officer must also
become moresophisticated. Onesuch gators toenable them
to limitor better
area of the rapes, and being involved
sophisticated tooldoes exist and may direct their
investigations. For example,
in crimes of voyeurism peeping tom!.
It was likely that the police had talked help answer the question commonly
in one case, aprofile provided enough
information that officers recalled an in.
to therapist inthe pastdue tohis being voiced by police and others at the
of
scene aviolent crime, Who would dividual whom they had already ques.
on the streets in the neighborhood in
do a thing
like this?" This tool is the tioned that fit the profile description.
the early morning hours. When they returned to the individual
Three days after receiving the pro- psychological assessment
of crime-
he confessed.
file provided to them, the requesting profiling. The officer must bear in mind that ,.,.
Q,,".;
agency developed
approximately 40 The solution of crimes is the most .=,=-vzm
$1
the profileis
not an exact science and
suspects inthe neighborhoodwho met difficult task for the police. The officer a suspect who fits the descriptionis
additional infor-must arrive at the scene of a crime,
the agecriteria. Using not automatically guilty. The use of
mation in the profile, they narrowed work backward in an effort to recon- profiling does
not replace
sound inves---= it
their investigationto oneindividual and struct that crime, formulate ahypoth- =5?,1
focused their investigation on him. He what
esis of occurred, and then launch tigative procedures.
Profiling is not anew concept. Q8
was arrested within aweek. This case an orderlyand logical investigation to &#39;§
During WorldWar ll,the Officeof
Stra-
demonstrates how psychological profil- determine theidentity of the criminal. tegic ServicesOSS! employed apsy- $1
ing can be of
assistance. During thisprocess, itemsofevidence
chiatrist, William Langer, to profile
The role of the police officer in are carefully collected, identified,ini- ss,
Adolf Hitler.Langer assembledall that §.92
American society has never been ac- tialed, logged,and packagedfor later
was known about Hitler at the time,
curately defined.Daily, itseems, police examination, perhaps under laboratory and based upon the information he
are burdened with new responsibilities conditions.
The purpose of
this article is to received, attemptedalong-range di-
and are required to be experts in re-
sponsibilities alreadyassigned to acquaint the with thefact agnosis," as
police officer as
well some predictions2.
that there
are about how
certain clues
at Hitler would
acrime react to 2*
them. There has, in recent years,
scene which,by their very nature, do defeat.
been an increase in the public s aware-
not lend themselves to being collected Police officers are often carefully
ness of the nature of
police work. This
trained in the techniques of crime
additional insight has been provided or examined, and to familiarize the offi-
cer with the concepts of profiling. searches.
scene Forensic scientists
primarily throughthe useof the media
Clues left at acrime scene may be of constantly provide law enforcement
TV, books, newspapers!; however, personnel with
the resultsof research
this awareness is largely focused upon inestimable value in leading to the so-
lution of the crime; however, they are which enable officers to maintain and
the police function of investigating
crimes. Studies have indicated that not necessarilyitems of
physical evi- update skills
in gathering
physical evi-
dence. For example, how does apolice dence. The concept of profiling works
criminal investigations actually occupy
less than 15 percentof the police de- officer collect
rage, hatred, fear,love, in harmony
with thesearch for
physical
evidence. Behavioral scientists are
partment&#39;sThe ironyof this is irrationality, or other intangibles?
time.
busy intheir attempts
to researchand
that the function of investigating and These aspects may bepresent atthe
catalog nonphysical
items ofevidence,
solving crimesis extremely important crime scene
but the untrained officer
such as rage, hatred, fear, and love.
to the public at large and is a major will miss them. Nothing can take the
of a well-executedinvestigation; However, these attempts are usually
by
gage which departments are rated place oriented toward therapy rather than fo-
by city officials whoprovide funding. however, the use ofpsychology to as-
rensic applications?Nonetheless, the
This is especially truewhen acrime is sist in the assessment of
a crime is an
committed which is so bizarre and additional tool which the police officer results maybe appliedto teach police
officers to recognize theexistence of
shocking to the community that the should use in solving crimes.
public demandsswift and positive The purposeof the psychological these emotions and other personality
assessment of acrime scene is
to traits in a crime scene. Once recog-
action.
produceaprofile; that is, to identify nized, policemay thenconstructapro-
and interpretcertain itemsof
evidence file of
the type of person who might
at the crime scene
which would be possess these emotions and/or per-
indicative of the personality type of the sonality traits.
individual or individuals committing the
crime. The
term profile is
defined in
Webster&#39;s Dictionary
of the American
Language U968!as a short, vivid

36
 A crime scene
is usually confined The entire basis for a good profile
The basis for profiling is nothing
than theunderstanding of current to the area in which the crime was is agood crime
scene examination
and
of behavioral sciences, such committed. For the purposes of
this adequate inten/iews
victims and wit-
of
nesses. When officers find individuals
criminology,article, the
psychology, sociology, term crime scene includes
political science. the following:The sceneof the crime; who are willing to
attempt psychologi-
the victim of the
crime, in
as the case cal evaluations of crime scenes, they
Behaviorial scienceis, at best, an
science. ltis often referred to of rape;andallother
locations involved often ask the profiler what materials
should be sent to Necessary
him.
as an art form."6However, itsuse inthe crime, including such areas as
for
items apsychological profile
validity inlaw enforcement.the recovery site when ahomicide is
does have
include:
Human behavioris much too complex committed in one location and the
1! Complete photographs of the
to classify, yet attempts are often body depositedin another.
The victim is one of the most im- scene,
crime including photographs of
made to do sowith thehopethat
such
the victim if it is a homicide. Also help-
avastly complicated system can be portant aspectsof the psychologicalful is some means of determining the
brought into some control.The Diag- profile. lncases involvingasurviving
nostic andStatistic Manualof Mental victim, particularly arape victim, the from
angle which the photographs
perpetrators exact conversation withwere taken and ageneral description
Disorders DSM ll!, used by mental
is oneexampleof the victim is of
health professionals, utmost importance and of the immediate area. One enterpris-
this attempt. While attemptsto neatly can play avery role
large in the con- ing policeofficer developed the excel-
classify behavior are mostly unsuc- struction of an accurate profile. lent technique photocopying
of his
cessful, onemust remember why these The profileis not all inclusiveand crime scene sketch, attaching one
attempts are made. There
are many does not always providethe same in- copy toeach photo, and thenoutlining
in red the area which was included in
types ofnormal and"abnormal" be- formation from one profile to another. It
havior. Many of these
behaviors may is based on what was or was not left at the photograph.
have a label
attached to them
by be- the crime scene. Since the amount of 2! The completed autopsy proto-
psychological evidence
havioral scientists. It is most important varies, asdoes col including,if possible,any resultsof
to bear in mind thatsuch physical evidence,
alabel is the profilemay also lab tests
which were done
on the
vary. The profile information may victim.
merely anabbreviated wayto describe
a behavior pattern. lt is nothing more include: 3! A complete report of the inci-
1! The perpetrator s race, dent to include such standard details
than a convenience by which profes-
sionals communicate. The important 2! Sex, date
as and time of offense, location
aspect isthe specificcharacteristics or 3! Age range, by townas wellas by actual siteof
symptoms ofeach person.The symp- 4! Marital status, incident!, weaponused if known!, in-
toms are revealed in the way the indi- 5! General employment, vestigative officersreconstruction of
vidual acts out" and in the
responses 6! Fteaction to questioning by the sequenceof events if any!, and a
which the individual may make to the police, detailed interview of any surviving vic-
7! Degree of sexual maturity, tims or witnesses. These items are
professional. The labels may differ
from doctor to doctor because they are 8! Whether the individual might usuallyapart of all investigations and
simply eachdoctor s interpretationof strike again, do not generally requireextra report
9! The possibility that he/she has writing or extra written material. Also
the symptom.
committed a similar offense in the past, included in most investigative reports is
A symptom, then, is the visible
evidence a
of disease or disturb- and background information on the vic-
ance,"° and a crime, particularly abi- 10! Possible police record. tim s!. Yet, this seems to be the area
zarre crime, is as much asymptom as These profilesare notthe resultof the
where least amount of information
magical incantationsand are not al- is available to the profiler. Usually, this
any other type
of acting out by an
individual. A crime may reflect the ways accurate.ltis the applicationof is because the investigative officer
personality characteristics of
the per- behavioral science and
theory cannot possiblywrite down all of the
re-
petrator inmuch the same fashionas search to the profiler s knowledge of many details concerning the victim
patterns which may be present at var- which he collects while investigating
the way we keep and decorate our
reflects
homes something about our ious crime
scenes. lt is
important that the crime.
personality. ° the profiler have wide exposure to
crime scenes so that he may see that
these patterns may exist. lt is also
important thatthe individualattempting
to profilecrime sceneshave someex-
posure to those criminals who have
committed similar crimes.

37
 When the investigator provides in- Profiling is avaluable investigative ples, and all logical leads must be
formation concerning avictim to apro- tool but is not amagical process. exhausted before requesting this Serv.
filer, some items which the officer Police officers do agreat deal of pro- ice. This technique is usually confined
should include are: filing during the course of
their work homicides,
to rapes, etc., in which
1! Occupation former and pres- days. They constantly build mental available evidence possible
indicates
ent!, images or profiles based upon crime mental deficiency or aberration on the
2! Residence former and pres- scenes and then use these profiles in part of the perpetrator. Cases will be
ent!, attempt
an limit
to the scope of their profiled on atime available basis,
3! Reputation, at work and in his investigations. These profiles are with the more severe cases being
neighborhood, based upon the officer s extensive given priority. It should also be under-
4! Physical description, including knowledge of the type of crime he is that
stood analysis isfor lead value
dress atthe time of the incident, investigating. When acrime so bizarre only, and
clinical opinions will not be
5! Marital status, including children that it is out of the scope of the offered. Cases
which, in the opinion of
and close family members, officer&#39;s experience
occurs, there are the Training Division, fail to meet these
6! Educational level, behavioral scientists available who can criteria will be returned to the request-
7! Financial status, past and pres- assist by providing these types of pro- ing agency. Under no circumstances
ent, files. The FBI provides limited service should physical evidence be trans-
8! Information and background of in the area of profiling and these limita- mitted to
the Federal Bureau Investi-
of
victim&#39;s familyand parents, including tions are based
on the amount of time gation, since the possibility exists that
victim s relationship with parent, and manpower available to conduct information received may not
be re-
9! Medical history, both physical such profiles. turned to the agency.
and mental, Instruction is the primary purpose An agency requesting apsycho-
10! Fears, of the
Behavioral Science Unit of the logical profile should contact the
11! Personal habits, FBl Training Division. Courses in ap- Federal Bureau of Investigation field
12! Social habits, plied criminology, abnormal psy- office located within the territory of the
13! Use of alcohol and drugs, chology, sociology, hostage negotia- department and provide to them the
14! Hobbies, tions, interpersonal violence, and other information as requested herein. The
15! Friends and enemies, behavioral science-related areas are agency should make it known to the
16! Recent changes life-
in taught at the Academy to FBI Agents field office that they are requesting a
style, and and police officers. ln the past, as an psychological profile from the Behav-
17! Recent court action. adjunct to its instructional programs, ioral Science Unit, Training Division.
The primary psychological evi- the Training Division has attempted to FBI
Footnotes
which
dence the profiler is looking for law
assist enforcement agencies with JamesQ.Wilson, Varieties Police Behavior Cam-
0!
is motive. After a survey of the evi- the preparation of psychological pro- bridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press, 1968!,
p. 30.
George G. Killinger andPaul F. Cromwell, IssuesLaw
in
dence, the profiler applies an age-old files. During the initial stages of the Enforcement Boston: l-lolbrook Press,
1975!, p.
212.
rule known as ockhams razor" which, FBl s involvement in profiling, these Webster&#39;s
New World Dictionary the
of AmericanLan-
guage New York: The World Publishing Company, 1978!,
originally stated, is "what can be done profiles were limited to students at- p. 1163.
with fewer assumptions is done in vain tending the FBl National Academy. Walter C. Langer, The Mind of Adolph Hitler
New York:
Basic Books, lnc., 1972!,
with more. 2 This 14th century During the past year, how- James C. Coleman, Abnormal Psychology andModern
philosophy has, in investigative circles, ever, over 100 unsolved cases have Lile Glenview, Scott, Foresman and
lll.: Company, 1980!.
Son olSam: Implications Psychiatry
for letter!,
Ameri-
generally come tomean that given a been received by the Training Division can Journal of Psychiatry,135 !: 131. Jan. 1978.
Diagnosticand StatisticalManual Mental
of Disorders,
2d
problem with several alternative solu- from law enforcement officers nation- ed., Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association,
tions, the most obvious answer is wide. Due increased
to instructional 1966!
Coleman, 3-23,
pp.
usually correct. An aid to the applica- and research commitments, it was J. V.
McConnell,Understanding Human Behavior New
tion of
ockhams razor is the intangible necessary to
implement guidelines and York: Holt,Flinehart, andWilson, lnc.,1974!, p.
25.
° Sherrill
Whiton, Elements of interior
Design andDecora-
evidence that the observer gathers control measures to manage and moni- tion New York; J.B. Lippincott Company, 1963!, p.
751.
from the crime scene to tell him such tor effectively this investigative " R.Brittain, The Sadistic Murderer,
Medical Scienceand
the Law.Vol. 10,1970, pp.198-204; Donald Lunde,
things as whether the crime appears to technique. Murder and Madness San Francisco: SanFrancisco Book
be planned or whether it is the result of ltis most important that this inves- Company, lnc., 1976!.
" TheEncyclopediaPhilosophy
of New
York: Macmillan
an irrational thought process. tigative technique be confined chiefly Company, 1967!, Vol. 8,p. 307.
crimes against the person where the
to
motive is lacking and where there is
sufficient data to recognize the pres-
ence ofpsychopathology at the crime
scene. Psychological analysis is not a
substitute for basic investigative princi-

38
 &#39;=|<*>|<>z<**>i=

SEXUAL HOMICIDE

Sexual Homicide:
A Motivational
Model
Sexual Killers
and Their
Victims:
IdentifyingThrough
Patterns
Scene
CrimeAnalysis
MurderersRape
Who and
Mutilate
AThe Men Murdered
The Split
Who
Reality Murder
of &#39; S
9
Classifying Sexual
Homicide Crime cenes:
Interrater Reliability
Crime Scene
and ProCharacteristics
le
of
Organized
Disorganized
and Murderers
Interviewing for
Techniques
Homicide
Investigations
The Lust Murderer
e-Murder: Offender
One Twelve
and Victims
RapeandRap

>!<*>i< *=!< >l< >!<

 ,» 92
Q
THE FORUM
iii.
L
6
e:
The Forum
presents major
reviewsempirical
of research,
theoretical conceptual
$2
CI formulations,manuscripts
or major
of significance
to theeld.
=22
¢921
~:?°~*:1&#39;¢X&#39;;;;
9"
zizewi?
The findings
from this
exploratory
are reported
study terms
in the
of descriptive
Zr bacItgroundcharacteristics
36 sexual
ofmurderers,behaviors
their experiences
and in
,a connection their
with developmental
stages, the
andcentral
roleAof
sadistic
h
&#39;
fantasy
and
motiva-
1? critical cognitive
structuressupport
that act
the of
sexual murder.
five-p ase
tional model
is presented:
I! ineffective
SOCltll environment,
! formative
events, !
critical personal
traits and
cognitive mapping
process,
action
! toward
others and
self, and! feedbackfilter.
Aw
Sexual Homicide
AMotivational Model
%Z~
W.
ANN BURGESS
University ofPennsylvania
R.
CAROL HARTMAN
32 Boston College
K.
ROBERT RESSLER
IOHN E. DOUGLAS
1 FBI Academy
MCCORMACK
ARLENE
University of Lowell

For many
years, motiveless
murder baffled
has enforcement
law officials
and
mental health
professionals Satten,
Menninger, Rosen,
8c Mayman,1960!.
Motiveless killings,
usually serial
in nature
carried by
out
asingleindividual
over
aperiod
of time!,
virtually no clues
leave about the
murderer s motive
or
Authors Note"
Preparation
this
ofarticle
was supported
by Department
of justice d
grants: Office
of -juvenile
justice and
Delinquency Prevention
#84-_]N-K010! an
National Institute
of justice#82-CX-0065!.
wish
Wetoacknowledge gratefully
Allen Burgess,
G. Marieanne
L. Clark,
and Mary
Francis for
]ettcontributions
to this
article.

JOURNALINTERPERSONAL
OF VIOLENCE,
Vol.No.
l September
3, 251-272
I986
6l986 Sage Publications,
lnc.

39