POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY

1. lens A part of a camera used in focusing the light from the subject

2. Ultraviolet light Are light having wave lengths 30 to 400?

3. 180 degrees Fish –eye lens is a special type of camera having a view angle of:

4. convex lens Lens that is characterized by a thicker center and thinner sides.

5. Tripod The following are the essential parts of the camera except one…

6. Gelatin These are the components of a black and white film, except one….

7. Orthochromatic film This film is sensitive to all colors, except red.

8. Photograph This is the positive result of the process of photography.

9. ASA What emulsion speed indicator is express in an arithmetic form?

10. # 2 What photo paper is ideal to be used in a normal exposed film?

11. curvature of field The circular “dome-like” image –

12. Laser light Otherwise known as the coherent light.

13. 1839 When was the birth year of photography?

14. Panchromatic film A type of film that is sensitive to all colors.

15. color harmony A systematic arrangement of colors to give a pleasant effect.

16. Single Lens Reflex This type of camera will eliminate parallax error.

17. US What country is the first who use photograph of crime scene in court presentation?

18. wide angle lens A lens with a focal length of less than the diagonal of its negative material.

19. Normal Lens If a camera lens has a fixed focal length of 50mm. such lens is classified:

20. Extreme Close-up shot In crime scene photography, what view tends to show the extent damage on
the subject?

21. Bright sunlight It is a lighting condition where object in open space cost a deep and uniform or
distinct shadow.

22. Photograph The appearance of the original will come out and such result is known as the?

23. Diffraction The bending of light around an object gives rise to the phenomenon called
24. Pinhole camera The simplest camera is a ___, which consists of a box with a small hole in one of its
sides.

25. Focus This means by which the object distance is estimated or calculated to from sharp images

26. Single lens reflex type This type of camera will eliminate the parallax error and it will work well with
all lenses.

27. For preservation What is considered as the utmost used of photography in police work?

28. Cropping What is that process of eliminating unwanted portions of a negative during enlarging
process?

29. smaller What kind of diaphragm opening should a photographer used in order to get a wider depth
of field?

30. Single Lens Reflex What type of a camera is ideal to police photography?

31. Latent image While the exposed film is not yet developed, the image recorder is technical referred
to as:

32. spherical aberration A lens defect that can affect resolution and clarity, making it hard to obtain
sharp images.

33. cavity One the part of the film holder of the camera that usually houses the film cartridge.

34. Photomicrography Refers to the process of taking pictures with the use of microscope.

35. Positive It refers to the lens which forms a real image on the opposite side of the lens.

36. Shutter speed What is referred to the effective length of time a camera’s shutter is open?

37. Cable release This is attach to the shutter to prevent accidental movement of the camera during the
exposure period.

38. medium wave UV It is used in chemical analysis and in curing and hardening of different items for
industrial purposes.

39. Exposure Refers to the range of illumination or the light allowed to affect the sensitized material at a
given time.

40. Depth of Field The distance between the nearest and the farthest object in apparent sharp focus
when the lens is focused at a given point.

41. Photography The science or art of obtaining images in scientific materials by the action of electro
magnetic radiation rays.
42. Forensic photography The study of the fundamentals of photography, its application to police work
and the preparation of photographic evidence:

43. shutter This part of a camera is used to allow light to enter through the lens for a predetermined
time interval.

44. Baseboard Which of the following supports the entire unit of the enlarger, which usually holds the
easel that carries the photographic paper?

45. yellow In the additive color mixture process combining the color blue and green will produce cyan.
What is the complementary color of blue?

46. Fluorescence It is the ability of an object to convert one wavelength to another as long as the active
energy source is irradiating the object.

47. Transparent Objects that allow sufficient visible light to pass through them that the object on the
other side may be clearly seen.

48. focal plane shutter Its actions starts from one side and closes on the opposite side with amore faster
shutter speed. The statement is referring to:

49. Calotype William Fox Talbot invented what particular object which uses a paper impregnated
with light sensitive compounds.

50. film These are made of plastic material support the emulsion layer, it is particularly known as the
base which can be found on the:

1. Willian Henry Fox Talbot A British scientist who made the first miniature cameras, the so-called
“mouse trap” cameras.

2. Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre The result of his work was, images were fragile to the touch and
needed to be protected under glass, but were capable of recording the finest detail.

3. John F. W. Herschel The word Photography was coined by _____?

4. hyper focal distance A distance at which lens of a camera is focused with a given particular diaphragm
opening which will give the maximum depth of field is-

5. Telephoto Lens A type of a lens that would make an object to be exaggeratedly closes to the
photographer and is ideal in stake out surveillance photography.

6. Photography In addition to legal medicine, as prober, how can you preserve perishable evidence like
injuries, contusions, hematoma, etc?

7. Medium View In crime scene photography, what view tends to show the four angles of the possible
entrance and exit point of the suspect?
8. Shutter speed In photography, what determines how effectively a moving object can be stopped, that
is, how sharply it can be reproduced without blurring, or streaking in the final image?

9. Lens Opening Is that part of the camera which controls the passage of light reaching the sensitized
material? It compared to the eyelid of the human eye.

10. Photography It enables the law enforcement investigator to record the visible and in many cases, the
invisible evidence found at the crime scene.

11. Depth of field It is the range in front of and behind a sharply focused subject in which details also
look sharp in the final photographic image.

12. chromatic aberration Lens aberration in which light of different wavelength is focused at different
distances behind the lens. It can be corrected by combining different types of glass lens.

13. spherical aberration Light rays from the subject on the lens axis passing through off-center areas of
the lens focus at different distances from the light rays that pass directly through the center of the lens.

14. Hologram One of the recent advancements of photography is in the use of laser. With laser, one is
able to produce a three dimensional photograph called:

15. Refraction The changes in direction of light are conclusive whenever light process from one medium
to another. This is known as the phenomenon of refraction.

16. photomicrography The process of obtaining a magnified photograph of a small object without the
use of a microscope, by using a short focus lens and a long bellow extension.

17. photomicrography The science of obtaining photographic magnification of minute objects by using a
camera attached to a compound microscope. The camera lens is removed because the microscope
because the microscope form the image.

18. Police Photography The science which deals with the study of the principles of photography, the
preparation of photographic evidence and its application to police work.

19. Depth of field What is the range of distance from the nearest object to the farthest object that is
sharp when the lens is set or focused at a particular distance?

20. Diaphragm as a controller of definition All practical lens images such as point a small blur which
changes in character with the change of lens aperture. The statement best describe:

21. Diaphragm as a controller of speed The highest the number is the smallest the opening or the one
that gives the least amount of light. The statement best describe:

22. Odelbercht The person that first advocate the use of the photography for the identification of
criminals and the documentation of evidences and crime scene.
23. focal length It is known as the fundamental characteristics of a lens that will determine the size of an
image and area of coverage of the lens. The statement is referring to:

24. groundglass In photography using microprism, the image on focus will usually shatter of an out of
focus image and when it is exactly in focus the prisms seems to disappear. These microprisms are
primarily found on:

25. folding camera A type of camera in which the lens and shutter mounted to body by means of an
accordion-pleated bellows, which can be folded into camera foe ease of carrying.

26. charged-coupled device The part of the DSLR that converts the light into electrical signal as the start
of forming digital images.

27. negative coma This results in star images near the outer edge of the viewing field seeming to have
comet-style tails scattering radially away from its optical axis.

28. chromatic aberration It is caused by lens dispersion, with different colors of light travelling at
different speeds while passing through a lens.

29. positive coma This results in star images near the outer edge of the viewing field seeming to have
comet-style tails scattering radially towards its optical axis.

30. diaphragm A device made of thin overlapping metal leaves within a lens or camera which can be
adjusted to specific apertures of f-stops to control the amount of light that strikes the film.

31. lens culinaris It is believed that the word lens was derived from the Latin name of the lentil, because
a double-convex lens is lentil-shaped. In fact the most eaten specie of the of this plant is –

32. barrel distortion This effect causes images to be spherized, which means the edges of images look
curved and bowed to the human eye.

33. box camera A camera that uses lens and spring-loading shutter and roll film. Shutter speed and
aperture usually not adjustable.

34. White light The absence of all colors is black; white light is composed of the three primary colors –
blue, green and red. What is the sum total of all colors of the rainbow?

35. f22 To have a more sharp image flash exposure is encouraged and it can be computed. What if the
guide number is 220 in a distance of 10 ft what will be the exact aperture?

36. gelatin Modern photographic papers are basically composed of a light sensitive coating on a paper
base which particularly suspended on what substance?

37. Holograms In 1947 Edwin H. Land introduced the one step photography also known as polariod.
What will be produce by LASER?
38. hazy What will be the lighting condition if you are going to take a photograph using a film speed of
ISO 200 and a shutter speed of 1/250 with an aperture of f8?

38. Panchromatic film Nardo B. Hart was on to a special photography using a film that was sensitive to
UV radiation and primary colors. Mr. Hart was using what type of film?

39. wide angel lens The photographer in crime scene investigation has to get as many photographs as he
can. The first shot that he should make just after reaching the crime scene is the house where the crime
of murder was committed to one of its ten rooms. In getting the façade of the house, what lens should
he utilize?

40. Show when photographing the general conditions as being deformed as a whole, photograph the
damage parts and consider the range partly clearly When photographing the corpse in the scene,
several pictures of the conditions at the time of discovery including the environment of the corpse must
be taken from various photographic directions in order to:

41. wavelength A black and white films posses several characteristics such as speed, spectral and
granularity. The speed will be referring to the sensitivity of the film to light, granularity is the graininess
and the spectral is the sensitivity to:

42. use a flash unit In outdoor photography, there will some instance that the presence of light is too
much that produces a dilemma to the photographer. What do you think is the best way to do?

43. parallax Carlo S. Bart was taking up a snap shot and expecting it to sharp but an alteration happened
to the expected image because it was seen in two view points. What is that phenomenon?

44. telephoto lens PO3 Revon with his team conducted a thorough stakeout of a certain building in
Quirante II. In order to document all the movements of their subjects, they have apply the principles of
photography with the aid of what particular lens mechanism?

45. Digital Single reflex camera In the modernization of the photography, DSLR camera almost
dominated the market because of its great features that are very useful in commercial photo shoots.
What do DSLR means?

46. synchronization

It is the timing of the camera shutter and the flash so that when the shutter is fully opened, that’s the
time that the flash will yield its highest peaks of illumination. The statement is referring to:

Photography = Derived from the Greek word “Phos” or “Photos” which means “light” and “Grapho”
means “Writing” or “Graphia” meaning “to Draw”. Sir John F. W. Herschel coined the word
photography when he first wrote a letter to Henry Fox Talbot.

Forensic = Derived from the Latin word “Forum” which means “a market place” where people gathered
for public discussion
Police Photography = Is the application of the principles of photography is relation to the police work
and in the administration of justice.

Photograph = Is the mechanical and chemical result of Photography. Picture and photograph are not the
same for a picture is a generic term is refers to all kinds of formed image while a photograph is an image
that can only be a product of photography.

Personal Identification Personal Identification is considered to be the first application

of photography is police work. Alphonse Bertillion was the first police who utilized
photography in police work as a supplementary identification in his Anthropometry
system.

Light = is an electromagnetic energy that travels in a form of a wave with the speed of 186, 000 miles
per second.

Camera = a light tight box designed to block unwanted or unnecessary light from reaching the sensitized
material.

Lens = is the light gathering mechanism of the camera that collect the reflected light coming from the
object to form the image.

Sensitized material = composed of a highly sensitized chemical compound which is capable of being
transformed into an image through the action of light and with some chemical processes. ( Film and
Photo Paper).

Chemical Process = is the process necessary for reducing silver halides into a form so as a latent image
and a positive image be made resulting to what we called Photograph.

The WAVE Theory (Huygens) = It is the theory that was transcribed from the motion of the water that if
we observe a piece of log floating in the ocean and with the force of the air would naturally will make
the log move up and down.

Corpuscular theory (Newton) = this later opposed the wave theory stating that light has its effect by the
motion of very small particles such as electrons.

Modified Wave theory (Maxwell and hertz)= Based on electromagnetics.

X-ray =Light with the wavelength between .01 to 30 millimicrons. It is produced by passing an electric
current through a special type of vacuum tube. It was incidentally discovered by Conrad Welhelm
Roentgen. This type of light works in the principle of shadow photography.

Ultra-violet ray (Before the violet) = Radiation having a wavelength of 30 to 400 nanometers designed to
photograph fingerprints in multi colored background, documents that are altered, decipherment of
erase writing and developing invisible writing. It is commercially known as “black Light”.
Visible Light = It refers to the type of radiation having a wavelength of 400 to 700 millimicrons designed
for ordinary photographing purposes.

Infra-red (Beyond the Red) = Considered as the photographic rays with the longest wavelength ranging
from 700 to 1000 millimicrons. It is designed to take photograph of over-written documents, obliterated
writing, and charred documents or for black out photography. It is sometimes referred to as heat rays).

Bright Sunlight = object in an open space casts a deep and uniform shadow and the object appears
glossy.

Hazy Sunlight = object in an open space casts a transparent or bluish shadow. This is due to thin clouds
that cover the sun.

Dull Sunlight = object in an open space cast no shadow due to thick clouds covering the sun.

Daylight - may still be classified as: open space bright sunlight, under shade bright sunlight, hazy
sunlight, cloudy sunlight and cloudy dull sunlight.

Artificial Light = otherwise known as man-made light e.g. fluorescent bulb, incandescent bulb and
photoflood lamp.

Black and White Film = usually represented by a prefix or a suffix “Pan” or “Ortho” and generally used in
black and white photography. Examples are Ortholith film, Tri X-Pan and Pan X-plus.

Colored Film = can be divided into two: the Negative type and the reversal type of colored film. The
former is usually having names ending in color while the word chrome represents the latter.

CAMERA - Is a light tight box with light gathering device and a means of blocking unwanted or
unnecessary light from reaching the sensitized material.

Light Tight Box – a box designed to keep light out and serve as a frame to hold other parts.

Lens – designed to collect or to focus the reflected light from an object to form an image on the film.

Shutter – designed to control the time during which the light reaches the film

Holder of the sensitized material – located at the opposite side of the lens designed to hold firmly the
sensitized material to prevent the formation of the multiple or blurred image

View finder – designed to determine the field of view of the camera or the extent of the coverage of the
given lens

Viewing System - Is that part of the camera which provides the means of showing to the
photographer the entire scene coverage that can be recorded in the sensitized material.
Film Advancer (film advance lever or knob) =designed to transfer the exposed film to the other
side or to the take up spool and the unexposed film will be the opposite side of the lens for
another exposure.

Shutter speed = is that part of the camera which regulates the time exposure of the film thus,
affecting the amount of light reaching the sensitized material. It is usually expressed in a
fraction of a second.

Lens Aperture = the ratio between the diameter of the whole lens in relation to the focal length
of the lens. It is the light gathering power of the lens. Otherwise known as lens opening or
relative aperture and it is expressed in F-number.

Focusing = is that mechanism of a camera designed to control the degree of sharpness of the object to
be photograph. It is usually obtained by estimating the distance from the camera and that of the object
that will make a sharp or clear image.

Ground Glass - This is observed from the viewing system of the camera, once the object is not in focused
the object will be viewed to be blurred and will turn sharp and clear once adjusted.

Scale Bed - Estimating the distance of the object and adjusting the camera control based on his
estimation do this.

View or Press type – is considered the biggest and expensive type of camera, used for movie making

LENS = It is the image-forming device of the lens that actually has a greater effect on the quality of the
image to be formed.

Daniel Barbaro = first to introduce the use of lens in the camera.

Focal Length – is the distance measured from the optical center of the lens is set to focus at infinite
position. As according to focal lenses may be classified as:

Wide Angle or Short Focus = with focal length not longer than the diagonal half of the negative. Useful in
taking photograph at short distance with wider area coverage.

Normal or Medium Focus = with focal length approximately equal but not longer than twice the diagonal
half of the negative.

Long or Telephoto Lens = with focal length longer than twice the diagonal half of the negative. Best used
in long distance photographing but with narrow area coverage.

ZOOM lens = lens with variable focal length or that which can be adjusted continuously by the
movement of one or more elements in the lens system.

Relative Aperture – the light gathering power of the lens expressed in F-number
Depth of Field – is the distance measured from the nearest to the farthest object in apparent sharp
focus when the lens

Hyperfocal distance = Is the nearest distance at which when a lens is focused with a given particular
diaphragm opening will gives the maximum depth of field.

Focusing = is the setting of the proper distance in order to form a sharp image. The one that controls the
degree of sharpness of the object.

Acetic Acid and Boric acid = serves as neutralizer

Sodium Sulfate = serves as the preservative

Potassium Bromide = restrainer or hardener

Sodium bicarbonate and borax powder = serves as accelerator

Dodging = is the process of eliminating unwanted portion of the negative during enlarging.

Cropping = is the process of omitting an object during the process of enlarging and printing.

Vignetting = is the gradual fading of the image towards the side through skillful adjustment on the
dodging board.

Dye toning = is the process designed in changing the color tone of the photograph.

Burning-In = refers to additional exposure on a desired portion of the negative used for purposes of
making a balance exposure.
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

1. pattern area A part of the whorl or loop in which appear the cores, deltas and ridges.

2. Eight How many standard fingerprint patterns are there?

3. Meet tracing If the number of interesting lines had been three then this would have been?

4. Extra finger In Dactyloscopy, if we say a person with polydactyl hand he has?

5. Focal Point The core and delta are also termed as _____?

6. bifurcation The forking or dividing of one line to two or more branches.

7. Furrows This is a canal like impression or depression found between the ridges.

8. Dactylography This refers to the study of fingerprints for the purpose of identification.

9. Chiroscopy What is the science of palm print identification?

10. whorl A 32 over 32 would indicate all _________ patterns in primary classification.

11. fingerprint A forensic chemist is tasked to examine the chemical nature and composition of the
following except one:

12. Principle of infallibility A Dogmatic Principle which postulates that the fingerprint cannot be
forged.

13. whorl A fingerprint pattern in which the ridges form a sequence of spirals around core axes.

14. Semi-visible print A kind of fingerprint which is found on soft and sticky objects such as wax and
tape?

15. Latent fingerprints Fingerprints left on various surfaces at the crime scene which are not clearly
visible.

16. Plain Arch In an accidental whorl type of pattern, what pattern is not included in the combination?

17. Whorl In the distribution of percentage in the fingerprint pattern, 35% is being represented by what
group?

18. ridges Is that appears as tiny black line with white dots (called pores) in an inked finger impression?

19. Latent Prints It refers to all fingerprints left at the crime scene including those left accidentally or
unconsciously.
20. type lines The innermost ridges run parallel and surrounded to the pattern area are known as
_______.

21. Furrows These are depressions or canals between the ridges of a fingerprint which maybe compared
with the low area in a tire tread.

22. Furrows What are the depressed portions or canal structure of the friction skin found between
ridges?

23. Friction ridges What are those that are sometimes referred to as papillary or epidermal ridges?

24. both thumb finger What fingers are rolled towards the body in taking a rolled impression?

25. Ulnar Loop What is the type of a pattern in which the looping or slanting ridges flows towards the
little finger?

26. Tented Arch What type of a pattern possesses an angle, an upthrust, or two of the three basic
characteristics of the loop?

27. Two When a ridge bifurcates, sending two ridges across the imaginary line, how is it counted?

28. volar skin Located along the undersides of the fingers, palms, toes, and soles appear corrugated skin
structure known to the biologist as

29. friction skin Located along the undersides of the fingers, palms, toes, and soles appear corrugated
skin structure known to the fingerprint examiner as

30. Faulds In 1905, the Stratton brothers was convicted after they were charged of murdering Farrow
couple. This accomplishment was a work of?

31. Sir William Herschel He first used fingerprints on native contracts in Hooghly district in Jungipoor,
India.

32. principle of permanency It is said that the fingerprints of a person will be carried from womb to
tomb. What principle greatly described the phrase?

33. Robert James Pitts Who used surgery to destroy his friction ridges and was known as the Man
without fingerprint.

34. People Vs. Medina The first conviction in the Philippine Case which gives recognition to the science
of fingerprint?

35. Johannes Evangelist Purkinje He is known as the Father of Fingerprint Examination.

36. 3rd to 4th months of the fetus life Ridge forms in the person’s fingers and feet during its infants
stage which usually starts:

37. a core The following are considerations used for the identification of a loop except one:
38. Bifurcation is selected What is the rule when there is a choice between a bifurcation and other type
of delta found in the fingerprint?

39. help identify victims of calamities like crime Which of the following is not true about the value or the
importance of fingerprinting?

40. major division It is placed just to the left of the primary in the classification formula. Where whorls
appear in the thumbs following the whorl tracings subsecondary classification.

41. Ulnar loop What type of pattern in which it could be found on the lower box of the fingerprint card
having a delta and core with a recurving ridge flowing towards the no. 6 finger?

42. presence of 1 sufficient recurving ridge Which of the following best describes a loop pattern?

44. enclosure These kind of ridge characteristic is sometimes being misinterpreted as a bifurcation
because of its close resemblance to it. This ridge is known as:

45. Pattern area What is that portion of the fingerprint bounded by the type lines where the
characteristics needed for interpretation/classification is found?

46. Primary The right and left little fingers are used exclusively for the Final Classification. However, they
are also considered in what classification?

47. Ridges These are tiny portions or is a hill-like structure found on the epidermis of friction skin
containing sweat, with pores appearing as black likes in a fingerprint impression.

48. principle of infallibility The principle in fingerprint study that states that fingerprint cannot be forged.
Fingerprint is a reliable and a positive means of identification.

49. It must have a complete circuit The following are the requisites of a loop except one,

50. Ridge counting In fingerprinting, it refers to the process of counting the intervening ridges that touch
or cross an imaginary line drawn between the core and the delta.

Criminalistics = Is the application of the principles of various sciences in solving problems in connection
with the administration of justice.

Dr. Hans Gross = An Australian magistrate to described Search for Truth as the ultimate goal of all
investigative and detective works. He is known as the Father of Modern Criminalistics.

Dactyloscopy – (derived from the Latin words Dactyl = finger and Skopien – to study
or examine) is the practical application of the science of fingerprints.
Dactylography – is the scientific study of fingerprint as a means of identification.
Dactylomancy – is the scientific study of fingerprint for purposes of personality
interpretation.
Dermatoglyphics = is the science which deals with the study of skin pattern. It is
derived from two Greek words, Derma which means Skin and Glype which means
Carve.

Fingerprints Is an impression design by the first joint of the fingers and thumb on
smooth surface through the media of ink, sweat or any substance capable of producing
visibility.

Friction Skin – is an epidermal hairless skin found on the ventral or lower surface of
the hands and feet covered with ridges and furrows.(Also called as Papillary skin).
Components of the Friction Skin

Ridge Dot (island ridge) – refers to a ridge formation in a form of a dot or period.

Bifurcation – a ridge formation in which a single ridge splits or divides into two or
more ridges. It resembles a fork shape.

Converging Ridge – two ridges that meets at a certain point

Diverging Ridge – two ridges that spread apart

Enclosure or Lake ridge – a single ridge that divides into two but does not remain
open and meet at a certain point to form the original single ridge.

Ending ridge – it refers to an abrupt end of a ridge

Type lines – is a diverging ridge that tends to surround the pattern area and serves
as a basic boundary of fingerprint impression.

Pattern Area – is a part of a loop of whorl pattern surrounded by the type lines and
consisting of the delta, the core and other ridges.

Recurving ridge – a single ridges that curves back to the direction where it started.

Sufficient Recurve – a recurving ridge which is complete with its should and free
from any appendage.

Appendage – is a short ridge found at the top or summit of a recurve

Rod or Bar – is a short of long ridge found inside the recurve and directed towards
the core

Obstruction ridge – is a short ridge found inside the recurve which blocks the inner
line of flow towards the core.
Ink Slab – is a metallic or glass plate where the ink is spread for purpose

Ink Roller – is a rubber made roller designed to spread the fingeprint ink to the slab.

Fingerprint Ink – is a special form of ink designed for taking fingerprint impression sometimes submitted
with a printer’s ink.

Fingerprint card – is an 8” x 8” card designed for recording fingerprint impression

Card holder – usually a fixed card holder placed in a flat table designed to prevent the movement of the
card in the course of the taking of the fingerprint.

Visible prints = are those prints which are readily visible to the naked eye. It can either be: Molded
prints or Prints made by contamination with colored substance.

Invisible prints = prints that are generally made by sweat or perspiration that requires developing for
visibility.

Dusting Method = considered as the simplest and traditional methods used in developing prints
at the scene of the crime. (Use of Powder and Brush)

Rolling Method = basically used in developing prints in paper done by simply rolling the paper
with powder spreading in its surface.

Fuming Methods = done by using chemical fumes such as Iodine and Ammonium Fumes.

Silver Nitrate method – done by spraying a 5 percent solution of silver nitrate to the surface of
the paper.

Ninhydrin Method = is considered as one of the best method used in developing prints in paper.

Laser Method = is a modern method of tracing and developing prints.

Post Mortem Fingerprints = are prints taken from a diseased person.

FORENSIC BALLISTICS

1. Berdan Primer A type of primer with two vents or flash holes.

2. Side or body of the shell Fired Cartridge case/shell are usually mark at the _________?

3. frame Is that part of a firearm which houses all the other parts.

4. Calibre It is the measurement of the bore diameter from land to land.

5. Ballistics It is the science of mobility of the projectile.

6. Gauge The caliber of the smoothbore firearm case measure by?

7. Trajectory The pattern or curved path of the bullet in flight.

8. Primer What initiates the combustion of the gunpowder in a shell?

9. Bullet Recovery Box What instrument is used in obtaining test bullet?

10. Carbine What type of a firearm is commonly used by cavalry?

11. interior ballistics It is a branch of ballistics that treats of the motion of a projectile while still inside
the firearm.

12. terminal accuracy It refers to the size of the bullet groupings on the target.

13. Terminal accuracy Which refers to the size of the bullet grouping on the target?

14. Hammer A metal rod or plate that strikes the cartridge primer to detonate the powder.

15. Silencer A device that fits over the muzzle of the barrel to muffle the sound of a gunshot. Most work
by baffling the escape of gases.

16. Revolver A hand gun in which a rotating cylinder successively places cartridge into position for firing
is known as?

17. tracer bullet A type of a bullet designed to be fired at night which emits a bright flame at its base and
usually colored red-tip.

18. Shotgun A type of a firearm which propels a number of lead pellets in one charge to a smooth bore
barrel.

19. grease gun Generally applied to all homemade gun, just as the one used by juvenile delinquent in
United States.
20. Muzzle energy In the story of crime, with the use of firearm, the energy coming from the muzzle
point is called?

21. Ammunition Is a complete unfired unit consisting of bullet, primer, gun powder and shell:

22. Exterior Is that branch of ballistics which treats the motion of the projectile while it is in its flight?

23. Velocity Is the rate of speed of the bullet per unit of time, expressed in ft/sec?

24. Accurate Range It is the distance at which the gunner has the control of shot where the bullet travel
straight.

25. Class Characteristics It refers to the characteristics of a firearm which are determinable even before
the manufacture of the firearm?

26. Extractor That mechanism in a firearm by which the cartridge case or shell is withdrawn from the
chamber.

27. Extractor The mechanism of a firearm which withdraws the empty shells from the chamber?

28. Exterior Ballistics The moment the bullet leaves the muzzle of the gun. What kind of ballistic?

29. Extractor The part of the mechanism of a firearm that withdraws the shell or cartridge from the
chamber.

30. Ballistics The science dealing with the motion of a projectile and the conditions governing that
motion.

31. Terminal Ballistics The study of the effect of the impact of a projectile on the target.

32. Trajectory This is the actual curved path of the bullet during its flight from the gun muzzle and
target.

33. Ricochet This refers to the deflection of the bullet from its normal path after striking a resistant
surface.

34. rifling This refers to the helical grooves cut in the interior surface of the bore.

35. Caliper What do you call the type of instrument used in measuring pitch of rifling firearms?

36. Helixometer What instrument is used in measuring the pitch of rifling of a firearm?

37. Hang fire What occurs when a cartridge fails to explode on time or delayed in firing?

38. Artillery What type of a firearm propels a projectile with more than one inch diameter?

39. Paraffin test Which of the following test is used to determine whether a person fired a gun?
40. to throw The term ballistics was actually derived from the Greek word “ballein or ballo”, which
means

41. muzzle blast It is the sound created at the muzzle end of the gun barrel after explosion.

42. maximum range The greatest distance a projectile can travel when fired at the optimum angle of
elevation of the barrel.

43. center-fire cartridge The Morse cartridge in 1858 marked the beginning of the rapid development of
the

44. cartridge It refers to one complete unfired unit consisting of a bullet, primer, cartridge case, and
gunpowder

45. Individual characteristics Characteristics which are determinable only after the manufacture of the
firearm.

46. rifling operation The most important single process in a barrel manufacture from the standpoint of
the identification expert is:

47. Drift The curved path of a bullet is mainly caused by several factors. What do you call the manner of
curving of the bullet?

48. translational motion The motion responsible for the bouncing of the bullet in different direction
after hitting a much harder object known as ricochet.

49. Rimmed case What should be the classification of a shell when the diameter of the rim is larger than
the diameter of the shell’s body?

50. Pistols Handguns that can be fired several times by means of cartridge stored in the handle are
called.

Ballistics is the science of the motion of the projectile and the condition that affects their motion.

Direct Motion = is the forward motion of the bullet or shots out of the shell by the action of the
expansive force of gases from a burning gunpowder.

Rotatory motion = is the action of the bullet passing through a rifled bore barrel firearm which
is either twisted to the left or to the right.

Translational = is the action of bullet once it hits a target and subsequently ricocheted.

The word “ballo” and the word “ballein” which literally mean, “to throw”.

“Ballista”, a gigantic catapult that was used to furl missiles or large object at a distance like stone, dead
animal or even dead person.
Interior (Internal) Ballistics = it treats of the motion of the projectile while it is still inside the firearm
(chamber /barrel) which extends from the breech to the muzzle.

Exterior (external) Ballistics = treats of the attributes or movement of the projectile after leaving the
gun muzzle.

Muzzle Blast Is the noise created at the muzzle point of the gun.

Muzzle energy Energy generated at the muzzle point measured in foot-pound.

Trajectory Refers to the parabola-like flight of the projectile from the time it leaves the muzzle until it
hits the target. It is also described as the actual curve path taken by a bullet during its.

Range It refers to the imaginary straight distance between the muzzle of the gun and the target.

Velocity Refers to the rate of speed of the bullet (during its flight) per unit of time usually express is feet
per second (ft/sec.)

Pull of Gravity It is the downward reaction of the bullet towards the earth surface due to its weight.

Air Resistance Refers to the force of the air encounter by the bullet in its flight.

Terminal Ballistics= is that branch of Ballistics which deals with the effects of the impact of the
projectile on the target.

Forensic Ballistics is defined as the study of the motion of the projectile as applied to law or simply the
science of firearm identification by means of the ammunition fired through them.

John M. Browning - Wizard of the modern firearms and pioneered the breech loading single shot rifled
which was adopted by Winchester.

Samuel Colt - Patented the first practical revolver and maker of the Colt Peace Maker, a famous revolver
in the history.

Alexander John Forsyth - Father of the percussion powder.

Major Uziel Gal - An Israeli army who designed UZI (Israel) in the year 1950.

Col. Calvin H. Goddard - Father of modern Ballistics.

John C. Garand - Designed and invented the Semi automatic U.S. Rifle Cal. 30. M1 garand.

George Hyde - A well-known expert in the field of SMG, (also known as grease gun) developed in 1941.
M3A1 (USA).

Michael Kalashnikov - Designed the AK (Automat Kalashnikova) 47 (Soviet Union) adopted by the
Russian Army in the year 1951.
Horace Smith - Founded the great firm of Smith and Wesson and pioneered in making breech loading
rifles.

Eugene Stoner - Designed the U.S. M16 Armalite under licensed by Colt Company from July 1959
onwards.

L.C. Smith - Developed shotgun bearing his name now the Ithaca gun Company.

John T. Thompson - Developed in the course of WW1 the Thompson M1A1 and model of 1928 A1 (USA).
Pioneered the making of Thompson sub-machine gun.

Daniel B. Wesson - Associates of Horace Smith in the making of Revolver.

David “Carbine” Williams - Maker of the first known Carbine.

Oliver Winchester - One of the earliest rifle and pistol maker.

1242 A.D. Roger Bacon published the “ De Mirabili Potestate Artis et Naturae” (On
the Marvelous Power of Arts and Nature), which noted Black powder
formula.

1498 Introduction of the rifling and sights became better and breech loaders
were attempted although never succeeded yet even multi shots arms due
to lack of good ignition system.

1500’s The development of the Wheel Lock, operates in the same principle as
the modern day cigarette lighter. At mid of 1500’s “snaphaunce” was
developed.

1575 Paper Cartridge was developed. Ball and powder charged were wrapped
in chemically treated paper to allow the carrying of numerous pre-
measured charges or pre loaded rounds.

1750 The development of Breech-loading firearms leading to the making of

FERGUSON Rifle of Major Patrick Ferguson, COLLIER Rifle, which is a
flint lock repeating rifle operated on a revolving principle and, the HALL
Rifle patented in 1811 by Col. John Hall and was the 1st breechloader
adopted by the U.S. Army.

1805 The Percussion System. Alexander John Forsyth discovered a

compound that would ignite upon blow that would ignite the powder
charge. In 1840, it replaces the flintlock ignition and was adopted in 1838
by the British and in 1842 by the American.

1835 The first real cartridge was developed “The Flobert Cap” same as the
BB and was considered the forerunner of .22 short cartridge.
1835 Samuel Colt patented the first revolver and marketed in 1872, a breech
loading revolver.

1836 Pin fire Cartridge, was developed by Le Faucheux. A much real pin fire
cartridge was also developed in the same year by Houiller.

1845 Rim fire cartridge, Flobert developed the BB (bullet breech) cap, which
was considered the forerunner of the .22 cal cartridge. In the same year,
New Havens Arms Company owned by Oliver F. Winchester, through the
effort of Tyler Henry developed a .44 cal rim fire cartridge for Henry
Rifle.

1846 Smokeless powder was discovered. It was used in shotgun first in the
year 1864 by Capt. Eschultze of Prussian Army and in Rifle by the year
1884 by M. Vieille of France.

1873 Colt Peace Maker, model 1873, .45 cal. The most famous revolver in
history and legend was manufactured.

1884 Automatic Machine Gun. Hiram Maxim developed the first fully automatic
gun.

Firearms or arms as herein used, includes rifles, muskets, carbines, shotgun, pistol,
revolvers, and all other deadly weapons, to which a bullet, ball, shot, shell, or other
missiles maybe discharge by means of gun powder or other explosives.

Firearm is an instrument used for the propulsion of projectile by means of the expansive force gases
coming from burning gunpowder. (FBI manual of Firearms Identification).

Rifles= A shoulder weapon designed to fire a projectile with more accuracy through a
long rifled bore barrel, usually more than 22 inches.

Carbine = A short barrel rifle, with its barrel rifle, measuring not longer than 22 inches. It
fires a single projectile though a rifle-bore either semi-automatic or fully automatic, for
every press of the trigger.

Muskets = is an ancient smoothbore and muzzle loading military shoulder arms

designed to fire a shots or a single round lead ball. A more detailed discussion of
musketeers can be found on chapter 8 in the discussion of ignition system.

Shotgun = A smooth bore and a breech loading shoulder arms designed to fire a
number of lead pellets or a shots in one charge (FBA Manual)
Ammunition refers to loaded shell for rifles, muskets, carbine, shotgun, revolvers and
pistols from which a ball, shot shell or other missiles maybe fired by means of gun
powder or other explosive.

Ammunition refers to a group of cartridge or to a single cartridge. Cartridge is a

complete unfired unit consisting of bullet (ball), primer (cap), cartridge case (shell) and
gunpowder (propellant).

The word cartridge was derived from the Latin word “Charta” meaning – a “paper” and
also from the French word “Cartouche” meaning – a rolled paper. This only indicates
that the first type of cartridge was made up of a rolled paper.

Pin-Fire = is a type of cartridge in which the ignition cap (primer) is concealed inside the cartridge case
and has a pin resting upon it.

b. Rim fire = is a type of cartridge in which the priming mixture is located at the hallow rim of the case
can be fired if the cartridge is tuck by the firing pin on the rim of the case (cavity rim).

Center fire = t refers to a cartridge in which primer cup (ignition cap) is centrally placed in the base of
the cartridge case and the priming mixture is exploded by the impact of the firing pin and with the
support of the anvil.

Primer (also called CAP) is the ignition system of the cartridge used in a center fire
type, containing a highly sensitive chemical compound that would easily ignite or bursts
into flame when struck by the firing pin. It may either be Berdan or Boxer type.

Gunpowder (also called as propellant or Power Charge) is that mixture of chemicals of

various compositions designed to propel the projectile by means of its expansive force
of gas when burned.

Later, M. Vieille of French developed the first smokeless powder for riffle in the year
1884 and named it “poudre B” taken after Gen. Boulanger’s name.
QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS

1. Ink A fluid or viscous marking material used for writing or printing.

2. retracing Any stroke which goes back over another writing stroke.

3. Base It is where handwriting rest?

4. Proving Authorship Majority of questioned document cases are concerned with _________?

5. Document classification Questioned document examination is known by many names except one:

6. Calligraphy The art of beautiful writing is known as

7. Presence of Natural Variation The following are characteristics of forgery except one:

8. charta What is the Latin word for “paper”

9. The written strokes Which of the following is the primary determinant of writing speed?

10. Document classification Questioned document examination is known by many names except one:

11. Questioned Document A document in which some issues have been raised or is under scrutiny.

12. altered document A document which contains some changes either as an addition or deletion.

13. Model signature A genuine signature used to prepare an imitated or traced forgery is known as

14. mechanical erasure A kind of erasure by using a rubber eraser, sharp knife, razor blade or picking
instrument.

15. Pen lifts An interruption in a stroke caused by removing the writing instrument from the paper is
described as:

16. document Any written instrument by which a right or obligation is established.

17. Ambidextrous A person who can write either with his left or right hand is called–

18. pen emphasis It is the periodic increase in pressure, characterized by widening of the ink stroke.

19. Smears This are usually the result from contact with the other writings.

20. exemplars Specimens of hand writing or of typescript which is of known origin.

21. Signature The name of a person written by him/her in a document as a sign of acknowledgement.

22. Decipherment The process of making out what is illegible or what has been effaced.

23. simulated or copied There is freehand invitation and is considered as the most skilful class of forgery
24. Patching The retouching of a defective portion of a written stroke is known in questions document
examination as –

25. Mechanical erasure This is done by rubbing off with rubber or scrapping off with sharp instrument.

26. Loss writing Writing characterized by too much freedom of movement and lack of regulation which
is usually tall letters.

27. transitory typeface defect This typewriter defect is brought about by clogged typefaces, poor
condition or worn-out or torn ribbon.

28. it is contemporeanous All but one are the principles on choosing the best standards for comparison.

29. Copy book form Refers to the design of letters which are fundamental to a writing system.

30. wrist movement This handwriting movement is usually indicated by regularity of lines and
considerable speed.

31. quality of movement This movement may be categorized into hesitating and painful due to
weakness and illness.

32. Blots These are devised for obscuring forger’s intention to hide rather than a manifestation of the
careless use of a pen.

33. diacritics There are only three prominent letters in the alphabet that bears this kind of
characteristics.

34. Changes A document becomes questioned documents when _____ or alterations, this usually affect
the original meaning of a document.

35. Changes A document becomes questioned documents when _____ or alterations, this usually affect
the original meaning of a document.

36. public document A kind of document executed by a person in authority and by private parties but
notarized by competent officials.

37. Stamp-pad inks An ink that is made by grinding carbon in the form of vegetable char with varnish
made of natural gums and drying oils.

38. standard document An instrument that can be legally used in comparison with a questioned
document, its origin is known and can be proven.

39. pen pressure How do you call the average force with which the pen contacts the paper and may be
estimated from an examination of the writing?
40. Disputed Documents If a document is disputed by one or more persons because of the materials
used in their production, then such document is considered?

41. Lewis Waterman If ballpoint was patented by John Loud who patented the first practical fountain
pen containing its own ink reservoir?

42. Uttering Legally speaking, what is the description of the act of passing, delivering, or giving a
counterfeit coin to another person?

43. any sign of forgery Questioned document examination often involves comparing questioned
handwriting with known handwriting to determine?

44. Natural variation Refers to the usual or normal deviations found in a repeated specimen of
individual’s handwriting.

45. requested standards Standards which are prepared upon the request of the investigator and for the
purpose of comparison with the questioned document.

46. Graphology Which of these refers to the art of determining the character or disposition of person by
analyzing his handwriting?

47. Papyrus Which of the following is considered the earliest material that served the purpose of paper
during the ancient times?

48. questioned document A document which is being questioned because of its origin, its contents or
the circumstances or the stories of its production.

49. Style spacing The three general areas of examination in questioned typewriting except one…

50. embody no basic differences Two handwritings cannot be deemed to be the writing of the same
person unless:

Document - Any material that contains a mark symbol or sign, either visible, partially visible or invisible
that may presently or ultimately convey a meaning or a message to someone.

Questioned Document – Document to which an issue has been raised or which is under scrutiny. The
focal point of the examination and to which the document examiner relies as to the extent of the
problem. (also referred to as disputed document).

Standard Document – Document in which the origin is known can be proven and can legally be used as
sample to compare with other things is questioned.

Public Document = a document created, executed or issued by a public official in response to the
exigencies of the public service, or in the execution of which a public official intervened.

Official Document = a document which is issued by a public official in the exercise of the functions of his
office. Am official document is also a public document as a larger classification.
Private Document = A deed or instrument executed by a private person without the intervention of a
notary public or other person legally authorized, by which documents, some disposition or agreement is
proved, evidenced or set forth. (US Vs. Orera, 11 Phil 596) e.g. Theater Ticket.

Commercial Document = any document defined and regulated by the Code of Commerce ( People Vs.
Co Beng, C.A. 40 OG 1913) or any other commercial law.

Signature – a name of person signed by himself on a document as a sign of acknowledgement.

Model signature – genuine signature which has been used in preparing a simulated or traced forgery.

Evidential Signature – specimen signature which was executed in particular date, particular time and
place, under a particular writer’s condition and for a particular purpose.

Simple forgery – a forges signature where no attempt has been made to make a copy or facsimile of the
genuine writing of a person purported to sign the document. Also known as spurious signature

Simulated or Copied forgery – a forged signature which resembles the genuine signature written in free-
hand. Considered as the most skillful type of forgery.

Traced Forgery – forged signature which closely resembles the genuine made by some tracing process or
outline form.

Embellishments – added strokes that serves as an ornamental or flourish to the design of the letters.
They considered unnecessary to the legibility of the writing.

Diacritics = strokes added to complete certain letters. They are necessary to the legibility of the letters.

Writing Movement – refers to all factors relative to the motion of the pen.

Line Quality – is the visible records in the written strokes of the basic movements and manner of holding
instrument. It is derived from a combination of factors, including writing skill, speed, rhythm, freedom
of movement, shading and pen emphasis.

Natural Variations – is the usual or normal deviation found in a repeated specimen of an individual’s
handwriting or in the product of any typewriter.

Transitory Change – are meant to those changes which only continue to exist while the basic cause of
the deterioration is still affecting the writer, once the such cause has been removed from the writer, the
writing will reverts in its normal form.

Tremor – is the weakening of the strokes characterized by a wavering or shaky strokes.

Typeface – is the printing surface of the type block in a conventional typewriter. In electric typewriter it
is the printing surface of the rotating head sphere.

Typeface defect – any form of peculiarity of the type printing caused by actual damage to
the typeface metal or which maybe an abnormality in its printing condition.

Characters – in connection to typewriting, it is used to include letters, symbols, numerals or points of

punctuation.

Pica typeface – type face impression ordinarily spaced ten (10) characters to the horizontal inch.

Elite typeface – type face impression ordinarily spaced twelve (12) characters to the horizontal inch.

Proportional spacing machine – a typewriter with a type letter spacing similar to the type spacing of
conventional printed in which all letters are allotted horizontal in conformity with their relative widths.

Transitory Defects – is an identifying typewriter characteristics which can be eliminated

by simply cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon.

Permanent Defects – any identifying typewriting characteristics of the type face which cannot be
corrected by simply cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon.

Mal alignment or alignment defects – refers to defect in the printing condition of the type character
in which the letters are printed either at the top or bottom, left or right of inclined from its proper
position.
LEGAL MEDICINE

1. Fracture A break or solution in the continuity of bone refers to…

2. glass A supercooled liquid which possess high viscosity and rigidity.

3. lacerated wound A wound produced by a blunt instrument such as club and stone.

4. Inverted edge Characteristics of gunshot wound of entrance

5. manceres Children conceived by prostitutes are called

6. 3-4 hours How many hours does the stomach completely digest a medium meal?

7. Thermometer Instrument used in the measurement of temperature.

8. Silica It is the major component of a glass.

9. Rigor mortis One is a condition that can approximate the time of death.

10. Forensic Odontology Personal identification by dental characteristics is called-

11. Violet The color of blood in post mortem Lividity?

12. Regulated Death The following are kinds of death, which one is not?

13. Gun Shot Wound The following are valid classifications of wound, except:

14. Moulage The process in reproducing physical evidence by plaster moulds.

15. Odontology A system of Identification best used in case of burned body.

16. Defense Wounds A type of wound which result of a persons instinctive reaction of self protection

17. mortal wound A wound which if inflicted in the body so serious that it will endanger one’s life.

18. virgo-intacts A condition of women who have had one or more sexual experience but not had
conceived a child.

19. Dislocation A displacement of the particular surface of the bone without external wounds.

20. Fecal test All of the following are accurate tests for the presence of alcohol in the human body
except one:

21. expert witness A person allowed who gives his/her opinion or conclusion on a given scientific
evidence is considered

22. Cut In forensic examination, a tip of the hair is examined to determine if it was _______.
23. 100 yards Is the distance of recognition in broad daylight of a person who is almost a stranger.

24. Coup-contre-coup injury It refers to a physical injury found at the site and opposite site of the
application of force.

25. Moral virginity State of not knowing sex life and have not experienced sexual intercourse:

26. Autopsy The medical dissection and examination of a body in order to determine the caused of
death is?

27. Gait This is a characteristic that shows the manner of walking of an individual.

28. Coup Injury Type of physical injury located at the site of application of force.

29. Mayhem What refers to the cutting of a body part of another person to weaken his defense?

30. Speech Which of the following personal identification is not easy to change?

31. judge Who qualifies a forensic chemist as expert?

32. Thrust wounds What is the term referring to those wounds inflicted in a forward motion?

33. Penetrating wound The wound wherein the instrument pierces a solid organ or tissue?

34. Thermal burn It is a type of burn caused by the application of heat or hot object.

35. tear These are wounds produced by a blunt instrument accompanied by a sufficient force.

36. moral virginity This will always be applied to children below the of age puberty.

37. euphoria Which of the following is not included in the evidences to determine drunkenness?

38. Punctured wound An open wound produced by a sharp-pointed instrument and is characterized by a
small opening of the wound.

39. autopsy Examination of the victim’s body in order to determine the cause of death and what internal
organs were destroyed in injured.

40. diffusion lividity Fixed discoloration of the blood clothed inside the blood vessels or has diffused to
different parts of the body.

41. Post-Mortem Caloricity It is the rise in the temperature of the body after death due to rapid and
early putrefactive changes or some internal changes

42. Radial Fracture It refers to a crack in a glass that extends outward like the spoke of a wheel from the
point at which the glass was struck?

43. 12 hrs Rigor mortis is very important in determining the approximate time of death for it starts at
about 2 to 6 hrs and completes at ______?
44. AB type The ABO system divides the human race into four blood types. Which of the following types
has the lowest percentage?

45. Asphyxia The cause of death of a person who immediately died because of lack of oxygen for around
3 to five minutes

46. Somatic death The complete, continuous, persistent cessation of respiration, circulation and almost
all brain function of an organism.

47. Radial fracture These fractures show up on the surface opposite to the one where the fracturing
blow or pressure was applied.

48. Heat stiffening A condition characterized by hardening of the muscle and coagulation of muscles and
due to exposure to burn and hot spot.

49. livor mortis It is a discoloration of the body after death when blood tends to pool in the blood
vessels of the most dependent portion of the body.

50. exhumation It may be made to in order to afford the opportunity for a post mortem examination to
establish the circumstances of the death.

Law- defined as a rule of conduct, just and obligatory, land down by legitimate authority for the
common observance and benefit.

Medicine- A science and art of dealing with prevention, cure and alleviation of disease. It is that part of
science and art of restoring and preserving health.

Legal- Refers to anything conformable to the letters or rules of law as it is administered by the court.

Jurisprudence- A science of giving wise interpretation of the Laws.

Legal Medicine = is that branch of medicine which deals with the application of medical knowledge to
the purposes of law and in the administration of justice.

Forensic Medicine = use of medical science to elucidate legal problems in general without specific
reference or application to a particular case.

Medical Jurisprudence = a branch of law which concerns with the aspects of law and legal concepts to
medical practice. It includes rights, duties, and liabilities of physician, patient and health institution.

Medico-Legal Office System - The system used in the Philippines, which is handled by a medical jurist
who is a registered physician duly qualified to practice medicine in the Phils.

Medical Examiner System This is a system under the control of the Chief medical Examiner that is
a doctor of medicine and appointed by the mayor from the classified lists compiled by the civil service by
the basis of competitive examination.
Ordinary Witness: A physician: who testifies in court on matters be perceived from his patient in the
course of physician-patient relationship is considered as an ordinary witness.

Expert Witness: A physician on account of his training and experience can give his opinion on a set of
medical facts. He can deduce of infer something, determine the cause of death or render opinion
pertinent to the issue and medical in nature.

Experimental Evidence: A medical witness may be allowed by the court to confirm his allegation or as a
corroborated proof to an opinion he previously stated.

Documentary Evidence: A document is an instrument on which is recorded by means of letters, figures

or marks intended to be used for purpose of recording that matter which may be evidentially used.

Physical Evidence: These are articles and materials which are found in connection with the investigation
and which aid in establishing the identity of the perpetrator or the circumstances under which the crime
was committed, or in general assist in the prosecution of a criminal.

Corpus Delicti Evidence- Objects or substance which may be a part of the body of the crime.

Associative Evidence- These are physical evidences which link a suspect to the crime.

Tracing Evidence- These are physical evidences which may assist the investigator in locating the suspect.

Law of Municipality of Evidence (is true in the case of identification.)The greater the number of
similarities or dissimilarities, the greater is the probability for the conclusion to be correct.

Ataxic Gait- a gait which the foot is raised high, thrown forward and brought down suddenly.

Cerebellar gait- a gait associated with staggering movement.

Cow’s Gait- a swaying movement due to knock-knee.

Paretic gait- a gait in which the steps are short, the feet dragged, the legs held more or less widely
apart.

Spastic gait- a gait in which the legs are held together and moves in stiff manner, and the toes to drag
and catch.

Waddling gait- a gait resembling duck

Frog gait- a hoping gait in infantile paralysis

Gait line = the straight line connecting the center of the succeeding steps. It is more or less in zigzag
fashion especially when the legs are far apart while walking

Foot line = the longitudinal line drawn on each foot mark.

Rigor Mortis – 3 to 6 hours

MOST MORTEM LIVIDITY It is the discoloration of the body after death when the blood tens to pool in
the blood vessels for the most dependent portion to the pool in the blood vessels for the most
dependent portion of the body.

DEATH BY ASPHYXIA - a condition resulting from a lack of oxygen in the air or from an obstructing
mechanism to respiration.

ANEMIC ANOXIC DEATH due to a deceased capacity of the blood to carry oxygen

STAGNANT ANOXIC DEATH brought about by the failure of circulation.

HISTOTOXIC ANOXIC DEATH due to the failure of the cellular oxidative process, although the oxygen is
delivered to the tissues, it cannot be utilized properly.

AUTOPSY - a comprehensive study of a dead body performed by trained physician using recognized
dissection procedures and techniques, primary to determine the true cause of death

POST MORTEM EXAMINATION - refers to an external examination of a dead body without incision being
made, although blood and other fluids may be collected for examination.

Petechiae- Are minute, pin point, circumscribed extravasation of blood in the subcutaneous tissues or
underneath the mucous membrane.

Contusion (Bruise)- Wound in the substance of the true skin and in the subcutaneous cellular tissues
characterized by swelling and discoloration of tissue due to extravasation of blood.

Hematoma- large extravation of blood in a newly formed cavity secondary to trauma characterized by
swelling, discoloration and effusion of blood underneath the tissues.

Sprain- The straining or tearing of the articular tendons, ligaments and muscles characterized by
swelling, discoloration of tissues involve and extreme pain.

Fracture- It is a break or solution in the continuity of the bone tissues resulting from violence. (it can be
either simple, compund or comminuted).

Dislocation- Is the displacement of the articular surfaces of the bones forming the joints usually
secondary to trauma. (simple or compound)

Cerebral Concussion- Condition of the brain resulting from a sudden jarring or stunning of the brain
which follows a blow on the head characterized by headache or dazziness, unconciousness or semi-
unconciousness, relaxed and flaccid muscles, slow and shallow respiration and rapid but weak pulse

Internal Hemorrhage- It is the bleeding usually in the cavity or organs inside the body. (intra-cranial,
Rupture of organ and Laceration of Organ).
Virginity = a condition of a female who has not experienced sexual intercourse and whose genital organs
have not been altered by carnal correction.

MORAL VIRGINITY = state of not knowing the nature of sexual life and not having experienced sexual
relation.

PHYSICAL VIRGINITY = a condition whereby a woman is conscious of the nature of the sexual life but
not experienced sexual intercourse. Applies to women who have reached sexual maturity but not
experienced sexual intercourse.

TRUE PHYSICAL VIRGINITY= a condition wherein the hymen is intact, with the edges distinct and
regular, and the opening is small to barely admit the tip of the smallest finger of the examiner even if
the thighs are separated.

FALSE PHYSICAL VIRGINITY= A condition wherein the hymen is unruptured but the orifice is wide and
elastic to admit two or more fingers of the examiner with a lesser degree of resistance.

DEMI-VIRGINITY= a condition of a woman who permits any form of sexual liberties as long as they
abstain from rupturing the hymen by sexual act.

VIRGO INTACTA= applied to women who have had previous sexual act but not yet given birth.

DEFLORATION = the laceration or rupture of the hymen as a result of sexual intercourse.

SEXUAL DEVIATIONS

HOMOSEXUALITY = sexual desire towards the same sex.

INFANTOSEXUALITY = sexual desire towards an immature person. Also known as PEDOPHILIA.

BESTOSEXUAL = sexual desire towards animals; also known as bestiality.

AUTOSEXUALITY = self –gratification ; also known as masturbation.

GERONTOPHILIA= sexual desire towards an older person.

NECROPHILIA = a sexual perversion characterized by erotic desire or actual sexual intercourse with a
corpse.

INCEST = sexual relations between person who, by reason of blood relationship cannot legally marry.

SATYRIASIS = excessive sexual urge of men.

NYMPHOMANIA = excessive sexual urge of women.

FELATTIO = the female agent receives the penis of a man into her mouth and by friction with the lips and
tongue coupled with the act of sucking initiates orgasm.
CUNNILINGUS = sexual gratification is attained by licking or sucking the external female genitalia.

ANILINGUS = a form of sexual perversion wherein a person derives sexual excitement by licking the anus
of another person of either sex.

SADISM =(Active Algolagnia) = A form of sexual perversion in which the infliction of pain on another is
necessary for sexual enjoyment

MASOCHISM (passive algolagnia) = A form of sexual perversion in which the infliction of pain by another
is necessary for sexual enjoyment.

FETISHISM = a form of sexual perversion wherein the real or fantasied presence of an object or bodily
part is necessary for sexual stimulation and gratification.

PYGMALIONISM = a sexual deviation whereby a person has sexual desire for statutes.

FROTTAGE = a form of sexual gratification characterized by the compulsive desire of a person to rub his
sex organ against some part of the body of another.

VOYEURISM = a form of sexual perversion characterized by a compulsion to peep to see persons undress
or perform other personal activities.
POLYGRAPH

1. Relevant Question “Did you kill Rossey last night?” is an example of what question?

2. Pnuemograph This component records the changes of breathing of the subject

3. Pneumograph This is the longest and the third pen of the instrument.

4. Relevant Questions Is Fatty, the rape victim, your girlfriend? This is a/an

5. Sweating Cold damp perspiration is a manifestation of shock, fear and anxiety. Perspiration means?

6. Reliability It refers to the consistency across examiners/scorers.

7. Irrelevant Questions These are questions that don't have any bearing to the case.

8. Relevant Questions These are questions pertaining to the issue under investigation.

9. Validity It is the measure of the extent to which an observed situation reflects the "true" situation.

10. Control Is the knife found at the crime scene yours? What kind of question is this?

11. deception In “polygraph examination”, the term “examination” means a detection of

12. Word association test A list of stimulus and non-stimulus words are read to the subject who is
instructed to answer as quickly as possible.

13. fear It refers to an emotional response to a specific danger, which appears to go beyond a person’s
defensive power.

15. Devine intervention Ordeal is a term of varying meaning closely related in the Medieval Latin “Dei
Indicum” meaning –

16. negative If polygraph tracing of a subject indicates that he is truthful, the examiners finding should
be-

17. Cardiograph channel Which of the following polygraph channels records the blood pressure changes
and pulses rate of the examinee?

18. specific stimulus A well phrased question designed to cause a response from a subject is technically
called –

19. Preliminary Preparations This stage is the initial interview with the investigator handling the case or
the person requesting it.

20. Control Questions These are questions unrelated to the matter under investigation but are of
similar nature.
21. Relevant question “Were you in the place of the Mr. Alfonso on the night of October 18, 2014?” is an
example of what question?

22. Specific response The deviation from normal tracing of the subject in the relevant question.

23. Relevant question Which of the following causes physiological changes in the body of the subject?

24. X What is the symbol used to indicate start of the polygraph test marked in the chart?

25. Kymograph assembly What part of the polygraph instrument that drives the chart paper at six inches
per minute during the test?

26. Specific Response What refers to the deviation from the normal tracing of the subject caused by a
relevant question?

27. Cardiosphygmograph What component of the polygraph records the blood pressure and the pulse
rate of a subject?

28. Pneumograph What component of the polygraph machine records the changes in the breathing of
the subject?

29. Cardiosphygmograph What component of the polygraph records the blood pressure and the pulse
rate of a subject?

30. Irrelevant question Those pertaining to basic data and information regarding the background of the
subject not related to the case.

31. Narcoanalysis The use of “truth serums” such as sodium penthothal or phenobarbi in the
questioning of suspects is called:

32. Symptomatic This is a question designed to design and evaluate the presence of outside issued
which may suppose responses to relevant questions.

33. Test Execution This refers to the actual questioning phase of the polygraph examination.

34. Irrelevant Questions These are questions, which have no bearing to the case under investigation

35. Cardiosphygmograph A component of the polygraph instrument which records the blood pressure
and the pulse rate of the subject.

36. specific response The deviation from normal tracing of the subject in the relevant question.

37. 5 hours Prior to the examination the subject should have at least ___ hours of sleep.

38. Polygraph examiner Refers to a person who is capable of detecting deception or verifying the truth
statements.
39. Pneumograph A component of the polygraph instrument which records the breathing of the subject.

40. X In polygraph examination, what is the standardized chart marking to begin or start the
questioning?

41. Fear It refers to an emotional response to a specific danger, which appears to go beyond a person’s
defensive power.

42. Investigator In polygraph test, after the subject affirms that he is involved in a crime the examiner
should report it to the?

43. Fear Is an emotional response to specific danger that appears to be beyond a person’s defensive
power.

44. Negative If polygraph tracing of a subject indicates that he is truthful, the examiners finding
should be:

45. Stimulus Is the force or motion reaching the organism from the environment and excites the
receptors.

46. Irrelevant Is the type of question designed to established normal response from the subject?

47. deception In “Polygraph examination”, the term “examination” means a detection of:

48. Peak of tension test In a polygraph test, what test technique does the examiner used if he utilized
padding questions?

49. 12 hours Before the actual test conducted, the subject must refrain from consuming alcoholic
beverages for at least _______ hours?

Polygraphy – is scientific methods of detecting deception done with the aid of a polygraph instrument.

Polygraph = (derived from the Greek words Poly) = many or several and Graph = (writing chart) is a
scientific instrument capable of recording simultaneously changes in blood pressure, pulse rate,
respiration and skin resistance as indicative of emotional disturbance especially of a lying subject when
being questioned.

Thomas Jefferson = firs person known who used the term Polygraph to described one of his inventions

Ayur Vida = a hindu book of science and health around 500B.C. Considered as an earliest known
reference to a method of detecting deception.

1. Ordeal of Heat and Fire = in this test the suspect walked a certain distance, usually nine feet, over
red-hot plowshares or holding a red-hot iron.
2. Ordeal of Hot Water = this test requires that the water had to be boiled, and the depth from which
the stone had to be retrieved was up to the wrist for one accusation, and up to the elbow for three or
more accusations.

3. Ordeal of Boiling Oil = this ordeal was practiced in villages of India and certain parts of West Africa.

4. Red Hot Iron Ordeal = the accused will be required to touch his tongue to an extremely hot metal
nine (9) times (unless burned sooner), Once his tongue is burned, he will be adjudged guilty. In some
country instead of hot iron, they used a hot needle to tease the lips and once the lips bleed it is an
indication of guilt.

5. Ordeal of Cold Water = this ordeal has a precedent in the Code of Ur-Nammu and the Code of
Hammurabi under which a man accused of sorcery was to be submerged in a stream and acquitted if he
survived.

= in 16th and 17th centuries, ordeal by water was associated with the witch-hunts. Floating is an
indication of witchcraft.

6. Ordeal of Rice Chewing = a method of detecting deception whereby an accused will be required to
take rice (to clergy bread or cheese).If the accused failed to swallow even a single grain of concentrated
rice he/she will be adjudged guilty.

7. Ordeal of Red Water (Food and Drink Ordeal) = in this method the accused will be required to run
fast for twelve (12 hours), take a cap of rice and drink a dark colored water (as much as one gallon).

8. Ordeal of the Cross = the accuse and the accuser stood on either side of a cross and stretched out
their hands horizontally. The one to first lower his arms lost.

9. The Test of the Axe = in Greece, a suspended axe was spine in the center of a group of suspects,
when the axe stopped, whosoever was in line with the blade was supposed to be the guilty as pointed
by divine providence.

10. The Test of the Candle = this ordeal was used in Burma, the accuser and accused were each given
identical candles and were lighted at the same time. The candle that burns the longest determines
which the truth.

11. Donkey’s tail (Ash tail) Ordeal = a method of ordeal where all accused persons will be instructed to
select a cage with a donkey, using a donkey’s tail they will strike the donkey and whichever cries first will
be adjudged guilty.

12. The “Hereditary Sieve” = Dr. Hans Gross mentioned this Ordeal in his famous book on Criminal
Investigation in which beans were thrown into a sieve as the name of each suspect was called. The
deception criteria were described as follows--- “If the bean jumps out of the sieve, the owner of the
name pronounced is innocent, if the bean remains in the sieve, the person named is the thief.
Daniel Defoe = wrote an essay entitled, “An Effectual Scheme for the Preventing of Street Robberies and
Suppressing all other Disorders of the Night”

Angelo Mosso = In 1878, science came to the aid of the truth seeker through the research of an Italian
psychologist Angelo Mosso. He made used of an instrument called plethysmograph in his research on
emotion and fear and its influence on the heart and respiration.

= developed a scientific cradle

Cesare Lombroso = In 1895, Cesare Lombroso, an Italian Criminologist and tutor of Angelo Mosso,
published the second edition of his book entitled “L’Homme Criminel” which he relates the used of
hydrosphygmograph during interrogation of suspects. He called it blood pressure pulse test.

= he is considered as the first person to conceive the idea of lie detection and the first to apply
the technique in actual criminal suspects

Francis Galton = in 1879, introduced the Word Association Test using series of irrelevant questions and
relevant question separated in time.

B. Sticker = believed that the origin of the galvanic skin phenomenon was under the influence of the
exciting mental impressions and that the will has no effect upon it.

= he made the earliest application of psychogalvanometer to forensic problems.

Sir James Mackenzie = an English clinician and cardiologist, constructed the Clinical Polygraph in 1892,

S. Veraguth = he is said to be the first person to use the term Psychogalvanic Reflex. Veraguth was the
first scientist to use the word association test with galvanometer.

Vittorio Benussi = in March 1913, he presented a paper before the second meeting of the Italian Society
for Psychology in Rome where he described how he record the subject’s breathing patter using a Marey
Pneumograph which he noted the changes in inspiration-expiration ratio during deception.

Dr. William M. Marston = in 1915 was credited as the creator of the systolic blood-pressure test used in
an attempt to detect deception during questioning, and using a standard blood pressure cuff and
stethescope, requiring repeated inflation of the pressure cuff to obtain readings at intervals during
examination. This was called Discontinuous Technique.

Harold Burtt = In 1918, Burtt suggested that the changes in respiration were an indication of deception.

John A. Larson = encouraged by August Vollmer of the Berkeley Police Department to conduct a
research on deception.

Polygraph – capable of recording continually and simultaneously the respiration and cardiovascular
activities.
 = today he is known as the Father of Scientific Lie Detection and at the same time the Father of
Polygraph

Leonarde Keeler = in 1926, he made a modification of Larson’s instrument. He developed that metal
bellows and kymograph that pulled a chart paper at a constant speed under recording pens from a roll
of chart located inside the instrument.

Ruckmick = in 1936, the term Psychogalvanic Reflex used by Veraguth was repudiated by Ruckmick and
proposed the term Electrodermal Response.

John E. Reid = in 1950, he developed the Control Question which consist of a known lie and
incorporated it into the relevant/irrelevant technique.

Cleve Backster = developed the psychological set theory and the anticlimax dampening concept.

Richard O. Arther = introduced the Arther II polygraph instrument which contains a stimulus marker
capable of recording the beginning and ending of question and the moment the examinee answered.

Homeostasis = is complex interactive regulatory system by which the body strives to maintain a state of
internal equilibrium.

Hypothalamus = is a series of groups of nerve cells of the brain that control the entire endocrine-
hormonal system.

Fight, flight, freeze = are the three stereotypic behavioral responses to threat, sometimes simply called
F3.

Epinephrine = is the hormonal stimulator of the sympathetic nervous system. It acts to constrict
peripheral blood flow, raise blood pressure, increase cardiac activity, promote metabolic activity
through the release of glucose, and inhibit digestive processes.

Norepinephrine = is a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland, it works alongside with

epinephrine/adrenaline to give the body sudden energy in times of stress, known as the "fight or flight"
response.

Galvanograph = designed to detect changes in skin resistance of the subject.

Keymograph = serves as the paper feed mechanism of the polygraph machine

= It is a motor that pulls or drives the cart paper under the recording pen simultaneously at the
rate of five seconds per vertical chart division or twelve divisions in one minute run.

Capillary Ink = a water based ink intended for polygraph instruments

Relevant Question = a question deals with the matter under investigation. Color coded red in
computerized instruments. It is designed to generate reactions from deceptive subject.

Sacrifice Relevant Question = it introduces the relevant question to the subject

= designed to absorb the response generated by the introduction of relevant question in the
series

Primary Relevant (Strong Relevant) = addresses the primary issue or direct involvement of the subject
on the matter under question. It is use primarily with the single-issue examination.

Secondary Relevant (Weak Relevant) = deals with the physical acts that support the primary issue. This
is usually use in multi-issue examination.

Guilty Knowledge = designed to probe whether the subject possesses information regarding the identity
of the offender or the facts of the case under question.

Evidence Connecting Question = test question in which the examinee is asked about a particular piece
of physical evidence that would incriminate the guilty person. It could be items left at the crime scene by
the perpetrator or stolen property.

Comparison Question = a question which is the same in nature with that of the relevant question but
broad in scope.

Directed Lie Comparison Question (DLC) = a comparison question in which the examinee is instructed
by the examiner to answer the questions untruthfully.

Probable Lie Comparison Question (PLC) = a question to which it is likely that the examinee is untruthful
with his answer.

Relevant/Irrelevant Test = consists primarily of series of irrelevant questions and relevant question
pertaining to the crime under investigation. Developed by Keeler.

Peak of Tension Test = consist of only one relevant and a series of irrelevant questions.

Subject = is any person who undergoes polygraph examination.

Polygraph Examination = a process that encompasses all activities that take place between a polygraph
examiner and an examinee during a specific series of interactions.

Post-test Interview or Interrogation = is an interview or an interrogation administered by a polygraph

examiner after the test designed to obtain confession or admission by the subject.

interview is conducted when the reactions indicate an innocent response and very cooperative to the
examiner.
interrogation is conducted when the reactions show sign of deception and being uncooperative to
open an information.

X – it indicates the start of the test. The examiner informs the subject that the test is
about to begin.

I I – is a stimulus mark. The first vertical line marks when the examiner starts asking
question. Second vertical line marks when the examiner finishes asking question.

+ - a positive sign which indicates that the subject answers the question with “yes”. This
also indicates the period when the subject answers the question and usually followed by
a “number” indicating the order number of question, example +3, +4, +5….)

– a negative sign indicating that the subject answers the stimulus with “no”. This also
indicates the period when the subject answers the question and usually followed by a
“number”.

XX – indicates the end of test.

Artifact = A change in an examinee’s physiological pattern that is not attributable to a reviewed test
question. It includes examinee’s movements during the examination.