I.

Identification
1. These are hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to
understand the meanings of new or unfamiliar words.
2. This is considered as the central argument of a text.
3. A property of well- written text which allows you to capture the message that you want
to convey to your readers. It is all about choosing the right words that accurately
capture your ideas.
4. A property of a well-written text which includes spelling, grammar, capitalization and
punctuation.
5. A pattern of development in writing that tells a story. It relates an incident or a series of
events that leads to a conclusion or ending. It tells the readers when, where, and what
happened.
6. Another pattern which explains a concept, term, or subject. Its main purpose is to tell
what something is. It consists of three parts: (1) the term, concept, or subject to be
defined; (2) the general class to which it belongs, and (3) the characteristics that
differentiate it from the other members of its class. This pattern of development is
commonly used in the sciences, humanities, and business.
7. A pattern which is considered as one of the most common and effective ways to show
or explain an idea or point (e.g., observation, opinion, belief). In this pattern of
development, the main idea is explained by giving an extended example or a series of
detailed examples.
8. Another pattern which refers to sorting or arranging subjects (e.g., persons, places,
things, ideas) into groups or categories according to their common or shared
characteristic.
9. This pattern intends to convince readers to do or believe in something. Many writing
genres such as critiques or reviews, reaction papers, editorials, proposals,
advertisements, and brochures make strong use of persuasive paragraphs to state
opinions and to influence others.
10. A type of claim that answers the question what. It can be an assertion of the past, the
present and the future.

II. Write the letter of the meaning of the underlined words with the use of context clue/s.
1. My brother said, “I just freed myself from a very loquacious history professor. All he
seemed to want was an audience.”
a. pretentious b. grouchy c. talkative d. worried
2. There is no doubt that the idea of living in such a benign climate was appealing. The
islanders seemed to keep their vitality and live longer than Europeans.
a. tropical b. not malignant c. kind d. favorable
 3. It is difficult to imagine a surfeit of talent in one individual, yet Leonard Bernstein simply
does not have the time to make complete use of his talent as conductor, performer, writer,
and lecturer.
a. excess b. variety c. superiority d. lack
4. There is a large demand all over the United States for plants indigenous to the desert.
Many people in Arizona have made a good business of growing and selling cacti and other
local plants.
a. native b. necessary c. foreign d. alien
5. After the Romans left, a millennium and a half passed before people again lived in such
comfort. Churchill wrote, “From the year 400 until the year 1900 no one had central heating
and very few had hot baths.”
a. a decade b. many years c. 1000 years d. a century
6. Many years before, Caesar’s men had tried and failed to invade Britain. No doubt this
contributed to the xenophobia of the Romans. They were cautious about strangers who
entered their country.
a. honesty b. fear of foreigners c. kindliness d. stubbornness
7. Such are the vicissitudes of history. Nothing remains the same. Three hundred years of
peace ended in darkness and confusion.
a. evils b. mistakes c. changes d. rules
8. The purpose of the psychiatrist is to mitigate the suffering of the patient.
a. make milder b. beautify c. increase d. banish
9. We knew he couldn’t hold out much longer, because he had been doomed from the
beginning. One night he met his ineluctable fate.
a. forgotten b. inevitable c. hidden d. unhappy
10. A combination of fog and industrial smoke, called smog, has vitiated the air in and
around many big cities.
a. concentrate b. fill up c. replace d. contaminate

III. Identify which pattern of development is used in each text. (2 points each)
1. You can safely swim with piranhas, but it’s important to know how and when to do it.
First, chose an appropriate time, preferably at night and during the rainy season.
Avoid piranha-infested waters during the dry season, when food supplies are low and
piranhas are more desperate. Piranhas feed during the day, so night-time swimming
is much safer. Second, streamline your movement. Wild or erratic activity attracts the
attention of piranhas. Swim slowly and smoothly. Finally, never enter the water with
an open wound or raw meat. Piranhas attack larger animals only when they are
wounded. The presence of blood in the water may tempt the fish to attack. If you
follow these simple precautions, you will have little to fear.
2. Piranhas comprise more than 30-60 species of fish, depending on whom you ask.
The many species fall into four genera: Pygocentrus, Pygopristis, Serrasalmus, and
Pristobrycon. Piranha in the Pygocentrus genus are the most common variety, the
kind you might find in a pet store. Pygopristis piranha are herbivores, feasting on
seeds and fruits, not flesh. In contrast, fish in the Serrasalmus genus eat only meat,
 and their teeth are razor-sharp. Pristobrycon are the least friendly of all piranhas;
they often bite the fins of other fish, even fish of the same species. The label piranha,
then, refers to a wide variety of species.
3. One North Carolina man found quite a surprise last year while fishing in the Catawba
River: a piranha. Jerry Melton, of Gastonia, reeled in a one pound, four ounce fish
with an unusual bite. Melton could not identify it, but a nearby fisherman did. Melton
at first could not believe he had caught a piranha. He said, “That ain’t no piranha.
They ain’t got piranha around here.” Melton was right: the fish is native to South
America, and North Carolina prohibits owning the fish as a pet or introducing the
species to local waterways. The sharp-toothed, carnivorous fish likely found itself in
the Catawba River when its illegal owner released the fish after growing tired of it.
Wildlife officials hope that the piranha was the only of its kind in the river, but locals
are thinking twice before they wade in the water.

4. Piranha are omnivorous, freshwater fish, which are mostly known for their single row
of sharp, triangular teeth in both jaws. Piranhas’ teeth come together in a scissor-like
bite and are used for puncture and tearing. Baby piranha are small, about the size of
a thumbnail, but full-grown piranha grow up to about 6-10 inches, and some
individual fish up to 2 feet long have been found. The many species of piranha vary
in color, though most are either silvery with an orange underbelly and throat or
almost entirely black

IV. Identify the type of claim in each text.

1. Hate crimes should not be considered as a separate category.

2. Solar and wind power are better sources of energy than oil, gas, or coal.

3. New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani stirred a furor recently when he called for the
abolition of methadone treatment for heroin addicts in the city-a position that put him
at odds with the Clinton administration's drug czar, Gen. Barry McCaffrey. As a
recovering addict, I can say that Mr. Giuliani is right: Promising addicts free
methadone for life is not doing them a favor.

4. Gale Norton’s confirmation hearings for the post of interior secretary begin today. I
recently met with Ms. Norton, whose nomination I support, to have a frank discussion
about how to increase America’s energy production, including exploring for oil in the
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
5. If confirmed, Ms. Norton should make a priority of implementing an aggressive and
environmentally sound policy to encourage domestic production. America must put in
place a long-term national energy policy that includes finding and producing more of
its own resources. As Ms. Norton moves to open up Alaska, she should also study how
my home state of Louisiana, and other U. S. wildlife refuges, have succeeded both in
energy extraction and environmental safeguards.
6. "If you have an ID card," says former Republican congressman Tom Campbell, now a
law professor at Stanford, "it is solely for the purpose of allowing the government to
compel you to produce it. This would essentially give the government the power to
demand that we show our papers. It is a very dangerous thing."
 Dangerous? Yes, there are dangers to a mandatory national ID card, but there may be
greater dangers without one. The fact is, to live in a society as vulnerable as ours, we
may have to give up something—but I disagree that what’s lost is freedom. Instead,
it’s privacy, and maybe not even that.

V. Enumeration

1-5 Types of context clues

6-9 Properties of a well-written text

10-19 Patterns of Paragraph Development

20-22 Types of Claims