FRAMECAD Structure Engineering Method

FRAMECAD Structure
Engineering Method
Version 9.1 – October 2019

FRAMECAD Structure Engineering Method October 2019
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Contents
Disclaimer i
Intellectual Property Notice i
Confidentiality i
1 PREFACE 1
2 CAPABILITIES AND APPLICATIONS 2
2.1 FRAMECAD Structure Capabilities .......................................................................................... 2
2.2 FRAMECAD Structure Engineering Application ...................................................................... 2
3 DESIGN LOADS 4
3.1 Gravity Loads .......................................................................................................................... 4
3.2 Snow Loads............................................................................................................................. 4
3.3 Wind Loads ............................................................................................................................. 4
3.3.1 Wind Definitions ..................................................................................................................... 4
3.3.2 Wind Pressure Calculations .................................................................................................... 5
4 WALL PANEL ENGINEERING 8

4.1 Design Loads for walls ............................................................................................................ 8
4.1.1 Wind Loads Calculation for walls ........................................................................................... 8
4.1.2 Point loads ............................................................................................................................ 12
4.2 Stud Design........................................................................................................................... 12
4.2.1 Stud Load Combinations ...................................................................................................... 12
4.2.2 Stud Capacities and Section Properties ................................................................................ 14
4.2.3 Stud Design Checks .............................................................................................................. 15
4.3 Jamb Stud Design ................................................................................................................. 17
4.4 Header Design ...................................................................................................................... 17
4.4.1 Header Load Combinations .................................................................................................. 17
4.4.2 Header Capacities ................................................................................................................. 20
4.4.3 Header Design Check............................................................................................................ 24
4.4.4 Head and Sill Check .............................................................................................................. 24
4.5 Wall Panel Reaction.............................................................................................................. 26
4.5.1 IBC 2009 LRFD ...................................................................................................................... 26
4.5.2 IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2015 LRFD, AND IBC 2018 LRFD ............................................................ 26
4.5.3 IBC 2009 ASD ........................................................................................................................ 26
4.5.4 IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 ASD, AND IBC 2018 ASD ................................................................. 26
4.5.5 ABNT NBR 14762:2009 ......................................................................................................... 26
4.5.6 CSA S136 2007 LSD AND NBCC 2010 .................................................................................... 26
4.5.7 NBCC 2015 ............................................................................................................................ 27

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4.5.8 NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010 and AS/NZS 1170:2002 .............................. 27
4.5.9 SANS 517:2013 ..................................................................................................................... 27
4.5.10 GB 50009-2012 ..................................................................................................................... 27
4.5.11 EN 1990:2002-MEAN and EN 1990:2002-GUST ................................................................... 27
4.5.12 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011 ........................................................................................................... 27
4.6 Top Plate Analysis................................................................................................................. 28
4.6.1 Load Combinations ............................................................................................................... 28
4.6.2 Top Plate Design Check ........................................................................................................ 29
4.7 Bracing analysis .................................................................................................................... 30
4.7.1 Wind Force ........................................................................................................................... 30
4.7.2 Earthquake Force ................................................................................................................. 33
4.7.3 Bracing Resistance ................................................................................................................ 39
4.7.4 Strength METHOD: Bracing Density ..................................................................................... 42
4.7.5 Rigid Diaphragm Method (For the IBC, NBCC, AND CSA loading codes) .............................. 45
5 TRUSS ENGINEERING 51
5.1 Principles of Operations ....................................................................................................... 51
5.2 Options to take in account finished geometry and truss exposure ..................................... 51
5.2.1 Ceiling to top chord .............................................................................................................. 51
5.2.2 Suspended ceiling ................................................................................................................. 51
5.2.3 Shuttered conditions ............................................................................................................ 51
5.3 Design Loads for trusses ....................................................................................................... 51
5.3.1 Design Wind Loads ............................................................................................................... 52
5.3.2 Point Load............................................................................................................................. 58
5.4 Effective Length Factor ......................................................................................................... 58
5.4.1 In Line Truss.......................................................................................................................... 58
5.4.2 Back to Back Truss ................................................................................................................ 59
5.4.3 Truncated and User trusses.................................................................................................. 59
5.4.4 Serviceability Limits .............................................................................................................. 59
5.4.5 Truss Load Combinations ..................................................................................................... 60
5.4.6 Truss Capacities and Section Properties .............................................................................. 63
5.4.7 Truss Design Checks ............................................................................................................. 65
5.4.8 Girder Truss .......................................................................................................................... 70
6 Floor Engineering 71
6.1 Principles of Operations ....................................................................................................... 71
6.2 Design Loads for Joists ......................................................................................................... 71
6.2.1 Point Load............................................................................................................................. 71
6.3 Joist Design ........................................................................................................................... 71
6.3.1 Serviceability Limits .............................................................................................................. 72
6.3.2 Joist Load Combinations ....................................................................................................... 72
6.3.3 Joist Capacities and Section Properties ................................................................................ 74

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6.3.4 Joist Design Checks ............................................................................................................... 74

6.3.5 JOIST USAGE ......................................................................................................................... 76
6.3.6 Joist Beam and Beam Bearer ................................................................................................ 76
APPENDIX A – AVAILABLE SECTION 78

APPENDIX B –STRUCTURE SECTION CAPACITIES CALCULATION FOLLOWING THE AISI S100/CSA S136
DESIGN CODES 79
B.1 LC section ............................................................................................................................. 79
B.1.1 Tension capacity ................................................................................................................... 79
B.1.2 Shear Capacity ...................................................................................................................... 79
B.1.3 Compression Capacity .......................................................................................................... 80
B.1.4 Bending Capacity .................................................................................................................. 80
B.2 OC section ............................................................................................................................ 82
B.2.1 Tension capacity .................................................................................................................. 82
B.2.2 Shear Capacity ..................................................................................................................... 82
B.2.3 Compression Capacity ......................................................................................................... 82
B.3 LE section ............................................................................................................................. 83
B.3.1 Tension capacity .................................................................................................................. 83
B.3.2 Shear Capacity ..................................................................................................................... 83
B.4 OE section............................................................................................................................. 85
B.4.1 Tension capacity ................................................................................................................... 85
B.4.2 Shear Capacity ...................................................................................................................... 85
B.5 LD and LB section ................................................................................................................. 86
B.6 LCLE section .......................................................................................................................... 87
APPENDIX C –STRUCTURE SECTION CAPACITIES CALCULATION FOLLOWING THE ASNZS 4600:2005 DESIGN
CODE 88
C.1 LC section ............................................................................................................................. 88
C.1.1 Tension capacity .................................................................................................................. 88
C.1.2 Shear Capacity ..................................................................................................................... 88
C.1.3 Compression Capacity ......................................................................................................... 88
C.1.4 Bending Capacity ................................................................................................................. 89
C.2 OC section ............................................................................................................................ 90
C.2.2 Shear Capacity ..................................................................................................................... 90

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C.3 LE section ............................................................................................................................. 91

C.3.2 Shear Capacity ..................................................................................................................... 91
C.4 OE section............................................................................................................................. 93
C.4.2 Shear Capacity ..................................................................................................................... 93
C.5 LD and LB section ................................................................................................................. 94
C.6 LCLE section .......................................................................................................................... 95
APPENDIX D –STRUCTURE SECTION CAPACITIES CALCULATION FOLLOWING THE EN 1993-1-3:2006 DESIGN

CODE 96
D.1 LC section ............................................................................................................................. 96
D.1.1 Tension capacity .................................................................................................................. 96
D.1.2 Shear Capacity ..................................................................................................................... 96
D.1.3 Compression Capacity ......................................................................................................... 96
D.1.4 Bending Capacity ................................................................................................................. 97
D.2 OC section ............................................................................................................................ 98
D.2.2 Shear Capacity ..................................................................................................................... 98
D.3 LE section ............................................................................................................................. 99
D.3.2 Shear Capacity ..................................................................................................................... 99
D.4 OE section........................................................................................................................... 100
D.4.1 Tension capacity ................................................................................................................ 100
D.4.2 Shear Capacity ................................................................................................................... 100
D.4.3 Compression Capacity ....................................................................................................... 100
D.4.4 Bending Capacity ............................................................................................................... 100
D.5 LD and LB section ............................................................................................................... 101
D.6 LCLE section ........................................................................................................................ 102
D.7 LF section............................................................................................................................ 103

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1 PREFACE
This document applies to version 9.1 of the FRAMECAD Structure Software. The software’s engineering
modules implement detailed calculation for selected loading and material design standards, with load actions
and section properties and capacities calculated for each component in real time. This document gives a
basic outline of the calculations performed and methods used.
A list of sections that are covered by this software is provided in Appendix A.

1
2 CAPABILITIES AND APPLICATIONS

2.1 FRAMECAD STRUCTURE CAPABILITIES
FRAMECAD Structure has three design modules. The design capabilities of these modules are:
Walls
- Wall layout tools
- Automated frame panel detailer for specified framing system
- Stud member engineering design for uniform roof, floor, and face wind loading
- Opening jamb stud and brace collector stud take down loads
- Top plate member engineering design for truss and floor joist loading
- Wall header beam engineering design for uniform roof and floor loading
- Wall bracing capacity calculator
- Wind and seismic lateral load calculator
Trusses
- Roof layout generator and tools
- Automated truss frame detailer for specified framing system
- Truss engineering design for uniform loading
- Truss hold down load calculator
Floors
- Floor layout generator and tools
- Automated floor joist detailer for specified framing system
- Floor Joist engineering design for uniform loading
- Engineering for concentrated loads for floor beams
2.2 FRAMECAD STRUCTURE ENGINEERING APPLICATION

The FRAMECAD Structure Software provides Engineering for framing components as specified in section
2.1. The general application for the software is residential and light commercial/industrial low-rise buildings
with a load bearing wall system.
It is important to note that the software is a design tool. Additional Engineering and Detailing input will be
required from suitably skilled professionals to generate a complete a fully engineered building design.
The following table provides some guidance on additional Engineering considerations.
Building Parameter Engineering Consideration
Building size Design codes typically limit non-specific design to light structures of two to three
levels (Up to 10m in height). For building exceeding these limits specific design
input by Engineering professionals is generally required; particularly regarding
bracing, loads paths, and concentrated loads.
Structural System Structural systems incorporating concentrated loads or structure, such as
beam/column frames and portal frames require specific Engineered design
Truss and Joist The software designs most items with distributed loads. Therefore, where spacing
spacing exceeds industry norms (1200mm for light trusses, 600mm for heavy trusses and
floor joists), the design assumptions may not be valid.
Snow loading The software designs for uniform snow load. For locations where the snow loads
are high, additional design may be required for areas where snow may build up.
Earthquake loading The software uses the code simplified design methods as applicable for low
seismic hazard (light to moderate events for lightweight buildings). In other
applications; high seismicity regions, mid-rise buildings, heavy buildings (where
material such as brick cladding or concrete floors used), specific design will be
required.

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Wall Bracing Wall design assumes that suitable floor and roof diaphragms are provided and
that the bracing placement and distribution meets code requirements. The validity
of these assumptions should be verified, particularly for buildings with large open
rooms and extensive or irregular wall openings.
Site Connections Site connections between each framing component are required to ensure
structural integrity. These connections need to be specified by the designer
Additionally, the following Limitations and Issues are highlighted for specific component design.
Wall Framing Engineering:
- Stud in wall panels are designed considering uniform loads (averaged over panel) unless wall type
set as ‘Load Bearing’
- Studs are designed assuming that studs on upper levels are aligned with those on lower levels, or
that a suitable load transfer system is provided where studs are not aligned.
- Stud Engineering does not take account of any lip, web, or flange notches
- Hold-down quantities and their locations are prescriptive only and not calculated.
- Brace overturning actions are not transferred to wall panels below unless rigid diaphragm design
option is selected.
- Headers are not designed for brace overturning actions
- Header Engineering does not take account of any web or flange notches
- Diaphragm action is not analysed or designed (Warnings issued for brace line spacing).
Trusses Engineering:
- Software does not make sure the quantity of screws actually fit at a joint.
- Girder trusses are being designed for the effective distributed load and not the actual point loads.
- Engineering does not take any account of web or flange notches except where explicitly specified in
this manual. Web & flange notches must not be detailed in structural members unless they are
reinforced in accordance with an Engineers specification
- Software only considers deflection check for the whole truss rather than individual chord panels
- For rafters, the net Pressure coefficient considered is the roof external pressure coefficient in all
cases
Floor Engineering:
- Software does not make sure the quantity of screws actually fit at a joint
- Joists designed for uniform loads unless user sets member type to Joist Beam or Beam Bearer
- Software does not design Joists for any wall loads from above (whether at support for load bearing
transfer, or with span).
- Engineering does not take any account of web or flange notches except where explicitly specified in
this manual. Web & flange notches must not be detailed in structural members unless they are
reinforced in accordance with an Engineers specification
Panel Beam:
- Software does not perform any engineering analysis for panel beams
- The loads on panel beam are not carried by any structure
- Structural support for the panel beam needs to be specified

3
3 DESIGN LOADS
3.1 GRAVITY LOADS
Building weight (dead) and imposed (live) user specified area loads are applied to the structural components.
Default values are set for each loading code. An additional allowance is made the self-weight of the framing
components.
Gtruss Truss self-weight (kPa) Gtruss = 0.06 / truss spacing (m)
Gwall Wall self-weight (kPa) Gwall = 0.06 / truss spacing (m)
GJoist Joist self-weight (kPa) Gjoist = 0.06 / truss spacing (m)
3.2 SNOW LOADS

The ultimate snow load Sg is entered by the user in TSET, it is the basic ground snow pressure in kPa (psf).
The design snow pressure S is then calculated according to the following equation:
S = Sa . Ss . Sg
With
Ss Snow slope factor
Sa Snow adjustement factor
Note: Most code will have adjustment factor to calculate snow roof pressure. Make sure your snow
adjustment factor takes those into consideration.
3.3 WIND LOADS

The wind speed expressed is the basic design wind speed expressed in metres per second for metric users
and miles per hour for imperial users. From this wind speed, the free stream gust wind pressures are
derived unless specified otherwise. If the wind speed has a trailing ‘C’ then cyclonic conditions are assumed.
3.3.1 WIND DEFINITIONS

3.3.1.1 IBC 2012
The basic design wind speed Vu is the 3-second gust wind speed correspond to a return period of 700 years
(7% probability of exceedance in 50 years).
3.3.1.2 IBC 2009

The basic design wind speed Vu is the 3-second gust wind speed correspond to a return period of 50 years.
3.3.1.3 CSA S136 2007 LSD, NBCC 2010, AND NBCC 2015
The reference wind speeds are one-hour average wind speeds corresponding to a return period of 50 years.
3.3.1.4 ABNT NBR 14762:2009

The basic design wind speed Vu is the 3-second gust wind speed correspond to a return period of 50 years.
3.3.1.5 NASH AS 2010 and AS 3623-1993

Vu = basic design wind speed
Normal Cyclonic
Wind Category Design wind speed Vu Wind Category Design wind speed Vu
N1 34 m/s C1 50 m/s

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N1.5 37 m/s C1.5 55 m/s

N2 40 m/s C2 61 m/s
N2.5 45 m/s C2.5 68 m/s
N3 50 m/s C3 74 m/s
N3.5 55 m/s C3.5 80 m/s
N4 61 m/s C4 86 m/s
N4.5 68 m/s
N5 74 m/s
N5.5 80 m/s
N6 86 m/s
3.3.1.6 NASH NZ 2010

Vu = basic design wind speed
Design wind speed Vu
LOW 32 m/s
MEDIUM 37 m/s
HIGH 44 m/s
VERY HIGH 50 m/s
EXTRA HIGH 55 m/s
3.3.1.7 AS/NZS 1170:2002, GB 50009-2012 and SANS 517:2013

The basic design wind speed Vu (in m/s, or mph for imperial) is entered by the user followed by “W”. If the
wind speed has a trailing ‘C’ then cyclonic conditions are assumed.
Vu is a 3-seconds gust wind speed for ultimate limite state return period.
3.3.1.8 EN 1990:2002-MEAN
The basic design wind speed Vb is the 10 minutes mean wind speed at 10m above ground level.
3.3.1.9 EN 1990:2002-GUST
The basic design wind V speed is the gust wind speed (such as recommended in the NV65 for instance)
3.3.1.10 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

The basic design wind speed V50 is the mean wind speed corresponding to 10 min intervals and a return
period of 50 years.
3.3.2 WIND PRESSURE CALCULATIONS

3.3.2.1 IBC 2009 LRFD, IBC 2009 ASD, IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2012 ASD
qu = ultimate wind pressure = 0.000613(Vu)2
Pw = Directional Design Wind Pressure = 0.85 Kz.Kzt.I. qu
where,
Kz = Terrain Factor

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Kzt = Topographic Factor

I = Importance Factor (as defined by IBC 2009)
3.3.2.2 CSA S136 2007 LSD, NBCC 2010, AND NBCC 2015 (CANADIAN CODE)
Pw = Design Wind Pressure = Ce.Iw.Ct qu
where,
Ce = Exposure Factor
Iw = Importance Factor
Ct = Topography Factor
3.3.2.3 ABNT NBR 14762:2009 (BRAZILIAN CODE)

Pw = Design Wind Pressure = (S1 . S2 . S3)2 . qu
where,
S1 = Topographic Factor
S2 = Terrain Factor
S3 = Factor based on probability
3.3.2.4 NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993 AND NASH NZ 2010

Pw = Directional Design Wind Pressure = 0.0006(Vu)2
3.3.2.5 AS/NZS 1170:2002

Pw = Directional Design Wind Pressure = (Mz,cat . Ms . Mt) 2. qu
where,
Mz,cat = Terrain/height multiplier
Ms = Shielding multiplier
Mt = Topographic multiplier
3.3.2.6 SANS 517:2013

Pw = Directional Design Wind Pressure = (m(A)/2000)(1.4 Cr)2(Vu)2
where,
m(A) = Air density
Cr = Terrain Factor
3.3.2.7 GB 50009-2012
Pw = Directional Design Wind Pressure = 0.0006(Vu)2Uz Bz
where,
Uz = Exposure Factor
Bz = Wind Vibration Factor
3.3.2.8 EN 1990:2002-MEAN
qb(Z) = Peak wind pressure = 0.000625 . ce(Z) . Vb2
where,
ce(Z) = Exposure Factor
3.3.2.9 EN 1990:2002-GUST
q = Dynamic pressure = 0.000625 . C . V2

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C = Terrain Factor.
If using ce(Z) from EN 1990:2002-MEAN C = ce(Z) / 2.35
3.3.2.10 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

qu = ultimate wind pressure = 0.00043 . 1.7 . k(Ze) V502
where,
k(Ze) = Exposure factor

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4 WALL PANEL ENGINEERING

Engineered items are designed when ‘PUA’, ‘PPD’ and ‘PCB’ commands are initiated on the wall panel
layouts. The software finds the imposed loads from the roof truss and floor framing on referenced layouts,
and converts these loads to uniformly distributed loads considering the load tributary width. Tributary width is
the loading width from the roof trusses and or floor between supports. Support could be load bearing walls,
beams, and/or girder trusses.
The tributary load width can be manually modified by adding a truss span or a floor span using the ‘LI’
command. Half of this manually entered span will be added to the existing floor and/or truss tributary width.
Note that the manually added loads on trusses and joist (using the TPL command) are not taken into account
for the wall analysis.
The horizontal wind loads are calculated according to the usage of the wall panels, external walls use
external wind coefficients and internal walls use internal wind coefficients.
Stud Spacing, as well as the number of Jamb Studs and the optimized headers for each opening, are
determined through all the following design checks:
• Stud checks (results shown in the stud design report using the ‘PPD’
• Top Plate checks (results shown on details drawings)
• Header checks (results shown in the opening engineering report using the ‘LI’ command on
openings)
• Bracing Checks (results shown in the Lateral Bracing Calculation using the ‘PCB’ command)
The stud design report and the opening engineering report are automatically generated by the software.
There are 3 types of wall system:

• Load Bearing walls: Considers all loads and does all checks
• Structural walls: Considers all loads and does all checks except the top plate check.
• Non-Load Bearing walls: Does not consider any axial loads. Takes in account horizontal loads such
as wind horizontal and point loads.
4.1 DESIGN LOADS FOR WALLS

Loads used in Load combinations are defined as below:
G Dead Load
Q1 max(Q2, Q3 )
Q2 Roof live Load
Q3 Floor Live Load
Q4 Q2 + Q3
S Snow
Wu Wind up
Wd Wind down
Wh Wind Horizontal
P1 Applied point load
P2 Impact point load
4.1.1 WIND LOADS CALCULATION FOR WALLS

4.1.1.1 IBC 2009 LRFD, IBC 2009 ASD, IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC 2015 ASD,
IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2018 ASD, NBCC 2010, NBCC 2015, AND CSA S136 2007 LSD.
Wh Wind load horizontal Wh = Ch Pw
Where,
Ch = Net Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic External Wall Ch = 1.20

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Non-cyclonic Internal Wall Ch = 0.40

Cyclonic* External Wall Ch = 1.55
Cyclonic* Internal Wall Ch = 0.75
Wu Wind Upward Wu = Pw [Cpe- + Cpi+]

Wd Wind Downward Wd = Pw [Cpe+ + Cpi-]
Where,
Cpe Roof External pressure coefficient
Non-cyclonic Wall Cpe- = 0.9
Cpe+ = 0.2
Cyclonic* Wall Cpe- = 0.9
Cpe+ = 0.2
Cpi Roof Internal pressure coefficient

Non-cyclonic Wall Cpi+ = 0.18
Cpi- = 0.18
Cyclonic* Wall Cpi+ = 0.55
Cpi- = 0.55
*For cyclonic and non-shuttered conditions.
4.1.1.2 ABNT NBR 14762:2007

Where,

Where,
Cpe+ = 0.4
Cpe+ = 0.4

Cpi- = 0.3
Cpi- = 0.65
4.1.1.3 NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010 AND AS/NZS 1170:2002.

Where,
Wu Wind Upward Wu = 0.9 . Pw [Cpe- + Cpi+]

9
Wd Wind Downward Wd = 0.9 . Pw [Cpe+ + Cpi-]

Where,
Cpe+ = 0.4
Cpe+ = 0.4

Cpi- = 0.3
Cpi- = 0.65
4.1.1.4 SANS 517:2013

Where,

Where,
Cpe+ = 0.4
Cpe+ = 0.4

Cpi- = 0.3
Cpi- = 0.65
4.1.1.5 GB 50009-2012
Where,

Where,
Cpe+ = 0.2

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Cpe+ = 0.2

Cpi- = 0.2
Cpi- = 0.65
4.1.1.6 EN 1990:2002-MEAN AND EN 1990:2002-GUST.

Where,

Where,
Cpe+ = 0.2
Cpe+ = 0.2

Cpi- = 0.3
Cpi- = 0.65
4.1.1.7 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011.

Where,

Where,
Cpe+ = 0.4
Cpe+ = 0.4

Cpi- = 0.3

11

Cpi- = 0.65
4.1.2 POINT LOADS

IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2018 ASD, NBCC 2010, NBCC 2015, CSA S136 2007 LSD, ABNT NBR
14762:200, NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, AS/NZS 1170:2002 AND SNIP
2.01.07-85:2011
P1 Applied point load P1 = 1.1 kN (250 lb).
P2 Point Load applied at mid height of the stud and considered to be distributed over a
panel length of 1m.
P2 = 0.7 kN
4.1.2.2 SANS 517:2013 , GB 50009-2012, EN 1990:2002-MEAN AND EN 1990:2002-GUST

P1 Applied point load P1 = 1.0 kN.
P2 Point Load applied at mid height of the stud and considered to be distributed over a
panel length of 1m.
P2 = 0.7 kN
4.2 STUD DESIGN

The ‘Y’ direction lengths of the studs are calculated to be the maximum spacing between the noggins and
the ‘X’ direction length is the overall length of the stud between the top and bottom plates. Where a restraint
height has been set in ‘LI’, the height in the ‘X’ direction is assumed to be this value.
Design checks are carried to the following design standards for the listed load combinations. Stud capacities
are calculated in accordance with the selected design standards (AISI S100-2007, AS/NZS 4600:2005 or
EN 1993-1-3:2006) using effective section properties calculated using the Standard method.
4.2.1 STUD LOAD COMBINATIONS

4.2.1.1 IBC 2009 LRFD
LC1 1.2G + 1.6Q2 + 1.0Q3 Strength check
LC2 1.2G + 0.5Q2 (or S) + 1.6Q3 Strength check
LC3 1.2G + 1.0Q3 + 1.6S Strength check
LC4 1.2G + 1.6 P1 Strength check
LC5 1.2G + 0.5Q4 (or S) + 1.6Wh Strength check
LC6 0.9G + 1.6Wu + 1.6Wh Strength check
LC7 0.7Wh Serviceability check
LC8 P2 Serviceability check
4.2.1.2 IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2015 LRFD, AND IBC 2018 LRFD

12
4.2.1.3 IBC 2009 ASD

LC1 1.0G + 1.0Q1 Strength check
LC3 1.0G + 1.0S Strength check
LC6 1.0G + 1.0Wh Strength check
4.2.1.4 IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 ASD, AND IBC 2018 ASD
LC6 1.0G + 0.6 Wh Strength check
4.2.1.5 ABNT NBR 14762:2009

LC5 1.25G + 0.75Q3 + 1.4Wh + 1.0S Strength check
LC6 1.0G + 1.4 Wu + 1.4 Wh Strength check
4.2.1.6 CSA S136 2007 LSD AND NBCC 2010

LC6 1.0G + 1.4 Wu + 1.4 Wh Strength check
LC8 1.0 P2 Serviceability check
4.2.1.7 NBCC 2015

LC6 0.9G + 1.4 Wu Strength check
4.2.1.8 NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010 AND AS/NZS 1170:2002


13

LC5 1.2G + 0.4Q3 + 1.0Wh + 1.0Wd Strength check
4.2.1.9 SANS 517:2013

LC5 1.2G + 1.3Wh + 1.3Wd Strength check
4.2.1.10 GB 50009-2012
4.2.1.11 EN 1990:2002-MEAN AND EN 1990:2002-GUST

LC5 1.35G + 1.05Q3 + 1.5 (or 1.75 if Cyclonic) Wh + 0.75S Strength check
LC6 1.0G + 1.5 (or 1.75 if Cyclonic) (Wu + Wh) Strength check
4.2.1.12 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

LC4 1.1G + 1.2P1 Strength check
4.2.2 STUD CAPACITIES AND SECTION PROPERTIES

In the stud design report, the section capacities are reported for each wall panel.
Stud section available for design are:

14
See Appendix B for calculation details of section and member capacity.
4.2.2.1 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011, IBC 2009 LRFD, IBC 2009 ASD, IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2012 ASD, IBC
2015 LRFD, IBC 2015 ASD AND CSA S136 2007 LSD
The buckling length are:
• Lx = Stud Height
• Ly = Nog Spacing
• Lt = Min (Lx, Ly)
4.2.2.2 ABNT NBR 14762:2009, NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, AS/NZS 1170:2002
SANS 517:2013
The buckling lengths are:
• Lx = 0.8 x Stud Height
• Ly = 0.8 x Nog Spacing

• Lx = Stud Height
• Ly = 0.8 x Nog Spacing
4.2.2.4 GB 50009-2012
• Lx = 0.8 x Stud Height
• Ly = Nog Spacing
4.2.3 STUD DESIGN CHECKS

The maximum Stud Spacing SS is calculated for each load combinations. It is determined considering
strength checks (compression, compression and Bending combined checks) and serviceability checks
(deflection checks).
LC1 (Compression check)

15

LC5 (Combined compression and bending check)
LC6 (Combined compression and bending check)
LC7 (Deflection check)
LC8 (Deflection check)
4.2.3.1 STRENGTH CHECK

4.2.3.1.1 IBC 2009 LRFD, IBC 2009 ASD, IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 LRFD, IBC 2015 ASD, IBC
2018 LRFD, IBC 2018 ASD, NBCC 2010, NBCC 2015, CSA S136 2007 LSD, ABNT NBR 14762:2009,
NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, AS/NZS 1170, SANS 517:2013 and GB 50009-2012
4.2.3.1.1.1 Compression Check:

|N|
< 1.0
𝑃𝑛
4.2.3.1.1.2 Combined Compression and Bending Check:

|𝑁|
If < 0.15 ,
𝑃𝑛
|𝑁| |𝑀|
( + ) < 1.0
𝑃𝑛 𝑀𝑛𝑥
Else,
|𝑁| 0.85. |𝑀| |𝑁| |𝑀|
max [ ( + ) ,( + )] < 1.0
𝑃𝑛 𝛼𝑥. 𝑀𝑛𝑥 𝑃𝑛𝑜 𝑀𝑛𝑥
Where,
N Compression Load
M Bending Moment
Pn Compression Capacity of the stud. See Appendix B for calculation details.
Mnx Bending Capacity of the stud. See Appendix B for calculation details.
𝛼𝑥 Magnification factors 𝛼𝑥 = 1 - |N|/PEx
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼𝑥
PEx Elastic Buckling Strength PEx =
𝐿𝑥 2
4.2.3.1.2 EN 1990:2002-MEAN and EN 1990:2002-GUST

4.2.3.1.2.1 Compression Check:
|N|
< 1.0 EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.46)
𝑁𝑐
4.2.3.1.2.2 Combined Compression and Bending Check:

|𝑀| 0.8 |𝑁| 0.8
( ) +( ) < 1.0 EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.36)
𝑀𝑛𝑐 𝑁𝑐

16
Where,
N Compression Load
M Bending Moment
Nc Member Compression Capacity of the stud. See Appendix B for calculation details.
Mnc Member Bending Capacity of the stud. See Appendix B for calculation details.
4.2.3.2 SERVICEABILITY CHECK

For serviceability limits LC7 (wind horizontal)   L / 240mm or 20mm
LC8 (point load)   L / 200mm or 12mm
4.3 JAMB STUD DESIGN

The minimum number of jamb stud required is calculated considering the previous stud design results. It is
the minimum number of single jamb stud on each side of the opening. In case of boxed or back to back stud,
it reports the number of single stud, and not the number of pairs.
Number of Jamb stud required = (W + stud spacing) / (2 SS)

Where,
W Opening Width
Stud Spacing Actual Stud Spacing
SS Nominal Stud spacing
4.4 HEADER DESIGN

4.4.1 HEADER LOAD COMBINATIONS
4.4.1.1 IBC 2009 LRFD
LC5 1.2G + 1.6Wd + 0.5Q2 Strength check
LC6 0.9G + 1.6Wu Strength check
LC7 G + Q1 Serviceability check
LC8 0.7 Wu Serviceability check
LC10 1.6Wh Face Strength check
LC11 0.7 Wu Face Serviceability check

17
4.4.1.3 IBC 2009 ASD

LC8 0.7Wu Serviceability check
4.4.1.5 ABNT NBR 14762:2009

LC5 1.25G + 1.4Wd + 0.75 Q3 + 1.0S Strength check
4.4.1.6 CSA S136 2007 LSD AND NBCC 2010

LC5 1.25G + 1.4Wd +0.5Q3 + 0.5S Strength check

18
4.4.1.7 NBCC 2015

LC5 1.25G + 1.4Wd +0.5Q3 + 0.5S Strength check

LC5 1.2G + 1.0Wd Strength check
4.4.1.9 SANS 517:2013

4.4.1.10 GB 50009-2012

19

LC6 1.0G + 1.5 (or 1.75 if cyclonic) Wu Strength check
LC10 1.5 (or 1.75 if cyclonic) Wh Face Strength check
4.4.1.12 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

4.4.2 HEADER CAPACITIES

4.4.2.1 HEADER TYPE
4.4.2.1.1 Lintel Head
Lintel Head have vertical web. They can be reinforced with L plate screwed on top of the header. There are
3 types of Lintel Head (see figure bellow):
• Head Vertical Web – No L plate
• 1 Lplated Head Vertical Web – 1 Top L plate
• 2 Lplated Head Vertical Web – 2 Top L plate
4.4.2.1.2 Webbed Head

Webbed Head can be reinforced with L plate screwed on top of the header. There are 3 types of Webbed
Head (see figure bellow):

20
• Webbed – No L plate
• 1 L plated Webbed Head – 1 Top L plate
• 2 L plated Webbed Head – 2 Top L plate
4.4.2.1.3 Beam Head

Beam Head are made using single profile (single Beam) or back to back built up sections (double Beam).
The system is hold together by a top chord and a bottom chord.
There are2 types of Beam Head (see figure bellow):
• Single Beam – Single profile
• Double Beam – Back to Back built up section
4.4.2.2 HEADER CAPACITIES

4.4.2.2.1 Lintel Head Capacity
Bending Capacity Bending Capacity Shear Capacity Shear Inertia
Up Down Up Capacity
Down
Head MnxoLE MnxoLE VnLE VnLE IxLE
L plated Head MnxoLE MnxoLE + 𝑁𝑝 VnLE VnLN IxLE +𝑁𝑝 IxLN
MnxoLN
4.4.2.2.2 Webbed Head Capacity

Up Down Up Capacity
Down
Webbed PnoOE (D - ζ) PnoOE (D - ζ) Sin(θ)Vconn Sin(θ)Vconn (Agtop + Aghead)(D/2 )2
L plated Webbed PnoOE (D - ζ) PnoOE (D - ζ) + 𝑁𝑠 Sin(θ)Vconn Sin(θ)Vconn + (Agtop + Aghead + 2
Head 𝑁𝑝 MnxoLN 𝑁𝑝 VnLN 𝑁𝑝 AeLN)(D/2 )2
L plated Webbed PnoOE (D - ζ) + 2 PnoOE (D - ζ) + 𝑁𝑠 Sin(θ)Vconn Sin(θ)Vconn + (Agtop + Aghead + 2
Head Boxed PnoLE (D - ζ) 𝑁𝑝 MnxoLN 𝑁𝑝 VnLN 𝑁𝑝 AeLN)(D/2 )2
4.4.2.2.3 Beam Head Capacity

21

Up Down Up Capacity
Down
Single Beam MnxoLC MnxoLC VnLC VnLC IxLC
Double Beam 2 MnxoLC 2 MnxoLC 2 VnLC 2 VnLC 2 IxLC
Where,
𝑁𝑝 Number of L Plate
𝑁𝑠 Number of screws on the bottom chord of the header.
= 2 When double screwed
MnxoLE Bending Section Capacity of Section Shape LE (Weak axis)
VnLE Shear Capacity Minor axis of Section Shape LE*
PnoOE Compression Section Capacity Minor axis of Section Shape OE (unlipped LE)*
PnLE Compression member capacity of section shape LE *
IxLE Second Moment of Inertia of Section Shape LE*
MnxoLN Bending Section Capacity of Section Shape LN (L Plate)
VnLN Shear Capacity Minor axis of Section Shape LN (L Plate)
IxLN Second Moment of Inertia of Section Shape LN (L Plate)
D Header Depth
ζ Flange Height
θ Web Angle with Horizontal
VConn Screw Connection Capacity
Agtop Gross section area of the top plate of the Header
Aghead Gross section area of the bottom plate of the Header
AeLN Effective section area of Section Shape LN (L Plate)
MnxoLC Bending Section Capacity of Section Shape LC (Major axis)*
VnLC Shear Capacity Minor axis of Section Shape LC (Major axis)*
IxLC Second Moment of Inertia of Section Shape LC (Major axis)*
*See Appendix B for calculation details.
4.4.2.2.4 Split Head Capacities (Head at Top)

4.4.2.2.4.1 Lintel Head Capacities
Up Down Up Capacity
Down
L plated Head MnxoLE MnxoLE + 𝑁𝑝 VnLE VnLN IxLE +𝑁𝑝 IxLN
MnxoLN
4.4.2.2.4.2 Webbed Head Capacity

Up Down Up Capacity
Down
Webbed PnoOE (D - ζ) PnoOE (D - ζ) Sin(θ)Vconn Sin(θ)Vconn (Agtop + Aghead)(D/2 )2
L plated Webbed 2 * PnoOE (D - ζ) PnoOE (D - ζ) + 𝑁𝑠 Sin(θ)Vconn Sin(θ)Vconn + (Agtop + Aghead + 2
Head 𝑁𝑝 MnxoLN 𝑁𝑝 VnLN 𝑁𝑝 AeLN)(D/2 )2

22
4.4.2.2.4.3 Beam Head Capacity

Up Down Up Capacity
Down
4.4.2.2.5 Split Head Capacities (Head at Bottom)

4.4.2.2.5.1 Lintel Head Capacities
Up Down Up Capacity
Down
4.4.2.2.5.2 Webbed Head Capacity

Up Down Up Capacity
Down
Webbed Split PnoOE (D - ζ) 2*PnoOE (D - ζ) 𝑁𝑠 Sin(θ)Vconn 𝑁𝑠 Sin(θ)Vconn (Agtop + Aghead)(D/2 )2
Webbed Split PnoOE (D - ζ) + 2 2*PnoOE (D - ζ) 𝑁𝑠 Sin(θ)Vconn 𝑁𝑠 Sin(θ)Vconn (Agtop + Aghead)(D/2 )2
boxed PnoLE (D - ζ)
4.4.2.2.5.3 Beam Head Capacity

Up Down Up Capacity
Down
Where,
𝑁𝑝 Number of L Plate
𝑁𝑠 Number of screws on the bottom chord of the header.
= 2 When double screwed
MnxoLE Bending Section Capacity of Section Shape LE (Weak axis)
VnLE Shear Capacity Minor axis of Section Shape LE*
PnoOE Compression Section Capacity Minor axis of Section Shape OE (unlipped LE)*
PnLE Compression member capacity of section shape LE *
IxLE Second Moment of Inertia of Section Shape LE*
MnxoLN Bending Section Capacity of Section Shape LN (L Plate)
VnLN Shear Capacity Minor axis of Section Shape LN (L Plate)
IxLN Second Moment of Inertia of Section Shape LN (L Plate)
D Header Depth
ζ Flange Height
θ Web Angle with Horizontal
VConn Screw Connection Capacity
Agtop Gross section area of the top plate of the Header
Aghead Gross section area of the bottom plate of the Header
AeLN Effective section area of Section Shape LN (L Plate)
MnxoLC Bending Section Capacity of Section Shape LC (Major axis)*

23
VnLC Shear Capacity Minor axis of Section Shape LC (Major axis)*

IxLC Second Moment of Inertia of Section Shape LC (Major axis)*
4.4.3 HEADER DESIGN CHECK

The optimised Header type is determined considering strength checks (Shear and Bending checks) and
serviceability checks (deflection checks).
4.4.3.1 BENDING CHECK

|𝑀|
< 1.0
𝑀𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟
Where,
M Bending Moment
M header Bending capacity of the header
4.4.3.2 SHEAR CHECK

|𝑉|
< 1.0
𝑉𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟
Where,
V Shear Load
V header Shear capacity of the header
4.4.3.3 DEFLECTION CHECK

For serviceability limits LC9 (Point load)   L / 300mm or 10mm
LC7 & LC8   L / 300mm or 10mm
4.4.4 HEAD AND SILL CHECK

The Head and Sill Check is a face check taking in account wind horizontal loads. It performs a bending
check and a deflection check.
The check can be turned ON and OFF by the user with the Window LI command in the “Construction
Methods” tab:

24
If the checks fail, the software will automatically add a boxed member to strengthen the failing head and (or)
sill.
Head and sill check calculation details are available in the header report.
4.4.4.1 HEAD AND SILL DEFLECTION CHECK
LC8 (Wind Horizontal)   min( L / 240mm , δ )

With,
δ (mm) = Deflection limit from datafile
4.4.4.2 HEAD AND SILL BENDING CHECK

|𝑀| |𝑀|
< 1.0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 < 1.0
𝑀𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑀𝑆𝑖𝑙𝑙
Where,
𝑀 = Bending moment calculated in accordance with Load Combination LC10 (Wind

Horizontal)
𝑀𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 Strong axis Moment Capacity of the head member
= MnxOC If head quantity = 1
= MnxOC + 2 MnxLC If head quantity = 2
𝑀𝑆𝑖𝑙𝑙 Strong axis Moment Capacity of the sill member

25
= MnxOC If sill quantity = 1

= MnxOC + 2 MnxLC If sill quantity = 2
With,
MnxOC Bending member Capacity of Section Shape OC (Strong axis unlipped)

MnxLC Bending member Capacity of Section Shape LC (Strong axis lipped)
4.5 WALL PANEL REACTION

4.5.1 IBC 2009 LRFD
LC1 1.2G + 1.6Q2 + 0.5 Q3
LC2 1.2G + 0.5Q2 + 1.6Q3
LC3 1.2G + 0.5Q2 + 1.6S
LC4 1.2G + 0.5Q2 + 1.6Wd
LC5 0.9G + 1.6Wu
4.5.2 IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2015 LRFD, AND IBC 2018 LRFD
LC1 1.2G + 1.6Q2 + 0.5 Q3
LC2 1.2G + 0.5Q2 + 1.6Q3
LC3 1.2G + 0.5Q2 + 1.6S
LC4 1.2G + 0.5Q2 + 1.0Wd
LC5 0.9G + 1.0Wu
4.5.3 IBC 2009 ASD

LC1 1.0G + 1.0Q2 + 1.0Q3
LC2 1.0G + 0.75Q3 + 0.75S
LC3 1.0G + 1.0S
LC4 1.0G + 0.75Q2 + 0.75Wd
LC5 1.0G + 0.6Wu
4.5.4 IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 ASD, AND IBC 2018 ASD
LC1 1.0G + 1.0Q2 + 1.0Q3
LC2 1.0G + 0.75Q3 + 0.45S
LC3 1.0G + 1.0S
LC4 1.0G + 0.75Q2 + 0.45Wd
LC5 0.6G + 0.6Wu
4.5.5 ABNT NBR 14762:2009

LC1 1.25G + 1.5Q2 + 1.0Q3
LC2 1.25G + 0.75Q2 + 1.5Q3
LC3 1.25G + 0.75Q3 + 1.4S
LC4 1.25G + 0.75Q2 + 1.4Wd
LC5 1.0G + 1.4 Wu
4.5.6 CSA S136 2007 LSD AND NBCC 2010

LC1 1.25G + 1.5Q2 + 0.5Q3
LC2 1.25G + 0.5Q2 + 1.5Q3
LC3 1.25G + 0.5Q3 + 1.5S

26
LC4 1.25G + 0.5Q2 + 1.4Wd

LC5 1.0G + 1.4 Wu
4.5.7 NBCC 2015

LC1 1.25G + 1.5Q2 + 1.0Q3
LC2 1.25G + 0.5Q2 + 1.5Q3
LC3 1.25G + 1.0Q3 + 1.5S
LC4 1.25G + 0.5Q2 + 1.4Wd
LC5 0.9G + 1.4 Wu
4.5.8 NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010 AND AS/NZS 1170:2002

LC1 1.2G + 1.5Q2 + 0.4 Q3
LC2 1.2G + 1.5Q3
LC3 1.2G + 0.4Q3 + 1.0S
LC4 1.2G + 1.0Wd
LC5 0.9G + 1.0Wu
4.5.9 SANS 517:2013

LC1 1.2G + 1.6Q2 + 1.0 Q3
LC2 1.2G + 1.0Q2 + 1.6 Q3
LC3 1.2G + 1.0Q3 + 1.6S
LC4 1.2G + 1.3Wd
LC5 0.9G + 1.3Wu
4.5.10 GB 50009-2012
LC1 1.2G + 1.4Q2 + 1.0 Q3
LC2 1.2G + 1.0 max(S , Q2)+1.4Q3
LC3 1.2G + 1.0Q3 + 1.4S
LC4 1.2G + 1.0 max(S , Q2)+1.4Wd
LC5 1.0G + 1.4Wu
4.5.11 EN 1990:2002-MEAN AND EN 1990:2002-GUST

LC1 1.35G + 1.5Q2 + 1.05Q3
LC2 1.35G + 1.5Q3 + 0.75S
LC3 1.35G + 1.05Q3 + 1.5S
LC4 1.35G + 1.05Q3 + 0.75S
LC5 1.0G + 1.5 (or 1.75 if Cyclonic) Wu
4.5.12 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

LC1 1.1G + 1.2Q4 +1.1Q3
LC2 1.1G + 1.2Q3 + 1.25S
LC3 1.1G + 1.1Q3 + 1.4S
LC4 1.1G + 0.85Q3 + 1.25S
LC5 0.9G + 1.4Wu

27
4.6 TOP PLATE ANALYSIS

The need for additional studs under trusses or joists is determined performing a bending check considering
the average point load calculated as the total panel load divided by the number of oncoming joists or trusses
Additionally, the top plate is checked for specific point loads for trusses with spacing greater than 610 mm
(2’), and for Girder Trusses and Floor Beams in which case an additional stud check is performed to
calculate the number of studs required under those specific point loads.
4.6.1 LOAD COMBINATIONS

4.6.1.1 IBC 2009 LRFD
LC1 1.2G + 1.6Q2
LC2 1.2G + 0.5Q2 + 1.6S
LC3 1.2G + 1.6Q2 + 0.5S
LC4 1.2G + 1.6 P1
LC5 0.9G + 1.6Wu
LC1 1.2G + 1.6Q2
LC2 1.2G + 0.5Q2 + 1.6S
LC3 1.2G + 1.6Q2 + 0.5S
LC4 1.2G + 1.6 P1
LC5 0.9G + 1.0Wu
4.6.1.3 IBC 2009 ASD

LC1 1.0G + 1.0Q2
LC2 1.0G + 0.75Q2 + 0.75S
LC3 1.0G + 1.0S
LC4 1.0G + 1.0 P1
LC5 0.6G + 1.0Wu
LC1 1.0G + 1.0Q2
LC2 1.0G + 0.75Q2 + 0.45S
LC3 1.0G + 1.0S
LC4 1.0G + 1.0 P1
LC5 0.6G + 0.6Wu
4.6.1.5 ABNT NBR 14762:2009

LC1 1.25G + 1.5Q2
LC2 1.25G + 1.4S
LC3 1.25G + 0.75S + 1.4Wd
LC4 1.25G + 1.5 P1
LC5 1.0G + 1.4 Wu
4.6.1.6 CSA S136 2007 LSD AND NBCC 2010

LC1 1.25G + 1.5Q2
LC2 1.25G + 0.5Q2 + 1.5S
LC3 1.25G + 1.5Q2 + 0.5S
LC4 1.25G + 1.5 P1

28
LC5 1.0G + 1.4 Wu
4.6.1.7 NBCC 2015

LC1 1.25G + 1.5Q2
LC2 1.25G + 1.0Q2 + 1.5S
LC3 1.25G + 1.5Q2 + 1.0S
LC4 1.25G + 1.5 P1
LC5 0.9G + 1.4 Wu

LC1 1.2G + 1.5Q2
LC2 1.2G + 1.0S
LC3 1.2G + 1.0 Wd
LC4 1.2G + 1.5P (1.1kN)
LC5 0.9G + 1.0Wu
4.6.1.9 SANS 517:2013

LC1 1.2G + 1.6Q2
LC2 1.2G + 1.6S
LC3 1.2G + 1.3 Wd
LC4 1.2G + 1.6P (1.1kN)
LC5 0.9G + 1.3Wu
4.6.1.10 GB 50009-2012
LC1 1.2G + 1.4Q2
LC2 1.2G + 1.4S
LC3 1.2G + 1.0S + 1.4 Wd
LC4 1.2G + 1.4P (1.1kN)
LC5 1.0G + 1.4Wu

LC1 1.35G + 1.5Q2
LC2 1.35G + 1.5S
LC3 1.35G + 1.05Q2 + 1.5S
LC4 1.35G + 1.5P (1.1kN)
LC5 1.0G + 1.5 (or 1.75 if Cyclonic) Wu
4.6.1.12 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

LC1 1.1G + 1.2Q2
LC2 1.1G + 1.4S
LC3 1.1G + 1.1Q2 + 1.4S
LC4 1.1G + 1.2P (1.1kN)
LC5 0.9G + 1.4Wu
4.6.2 TOP PLATE DESIGN CHECK

The bending check of the top plate is:
𝐺𝑢𝑝 . 𝑇(𝑆 − 𝑒)𝑒 𝐺𝑑𝑛 . 𝑇(𝑆 − 𝑒)𝑒

max ( , )≤1
1.15𝑆. 𝑀nxLE− 1.15𝑆 . 𝑀nxLE+

29
Where,
S Stud spacing
T Truss Spacing
𝑀nxLE Top Plate Bending section capacity. See Appendix B for calculation details
1.15S is used to account for partial moment continuity over stud
e Stud eccentricity
Gup Upward action from load combinations
Gdn Downward action from load combinations
4.7 BRACING ANALYSIS

The brace analysis is done when the PCB command is initiated on a wall layout. The software takes in
account the wall layout of the current screen view only and calculates the lateral forces (from wind and
earthquake) and the total bracing resistance along the X and Y directions in order to determine any capacity
shortages. The software also performs a wind brace density analysis considering all the brace lines of the
referenced layout, their resistance and their position in the building.
4.7.1 WIND FORCE

IBC 2018 LRFD, IBC 2018 ASD, NBCC 2010, NBCC 2015, AND CSA S136 2007 LSD
Wx Wind Force along X axis Wx = Cx Pw Ay G Lcomb
Wy Wind Force along Y axis Wy = Cy Pw Ax G Lcomb
Where,
Pw = Wind Pressure (see section 3.3)
G = Gust Factor G = 0.85
Ax = Total aerodynamic Area along X direction
Ax = AXwall + AXroof
Ay = Total aerodynamic Area along Y direction
Ay = AYwall + AYroof
AXwall , AYwall = Wall area for wind force bracing. Taken as half the total wall area (bracing
takes over half of the wind, Hold down takes over the other half)
AXroof , AYroof = Roof area for wind force bracing. Taken as half the projected roof area for a
conservative approach in order to use the following net pressure coefficient.
Cx = Net Pressure Coefficient along X direction

30
If Ax/Ay < 1.5 Cx = 1.2

If 1.5 ≤ Ax/Ay < 2 Cx = 1.1
If 2 ≤ Ax/Ay < 3 Cx = 1.0
If Ax/Ay < 4 Cx = 0.95
Else Cx = 0.9
Cy = Net Pressure Coefficient along Y direction

If Ay/Ax < 1.5 Cy = 1.2
If 1.5 ≤ Ay/Ax < 2 Cy = 1.1
If 2 ≤ Ay/Ax < 3 Cy = 1.0
If Ay/Ax < 4 Cy = 0.95
Else Cy = 0.9
Lcomb = Load combination Factor

For IBC 2009 LRFD Lcomb = 1.6
For IBC 2009 ASD Lcomb = 1.0
For CSA S136 2007 LSD Lcomb = 1.4
For NBCC 2010 Lcomb = 1.4
For NBCC 2015 Lcomb = 1.4
4.7.1.2 ABNT NBR 14762:2009

Wx Wind Force along X axis Wx = Cx Pw Ax Lcomb
Wy Wind Force along Y axis Wy = Cy Pw Ay Lcomb
Where,
Ax = Total Area along X axis (including roof area and wall area when applicable)
Ay = Total Area along Y axis (including roof area and wall area when applicable)
Cx = Net Pressure Coefficient along X axis
If Ax/Ay ≤ 1.5 Cx = 1.2
If Ax/Ay ≤ 2 Cx = 1.1
If Ax/Ay ≤ 3 Cx = 1.0
If Ax/Ay ≥ 4 Cx = 0.95
Else Cx = 0.9
Cy = Net Pressure Coefficient along Y axis

If Ay/Ax ≤ 1.5 Cy = 1.2
If Ay/Ax ≤ 2 Cy = 1.1
If Ay/Ax ≤ 3 Cy = 1.0
If Ay/Ax ≥ 4 Cy = 0.95
Else Cy = 0.9
Lcomb = Load combination Factor Lcomb = 1.4
4.7.1.3 NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010 AND AS/NZS 1170

Wx Wind Force along X axis Wx = Cx Pw Ay K Lcomb
Wy Wind Force along Y axis Wy = Cy Pw Ax K Lcomb
Where,
K = Combination Factor K = 0.80
Ax = Total aerodynamic Area along X axis Ax = AXwall + AXroof

31
Ay = Total aerodynamic Area along Y axis Ay = AYwall + AYroof

If Ax/Ay < 1.5 Cx = 1.2
If 1.5 ≤ Ax/Ay < 2 Cx = 1.1
If 2 ≤ Ax/Ay < 3 Cx = 1.0
If Ax/Ay < 4 Cx = 0.95
Else Cx = 0.9

If Ay/Ax < 1.5 Cy = 1.2
If 1.5 ≤ Ay/Ax < 2 Cy = 1.1
If 2 ≤ Ay/Ax < 3 Cy = 1.0
If Ay/Ax < 4 Cy = 0.95
Else Cy = 0.9
4.7.1.4 GB 5009-2012 AND SANS 517:2013

Wx Wind Force along X axis Wx = Cx Pw Ay K Lcomb
Wy Wind Force along Y axis Wy = Cy Pw Ax K Lcomb
Where,
K = Reduction Factor
For SANS 517:2013 K = 0.8
For GB 5009-2012 K = 1.0
If Ax/Ay < 1.5 Cx = 1.2
If 1.5 ≤ Ax/Ay < 2 Cx = 1.1
If 2 ≤ Ax/Ay < 3 Cx = 1.0
If Ax/Ay < 4 Cx = 0.95
Else Cx = 0.9

If Ay/Ax < 1.5 Cy = 1.2
If 1.5 ≤ Ay/Ax < 2 Cy = 1.1
If 2 ≤ Ay/Ax < 3 Cy = 1.0
If Ay/Ax < 4 Cy = 0.95
Else Cy = 0.9

For GB 5009-2012 Lcomb = 1.4
For SANS 517:2013 Lcomb = 1.3

32

Wx Wind Force along X axis Wx = Cx Pw Ay Lcomb
Wy Wind Force along Y axis Wy = Cy Pw Ax Lcomb
Where,

If Ax/Ay < 1.5 Cx = 1.2
If 1.5 ≤ Ax/Ay < 2 Cx = 1.1
If 2 ≤ Ax/Ay < 3 Cx = 1.0
If Ax/Ay < 4 Cx = 0.95
Else Cx = 0.9
If Ay/Ax < 1.5 Cy = 1.2
If 1.5 ≤ Ay/Ax < 2 Cy = 1.1
If 2 ≤ Ay/Ax < 3 Cy = 1.0
If Ay/Ax < 4 Cy = 0.95
Else Cy = 0.9

For non-cyclonic Lcomb = 1.5
For cyclonic Lcomb = 1.75
4.7.1.6 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

Wx Wind Force along X axis Wx = Cx Pw Ax Lcomb
Wy Wind Force along Y axis Wy = Cy Pw Ay Lcomb
Where,
Ax = Total Area along X axis (including roof area and wall area when applicable)
Ay = Total Area along Y axis (including roof area and wall area when applicable)
Cx = Net Pressure Coefficient along X axis
If Ax/Ay ≤ 1.5 Cx = 1.2
If Ax/Ay ≤ 2 Cx = 1.1
If Ax/Ay ≤ 3 Cx = 1.0
If Ax/Ay ≥ 4 Cx = 0.95
Else Cx = 0.9
Cy = Net Pressure Coefficient along Y axis

If Ay/Ax ≤ 1 Cy = 1.2
If Ay/Ax ≤ 2 Cy = 1.1
If Ay/Ax ≤ 3 Cy = 1.0
If Ay/Ax ≥ 4 Cy = 0.95
Else Cy = 0.9
4.7.2 EARTHQUAKE FORCE

33
Earthquake code can be selected from the command BSET. The earthquake code available are IBC 2009,
AS 1170.4-2007, NZS 1170.5-2004 and EN 1998-1:2004.
4.7.2.1 IBC 2009, IBC 2012, AND IBC 2015

∑𝑛
𝑗=𝑖 𝑊𝑖𝐻𝑖
Vi Earthquake Shear Force (kN) at level i Vi = Vbase ∑𝑛
𝑗=𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝐻𝑖
Level i Level considered for the analysis

Vbase Base Shear Force (kN) Vbase = Cs WT
Where,
WT Total Seismic weight of all levels (kN) WT = 1.0G + 0.2S
Wi Total Seismic weight of level i (kN)
Hi Height of top of level i
0.66S1F1.I 0.66SsFs.I
Cs Seismic coefficient Cs = max[min( , )]
P.Ru Ru
Where,
S1 1s Spectral response
Ss 0.2s Spectral response
P Fundamental Period P = 0.055 Hbuilding0.75
Hbuilding Total building height
Ru Structural response
I Importance factor (depend on the Importance level)
If Level 1 I = 1.0
If Level 2 I = 1.0
If Level 3 I = 1.25
If Level 4 I = 1.5
Fs Site coefficient at short period (See table below)
F1 Site coefficient at 1s period (See table below)
4.7.2.2 IBC 2018

∑𝑛

Where,
WT Total Seismic weight of all levels (kN) WT = 1.0G + 0.2S

34
0.66S1F1.I 0.66SsFs.I
Cs Seismic coefficient Cs = max[min( , )]
P.Ru Ru
Where,
S1 1s Spectral response
Ss 0.2s Spectral response
Ru Structural response
If Level 1 I = 1.0
If Level 2 I = 1.0
If Level 3 I = 1.25
If Level 4 I = 1.5
Fs Site coefficient at short period (See table below)
F1 Site coefficient at 1s period (See table below)
4.7.2.3 NZS 1170.5 – 2004

∑𝑛

Where,
WT Total Seismic weight of all levels (kN) WT = 1.0G+0.3Q+0.3S
Cs Seismic coefficient

35
Za.C.Sp Za
Cs = I.max[max(0.03 , ), + 0.02 ]
Kµ 20
Where,
Sp Structural performance factor
If µ < 2 Sp = 1.3 – 0.3 µ
else Sp = 0.7
T Fundamental Period T = 0.055 Hbuilding0.75
µ Structural ductility factor (Structural response)
Za Seismic Hasard Coefficient
Kµ Inelastic spectrum scaling factor
If T < 0.7 Kµ = [max(T,0.4) (µ - 1)/0.7] + 1
Else Kµ = µ
If Level 1 I = 1.0
If Level 2 I = 1.0
If Level 3 I = 1.3
If Level 4 I = 1.8
C Spectral shape factor (See table below)
Site Subsoil A B C D E
class
T < 0.5 1.89 1.89 2.36 3.0 3.0
T ≥ 0.5 1.6 1.6 2.0 3.0 3.0
T ≥ 0.6 1.4 1.4 1.74 2.84 3.0
T ≥ 0.7 1.24 1.24 1.55 2.53 3.0
T ≥ 0.8 1.12 1.12 1.41 2.29 3.0
T ≥ 0.9 1.03 1.03 1.29 2.09 3.0
T ≥ 1.0 0.95 0.95 1.19 2.93 3.0
T ≥ 1.5 0.7 0.7 0.88 1.43 2.21
T ≥ 2.0 0.53 0.53 0.66 1.07 1.66
T ≥ 2.5 0.42 0.42 0.53 0.86 1.33
T ≥ 3.0 0.35 0.35 0.44 0.71 1.11
T ≥ 3.5 0.26 0.26 0.32 0.52 0.81
T ≥ 4.5 0.16 0.16 0.2 0.32 0.49
4.7.2.4 AS 1170.4 - 2007

∑𝑛𝑗=𝑖 𝑊𝑖𝐻𝑖
Vi Earthquake Shear Force (kN) at level i Vi = Vbase 𝑛
∑𝑗=𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝐻𝑖

Vbase Base Shear Force (kN) Vbase = I Cs WT
Where,
WT Total Seismic weight of all levels (kN) WT = 1.0G +0.3Q + 0.3S
Za.C.Sp
Cs Seismic coefficient Cs = max( 0.01, )
µ
Where,

36
Sp Structural performance factor

If µ < 2 Sp = 0.77
else Sp = 0.67
T Fundamental Period T = 0.0625 Hbuilding0.75
µ Structural Response
Za Seismic Hasard Coefficient
I Importance factor
If Structure Type 1 I = 1.0
C Spectral shape factor (See table below)
Earthquake A B C D E
Design
category
T ≤ 0.3 2.35 2.94 3.68 3.68 3.68
T ≤ 0.4 1.76 2.20 3.12 3.68 3.68
T ≤ 0.5 1.41 1.76 2.5 3.68 3.68
T ≤ 0.6 1.17 1.47 2.08 3.30 3.68
T ≤ 0.7 1.01 1.26 1.79 2.83 3.68
T ≤ 0.8 0.88 1.10 1.56 2.48 3.68
T ≤ 0.9 0.78 0.98 1.39 2.20 3.42
T ≤ 1.0 0.70 0.88 1.25 1.98 3.08
T ≤ 1.2 0.59 0.73 1.04 1.65 2.57
T ≤ 1.5 0.47 0.59 0.83 1.32 2.05
T ≤ 1.7 0.37 0.46 0.65 1.03 1.60
T ≤ 2.0 0.26 0.33 0.47 0.74 1.16
T ≤ 2.5 0.17 0.21 0.30 0.48 0.74
T ≤ 3.0 0.12 0.15 0.21 0.33 0.51
T ≤ 3.5 0.086 0.11 0.15 0.24 0.38
T ≤ 4.5 0.066 0.083 0.12 0.19 0.29
4.7.2.5 EN 1998-1:2004
∑𝑛𝑗=𝑖 𝑊𝑖𝐻𝑖
Vi Earthquake Shear Force (kN) at level i Vi = Vbase 𝑛

Where,
WT Total Seismic weight of all levels (kN) WT = 1.0G +0.3Q + 0.2S
Cs Seismic coefficient
Cs = a.Sd

37
Where,
Sd Structural performance factor
If P ≤ Tb Sd = S.[0.66 +P((2.5/q)-0.66)/Tb)]
If P > Tb and P ≤ Tc Sd = S. (2.5/q)
If P > Tc and P ≤ 2 Sd = max(S. (2.5/q).Tc / P , 0.2)
If P > 2 Sd = max(S. (2.5/q).Tc.2 /P2 , 0.2)
Where,
a Seismic Hasard Coefficient
S, Tc, Tb Site coefficient (see table below)
q Seismic behavior coefficient (structural response factor)
CLASS A B C D E
S 1.0 1.2 1.15 1.35 1.4
Tb 0.15 0.15 0.2 0.2 0.15
Tc 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.5
4.7.2.6 GB 50011 - 2010

Vi Seismic Storey Shear Force (kN) at level i
∑𝑛
Vi = Vbase 𝑖
where,
Vbase Design Base Shear Force (kN) Vbase = Lcomb .  WT / RE
WT Total Seismic weight of all levels (kN) WT = 1.0G + 0.5Q + 0.5S
Wi Total Seismic weight of all levels above level i including level i (kN)
 Seismic coefficient
T ≤ 0.1  = 2.max -(0.1-T)/0.1 x (2-0.45).max
T > 0.1 and T ≤ Tg  = 2.max
T > Tg and T ≤ 5Tg  = (Tg/T).2.max
T > 5 Tg  = (1/5).2.max
where,
max Maximum Seismic coefficient max = 0.8
 Basic Acceleration User input (for location as per Appendix A GB 50011)
T Fundamental Period T = 0.03 Hbuilding

RE Structural Response: User input (default value 0.9 as per JGJ 227, J1162)
2 Damping Coefficient 2 = 1 + (0.05-) / (0.08+1.6)
 Attenuation Index  = 0.9 + (0.05-) / (0.3+6)
 Damping Ratio:  = 0.03 (JGJ 227, J1162)
Tg Site Characteristic Period Table 5.1.4-2 A GB 50011 as below
Site Characteristic Period (Tg)

Design Earthquake Site Classification
Group (Appendix A GB I0 I1 II III IV
50011)
First 0.20 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.65
Second 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.55 0.75
Third 0.30 0.35 0.45 0.65 0.90
User Inputs

38
Site Classification - From GB 50011

List: I0, I1 , II, III, IV (no text input)
Building Class – - From Chinese Building Code
List: B, C, D (no text input)
Structural Response RE - 0.9 as per JGJ 227, J1162
Text input (0.9 default)
Basic Acceleration  − Value for Location from Appendix A GB 50011
List: 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.30, 0.4 (& text input)
Design Earthquake Group - Value for Location from Appendix A GB 50011
List: First, Second, Third (no text input)
Fundamental Period T - Optional – Override of Calculated value
Text input (0.1 default)
4.7.3 BRACING RESISTANCE

4.7.3.1 STRAP BRACE RESISTANCE
Rstrap = Strap Brace Resistance Rstrap = min(Cstrap , Cov)
Where,
Cov = Overturning Resistance
Cstrap = Racking Resistance
4.7.3.1.1 IBC 2009, IBC 2012, IBC 2015, AND IBC 2018
Cstrap = min(Tnstrap , Vconstrap). Cos( atan(H/L) )
Cov = Ø (CHD + 0.9G . L / 2) . L / H
Where,
Tnstrap = Tension capacity of the strap
Tnstrap = min[Øtu (Wstrap – 6.5mm) t Fu , Øty (Wstrap) t
Fy ]
Vconstrap= Strap Connection strength
Vconstrap= qty . Øc min[ (2.7 t Fu d) ,( 4.2(t3d)1/2 Fu) ]
H = Wall height
L = Horizontal projection of the strap brace length
CHD = Hold down capacity
G = Dead Load + Self Weight (kN / m)
Wstrap = Strap Brace width
qty = quantity of Screw at each end of the strap fix brace (specified on drawing)
d = Screw diameter
Ø = capacity reduction factor
For IBC LRFD Øtu = 0.75

For IBC ASD Øtu = 1/Ωtu = ½
For CSA S136 2007 LSD Øtu = 0.75
For ABNT NBR 14762:2009 Øtu = 0.75
For IBC LRFD Øty = 0.9

For IBC ASD Øty = 1/Ωty = 1/1.67
For CSA S136 2007 LSD Øty = 0.9
For ABNT NBR 14762:2009 Øty = 0.9
For IBC LRFD Øc = 0.5

For IBC ASD Øc = 1/Ωty = 1/3
For CSA S136 2007 LSD Øc = 0.4
For ABNT NBR 14762:2009 Øc = 0.5

39
For IBC LRFD Ø = 1.0

For IBC ASD Ø = 1/Ω = 1/1.6
For CSA S136 2007 LSD Ø = 1.0
For ABNT NBR 14762:2009 Ø = 1.0
4.7.3.1.2 NZS 1170.5 – 2004 and AS 1170.4 - 2007

Cov = (CHD + 0.9G . L / 2) . L / H
Where,
Tnstrap = min[Øtu (Wstrap – 6.5mm) t Fu , Øty (Wstrap) t Fy ]
Vconstrap= qty . Øc min[ (2.7 t Fu d) ,( 4.2(t3d)1/2 Fu) ]
H = Wall height
d = Screw diameter
Ø = capacity reduction factor
Øtu = 0.85
Øty = 0.9
Øc = 0.5
4.7.3.1.3 EN 1998-1:2004
Cov = (CHD + 0.9G . L / 2) . L / H
Where,
Tnstrap = Wstrap t Fya
Fya increased average yield strength
Fya = min [ Fy + (Fu-Fy).7.n.t2/Ag , (fy+fu)/2 ]
n o
Number of 90 bends in the cross section
Vconstrap= Øc qty . min[ (2.7 t Fu d) ,( 4.2(t3d)1/2 Fu) ]
H = Wall height
d = Screw diameter
Øc = capacity reduction factor Øc = 0.5
4.7.3.2 K BRACE RESISTANCE

RKbrace = K Brace Resistance RKbrace = min(CKbrace , Cov)
CKbrace = Racking Resistance
Cov = Overturning Resistance
Where,
CKbrace = VconKbrace. Cos( atan(NS/min(SS,L) )
Cov = Ø (CHD + 0.9G . L ) . L / H

40
VconKbrace = K brace Connection strength VconKbrace= qty . Øc (2.7 t Fu d)

H = Wall height
With
NS = Nog Spacing
L = Horizontal projection of the K brace length
qty = quantity of Screw at each end of the K brace = 2
d = Screw diameter
Øc = capacity reduction factor
4.7.3.2.1 NZS 1170.5 – 2004, AS 1170.4 – 2007 and EN 1998-1:2004

Øc = 0.5
4.7.3.2.2 IBC 2009, IBC 2012, IBC 2015, AND IBC 2018
For IBC LRFD Øc = 0.5
For IBC ASD Øc = 1/Ωty = 1/3
For CSA S136 2007 LSD Øc = 0.4
For ABNT NBR 14762:2009 Øc = 0.5
For IBC LRFD Ø = 1.0

For IBC ASD Ø = 1/Ω = 1/1.6
For CSA S136 2007 LSD Ø = 1.0
For ABNT NBR 14762:2009 Ø = 1.0
4.7.3.3 TYPE A AND TYPE B BRACE RESISTANCE

Type A Brace and Type B Brace are defined in the datafile. For instance, in the standard datafile
(FRAMECAD_FT_m), Type A is an OSB Board and type B is a Gypsom board.
RPlaster = Plaster Board Resistance
RPlaster = Ø min(Cracking , Cov)
Cracking = Racking capacity
Cracking = Ø L Cbrace (0.5 + L /H )
Cov = Overturning capacity kN
Cov = Ø (CHD + 0.9G . L ) . L /H
With
H = Wall height
Cbrace = Capacity per meter of the board (This value comes from the datafile).
L = Horizontal projection of the K brace length
Ø = capacity reduction factor Ø = 1.0
Except for IBC ASD Ø = 1/Ω = 1/1.6
4.7.3.4 BOARD RESISTANCE

Board resistance such as Plaster board, cladding and sheathing options are to be selected from the PCB
command “Bracing Options”.
RPlaster = Plaster Board Resistance

RPlaster = Ø Lx,y min(Cracking , Cov)
Cracking = Racking capacity
Cracking = Ø Lx,y Cbrace
Cov = Overturning capacity kN
Cov = Ø (CHD) . Lx,y/H

41
With
H = Wall height
Cbrace = Capacity per meter of the board (This value comes from the datafile).
Lx,y = Length of sheathed wall along the X or Y direction excluding opening width and
braced length.
Ø = capacity reduction factor Ø = 1.0
Except for IBC ASD Ø = 1/Ω = 1/1.6
4.7.4 STRENGTH METHOD: BRACING DENSITY

The Brace analysis strength method can be select in the command BSET, “brace engineering”. This method
is available for every loading code.
4.7.4.1 BRACING DENSITY CHECK

FRAMECAD Structure performs a Brace density checks that consists in checking the distribution of the
bracing walls within the building.
If S < Actual spacing between bracing walls, the software will give the user a warning or a
design error (depending on the datafile settings).
With
S = Maximum Spacing of Bracing walls
4.7.4.1.1 NASH AS 2010

Wu = Design Wind Speed
ɵ = Roof Pitch
C = Ceiling Depth = Maximum width of the ceiling diaphragm along the perpendicular
direction to the wind
If Wu < 50 m/s (wind cat N1 or N2) S = 9000 mm
If 50 ≤ Wu < 61 m/s (wind cat N3 or C1) S = See table 1 below
If Wu ≥ 61 m/s (wind cat N4 or C2) S = See table 2 below
Table 1 - Table 6.2 from

NASH AS 2010
Roof pitch
Ceiling depth 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
4000 7100 6700 6400 6000 5400 4900 4400
5000 8800 8200 7600 7100 6100 5600 4800
6000 9000 9000 8800 8100 6700 6100 5200
7000 9000 9000 9000 9000 7200 6500 5500
8000 9000 9000 9000 9000 7600 6800 5700
9000 9000 9000 9000 9000 8000 7100 5900
10000 9000 9000 9000 9000 8400 7400 6000
11000 9000 9000 9000 9000 8700 7600 6200
12000 9000 9000 9000 9000 9000 7900 6400
13000 9000 9000 9000 9000 9000 8100 6500
14000 9000 9000 9000 9000 9000 8300 6600
15000 9000 9000 9000 9000 9000 8400 6800
16000 9000 9000 9000 9000 9000 8600 6900

42
Table 2 - Table 6.3 from

NASH AS 2010
Roof pitch
Ceiling depth 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
4000 4800 4500 4300 4000 3600 3300 2900
5000 5900 5500 5100 4800 4100 3800 3300
6000 7000 6400 5900 5500 4500 4100 3500
7000 8000 7300 6600 6100 4800 4400 3700
8000 9000 8100 7300 6500 5100 4600 3800
9000 9000 8900 8000 6800 5400 4800 3900
10000 9000 9000 8500 7100 5600 4900 4100
11000 9000 9000 9000 7500 5800 5100 4200
12000 9000 9000 9000 7800 6100 5300 4300
13000 9000 9000 9000 8000 6200 5400 4400
14000 9000 9000 9000 8300 6400 5600 4500
15000 9000 9000 9000 8500 6600 5700 4500
16000 9000 9000 9000 8800 6700 5800 4600
4.7.4.1.2 AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010, AS/NZS 1170, ABNT NBR 14762:2009 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011, EN
1990:2002-MEAN, EN 1990:2002-GUST, GB 5009-2012 and SANS 517:2013
S = Maximum Spacing of Bracing Walls. This value is defined in the data file.
4.7.4.2 WIND BRACE DISTRIBUTION

Bracing lines are lines along and across the building (respectively X and Y direction) that contains all bracing
walls less than 1m apart of each other.
For bracing walls that are at angles, the software automatically creates one projected brace line in direction
X and Y located at the centre of the bracing component. The brace line capacity is the bracing capacity of
the bracing component multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the wall and the bracing line being
considered.
For each brace line, the software performs the following brace distribution checks. Those checks are to be
considered as a warning only for an ultimate bracing design.
4.7.4.2.1 Brace Torsion Equilibrium

Bracing within the building should be located as close as possible to the corners of external walls and should
be distributed evenly throughout the building.
The Torsion equilibrium checks are to ensure the braces are evenly distributed. If the check does not pass,
the software will inform the location of the bracing shortage (ex: Shortage X brace on the top: Means it is
missing horizontal bracing capacity towards the top front of the building).
Torque Check
𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑊 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑊 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑊 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
≤1 and ≤1 and ≤1 and ≤1
𝑀𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑤 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑀𝑤 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑊𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟 = Torque Demand at the rear of the building 𝑊𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝑊𝑋 (𝑌𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 − 𝑌𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟 )
𝑊𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 = Torque Demand at the front of the building 𝑊𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 = 𝑊𝑋 (𝑌𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 − 𝑌𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 )
𝑊𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = Torque Demand at the left of the building 𝑊𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = 𝑊𝑌 (𝑋𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 − 𝑋𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 )
𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = Torque Demand at the right of the building 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑊𝑌 (𝑋𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑋𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 )

43
𝑀𝑊 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟 = Torque Capacity at the rear of the building 𝑀𝑊 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟 = ∑𝑁

𝑖=1 𝑅𝑥𝑖 |(𝑌𝑖 − 𝑌𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟 )|
𝑀𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 = Torque Capacity at the front of the building 𝑀𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 = ∑𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑅𝑥𝑖 |(𝑌𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 − 𝑌𝑖 )|
𝑀𝑊 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = Torque Capacity at the left of the building 𝑀𝑊 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = ∑𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑅𝑦𝑖 |(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 )|
𝑀𝑊 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = Torque Capacity at the right of the building 𝑀𝑊 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = ∑𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑅𝑦𝑖 |(𝑋𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑋𝑖 )|
With,
Wx = Wind Force along X axis

Wy = Wind Force along Y axis
𝑋𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = X coordinate of the wind force location (middle of building envelope)

𝑌𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = Y coordinate of the wind force location (middle of building envelope)
𝑋𝑖 = X coordinate of Brace line i

𝑌𝑖 = Y coordinate of Brace line i
𝑌𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 = Front Y coordinate of the building layout envelop

𝑌𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟 = Rear Y coordinate of the building layout envelop
𝑋𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = Left X coordinate of the building layout envelop
𝑋𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = Right X coordinate of the building layout envelop
N = Number of Brace Line
4.7.4.2.2 Brace Line limits

44
4.7.4.2.2.1 Minimum bracing Line values

All Bracing Line should have Racking Resistance greater than 4kN.
𝑅 > 4 𝑘𝑁
All Bracing lines should have a Racking Resistance greater than 50 % of the total bracing demand divided by
the number of bracing lines in the direction.
𝑊
𝑅 > 50%
𝑁
4.7.4.2.2.2 Minimum bracing Capacity of external Walls
Each external wall in any storey shall have a total bracing capacity greater than 0.6 kN per meter of external
wall length.
𝑅𝑒 > 0.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
4.7.5 RIGID DIAPHRAGM METHOD (FOR THE IBC, NBCC, AND CSA LOADING CODES)
The Brace analysis Rigid diaphragm method can be select in the command BSET, “brace engineering”.
Bracing Bay Shear Wall actions, Drifts, and Chord Stud actions are calculated considering a rigid diaphragm.
Only Strap X bracing and Panel bracing (sheathing) are included in bracing evaluation.
Evaluation method follows guidance of the IBC Structural / Seismic Design manual part 2. Method is suitable
for low-rise light frame buildings. Building model storey eccentricity is calculated explicitly, plus 5% accidental
eccentricity for seismic actions. Bracing bay stiffness and drift ratios are calculated considering bracing bay
level only (not considering any deformation in lower levels) as per the IBC Manual.
Chord stud vertical actions from bracing bays are summed down the building and specific stud design carried
out for Load Bearing and Structural Wall Panels.
NOTE: Openings are not designed for loads brace chord studs (but software will still consider the bracing in
the lateral analysis) – therefore bracing should not be modelled over openings.
4.7.5.1 BRACING SHEAR FORCE
4.7.5.1.1 Wind shear Force Check

𝐹𝑤𝑗
≤ 1
Ø𝑤 𝑅𝑛𝑗
With
𝐹𝑤𝑗 Lateral wind shear Force resisted by the jth shear wall
𝐹𝑤𝑗 = √𝐹𝑤𝑋𝑗 2 + 𝐹𝑤𝑌𝑗 2
𝐹𝑤𝑋𝑗 The wind shear force resisted by the jth shear wall along the X direction
𝐾𝑋𝑗 𝐿𝑋𝑗 𝐾𝑋𝑗 𝐿𝑋𝑗 .𝑎.𝑏𝑗
𝐹𝑤𝑋𝑗 = ∑𝑛
Wx + Wx
𝑖=1 𝐾𝑋𝑖 𝐿𝑋𝑖 𝐾𝑜𝑥
𝐹𝑤𝑌𝑗 The wind shear force resisted by the jth shear wall along the Y direction
𝐾𝑌𝑗𝐿𝑌𝑗 𝐾𝑌𝑗𝐿𝑌𝑗 .𝑎.𝑏𝑗
𝐹𝑤𝑌𝑗 = ∑𝑛
Wy + Wy
𝑖=1 𝐾𝑌𝑖 𝐿𝑌𝑖 𝐾𝑜𝑦
With

45
Kox Rotation Stiffness along X axis Kox = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐾𝑋𝑖 𝐿𝑋𝑖 . 𝑏𝑗2
Koy Rotation Stiffness along Y axis Koy = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐾𝑌𝑖 𝐿𝑌𝑖 . 𝑏𝑗2
a Distance from the centre of area and the centre of rigidity. Use the projection along Y for the
calculation of 𝐹𝑤𝑋𝑗 and the projection along X for the calculation of 𝐹𝑤𝑌𝑗
𝑏𝑗 Distance from the jth shear wall and the centre of rigidity. Use the projection along Y for the
calculation of 𝐹𝑤𝑋𝑗 and the projection along X for the calculation of 𝐹𝑤𝑌𝑗
𝐾𝑋𝑗 , 𝐾𝑌𝑗 The shear rigidity of the jth shear wall per unit of length along X & Y directions.
Two components
• Bracing stiffness: Calculated value for strap brace from material properties and geometry. Datafile
specified values for Panel brace – Standard values shown in the table below.
• Hold-down stiffness: Calculated value for 1.6 mm (1/16”) base end vertical deformation
Stiffness values have been evaluated at Service Strength levels (0.4 times nominal shear strength)
𝐿𝑋𝑗 Length of the jth shear wall along X direction

𝐿𝑌𝑗 Length of the jth shear wall along Y direction
n Number of shear wall along the X or the Y direction
Wx Wind Force along the X direction (see section 4.7.1)
Wy Wind Force along the Y direction (see section 4.7.1)
𝑅𝑛𝑗 Nominal Shear Strength of the shear wall j. Calculated value for strap brace to AISI standards.
Datafile specified values for Panel brace – Standard values shown in the table below.
Nominal shear strength and Stiffness
Metric notation Imperial notation Rn wind Stiffness
(kN/m) (kN/m/m)
11mm OSB- 150 / 300 7/16 OSB-6/12 13.3 625
11mm OSB-100/300 7/16 OSB-4/12 20.6 1080
12mm Ply-150/300 15/32 Ply-6/12 15.5 580
12.5mm Gyp-150/300 1/2 Gyp-6/12 3.85 250
12.5mm Gyp-150/300 1/2 Gyp-4/12 4.30 330
2.5mm Gyp-200/300 1/2 Gyp-8/12 3.40 170
1. The stiffness values have been calculated for a wall height of 2400mm (8’). Stiffness are scaled by ratio
(height/2400) for other wall heights
2. The notation 150/300 (respectively 6/12) refers to the screw spacing at panel Edge/Fields in mm
(respectively inch)
Øw capacity reduction factor for wind

For AISI S100-07 LRFD Øw = 0.65
For AISI S100-07 LSD Øw = 0.7 (0.6) for Gypsum sheathed walls
For AISI S100-07 ASD Øw = 1/Ωw = 1/2.0

46
4.7.5.1.2 Earthquake Shear Force
𝐹𝐸𝑗
≤ 1 JGJ 227-2011(8.2.4-2)
Ø𝐸 𝑅𝑛𝑗
With
𝐹𝐸𝑗 Lateral earthquake shear Force resisted by the jth shear wall
𝐹𝐸𝑗 = √𝐹𝐸𝑋𝑗 2 + 𝐹𝐸𝑌𝑗 2
𝐹𝐸𝑋𝑗 The wind earthquake force resisted by the jth shear wall along the X direction
𝐾𝑋𝑗 𝐿𝑋𝑗 𝐾𝑋𝑗 𝐿𝑋𝑗 .𝑎.𝑏𝑗 𝐾𝑋𝑗 𝐿𝑋𝑗 𝐾𝑋𝑗 𝐿𝑋𝑗 .𝑎.𝑏𝑗
𝐹𝐸𝑋𝑗 = 𝑉𝑖 . max (( ∑𝑛 + + 𝑀𝑡𝑎𝑋 ) , ( ∑𝑛 − − 𝑀𝑡𝑎𝑋 ))
𝑖=1 𝐾𝑋𝑖 𝐿𝑋𝑖 𝐾𝑜𝑥 𝑖=1 𝐾𝑋𝑖 𝐿𝑋𝑖 𝐾𝑜𝑥
𝐹𝑤𝑌𝑗 The wind shear force resisted by the jth shear wall along the Y direction
𝐾𝑌𝑗 𝐿𝑌𝑗 𝐾𝑌𝑗𝐿𝑌𝑗 .𝑎.𝑏𝑗 𝐾𝑌𝑗𝐿𝑌𝑗 𝐾𝑌𝑗 𝐿𝑌𝑗 .𝑎.𝑏𝑗
𝐹𝐸𝑌𝑗 = 𝑉𝑖 . max (( ∑𝑛 + + 𝑀𝑡𝑎𝑌 ) , ( ∑𝑛 + − 𝑀𝑡𝑎𝑌 ))
𝑖=1 𝐾𝑌𝑖 𝐿𝑌𝑖 𝐾𝑜𝑦 𝑖=1 𝐾𝑌𝑖 𝐿𝑌𝑖 𝐾𝑜𝑦
𝑀𝑡𝑎𝑋 , 𝑀𝑡𝑎𝑌 Accidental torsional moment caused by assumed displacement of the center of mass each
way by 5% of the building width.
𝐾𝑋𝑗 𝐿𝑋𝑗 .𝑏𝑗𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ𝑌
𝑀𝑡𝑎𝑋 = 0.05
𝐾𝑜𝑥
𝐾𝑌𝑗𝐿𝑌𝑗 .𝑏𝑗 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ𝑋
𝑀𝑡𝑎𝑌 = 0.05
𝐾𝑜𝑦
With
Kox Rotation Stiffness along X axis Kox = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐾𝑋𝑖 𝐿𝑋𝑖 . 𝑏𝑗2
Koy Rotation Stiffness along Y axis Koy = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐾𝑌𝑖 𝐿𝑌𝑖 . 𝑏𝑗2
a Distance from the centre of mass and the centre of rigidity. Use the projection along Y for the
calculation of 𝐹𝐸𝑋𝑗 and the projection along X for the calculation of 𝐹𝐸𝑌𝑗
𝑏𝑗 Distance from the jth shear wall and the centre of rigidity. Use the projection along Y for the
calculation of 𝐹𝐸𝑋𝑗 and the projection along X for the calculation of 𝐹𝐸𝑌𝑗
𝐾𝑋𝑗 , 𝐾𝑌𝑗 The shear rigidity of the jth shear wall per unit of length along X & Y directions.
Two components
• Bracing stiffness: Calculated value for strap brace form material properties and geometry. Datafile
specified values for Panel brace – Standard values shown in the table below.
• Hold-down stiffness: Calculated value for 1.6 mm (1/16”) base end vertical deformation
Stiffness values have been evaluated at Service Strength levels (0.4 times nominal shear strength)

47
n Number of shear wall along the X or the Y direction

Vi Seismic storey shear force at level i (see section 4.7.2)
𝑅𝑛𝑗 Nominal Shear Strength of the shear wall j. Calculated value for strap brace to AISI standards.
Datafile specified values for Panel brace – Standard values shown in the table below.
Nominal shear strength and Stiffness
Metric notation Imperial notation Rn wind Stiffness
(kN/m) (kN/m)
11mm OSB- 150 / 300 7/16 OSB-6/12 12.0 625
11mm OSB-100/300 7/16 OSB-4/12 18.1 1080
12mm Ply-150/300 15/32 Ply-6/12 12.9 580
12.5mm Gyp-150/300 1/2 Gyp-6/12 3.85 250
12.5mm Gyp-150/300 1/2 Gyp-4/12 4.30 330
2.5mm Gyp-200/300 1/2 Gyp-8/12 3.40 170
1. The stiffness values have been multiplied by a wall height of 2400mm (8’). Stiffness are scaled by ratio
(height/2400) for other wall heights
2. The notation 150/300 (respectively 6/12) refers to the screw spacing at panel Edge/Fields in mm
(respectively inch)
ØE capacity reduction factor for earthquake

For AISI S100-07 LRFD ØE = 0.60
For AISI S100-07 LSD ØE = 0.7 (0.6) for Gypsum sheathed walls
For AISI S100-07 ASD ØE = 1/ΩE = 1/2.5
4.7.5.2 DEFLECTION CHECK

4.7.5.2.1 Wind deflection check
𝛥
≤ 1/250
𝐻
𝛥𝑥
Deflection ratio for wind along the X direction
𝐻
𝛥𝑥 𝑊𝑥
=
𝐻 𝐿𝑠 𝐾𝑥
Wx Wind Force along the X direction (see section 4.7.1)

𝐾𝑥 Total Stiffness along the X direction
𝐾𝑥 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐾𝑋𝑖 𝐿𝑋𝑖
𝛥𝑦
Deflection ratio for wind along the Y direction
𝐻
𝛥𝑦 𝑊𝑦
=
𝐻 𝐿𝑠 𝐾𝑦
Wy Wind Force along the Y direction (see section 4.7.1)

𝐾𝑦 Total Stiffness along the Y direction

48
𝐾𝑦 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐾𝑌𝑖 𝐿𝑌𝑖

𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏 Service Wind Load factor (ration of Strength design load and Deflection design load)
For IBC LRFD Ls = 1.6
For IBC ASD Ls = 1.0
For CSA S136 2007 LSD Ls = 1.4
4.7.5.2.2 Earthquake deflection check
𝛥
≤ 1/40
𝐻
𝛥𝑥
Deflection ratio for earthquake along the X direction
𝐻
𝛥𝑥 𝑉𝑖
= Cd.
Vi Seismic storey shear force at level i (see section 4.7.2)

Cd Deflection Amplification Factor (to be input in command BSET)
𝐾𝑥 Total Stiffness along the X direction
𝐾𝑥 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐾𝑋𝑖 𝐿𝑋𝑖
𝛥𝑦
Deflection ratio for wind along the Y direction
𝐻
𝛥𝑦 𝑉𝑖
=
𝐾𝑦 Total Stiffness along the Y direction

𝐾𝑦 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐾𝑌𝑖 𝐿𝑌𝑖
𝐿𝑠 Earthquake Load factor for deflection (= Earthquake design load combination factor)
For IBC LRFD Ls = 1.0
For IBC ASD Ls = 0.7
For CSA S136 2007 LSD Ls = 1.0
4.7.5.3 AXIAL FORCE IN CHORD STUDS (BRACE STUD)

4.7.5.3.1 Wind Axial force
𝐹𝑤𝑗 . 𝐻
𝐹𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑 =
√𝐿𝑋𝑗 2 + 𝐿𝑌𝑗 2
With
𝐹𝑤𝑗 Lateral wind shear Force resisted by the jth shear wall

49
H Wall height
4.7.5.3.2 Earthquake axial force

𝐹𝐸𝑗 . 𝐻. Ω𝑜
𝐹𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑 =
√𝐿𝑋𝑗 2 + 𝐿𝑌𝑗 2
With
𝐹𝐸𝑗 Lateral earthquake shear Force resisted by the jth shear wall
H Wall height
Ω𝑜 System Overstrength factor (to be input in command BSET)

50
5 TRUSS ENGINEERING
5.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIONS
Truss frames are analysed via a 2D plane frame analysis. The software takes the truss or rafter from the
detail drawing and reduces it to an Engineering model (single line drawing) using the centroid of each
member as the reference points. Apparent intersections are identified creating node points with connecting
lines. Each line is then subdivided into two or more members; this enables more accurate bending and
deflection calculations. Members are assigned gross sectional properties that are calculated for the selected
section. For each load case, the software calculates and applies the total combined forces imposed on each
node and element.
Member section capacities are calculated for the effective sectional properties. The effective sectional
properties vary with the length and constraint conditions of each member. The effective lengths of a member
are taken to be the distance between the truss connection joints (in-plane) and the specified spacing of
restraining members (roof and ceiling battens).
On the completion of the analysis, the overall truss is checked for serviceability deflections and each
member is checked for strength compliance with the code. The screwed, riveted or bolted joints are all
designed by the software based on the largest terminating load at that point. Whilst the software designs the
required fasteners at each joint, it does not do any checks to ensure that the quantity of fasteners will fit
within the allowed space.
5.2 OPTIONS TO TAKE IN ACCOUNT FINISHED GEOMETRY AND TRUSS EXPOSURE

5.2.1 CEILING TO TOP CHORD
This option aims at taking into account the specific loading of skillion rafters and warehouse type buildings
with no ceiling attached to the bottom chord, but allowing for service loads to be attached to the bottom
chord. The ceiling loads are attached to the top chord and in the case of rafters and skillion rafters
associated to battens made out of LC or OC sections, it is assumed that the battens are providing torsional
restraint. Some live loads will still be applied to the bottom chord. The same loads are applied to the truss,
the only change is on the location of the load.
It is possible to apply these changes to some but not all of the trusses in a drawing by creating different roof
loads for the different truss loading cases.
5.2.2 SUSPENDED CEILING

This option allows drawing in ceiling battens when creating a roof plan with the RS command. It also relaxes
the constraints of deflection for the bottom chord of the truss.
5.2.3 SHUTTERED CONDITIONS

If you are in a cyclonic region and the building is built in such a way that the wind cannot enter, this option
allows reducing the wind pressures to those of a non-cyclonic region.
5.3 DESIGN LOADS FOR TRUSSES

Q Live Load = Roof Live and Ceiling Live
G Dead load = Roof dead and ceiling dead and Ceiling services
S Snow Load = Basic design snow applied to the roof
Wu Wind up
Wd Wind down
Pt Truss point load

51
5.3.1 DESIGN WIND LOADS

To determine the wind pressure on the top chord, only consider the external pressure coefficient (Ce).
To determine the wind pressure on the bottom chord, only consider the internal pressure coefficient (Ci).
For eaves, specific wind pressure coefficients are used in order to take in account the wind pressure on the
underside of an eave.
IBC 2018 LRFD, AND IBC 2018 ASD
Wu Wind Upward Wu = Pw Cp-
Where,
Cp- Net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cp- = Ce + Ci
Ce External Pressure Coefficient

Non-cyclonic External Ce = 0.9
Cyclonic* External Ce = 0.9
Ci Internal Pressure Coefficient
Non-cyclonic Internal Ci = 0.18
Cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.55
Cpeave- Eave net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cpeave- = Ceeave + Cieave

Ceeave Eave external Pressure Coefficient Ceeave = Ce + 0.55
Cieave Eave internal Pressure Coefficient Cieave = 0
Wd Wind Downward Wdn = Pw Cp+

Where,
Cp+ Net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cp+ = Ce + Ci

Non-cyclonic* Internal Ci = 0.18
Cpeave+ Eave net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cpeave+ = Ceeave + Cieave

5.3.1.2 CSA S136 2007 LSD, NBCC 2010, NBCC 2015, AND ABNT NBR 14762:2009.
Where,



52

Where,


5.3.1.3 NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, AND NASH NZ 2010

Wu Wind Upward Wu = 0.9 . Pw Cp-
Where,


Wd Wind Downward Wdn = 0.9 . Pw Cp+

Where,


5.3.1.4 AS/NZS 1170:2002

Wu Wind Upward Wu = 0.9 . Pw Cp-
Where,


53


Wd Wind Downward Wdn = 0.9 . Pw Cp+

Where,


Ww Wind Windward Ww = 0.9 . Pw Cpw

Where,
Cpw Net Pressure Coefficient Cpw = Ce + Ci

Rectangular enclosed building upwind slope
α < 10˚ Ce = 0.2
α = 15˚ Ce = 0.0
α = 20˚ Ce = 0.2
α = 25˚ Ce = 0.3
α = 30˚ Ce = 0.4
α = 35˚ Ce = 0.5
α > 45˚ Ce = 0.8sin(α)
Rectangular enclosed building downwind slope / hip roof
α < 10˚ Ce = -0.9
α = 10˚ Ce = -0.5
α = 15˚ Ce = -0.5
α = 20˚ Ce = -0.6
α > 25˚ Ce = -0.6


54
Wl Wind Leeward Wl = 0.9 . Pw Cp

Where,
Cpl Net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cpl = Ce + Ci

Rectangular enclosed building upwind slope
α < 10˚ Ce = 0.2
α = 15˚ Ce = 0.0
α = 20˚ Ce = 0.2
α = 25˚ Ce = 0.3
α = 30˚ Ce = 0.4
α = 35˚ Ce = 0.5
α > 45˚ Ce = sin(α)
Rectangular enclosed building downwind slope / hip roof
α < 10˚ Ce = -0.9
α = 10˚ Ce = -0.5
α = 15˚ Ce = -0.5
α = 20˚ Ce = -0.6
α > 25˚ Ce = -0.6

5.3.1.5 SANS 517:2013

Where,



Where,


55
Ww Wind Windward Wu = Pw Cp-

Where,
Cp Net Pressure Coefficient Upward Cp = Ce + Ci
CeJ External Pressure Coefficient zone J

α = 5˚ CeJ = -0.6
α = 15˚ CeJ = -1.0
α = 30˚ CeJ = -0.5
α = 45˚ CeJ = -0.3
CeH External Pressure Coefficient zone H
α = 5˚ CeH = 0.0
α = 15˚ CeH = 0.2
α = 30˚ CeH = 0.4
α = 45˚ CeH = 0.6
CeF External Pressure Coefficient zone F
α = 5˚ CeF- CeF = -0.8
α = 5˚ CeF+ CeF = 0.0


Wl Wind Leeward Wl = Pw Cp+

Where,
Cp Net Pressure Coefficient Downward Cp = Ce + Ci
CeJ External Pressure Coefficient zone J

α = 5˚ CeJ = -0.6
α = 15˚ CeJ = -1.0
α = 30˚ CeJ = -0.5
α = 45˚ CeJ = -0.3
CeH External Pressure Coefficient zone H
α = 5˚ CeH = 0.0
α = 15˚ CeH = 0.2
α = 30˚ CeH = 0.4
α = 45˚ CeH = 0.6
CeF External Pressure Coefficient zone F
α = 5˚ CeF- CeF = -0.8
α = 5˚ CeF+ CeF = 0.0



56
5.3.1.6 GB 50009-2012
Where,



Where,

5.3.1.7 EN 1990:2002-MEAN AND EN 1990:2002-GUST.

Where,


Where,


57
5.3.1.8 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011.

Where,


Where,

5.3.2 POINT LOAD

The truss point Load Pt is manually entered in TSET.
The software considers a load distribution factor to take in account the load being shared with adjacent
structure. A minimum point load of 1.1 kN (0.25 kip) is considered.
The Pont load, Pe, is applied at mid panel points of the top and bottom chords, and at 300 mm (12”) in from
the end of top chord eaves.
Pe = 5/8 x min[Pt , 1.1 kN (0.25 kip)]
5.4 EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR

The effective length factor Kx, Ky and Kt are initially defined in the datafile and they can be manually
changed using the LI command on a truss in the “Effective Length Factor” section. They are only used for
the chord members. For Webs and Rails, the effective length factor are always equal to 1.0.
5.4.1 IN LINE TRUSS

For in line trusses, the default values are Kx = Ky = Kt = 1.0.
Lx Effective Length for bending about x-axis Lx = Kx.lx
Ly Effective Length for bending about y-axis Ly = Ky.ly
Lt Effective Length for torsion Lt = min(Lx , Lx)
With
lx Unbraced Length for bending about x-axix lx = Web spacing
ly Unbraced Length for bending about y-axis ly = Batten spacing
Note that in the Engineering model, in case a node is connected to 4 members, the unreinforced chords and
rails of this connection will be made effectively non-structural.

58
5.4.2 BACK TO BACK TRUSS

For Back to Back trusses, the default values are Kx = Kt = 0.75 and Ky = 1.0.
Lx Effective Length for bending about x-axis Lx = Kx.lx
Ly Effective Length for bending about y-axis Ly = Ky.ly
Lt Effective Length for torsion Lt = Kt.lx
If Kt = 0 Lt = ly
With
lx Unbraced Length for bending about x-axis lx = Web spacing
ly Unbraced Length for bending about y-axis ly = Batten spacing
5.4.3 TRUNCATED AND USER TRUSSES

These two types of trusses include a third restraint value to take in account horizontal chord restraint
difference from top and bottom chords restraints. The horizontal chord restraint spacing has to be defined
through the LI command for each Truncated or User truss in the layout. If the value is set to 0, the software
will use the top chord restraint as the horizontal chord restraint.
5.4.4 SERVICEABILITY LIMITS

The serviceability checks are done for the truss top and bottom chord members.
The total deflection of the chord is considered for those checks.
For non-suspended ceiling

For LC1 (Wind)   L / 180mm or 20mm
Top Chord For LC2 (Dead)   L / 300mm or 20mm
For LC3 (Live or Snow)   L / 300mm or 20mm

Bottom Chord For LC2 (Dead)   L / 300mm or 12mm
For suspended ceiling

Top & Bottom Chord For LC2 (Dead)   L / 180mm or 30mm

59
5.4.5 TRUSS LOAD COMBINATIONS

The load combinations used for each code option as listed in the following sections.
In addition to uniform load cases, each member is checked for strength and stability by applying a nominal
point load Pe (see section 5.2.2) mid span of each major segment. This check is applied to members where
the length of the major segment if greater than five time the height of the section.
5.4.5.1 IBC 2009 LRFD

LC2 1.0G Serviceability check
LC3 Max (1.0Q, 1.0S) Serviceability check
LC4 1.2G + 1.6Q Strength check
LC6 0.9G + 1.6Ww Strength check
LC7 0.9G + 1.6Wl Strength check
LC8 1.2G + 1.6Ww + Max (0.5Q,0.5S) Strength check
LC9 1.2G + 1.6Wl + Max (0.5Q,0.5S) Strength check
LC10 1.2G + 0.8Ww + Max (1.6Q,1.6S) Strength check
LC11 1.2G + 0.8Wl + Max (1.6Q,1.6S) Strength check
LC12 1.2G + 1.6S (if S>0) Strength check
LC13 1.2G + 1.6 Pe Strength check
LC8 1.2G + 1.0Ww + 0.5Max (Q,S) Strength check
LC9 1.2G + 1.0Wl + 0.5Max (Q,S) Strength check
5.4.5.3 IBC 2009 ASD

LC8 1.0G + 0.75Ww + 0.75Max(Q,S) Strength check
LC9 1.0G + 0.75Wl + 0.75Max(Q,S) Strength check

60
5.4.5.5 ABNT NBR 14762:2009

LC6 1.25G + 1.4Wd (if S=0) Strength check
LC6 1.25G + 1.4Wd + 1.0S (if S>0) Strength check
LC7 1.25G + 0.85Wd + 1.4S (if S>0) Strength check
5.4.5.6 CSA S136 2007 LSD AND NBCC 2010

5.4.5.7 NBCC 2015


61
5.4.5.8 NASH AS 2010 AND NASH NZ 2010

LC7 1.2G + 1.0S (if S > 0) Strength check
5.4.5.9 AS/NZS 1170:2002

5.4.5.10 AS 3623-1993
5.4.5.11 SANS 517:2013

5.4.5.12 GB 50009-2012

62

LC10 1.2G + 1.4 Sw (if S > 0) Strength check
LC11 1.2G + 1.4 Sl (if S > 0) Strength check

LC5 1.0G + 1.5 (1.75 if cyclonic) Wu Strength check
LC6 1.35G + 1.5 (1.75 if cyclonic) Wd Strength check
LC7 1.35G + 1.5Wd + 0.75S (if S>0 and non-cyclonic) Strength check
LC7 1.0G + 1.75Wd + 0.2S (if S>0 and cyclonic) Strength check
LC8 1.35G + 0.9 Wd + 1.5S (if S > 0) Strength check
5.4.5.14 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

LC6 1.1G + 1.4Wd + 1.25S (or 1.1Q if S=0) Strength check
LC7 1.1G + 1.25Wd + 1.4S only if S > 0 Strength check
5.4.6 TRUSS CAPACITIES AND SECTION PROPERTIES

Truss section available are:
5.4.6.1 INLINE TRUSSES

Lip Cuts
For in-line truss, the section capacity considered for the design are the section capacities of section LE with
the following exceptions to take consideration of localised lip cuts.
• Section Compression Capacity: Unlipped C section capacity used
• Section Bending Capacity (-ve) 0.8 x Lipped section capacity used

63
• Section Bending Capacity (+ve) 0.8 x Lipped section capacity used typically
• Section Bending Capacity (+ve) Unlipped Section Capacity + 0.2 x Lipped section capacity used at
joints (allowance for moment redistribution) for section bending check for members longer than 1.4
times member depth and pin end members.
• Section Bending Capacity (+ve) Unlipped Section Capacity used at joints for section bending check
for top chord eave member longer than 1.4 times member depth.
At lip cut locations where the moment demand exceeds the design section capacity, a reinforcing plate is
detailed. The Design strength of the plated section is set at 1.0 x the Lipped section capacity
Web Cuts (Notches)

For in-line truss, the section properties considered for the design are the section properties of section LE, LF,
and LCLE with the following exceptions to take consideration of localised Web Cuts (Notches).
• Chord or Rail Member crossing other Chord, Rail, or Web member (where there are 4 or more beam
elements at a node in the analysis model)
o LE, LF: model pin moment connection, nominal axial stiffness (1/1000 Ag), nominal section
compression strength (1/100 Ns)
o LCLE: Section compression strength = 0.5 x LCLE section compression capacity, Section
bending strength = 0.5 x LCLE section bending capacity
5.4.6.2 BACK TO BACK TRUSSES

See Section B.5 for capacity calculation details, plus the following requirements for AISI S100-2007 and
AS/NZS 4600:2005 standards:
Requirements For AISI S100-2007 and AS/NZS 4600:2005
For Top and Bottom Chord of Back to Back trusses, the compression capacity calculation takes in account
the requirements of the American standard for compression members having one flange through-fastened to
sheathing (AISI S100-2007 D.6.1.3).
In case of close Battened (batten spacing < 410 mm), the minimum torsion axial buckling Strength Fez is in
accordance of AISI S100-2007 D6.1.3 and AS/NZS 4600:2005 3.4.7:
Fez = (0.79s + 0.54) (0.046t + 0.93) (0.1 b - 0.064d+ 22.8) (E/29500)
PnLC Compression member capacity PnLC = Øc max( AenLCFn , Fez Agross)

With,
s 0.5 (for batten screwed to centre of flange)
b Flange width
d Web depth
Øc capacity reduction factor
For AISI S100-07 LRFD Øc = 0.85
For AISI S100-07 LSD Øc = 0.80
For AISI S100-07 ASD Øc = 1/Ωv = 1/1.80

64
For AS/NZS 4600:2005 Øc = 0.85
5.4.6.3 REINFORCED CHORD

Reinforced section (LCLE), inline boxed section (LF) and boxed section (LB) are used to reinforce truss
members. See Appendix B for these build-up section calculation details. For truss design the following
strength adjustments are made:
• At physical member ends: Section compression strength = 0.5 x built up-section compression
capacity to take consideration of difficulty in constructing a full-strength connection.
• For LF Sections at Joints: Section Bending strengths as for LE Section

Section compression strength = 0.5 x built up-section compression
5.4.7 TRUSS DESIGN CHECKS

Ten design checks are performed for each member of the trusses, and for each load combination. The
results are shown in “Code Status”. The most optimised system reaching 100%, anything over 100% has
failed.
5.4.7.1 SHEAR CHECK

Shear values are reported at each extremity of the member as shown on the picture below. There are 2
shear values per member, Va and Vc.
Shear checks are used to design top chord and Bottom chord.
max (|𝑉𝑎|, |𝑉𝑐|)

V% = < 100%
𝑉
Where,
V Shear Capacity of the member
V% Shear check ratio
5.4.7.2 AXIAL CHECK

Axial forces are reported for each member. Only one axial force value per member (N). When the value is
>0, it is tension, when the value is <0 it is compression.
Axial checks are used to design top chord, Bottom chord and web.
5.4.7.3 COMPRESSION CHECK

Section check
100. |N|
Ns% = < 100%
𝑁𝑠
Member Check
100. |N|
Nn% = < 100%
𝑁𝑛

65
N% = max ( Ns% , Nn% ) < 100%

Where,
N Axial force in the member
Ns Compression Section Capacity
Nn Compression Member Capacity
N% Compression check ratio
5.4.7.4 TENSION CHECK

100. |𝑁|
𝑇% = < 100%
𝑇
Where,
T Tension Section Capacity. See Appendix 2 .1

Bending values are reported at both extremities and in the middle of each member as shown on the picture
bellow. There are 3 bending values per member Ma, Mb and Mc.
Bending checks are used to design top chord and Bottom chord.
5.4.7.6 BOTTOM CHORD CHECK

If M > 0
Section check
100. |max (𝑀𝑎, 𝑀𝑏, 𝑀𝑐)|
Ms + % = < 100%
𝑀𝑠 +
Member Check
100. |max (𝑀𝑎, 𝑀𝑏, 𝑀𝑐)|
Mb+ % = < 100%
𝑀𝑛 +
If M < 0
Section Check
100. |min (𝑀𝑎, 𝑀𝑏, 𝑀𝑐)|
Ms − % = ) < 100%
𝑀𝑠 −
Member check
100. |min (𝑀𝑎, 𝑀𝑏, 𝑀𝑐)|
Mb− % = ) < 100%
𝑀𝑛 −

66
5.4.7.7 TOP CHORD CHECK

If M > 0
Section check
100. |min(𝑀𝑎, 𝑀𝑏, 𝑀𝑐)|
Ms + % = < 100%
𝑀𝑠 +
Member Check
100. |min(𝑀𝑎, 𝑀𝑏, 𝑀𝑐)|
Mb+ % = < 100%
𝑀𝑛 +
If M < 0
Section Check
100. |max(𝑀𝑎, 𝑀𝑏, 𝑀𝑐)|
Ms − % = ) < 100%
𝑀𝑠 −
Member check
100. |max(𝑀𝑎, 𝑀𝑏, 𝑀𝑐)|

Mb− % = ) < 100%
𝑀𝑛 −
M% = max( 𝑀𝑠% , 𝑀𝑛% ) < 100%
Where,
M The maximum intensity bending moment in the member. M keeps the sign of the
highest bending force intensity
Ms+ Section Bending capacity positive. See Appendix B for calculation details.
Ms- Section Bending capacity negative. See Appendix B for calculation details.
Mn+ Member Bending capacity positive. See Appendix B for calculation details.
Mn- Member Bending capacity negative. See Appendix B for calculation details.
M% Bending check ratio
5.4.7.8 COMBINED SHEAR AND BENDING CHECK

2018 LRFD, IBC 2018 ASD, CSA S136 2007 LSD, NBCC 2010, NBCC 2015, ABNT NBR 14762:2009,
NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 201, AS/NZS 1170:2002, SANS 517:2013 and GB 50009-
2012
If V% < 70% and Ms% > 50%
(0.6 𝑀𝑠% + 𝑉%)
𝑉𝑀% =
1.3
Else
𝑉𝑀% = √𝑀𝑠%2 + 𝑉%2
Where,
VM% Combined Shear and bending check ratio
5.4.7.8.2 EN 1990:2002-MEAN, EN 1990:2002-GUST and SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

If N>0 (Tension) and 𝑀𝑓 EN 1993-1-3:
VM% = 𝑇% + 𝑀𝑠% + (1 − ) ∗ (2 ∗ 𝑉% − 1)2 < 100%
V%>50% 𝑀𝑝𝑙 Eq.(6.27)
If N<0 (Compression) and 𝑀𝑓 EN 1993-1-3:
VM% = 𝑁% + 𝑀𝑠% + (1 − ) ∗ (2 ∗ 𝑉% − 1)2 < 100%
V%>50% 𝑀𝑝𝑙 Eq.(6.27)

67
Where,
Mf Moment of resistance of a cross-section consisting of the effective area of flanges
only
Mpl Plastic moment of resistance of the cross-section
N% Compression check ratio
T% Tension check ratio
Ms% Section Bending check ratio
5.4.7.9 COMBINED TENSION AND BENDING CHECK

2012
TM% = 𝑇% + 𝑀𝑠%
Where,
TM% Combined tension and bending check ratio

TM% = 𝑇% + Ms𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 % < 100% EN 1993-1-3:
If Msx+ < Msx-
Eq.(6.23)
TM% = 𝑀𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛 % − 𝑇% < 100% EN 1993-1-3:
If Msx+ > Msx-
Eq.(6.24)
Where,
Mscomp% Bending check ratio for the maximum compressive stress =
Ms%
Msten% Bending check ratio for the maximum tensile stress.
T% Tension check ratio
5.4.7.10 COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING CHECK

2012
0.85
CM% = max[ (𝑁𝑛% + 𝑀𝑛%) , ( 𝑁𝑛% + 𝑀𝑛% ) ]
𝛼𝑥
CM% = ( 𝑁𝑛%0.8 + 𝑀𝑛%0.8 ) EN 1993-1-3:Eq.(6.36)
Where,
CM% Combined compression and bending check ratio

68
5.4.7.10.3 Eccentricity Check for webs of Back to Back trusses:

For Webs of Back to Back truss, the software performs an extra combined compression and bending check
for all codes. This extra check takes in account the eccentric loading condition in the web member caused by
the Back to Back connection. This eccentric connection will produce a bending moment in the web that is
acting as an out of plane moment. The American code specifies the interaction of axial compression and out
of plane bending may be determined by the following check:
0.85 𝑅 𝑃 𝑒 .100
𝑅. 𝑁𝑛% + ) ≤ 100
𝛼𝑥 𝑀𝑛
Where,
𝐿/𝑟 𝐿/𝑟
R = Eccentricity moment reduction factor = max[(-( )2 + – 0.22), 0.6]
173 88
(AISI S214-12 Eq D4.4-3)
r = Y axis Radius of gyration
L = Unbraced Length of the compression web member
𝛼𝑥 Magnification factors 𝛼𝑦 = 1 - |N|/PEx
PEx Elastic Buckling Strength
CM% Combined compression and bending check ratio
5.4.7.11 CONNECTION CHECK

FRAMECAD Structure reports the total joint capacity at each node. The number of screw required at each
node is calculated considering the highest joint load for all load combination and for each node. The number
of screw required at each node is then specified on the truss detailed drawing.
The minimum screw edge distance is as followed:
• 1.5 d for back to back truss
• 2.2d for in-Line truss
2012
V
< 100%
𝑉𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
Where
Vjoint Joint capacity Vjoint = Ø Nscrew Pns
V Maximum joint load at the node
Nscrew = Number of screws per joint (Refer to CAD drawing)
Pns Nominal shear strength per screw limited by tilting and bearing
Pns = min(Pnsb , Pnst)
Pnsb = Bearing connection capacity per screw Pnsb = 2.7tdFu

Pnst = Tilting connection capacity per screw
For in line truss Pnst = 0
For back to back truss Pnst = 4.2(t3d) 0.5Fu
Where
t = Material Thickness
d = Screw diameter

69
Fu = Tensile strength
Ø Capacity reduction factor for screw connections
For AISI S100-07 LRFD Øbx = 0.50
For AISI S100-07 LSD Øbx = 0.40
For AISI S100-07 ASD Øbx = 1/Ωbx = 1/3.0
For AS/NZS 4600 Øbx = 0.50

V
< 100%
𝑉𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
Where
Vjoint Joint capacity Vjoint = Nscrew Fb,Rd
V Maximum joint load at the node
Nscrew = Number of screws per joint (Refer to CAD drawing)
Fb,Rd Nominal shear strength per screw
Fb,Rd = min(𝛼,2.1).Fy.d.t / 1.25 EN 1993-1-3: Table (8.2)
Where
𝛼 = 3.2.(t/d)0.5 EN 1993-1-3: Table (8.2)
t = Material Thickness
d = Screw diameter
Fu = Tensile strength
5.4.8 GIRDER TRUSS

Girder trusses support other roof truss members.
Structure calculates the extra roof loaded area carried by the girder truss from the supported trusses, and
reports this as the Additional Supported Area. The load from the Additional Supported Area is applied as a
uniform load to the bottom chord of the girder truss.
Girder trusses generated using the layout command RS or TD will be assigned a Truss Spacing equal to half
the distance to the next truss (on the opposite side to the oncoming supported trusses). This takes account
of the portion of load that will be applied to the girder truss from attached battens. Loads for the Truss
Spacing will be applied to the girder chords as for a normal truss.
Structure will insert back to back studs in wall frames under each girder truss support location.
When a girder truss is sitting over an opening, the loads on the opening will consider the girder truss load
including the Additional Supported Area, and add it to the Uniform Distributed Load over the opening.
In case of the Additional Supported Area > 2.2 x Truss Span x Truss Spacing, the following warning
message will appear “Girder loading onto an opening… Engineering advice required…

70
6 Floor Engineering
6.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIONS
Floor frames are analysed via a 2D plane frame analysis. The software takes the joist from the detail
drawing and reduces it to an Engineering model (single line drawing) using the centroid of each member as
the reference points. For Webbed Joists, apparent intersections are identified creating node points with
connecting lines. Each line is then subdivided into two or more members for the top chord; this enables
more accurate bending and deflection calculations. For Deep C joist, node points are automatically created
along the joist centred from the middle at a distance D = max (Span/8, 1.5XH) with H the height of the Deep
C joist, and the span the distance between supports. Additionally, node added at each side of a support at a
distance H.
Members are assigned gross sectional properties that are calculated for the selected section. For each load
case, the software calculates and applies the total combined forces imposed on each node and element.
Member section capacities are calculated are for the effective sectional properties. These effective sectional
properties vary with the length and constraint conditions of each member. The effective lengths of a member
are taken to be the distance between the joist connection joints (in-plane) and the specified spacing of
restraining members (ceiling battens).
On the completion of the analysis, the overall Joist is checked for serviceability deflections and each member
is checked for strength compliance with the code. The screwed, riveted or bolted joints are all designed by
the software based on the largest terminating load at that point. Whilst the software designs the required
fasteners at each joint, it does not do any checks to ensure that the quantity of fasteners will fit within the
allowed space.
Note that in the Engineering model, in case a node is connected to 4 members, those members will be made
effectively non-structural.
6.2 DESIGN LOADS FOR JOISTS

Q Live Load = Floor Live
G Dead load = Floor dead and ceiling
S Snow Load
P Joist point load
6.2.1 POINT LOAD

The joist point Load P is manually entered in JSET and can be modified using the LI command.
The software considers a load distribution factor to take in account the load being shared with adjacent
structures. The Point load effect on the joist is taken to be equal to that of an isolated beam loaded by a
concentrated load Pe. A minimum distributed point load of 0.9 kN (0.2 kip) is considered.
Pe = min[ K.P , 0.9 kN (0.2 kip) ]

Where
K Distribution Factor (value can be modified from the LI command on a joist)
If Pe near a support (distance < 2 x Joist depth) K = Bending distribution factor
Else K = Shear distribution Factor
6.3 JOIST DESIGN

71
6.3.1 SERVICEABILITY LIMITS

The deflection criteria can be selected from the JSET command and can be modified from the LI command.
The deflection check is performed for the 2 load combinations (Live) and (Dead + Live) that also incorporates
design for multiple patch loading conditions for multi-span joist Load to identify the worst-case scenario.
6.3.2 JOIST LOAD COMBINATIONS

The load combinations used for each code option as listed in the following sections.
In addition to uniform load cases, each member is checked for strength and stability by applying a nominal
point load Pe (see section 5.2.1) along the top chord of the joist.
For Webbed Joist, the user has the choice between 2 types of point load configuration:
• “Panel Point”: Point Load applied at mid span of each major segments. This check is applied to
members where the length of the major segment if greater than five time the height of the section.
• “Node Point”: Point Load applied at each web intersections.
6.3.2.1 IBC 2009 LRFD, IBC 2012 LRFD, IBC 2015 LRFD, AND IBC 2018 LRFD
LC1 1.0Q Serviceability check
LC2 1.0G + 1.0Q Serviceability check
LC4 1.2G + 1.6S + 0.5Q (if S>0) Strength check
LC5 1.0G + 1.6P Strength check
LC6 1.2G + 0.5Q + 1.0Drag (if Drag >0) Strength check
LC7 1.2G + 0.5Q - 1.0Drag (if Drag >0) Strength check
6.3.2.2 IBC 2009 ASD, IBC 2012 ASD, IBC 2015 ASD, AND IBC 2018 ASD
LC6 1.0G + 1.0Drag (if Drag >0) Strength check
LC7 1.0G - 1.0Drag (if Drag >0) Strength check
6.3.2.3 ABNT NBR 14762:2009

6.3.2.4 CSA S136 2007 LSD AND NBCC 2010


72
6.3.2.5 NBCC 2015

LC6 1.25G + 1.5Q + 1.0S (if S>0) Strength check
6.3.2.6 NASH AS 2010, NASH NZ 2010, AS 3623-1993 AND AS/NZS 1170:2002

6.3.2.7 SANS 517:2013


6.3.2.9 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011


73
6.3.3 JOIST CAPACITIES AND SECTION PROPERTIES

Joist section available are:
6.3.3.1 INLINE WEBBED JOIST

Lip Cuts
For in-line truss, the section capacity considered for the design are the section capacities of section LE with
the following exceptions to take consideration of localised lip cuts.
• Section Compression Capacity: Unlipped C section capacity used
• Section Bending Capacity (-ve) 0.8 x Lipped section capacity used
• Section Bending Capacity (+ve) 0.8 x Lipped section capacity used typically
• Section Bending Capacity (+ve) Unlipped Section Capacity + 0.2 x Lipped section capacity used at
joints (allowance for moment redistribution) for section bending check for members longer than 1.4
times member depth and pin end members.
At lip cut locations where the moment demand exceeds the design section capacity, a reinforcing plate is
detailed. The Design strength of the plated section is set at 1.0 x the Lipped section capacity
See Appendix for calculation details.
6.3.3.2 DEEP C JOIST

For Deep C Joist, the section capacity considered for the design are the section capacities of section LC.
See Appendix for calculation details.
6.3.4 JOIST DESIGN CHECKS

This section presents all the checks performed for each member of the joists, and for each load combination.
The results are shown in “Code Status”. The most optimised system reaching 100%, anything over 100%
has failed.
6.3.4.1 SHEAR CHECK

Shear values are reported at each extremity of the member as shown on the picture below. There are 2
shear values per member, Va and Vc.
Shear checks are used to design top chord and Bottom chord.

74
max (|𝑉𝑎|, |𝑉𝑐|)

V% = < 100%
𝑉
Where,
V Shear Capacity of the member
6.3.4.2 AXIAL CHECK

Axial forces are reported for each member. Only one axial force value per member (N). When the value is
>0, it is tension, when the value is <0 it is compression.
Axial checks are used to design top chord, Bottom chord and web.
6.3.4.3 COMPRESSION CHECK

6.3.4.4 TENSION CHECK
100. |𝑁|
𝑇% = < 100%
𝑇
Where,
T Tension Section Capacity.

Bending values are reported at both extremities and in the middle of each member as shown on the picture
bellow. There are 3 bending values per member Ma, Mb and Mc.
Bending checks are used to design top chord and Bottom chord.

75
6.3.4.6 COMBINED SHEAR AND BENDING CHECK

If V% < 70% and Ms% > 50%
(0.6 𝑀𝑠% + 𝑉%)
𝑉𝑀% =
1.3
Else
𝑉𝑀% = √𝑀𝑠%2 + 𝑉%2
Where,
6.3.4.7 COMBINED TENSION AND BENDING CHECK

TM% = 𝑇% + 𝑀𝑠%
Where,
6.3.4.8 COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING CHECK
6.3.4.9 CONNECTION CHECK

FRAMECAD Structure reports the total joint capacity at each node. The number of screws required at each
node is calculated considering the highest joint load for all load combination and for each node. The number
of screws required at each node is then specified on the joist detailed drawing.
The minimum screw edge distance is 1.5 d for in-Line Webbed Joist.
6.3.5 JOIST USAGE

6 different types of joist are available in the software which usage differs as below:
• Joist : Structural member used as basic joist that will not carry other oncoming
joists
• End Bearer : Non-Structural member, placed at joists termination
• Side Bearer : Non-Structural member placed on the side of the floor layout
• Int Bearer : Non-Structural member placed in between joist or under.
• Joist Beam : Structural member that carries on coming joists
• Beam Bearer : Structural member that carries on coming joists
Non-structural member will not be engineered by the software.

Structural member will be engineered by the software, and only Joist beam and beam bearer provide support
for other on*coming joists.
6.3.6 JOIST BEAM AND BEAM BEARER
Joist beam and beam bearer support other joists.
FRAMECAD Structure determines load from each on-coming joists and applies it as a point load at the
connection point location.
Floor Beams generated using the layout command JD will be assigned a Joist Spacing equal to half the
distance to the next joist (on the opposite side to the oncoming supported joists). This takes account of the

76
portion of load that will be applied to the floor beam from attached flooring. Loads for the Joist Spacing will
be applied to the beam chords as for a normal joist.
Structure will insert back to back studs in wall frames under each floor joist support location.
When a floor beam is sitting over an opening, the loads on the opening will consider the oncoming floor
beam loads, and add it to the Uniform Distributed Load over the opening.
In case of the Additional Supported Area > 2.2 x Truss Span x Truss Spacing, the following warning
message will appear “Girder loading onto an opening… Engineering advice required…

77
APPENDIX A – AVAILABLE SECTION

78
APPENDIX B –STRUCTURE SECTION CAPACITIES

CALCULATION FOLLOWING THE AISI S100/CSA S136
DESIGN CODES
B.1 LC SECTION
B.1.1 TENSION CAPACITY

TnLC Tension Section Capacity TnLC = Øt min (Tna , Tnb)
Where,
Tna tensile capacity of member for yield in gross section
Tna = Ag Fy
Tnb tensile capacity of member for rupture in net section
Tnb = 0.83AnFu
Øt = capacity reduction factor
For LRFD Øt = 0.90
For LSD Øt = 0.90
For ASD Øt = 1/Ωt = 1/1.67
B.1.2 SHEAR CAPACITY

VnLC Shear Section Capacity VnLC = Øv Aw Fv
Where,
Aw Area of Web element Aw = h.t
Fv Nominal Shear stress C3.2.1-1
For h/t ≤ (5.34E / Fy)0.5 Fv = 0.60 Fy
For h/t ≤ 1.51 (5.34E / Fy)0.5 Fv = 0.60 (5.34EFy)0.5/(h/t)
For h/t > 1.51(5.34E / Fy)0.5 Fv = 4.827E / (h/t)2
Where:
h Depth of flat portion of web (see figure)
t Thickness of material
Øv = capacity reduction factor

For LRFD Øv = 0.95
For LSD Øv = 0.90
For ASD Øv = 1/Ωv = 1/1.60

79
B.1.3 COMPRESSION CAPACITY

PnoLC Compression section capacity PnoLC = Øc AeyLCFy
PnLC Compression member capacity PnLC = Øc AenLCFn
Where,
AeyLC effective area at yield stress Fy
AenLC effective area at critical stress Fn
Fn Nominal buckling stress
For λc ≤ 1.5 Fn = (0.658λc2)Fy
For λc > 1.5 Fn = (0.877/λc2)Fy
Where,
λc Slenderness factor λc = (Fy/Fe)0.5
Where,
Fe = min( Fe , Fex )
Fe = (0.5 / β)[(Fex + Fez) – ((Fex + Fez)2 - 4βFexFez)0.5]
β = 1 – (xo / ro)2
Fex = ∏2E/(λx)2
Fey = ∏2E/(λy)2
Fez = (GJ/Agro12)(1 + ∏2ECw/(GJLx2))
λx = Lx / rx
λy = Ly / ry
xo = Distance from shear center to centroid
ro = Polar radius of gyration
rx,y = Radius of gyration
Lx,y = Buckling length
G = Shear Modulus
J = Saint-Venant torsion constant
Cw = Torsion Warping constant
Øc = capacity reduction factor

For LRFD Øc = 0.85
For LSD Øc = 0.80
For ASD Øc = 1/Ωv = 1/1.80
Note: Web service holes are taken into consideration for the calculation of the effective area in
accordance with AISIS100 section B2.2
B.1.4 BENDING CAPACITY

MnxoLC Bending section capacity MnxoLC = Øbxo SeLCFy
MnxLC Bending member capacity MnxLC = Øbx ScLCFc
Where,
SeLC Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fy
ScLC Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fc
Fc Critical buckling stress
For Fe ≤ 0.56Fy Fc = Fe
For 0.56Fy < Fe < 2.78Fy Fc = 1.11Fy [1 – (10Fy/36Fe)]
For Fe ≥ 2.78Fy Fc = Fy[1/ Fe2]
Where,
Fe Elastic buckling stress Fe = CbAgro1 (FeyFez) 0.5 / Sf
Sf full sectional modulus
Cb Bending Coefficient Cb = 1
Fex = ∏2E/ (Lx / rx) 2
Fey = ∏2E/(Ly / ry) 2
Fez = (GJ/Agro12) (1 + ∏2ECw/ (GJLx2))
Øbxo = capacity reduction factor

For LRFD up to 2012 Øbxo = 0.95

80
For AISI S100-16 LRFD Øbxo = 0.90

For LSD Øbxo = 0.90
For ASD Øbxo = 1/Ωbxo = 1/1.67
Øbx = capacity reduction factor
For LRFD Øbx = 0.90
For LSD Øbx = 0.90
For ASD Øbx = 1/Ωbx = 1/1.67
Note: Web service holes are taken into consideration for the calculation of the effective area in
accordance with AISI S100 section B2.4.

81
B.2 OC SECTION

TnOC Tension Section Capacity TnOC = Øt min (Tna , Tnb)
Where,
Tna tensile capacity of member for yield in gross section
Tna = AgOC Fy
Tnb tensile capacity of member for rupture in net section
Tnb = 0.83AnOCFu
Øt = capacity reduction factor See section B.1.1 for calculation details

VnOC Shear Section Capacity VnOC = VnLC

PnoOC Compression section capacity PnoOC = Øc AeyOCFy
PnOC Compression member capacity PnOC = Øc AenOCFn
Where,
AeyOC effective area at yield stress Fy for section OC
AenOC effective area at critical stress Fn for section OC
Fn Nominal buckling stress See section B.1.3 for calculation detail
MnxoOC Bending section capacity MnxoOC = Øbxo SeOCFy

MnxOC Bending member capacity MnxOC = Øbx ScOCFc
Where,
SeOC Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fy for section OC
ScOC Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fc for section OC
Fc Critical buckling stress See section B.1.4 for calculation details

82
B.3 LE SECTION

TnLE Tension Section Capacity TnLE = TnLC
See section B.1.1 for calculation details.

VnLE Shear Section Capacity VnLE = Øv Aw Fv
Where,
Aw Area of Web element Aw = 2.h.t
Fv Nominal Shear stress See section B.1.2 for calculation details
Where:
h Depth of flat portion of web (see figure)
t Thickness of material
Øv = capacity reduction factor See section B.1.2 for calculation details

PnoLE Compression section capacity PnoLE = PnoLC
PnLE Compression member capacity PnLE = PnoLC
See section B.1.3 for calculation details.

Mnxo-LE Bending section capacity (web in tension)
Mnxo-LE = Øbxo SeLEFy
Mnxo+LE Bending section capacity (Web in compression)
Mnxo+LE = Øbxo SeLEFy
Mnx-LE Bending member capacity (Web in tension)

Mnx-LE = Øbx ScLEFc
Mnx+LE Bending member capacity (Web in compression)
Mnx+LE = Øbx ScLEFc
Where,
SeLE Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fy
ScLE Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fc
For Fe ≤ 0.56Fy Fc = Fe
For 0.56Fy < Fe < 2.78Fy Fc = 1.11Fy [1 – (10Fy/36Fe)]
For Fe ≥ 2.78Fy Fc = Fy[1/ Fe2]
Where,

83
Fe Elastic buckling stress

Fe = CsAgFex [j + Cs(j2 + ro2Fey/Fez) 0.5 ] / CTFSf
CTF End moment coefficient for lateral torsional buckling
Cs Lateral torsional buckling coefficient

For Web in compression Cs = +1
For Web in tension Cs = -1
j Section property for torsional flexural buckling
Fex = ∏2E/ (Lx / rx) 2
Fey = ∏2E/(Ly / ry) 2
Fez = (GJ/Agro12) (1 + ∏2ECw/ (GJLx2))
Øbxo = capacity reduction factor See section B.1.4 for calculation details
Øbx = capacity reduction factor See section B.1.4 for calculation details

84
B.4 OE SECTION

TnOE Tension Section Capacity TnOE = TnOC
See section B.2.1 for calculation details

VnOE Shear Section Capacity VnOE = VnLE

PnoOE Compression section capacity PnoOE = Øc AeyOEFy
PnOE Compression member capacity PnOE = Øc AenOEFn
Where,
AeyOE effective area at yield stress Fy for section OE
AenOE effective area at critical stress Fn for section OE
Fn Nominal buckling stress

MnxoOE Bending section capacity MnxoOE = Øbxo SeOEFy
MnxOE Bending member capacity MnxOE = Øbx ScOEFc
Where,
SeOE Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fy for section OE
ScOE Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fc for section OE
See section B.3.4 for calculation details of section LE

85
B.5 LD AND LB SECTION
FRAMECAD Structure is considering that back to back section (LD) and boxed sections (LB) are twice the
capacity of a single Section LC in tension, shear, compression and bending.
This is a more conservative approach than considering built up section capacities which would require the
two sections to be screwed together at close centers in accordance with the design standard.
Tension Section Capacity TnLD = TnLB = 2 TnLC
Shear Section Capacity VnLD = VnLB = 2 VnLC
Compression section capacity PnoLD = PnoLB = 2 PnoLC
Compression member capacity PnLD = PnLB = 2 PnLC
Bending section capacity MnxoLD = MnxoLB = 2 MnxoLC
Bending member capacity MnxLD = MnxLB = 2 MnxLC

86
B.6 LCLE SECTION
Tension Section Capacity TnLCLE = TnLC + TnLE

Shear Section Capacity VnLCLE = VnLC + VnLE
Compression section capacity PnoLCLE = PnoLC + PnoLE
Compression member capacity PnLCLE = PnLC + PnLE
Bending section capacity Mnxo-LCLE = MnxoLC + Mnxo-LE
Mnxo+LCLE = MnxoLC + Mnxo+LE
Bending member capacity Mnx-LCLE = MnxLC + Mnx-LE
Mnx+LCLE = MnxLC + Mnx+LE

87
APPENDIX C –STRUCTURE SECTION CAPACITIES

CALCULATION FOLLOWING THE ASNZS 4600:2005
DESIGN CODE
C.1 LC SECTION
C.1.1 TENSION CAPACITY

NtLC Tension Section Capacity NtLC = Øt min (Nta , Ntb)
Where,
Nta tensile capacity of member for yield in gross section
Nta = Ag Fy
Ntb tensile capacity of member for rupture in net section
Ntb = 0.85KtAnFu
kt = Correction Factor
Øt = capacity reduction factor Øt = 0.90
C.1.2 SHEAR CAPACITY

VvLC Shear Section Capacity
For d1/tw ≤ √𝐸𝑘𝑣 / 𝑓𝑦 VvLC = Øv0.64d1tw Fy
For d1/tw ≤ 1.415√𝐸𝑘𝑣 / 𝑓𝑦 VvLC = Øv0.64tw2 √𝐸𝑘𝑣 / 𝑓𝑦
For d1/tw> 1.415√𝐸𝑘𝑣 / 𝑓𝑦 VvLC = Øv0.905 Ekvtw3 /d1
Where,
KV Shear buckling coefficient kv = 5.34
d1 Depth of the web element
tw Thickness of the web element
Øv = capacity reduction factor Øv = 0.90
C.1.3 COMPRESSION CAPACITY

NsLC Compression section capacity NsLC = Øc AeLCFy
NbLC Compression member capacity NbLC = Øc AeLCFn
Where,
AeLC effective area

88
Fn Critical stress
For λc ≤ 1.5 Fn = (0.658λc2)Fy
For λc > 1.5 Fn = (0.877/λc2)Fy
Where,
λc Slenderness factor λc = (Fy/Foc)0.5
Where,
Foc = (0.5 / β)[(Fox + Foz) – ((Fox + Foz)2 - 4βFoxFoz)0.5]
β = 1 – (xo / ro)2
Fox = ∏2E/(λx)2
Foy = ∏2E/(λy)2
Foz = (GJ/Agro12)(1 + ∏2EIw/(GJLx2))
λx = Lx / rx
λy = Ly / ry
xo = Distance from shear center to centroid
ro = Polar radius of gyration
rx,y = Radius of gyration
Lx,y = Buckling length
G = Shear Modulus
J = Saint-Venant torsion constant
Iw = Torsion Warping constant
Øc = capacity reduction factor Øc = 0.85
C.1.4 BENDING CAPACITY

MsLC Bending section capacity MsLC = Øs ZeLCFy
MbLC Bending member capacity MbLC = Øb ZcLCFc
Where,
ZeLC Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fy
ZcLC Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fc in the extreme compression fiber
Fc Critical buckling stress Fc = Mc / Zf
Mc Critical moment
For λb ≤ 0.6 Mc = My
For 0.6 < λb < 1.336 Mc = 1.11My [1 – (10 λb2/36)]

For λb ≥ 1.336 Mc = My[1/ λb2]
Where,
Zf Full unreduced section modulus for the extreme compression fiber
My Moment causing initial yield My = Zf Fy
λb slenderness ratio λb = (My / Mo )0.5
Mo Elastic buckling stress Mo = CbAgro1 (FoyFoz) 0.5
Cb Bending Coefficient Cb = 1
Foy = ∏2E/(Ly / ry) 2
Foz = (GJ/Agro12) (1 + ∏2EIw/ (GJLx2))
Øs = capacity reduction factor for section bending capacity

Øs = 0.95
Øb = capacity reduction factor for member bending capacity
Øb = 0.9

89
C.2 OC SECTION

NtOC Tension Section Capacity NtOC = Øt min (Nta , Ntb)
Where,
Nta tensile capacity of member for yield in gross section
Nta = AgOC Fy
Ntb tensile capacity of member for rupture in net section
Ntb = 0.85 kt AnOCFu
kt = Correction Factor
Øt = capacity reduction factor Øt = 0.9


NsOC Compression section capacity NsOC = Øc AeyOCFy
NbOC Compression member capacity NbOC = Øc AenOCFn
Where,
AeyOC effective area at yield stress Fy for section OC
AenOC effective area at critical stress Fn for section OC
Fn Nominal buckling stress See section C.1.3 for calculation detail

MsOC Bending section capacity MsOC = Øb ZeOCFy
MbOC Bending member capacity MbOC = Øb ZcOCFc
Where,
SeOC Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fy for section OC
ScOC Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fc for section OC
Fc Critical buckling stress See section C.1.4 for calculation details
Øb = capacity reduction factor
Øb = 0.9

90
C.3 LE SECTION

NtLE Tension Section Capacity NtLE = NtLC
See section C.1.1 for calculation details.

VvLE Shear Section Capacity VvLE = 2. VvLc
With,
d1 depth of flange element
See section C.1.2 for calculation details

NsLE Compression section capacity NsLE = NsLC
NbLE Compression member capacity NbLE = NbLC
See section C.1.3 for calculation details.

Ms-LE Bending section capacity (web in tension)
Ms-LE = Øs ZeLEFy
Ms+LE Bending section capacity (Web in compression)
Ms+LE = Øs ZeLEFy
Mb-LE Bending member capacity (Web in tension)

Mb-LE = Øb ZcLEFc
Mb+LE Bending member capacity (Web in compression)
Mb+LE = Øb ZcLEFc
Where,
ZeLE Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fy
ZcLE Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fc
Fc Critical buckling stress Fc = Mc / Zf
Mc Critical moment
For λb ≤ 0.6 Mc = My
For 0.6 < λb < 1.336 Mc = 1.11My [1 – (10 λb2/36)]

For λb ≥ 1.336 Mc = My[1/ λb2]
Where,
Zf Full unreduced section modulus for the extreme compression fiber
My Moment causing initial yield My = Zf Fy
λb slenderness ratio λb = (My / Mo )0.5
Mo Elastic buckling stress
Mo = CsAgFox [j + Cs(j2 + ro2Foy/Foz) 0.5 ] / CTF
CTF End moment coefficient for lateral torsional buckling
Cs Lateral torsional buckling coefficient

91
For Web in compression Cs = +1

For Web in tension Cs = -1
j Section property for torsional flexural buckling = βy / 2
βy monosymmetry section constant
Foy = ∏2E/(Ly / ry) 2
Foz = (GJ/Agro12) (1 + ∏2EIw/ (GJLx2))
Øs = capacity reduction factor for section bending capacity

Øs = 0.95
Øb = capacity reduction factor for member bending capacity
Øb = 0.9

92
C.4 OE SECTION

NtOE Tension Section Capacity NtOE = NtOC


NsOE Compression section capacity NsOE = NsOC
NbOE Compression member capacity NbOE = NbOC

MsOE Bending section capacity MsOE = Øs ZeOEFy
MbOE Bending member capacity MbOE = Øb ZcOEFc
Where,
ZeOE Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fy for section OE
ZcOE Effective sectional modulus calculated at Fc for section OE
See section C.2.4 for calculation details of section LE

93
C.5 LD AND LB SECTION
This is a more conservative approach than considering built up section capacities which would require the 2
sections to be screwed together at closed centres in accordance with the design standard.
Tension Section Capacity NtLD = NtLB = 2 NtLC
Shear Section Capacity VvLD = VvLB = 2 VvLC
Compression section capacity NsLD = NsLB = 2 NsLC
Compression member capacity NbLD = NbLB = 2 NbLC
Bending section capacity MsLD = MsLB = 2 MsLC
Bending member capacity MbLD = MbLB = 2 MbLC

94
C.6 LCLE SECTION
Tension Section Capacity NtLCLE = NtLC + NtLE

Shear Section Capacity VvLCLE = VvLC + VvLE
Compression section capacity NsLCLE = NsLC + NsLE
Compression member capacity NbLCLE = NbLC + NbLE
Bending section capacity Ms-LCLE = MsLC + Ms-LE
Ms+LCLE = MsLC + Ms+LE
Bending member capacity Mb-LCLE = MbLC + Mb-LE
Mb+LCLE = MbLC + Mb+LE

95
APPENDIX D –STRUCTURE SECTION CAPACITIES

CALCULATION FOLLOWING THE EN 1993-1-3:2006
DESIGN CODE
D.1 LC SECTION
D.1.1 TENSION CAPACITY

NtLC Tension Section Capacity NtLC = Ag Fya EN 1993-1-3:
Eq.(6.1)
Where,
Fya = min [ Fy + (Fu-Fy).7.n.t2/Ag , ( fy + fu )/2 ]
D.1.2 SHEAR CAPACITY

VvLC Shear Section Capacity VvLC = hw tw fbv EN 1993-1-3:
Eq.(6.8)
Where,
hw Web element Height
tw Thickness of the web element
fbv Shear Strength
If λw≤0.83 fbv = 0.58Fy EN 1993-1-3:
Table.(6.1)
If λw≥1.4 fbv = 0.67Fy/( λw)2 EN 1993-1-3:
Table.(6.1)
Else fbv = 0.48Fy/ λw EN 1993-1-3:
Table.(6.1)
Where,
λw Web Slenderness = (0.346hw / tw)(fyb / E)0.5 EN 1993-1-3:
Eq.(6.10a)
D.1.3 COMPRESSION CAPACITY

NsLC Compression section capacity NsLC = AeLCFy EN 1993-1-3:
Eq.(6.2)

96
NbLC Compression member capacity NbLC = χ AeLCFy

EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.48)
Where,
AeLC effective area
χ Buckling Factor χ = min(1 , 1 / (Ф + (Ф2 – ε2)0.5))
EN 1993-1-1: Eq. (6.49)
Where,
Ф = 0.5 (1 + 0.34 (λ – 0.2) + λ 2) EN 1993-1-1: Clause 6.3.1.2(1)
λ Slenderness factor λ = ((AeLCFy)/Ncr)0.5
EN 1993-1-1: Eq. (6.49)
Ncr = min( Ncrx, Ncry, NcrT, NcrTF)
Where,
Ncrx = (π)2EIx/(Lcrx)2
Ncry = (π)2EIy/(Lcry)2
NcrT The elastic critical force for torsional buckling for simply supported beam
EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.33a)
NcrTF The elastic critical force for torsional buckling for symmetrical cross-section about x
axis EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.35)
D.1.4 BENDING CAPACITY

MsLC Bending section capacity MsLC = ZeLCFy
EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.4)
MbLC Bending member capacity MbLC = ΧLT ZeLCFy
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.55)
Where,
ZeLC Effective sectional modulus
ΧLT Buckling Factor ΧLT = min(1 , 1 / (ФLT + (ФLT2 – εLT2)0.5)
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.56)
ФLT = 0.5(1 + 0.34(λ LT – 0.2) + λ LT2) EN 1993-1-1: Clause 6.3.2.2(1)
λ LT = (FyZeLC/Mcr)0.5 EN 1993-1-1: Clause 6.3.2.2(1)
Mcr = elastic critical moment Mcr = Ag ro1(foyfoz)0.5
foy = ∏2E/(lx / rx)2
foz = (GJ/Agro12)(1 + ∏2EIw/(GJIx2))

97
D.2 OC SECTION

NtOC Tension Section Capacity NtOC = AgOC Fya
EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.1)
Where,
Fya = min [ Fy + (Fu-Fy).7.n.t2/Ag , ( fy + fu )/2 ] EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(3.1)


NsOC Compression section capacity NsOC = AeOCFy
EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.2)
NbOC Compression member capacity NbOC = χ AeOCFy
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.48)
Where,
AeOC effective area for section OC
χ Buckling Coefficient See section D.1.3 for calculation detail

MsOC Bending section capacity MsOC = ZeOCFy
EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.4)
MbOC Bending member capacity MbOC = ΧLT ZeOCFy
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.55)
Where,
SeOC Effective sectional modulus for section OC
ΧLT Buckling Coefficient See section D.1.4 for calculation details

98
D.3 LE SECTION

NtLE Tension Section Capacity NtLE = NtLC
See section D.1.1 for calculation details.

VvLE Shear Section Capacity VvLE = 2bwtwfbv
EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.8)
With,
bw depth of flange element
See section D.1.2 for calculation details

NsLE Compression section capacity NsLE = AeLEFy
EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.2)
NbLE Compression member capacity NbLE = NbLC
See section D.1.3 for calculation details.
Where,
AeLE effective area of unlipped section

Ms-LE Bending section capacity (web in tension)
Ms-LE = ZeLEFy
EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.4)
Ms+LE Bending section capacity (Web in compression)
Ms+LE = ZeLEFy
Mb-LE Bending member capacity (Web in tension)

Mb-LE = ZeLEFy
Mb+LE Bending member capacity (Web in compression)
Mb+LE = ZeLEFy
Where,
ZeLE Effective sectional modulus

99
D.4 OE SECTION

NtOE Tension Section Capacity NtOE = NtOC


NsOE Compression section capacity NsOE = NsOC
NbOE Compression member capacity NbOE = NbOC

MsOE Bending section capacity MsOE = ZeOEFy
EN 1993-1-3: Eq.(6.4)
MbOE Bending member capacity MbOE = ΧLT ZeOEFc
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.55)
Where,
ZeOE Effective sectional modulus for section OE
See section D.3.4 for calculation details of section LE

100
D.5 LD AND LB SECTION
This is a more conservative approach than considering built up section capacities which would require the 2
sections to be screwed together at closed centers in accordance with the design standard.
Tension Section Capacity NtLD = NtLB = 2 NtLC
Shear Section Capacity VvLD = VvLB = 2 VvLC
Compression section capacity NsLD = NsLB = 2 NsLC
Compression member capacity NbLD = χLD NsLD
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.48)
Compression member capacity NbLB = χLB NsLB
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.48)
Bending section capacity MsLD = MsLB = 2 MsLC
Compression member capacity MbLD = χLD MsLD
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.55)
Compression member capacity MbLB = χLB MsLB
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.55)
Where,
χLD: Buckling factor which is a function of the moment of Inertia of the built-up section LD
χLB: Buckling factor which is a function of the moment of Inertia of the built-up section LB

101
D.6 LCLE SECTION
Tension Section Capacity NtLCLE = NtLC + NtLE

Shear Section Capacity VvLCLE = VvLC + VvLE
Compression section capacity NsLCLE = NsLC + NsLE
Compression member capacity NbLCLE = NbLC + NbLE
Bending section capacity Ms-LCLE = MsLC + Ms-LE
Ms+LCLE = MsLC + Ms+LE
Bending member capacity Mb-LCLE = MbLC + Mb-LE
Mb+LCLE = MbLC + Mb+LE

102
D.7 LF SECTION
Tension Section Capacity NtLF = 2 NtLE

Shear Section Capacity VvLF = 2 VvLE
Compression section capacity NsLF = 2 NsLE
Compression member capacity NbLF = χLF NsLF
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.48)
Bending section capacity MsLF = Ms+LE + Ms-LE
Bending member capacity MbLF = χLF MsLF
EN 1993-1-1: Eq.(6.55)
Where,
χLD: Buckling factor which is a function of the moment of Inertia of the built-up section LD

103

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FRAMECAD Structure

Version 9.1 – October 2019

Intellectual Property Notice

Copyright 2018 FRAMECAD Limited.

©2019 FRAMECAD Licensing Ltd www.framecad.com

4 WALL PANEL ENGINEERING 8

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6.3.4 Joist Design Checks ............................................................................................................... 74

APPENDIX A – AVAILABLE SECTION 78

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C.3 LE section ............................................................................................................................. 91

APPENDIX D –STRUCTURE SECTION CAPACITIES CALCULATION FOLLOWING THE EN 1993-1-3:2006 DESIGN

©2019 FRAMECAD Licensing Ltd www.framecad.com

©2019 FRAMECAD Licensing Ltd www.framecad.com

2 CAPABILITIES AND APPLICATIONS

2.2 FRAMECAD STRUCTURE ENGINEERING APPLICATION

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3.2 SNOW LOADS

3.3 WIND LOADS

3.3.1 WIND DEFINITIONS

3.3.1.2 IBC 2009

3.3.1.4 ABNT NBR 14762:2009

3.3.1.5 NASH AS 2010 and AS 3623-1993

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N1.5 37 m/s C1.5 55 m/s

3.3.1.6 NASH NZ 2010

3.3.1.7 AS/NZS 1170:2002, GB 50009-2012 and SANS 517:2013

3.3.1.10 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

3.3.2 WIND PRESSURE CALCULATIONS

©2019 FRAMECAD Licensing Ltd www.framecad.com

Kzt = Topographic Factor

3.3.2.3 ABNT NBR 14762:2009 (BRAZILIAN CODE)

3.3.2.4 NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993 AND NASH NZ 2010

3.3.2.5 AS/NZS 1170:2002

3.3.2.6 SANS 517:2013

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If using ce(Z) from EN 1990:2002-MEAN C = ce(Z) / 2.35

3.3.2.10 SNIP 2.01.07-85:2011

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4 WALL PANEL ENGINEERING

There are 3 types of wall system:

4.1 DESIGN LOADS FOR WALLS

4.1.1 WIND LOADS CALCULATION FOR WALLS

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Non-cyclonic Internal Wall Ch = 0.40

Wu Wind Upward Wu = Pw [Cpe- + Cpi+]

Cpi Roof Internal pressure coefficient

4.1.1.2 ABNT NBR 14762:2007

Wu Wind Upward Wu = Pw [Cpe- + Cpi+]

Cpi Roof Internal pressure coefficient

4.1.1.3 NASH AS 2010, AS 3623-1993, NASH NZ 2010 AND AS/NZS 1170:2002.

Wu Wind Upward Wu = 0.9 . Pw [Cpe- + Cpi+]

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Wd Wind Downward Wd = 0.9 . Pw [Cpe+ + Cpi-]