Thelning 1984 PDF
Thelning 1984 PDF
Thelning 1984 PDF
h_ AISI D2
60
50 H
AISI 01
40
AISI W1
30
20 1 1 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 mm
0 1/2 1 1 1 / 2 2 in
Depth below surface
Figure 4.2 Depth of hardening for various grades of steel. Bars 100 mm
diameter. Steel Wl water quenched, the rest oil quenched
146 Hardenability
Hardness
HRC
k
65 *25
60 ; > V
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\ ^
55
50
45
V 5s*. am
40
35
30 —♦— —*—
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 mm
0 1/2 1 11/2 2 in
Depth below surface
Figure 4.3 Depth of hardening in different dimensions after oil
quenching (A IS 101). Test-piece 25 mm diameter hardened from
800°C in oil. Test-piece 50 mm diameter hardened from 820°C in oil.
Test-piece 100 mm diameter hardened from 840 °C in oil
Temperature
1832 1000
1472
1112
752
392
Time
Figure 4.4 Schemtic illustration of the cooling curves for the surface and
core, respectively, of an oil-quenched bar, 95 mm diameter. The surface is
wholly martensitic; the core contains some upper bainite
The Grossmann hardenability test 147
As the dimensions of the steel increase, the rate of cooling decreases and
the core hardness will be still further reduced owing to the formation of
ferrite and pearlite. The hardness will also decrease when the cooling curve
is so displaced as to be to the right of the critical cooling curve.
Fundamental hardenability data are of considerable use to the steel
consumer and heat treater and therefore a number of simple methods have
been developed whereby hardenability can be determined. Some of the
best known methods are described below.
Table 4.1
Example
By subjecting a steel whose Drvalue is 2-0 in to an oil quench, the
//-coefficient of which is 0-4, it would yield a D(rvalue of 0-8 in. Familiarity
with concept of hardenability enables a good indication of the
hardenability of a steel to be obtained from its Dj-value since this is a useful
figure for comparison purposes.
148
JJh
D 0 -values, in
H-values
10 12 14
Dj-values, in
D 0 -values, in
H-values
« < » # ■» «3
2.0
VA 7A7/
0.80
ν
φΦ
1.6
vy
0,40
X/ Ά
z\
1.2
y^ < ^ 0.20
0.8
js <?'^ y \
^
^ ^
SM<
É Û
^ 0.10
$ ^
0.4
0,01
0,40 1 1 10.0
Grain size
0.38 9,5
ASTM
0,36 9.0
0,34 .8,5
0,32
V
8.0
0,30 5/
7,5
%
0,28
/ / 7.0
0.26 / 6.5
0,2 A // 6,0
/
k V
0,22 5,5
0,20 // f 5,8
0,18 /> /
f/
4.5
n is Figure 4.6 The ideal diameter as a function of
0 0.1 0£ 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9% the carbon content and austenite grain size
Carbon content for plain carbon steels (after Grossmann)
150 Hardenability
Multiplying factor Multiplying factor
0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,4 2.8 3,2 3,6 4,0"/·
Alloy content
Figure 4.7 Multiplying factors for different alloying elements for
hardenability calculations (after AIS I)
Base hardenability
D i r mm in
1.03
Grain size
0.88
0.71
0.55
0.39
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0%
Carbon content
Figure 4.8 Relationship between base hardenability, carbon
content and grain size as obtaining in actual practice (after Moser
and Legat2)
Multiplying factor
Alloy content
Figure 4.9 Multiplying factors for calculating the hardenability as
influenced by Mo, Mn, Cr, Si and Ni (after Moser and Legat2)
152 Hardenability
Using the results obtained by Moser and Legat the hardenability may be
calculated from the following expression:
% Mn % Si % Cr % Mo %Ni
A = DiC x 2-21 x 1-40 x 2-13 x 3-275 x 1-47
Recalculated values of Dx for the steels in the examples are as follows.
(Grossmann's values are given in brackets.)
SS 2225 A = 2-5 in (3-7 in)
SS 2541 Di = 8-0 in (8-4 in)
The agreement is not very good for the first steel but is acceptable for the
second.
Kramer, Siegel and Brooks3 have also examined Grossmann's equations
and have published a diagram that is practically identical with the one in
Figure 4.8. Jatczak4 has extended this âiagram by adding multiplying
factors for other alloying elements. Fairly close agreement with the values
of Moser and Legat were obtained in the casé of low- and medium-carbon
steels. Jatczak has also published multiplying factors for steels containing C
between 0-90% and 1-10% and which take account of the hardening
temperatures. For these cases calculations can proceed straight from the
composition of the steel without the necessity of applying any corrections
for such alloying elements as are not in solution in the austenite. A
comparison beteen the diagrams in Figures 4.10 and 4.11 shows the effect
of raising the hardening temperature.
Multiplying factor
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2,50%
Alloying element
Figure 4.10 This chart is used for determining the multiplying factors for
high-carbon steels austenitized at 830°C (1525°F) (base Dx is 1-13) (after
Jatczak4)
The Jominy end-quench hardenability test 153
Multiplying factor
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50%
Alloying element
Figure 4.11 This chart is used for determining the multiplying factors for
high-carbon steels austenitized at 860°C (1575°F) (base D, is 1-35) (after
Jatczak4)
30
Hardening
temperature*^
0 890
^. K 870
o 85C)
15
"**^^_J:
Figure 4.13. Hereby the rate of cooling decreases progressively from the
quenched end along the length of the bar. When it is cool, two
diametrically opposite flats, 0-4 mm deep and parallel to the axis of the bar
are ground and the hardness is measured along the flats. The hardness
values are plotted in a diagram against their distances from the quenched
end. Jominy curves for some steel grades are shown in Figures 4.14 to 4.23.
The upper curve represents the maximum hardness values corresponding
to the upper composition limit of the steel and the lower curve the
minimum hardness values corresponding to the lower limit of the
composition range. Together the curves form what is called a Jominy or
hardenability band.
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Jominy specimen
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