3
1. (a) The mass flux is wdρv = (3.22 m)(1.04 m) 1000 kg/m (0.207 m/s) = 693 kg/s.
(b) Since water flows only through area wd, the flux through the larger area is still 693 kg/s.
(c) Now the mass flux is (wd/2)ρv = (693 kg/s)/2 = 347 kg/s.
(d) Since the water flows through an area (wd/2), the flux is 347 kg/s.
(e) Now the flux is (wd cos θ)ρv = (693 kg/s)(cos 34◦ ) = 575 kg/s.

and the electric field E
2. The vector area A
are shown on the diagram below. The angle θ between them
◦ ◦ ◦
is 180 − 35 = 145 , so the electric flux through the area is

= EA cos θ = (1800 N/C)(3.2 × 10−3 m)2 cos 145◦ = −1.5 × 10−2 N·m2 /C .

·A
Φ=E

.......


A ..........
...
.... ◦ ....
..
. ..
...
35
.
.. ..
...
.
..... ....
. ...
.... .
.
... . ....
θ ...
..
. .
.
.... .....
.
... .......
..... ...
..
... ..
... ...
... .....
..... ...
......
..
..
...
...
...
.....
.
. ....
............
.......


E

· A,
3. We use Φ = E
where A

= A ĵ = (1.40 m)2 ĵ.

(a) Φ = (6.00 N/C)î · (1.40 m)2 ĵ = 0.

(b) Φ = (−2.00 N/C)ĵ · (1.40 m)2 ĵ = −3.92 N·m2 /C.
(c) Φ = [(−3.00 N/C)î + (4.00 N/C)k̂] · (1.40 m)2 ĵ = 0.
(d) The total flux of a uniform field through a closed surface is always zero.
4. We use the fact that electric flux relates to the enclosed charge: Φ = qenclosed /ε0 .

(a) A surface which encloses the charges 2q and −2q, or all four charges.
(b) A surface which encloses the charges 2q and q.
(c) The maximum amount of negative charge we can enclose by any surface which encloses the charge
2q is −q, so it is impossible to get a flux of −2q/ε0 .
5. We use Gauss’ law: ε0 Φ = q, where Φ is the total flux through the cube surface and q is the net charge
inside the cube. Thus,

q 1.8 × 10−6 C
Φ= = = 2.0 × 105 N·m2 /C .
ε0 8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N·m2
6. The flux through the flat surface encircled by the rim is given by Φ = πa2 E. Thus, the flux through the
netting is Φ
= −Φ = −πa2 E.
7. (a) Let A = (1.40 m)2 . Then

Φ = (3.00y ĵ) · (−A ĵ)|y=0 + (3.00y ĵ) · (A ĵ)|y=1.40

= (3.00)(1.40)(1.40)2 = 8.23 N·m2 /C .

 = 3.00y ĵ + E
(b) The electric field can be re-written as E  0 = −4.00î + 6.00ĵ is a constant
 0 , where E
field which does not contribute to the net flux through the cube. Thus Φ is still 8.23 N·m2 /C.
(c) The charge is given by


C2
q = ε0 Φ = 8.85 × 10−12 (8.23 N·m2 /C) = 7.29 × 10−11 C
N·m2

in each case.
8. (a) The total surface area bounding the bathroom is

A = 2 (2.5 × 3.0) + 2 (3.0 × 2.0) + 2 (2.0 × 2.5) = 37 m2 .

The absolute value of the total electric flux, with the assumptions stated in the problem, is |Φ| =

 
| E · A| = |E|
 A = (600)(37) = 22 × 103 N·m2 /C. By Gauss’ law, we conclude that the enclosed
charge (in absolute value) is |qenc | = ε0 |Φ| = 2.0 × 10−7 C. Therefore, with volume V = 15 m3 , and
recognizing that we are dealing with negative charges (see problem), we find the charge density is
qenc /V = −1.3 × 10−8 C/m3 .
(b) We find (|qenc |/e)/V = (2.0 × 10−7 /1.6 × 10−19 )/15 = 8.2 × 1010 excess electrons per cubic meter.
9. Let A be the area of one face of the cube, Eu be the magnitude of the electric field at the upper face,
and E be the magnitude of the field at the lower face. Since the field is downward, the flux through the
upper face is negative and the flux through the lower face is positive. The flux through the other faces
is zero, so the total flux through the cube surface is Φ = A(E − Eu ). The net charge inside the cube is
given by Gauss’ law:

q = ε0 Φ = ε0 A(E − Eu ) = (8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N·m2 )(100 m)2 (100 N/C − 60.0 N/C)
= 3.54 × 10−6 C = 3.54 µC .
10. There is no flux through the sides, so we have two “inward” contributions to the flux, one from the
top (of magnitude (34)(3.0)2 ) and one from the bottom (of magnitude (20)(3.0)2 ). With “inward” flux
conventionally negative, the result is Φ = −486 N·m2 /C. Gauss’ law, then, leads to qenc = ε0 Φ =
−4.3 × 10−9 C.
11. The total flux through any surface that completely surrounds the point charge is q/ε0 . If we stack
identical cubes side by side and directly on top of each other, we will find that eight cubes meet at any
corner. Thus, one-eighth of the field lines emanating from the point charge pass through a cube with a
corner at the charge, and the total flux through the surface of such a cube is q/8ε0 . Now the field lines
are radial, so at each of the three cube faces that meet at the charge, the lines are parallel to the face
and the flux through the face is zero. The fluxes through each of the other three faces are the same, so
the flux through each of them is one-third of the total. That is, the flux through each of these faces is
(1/3)(q/8ε0 ) = q/24ε0 .
12. Using Eq. 24-11, the surface charge density is
 

 −12 C
2
= 2.0 × 10−6 C/m .
2
σ = Eε0 = 2.3 × 10 N/C 8.85 × 10
5
N·m2
13. (a) The charge on the surface of the sphere is the product of the surface charge density σ and the
surface area of the sphere (which is 4πr2 , where r is the radius). Thus,

2
1.2 m  
q = 4πr2 σ = 4π 8.1 × 10−6 C/m2 = 3.66 × 10−5 C .
2

(b) We choose a Gaussian surface in the form of a sphere, concentric with the conducting sphere and
with a slightly larger radius. The flux is given by Gauss’ law:

q 3.66 × 10−5 C
Φ= = = 4.1 × 106 N·m2 /C .
ε0 8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N·m2
14. (a) The area of a sphere may be written 4πR2 = πD2 . Thus,

q 2.4 × 10−6 C
= 4.5 × 10−7 C/m .
2
σ= =
πD2 π(1.3 m)2

(b) Eq. 24-11 gives

4.5 × 10−7 C/m
2
σ
E= = = 5.1 × 104 N/C .
εo 8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N·m2
15. (a) Consider a Gaussian surface that is completely within the conductor and surrounds the cavity.
Since the electric field is zero everywhere on the surface, the net charge it encloses is zero. The net
charge is the sum of the charge q in the cavity and the charge qw on the cavity wall, so q + qw = 0
and qw = −q = −3.0 × 10−6 C.
(b) The net charge Q of the conductor is the sum of the charge on the cavity wall and the charge qs
on the outer surface of the conductor, so Q = qw + qs and

qs = Q − qw = (10 × 10−6 C) − (−3.0 × 10−6 C) = +1.3 × 10−5 C .

16. (a) The side surface area A for the drum of diameter D and length h is given by A = πDh. Thus

q = σA = σπDh = πε0 EDh


−12 C
2  
= π 8.85 × 10 2.3 × 105 N/C (0.12 m)(0.42 m)
N·m2
= 3.2 × 10−7 C .

(b) The new charge is



A πD h
q = q =q
A πDh
 
(8.0 cm)(28 cm)
= (3.2 × 10−7 C) = 1.4 × 10−7 C .
(12 cm)(42 cm)
17. The magnitude of the electric field produced by a uniformly charged infinite line is E = λ/2πε0 r, where
λ is the linear charge density and r is the distance from the line to the point where the field is measured.
See Eq. 24-12. Thus,

λ = 2πε0 Er = 2π(8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N · m2 )(4.5 × 104 N/C)(2.0 m) = 5.0 × 10−6 C/m .

18. We imagine a cylindrical Gaussian surface A of radius r and unit length concentric with the metal tube.
Then by symmetry

 = 2πrE = qenclosed .
 · dA
E
A ε0

(a) For r > R, qenclosed = λ, so E(r) = λ/2πrε0 .

(b) For r < R, qenclosed = 0, so E = 0. The plot of E vs r is shown below. Here, the maximum value is

λ (2.0 × 10−8 C/m)

Emax = = = 1.2 × 104 N/C .
2πrε0 2π(0.030 m) (8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N·m2 )

10000

0 0.02 r 0.04 0.06

19. We assume the charge density of both the conducting cylinder and the shell are uniform, and we neglect
fringing. Symmetry can be used to show that the electric field is radial, both between the cylinder and
the shell and outside the shell. It is zero, of course, inside the cylinder and inside the shell.

(a) We take the Gaussian surface to be a cylinder of length L, coaxial with the given cylinders and
of larger radius r than either of them. The flux through this surface is Φ = 2πrLE, where E is
the magnitude of the field at the Gaussian surface. We may ignore any flux through the ends.
Now, the charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is q − 2q = −q. Consequently, Gauss’ law yields
2πrε0 LE = −q, so
q
E=− .
2πε0 Lr
The negative sign indicates that the field points inward.
(b) Next, we consider a cylindrical Gaussian surface whose radius places it within the shell itself. The
electric field is zero at all points on the surface since any field within a conducting material would
lead to current flow (and thus to a situation other than the electrostatic ones being considered
here), so the total electric flux through the Gaussian surface is zero and the net charge within it
is zero (by Gauss’ law). Since the central rod is known to have charge q, then the inner surface
of the shell must have charge −q. And since the shell is known to have total charge −2q, it must
therefore have charge −q on its outer surface.
(c) Finally, we consider a cylindrical Gaussian surface whose radius places it between the outside of
conducting rod and inside of the shell. Similarly to part (a), the flux through the Gaussian surface
is Φ = 2πrLE, where E is the field at this Gaussian surface, in the region between the rod and
the shell. The charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is only the charge q on the rod. Therefore,
Gauss’ law yields
q
2πε0 rLE = q =⇒ E = .
2πε0 Lr
The positive sign indicates that the field points outward.
20. We denote the radius of the thin cylinder as R = 0.015 m. Using Eq. 24-12, the net electric field for
r > R is given by
−λ λ

Enet = Ewire + Ecylinder = +
2πε0 r 2πε0 r
where −λ = −3.6 nC/m is the linear charge density of the wire and λ
is the linear charge density of the
thin cylinder. We note that the surface and linear charge densities of the thin cylinder are related by

qcylinder = λ
L = σ(2πRL) =⇒ λ
= σ(2πR) .

Now, Enet outside the cylinder will equal zero, provided that 2πRσ = λ, or

λ 3.6 × 10−9 C/m

= 3.8 × 10−8 C/m .
2
σ= =
2πR (2π)(0.015 m)
21. We denote the inner and outer cylinders with subscripts i and o, respectively.

(a) Since ri < r = 4.0 cm < ro ,

λi 5.0 × 10−6 C/m

E(r) = = = 2.3 × 106 N/C .
2πε0 r 2π (8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N·m2 ) (4.0 × 10−2 m)


E(r) points radially outward.
(b) Since r > ro ,

λi + λo 5.0 × 10−6 C/m − 7.0 × 10−6 C/m

E(r) = = = −4.5 × 105 N/C ,
2πε0 r 2π (8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N·m2 ) (8.0 × 10−2 m)


where the minus sign indicates that E(r) points radially inward.
22. To evaluate the field using Gauss’ law, we employ a cylindrical surface of area 2π r L where L is very large
(large enough that contributions from the ends of the cylinder become irrelevant to the calculation). The
volume within this surface is V = π r2 L, or expressed more appropriate to our needs: dV = 2π r L dr.
The charge enclosed is, with A = 2.5 × 10−6 C/m5 ,

r
π
qenc = A r2 2π r L dr = A L r4 .
0 2

By Gauss’ law, we find Φ = |E|(2πrL)

= qenc /ε0 ; we thus obtain
  A r3
 
E  = .
4 ε0

(a) With r = 0.030 m, we find |E|

= 1.9 N/C.
(b) Once outside the cylinder, Eq. 24-12 is obeyed. To find λ = q/L we must find the total charge q.
Therefore,
0.04
q 1
= A r2 2π r L dr = 1.0 × 10−11 C/m .
L L 0
And the result, for r = 0.050 m, is |E|
= λ/2πε0 r = 3.6 N/C.
23. The electric field is radially outward from the central wire. We want to find its magnitude in the region
between the wire and the cylinder as a function of the distance r from the wire. Since the magnitude
of the field at the cylinder wall is known, we take the Gaussian surface to coincide with the wall. Thus,
the Gaussian surface is a cylinder with radius R and length L, coaxial with the wire. Only the charge
on the wire is actually enclosed by the Gaussian surface; we denote it by q. The area of the Gaussian
surface is 2πRL, and the flux through it is Φ = 2πRLE. We assume there is no flux through the ends
of the cylinder, so this Φ is the total flux. Gauss’ law yields q = 2πε0 RLE. Thus,


−12 C
2  
q = 2π 8.85 × 10 2
(0.014 m)(0.16 m) 2.9 × 104 N/C = 3.6 × 10−9 C .
N·m
24. (a) In Eq. 24-12, λ = q/L where q is the net charge enclosed by a cylindrical Gaussian surface of
radius r. The field is being measured outside the system (the charged rod coaxial with the neutral
cylinder) so that the net enclosed charge is only that which is on the rod. Consequently,

λ 2.0 × 10−9
|E|
 = = = 240 N/C .
2πε0 r 2πε0 (0.15)

(b) and (c) Since the field is zero inside the conductor (in an electrostatic configuration), then there
resides on the inner surface charge −q, and on the outer surface, charge +q (where q is the charge
on the rod at the center). Therefore, with ri = 0.05 m, the surface density of charge is

−q λ
= −6.4 × 10−9 C/m
2
σinner = =−
2πri L 2πri
for the inner surface. And, with ro = 0.10 m, the surface charge density of the outer surface is
+q λ
= +3.2 × 10−9 C/m .
2
σouter = =
2πro L 2πro
25. (a) The diagram below shows a cross section (or, perhaps more appropriately, “end view”) of the
charged cylinder (solid circle). Consider a Gaussian surface in the form of a cylinder with radius r
and length , coaxial with the charged cylinder. An “end view” of the Gaussian surface is shown
as a dotted circle. The charge enclosed by it is q = ρV = πr2 ρ, where V = πr2  is the volume of
the cylinder.
.......................................
.......... ........
....... ......
...... ......
..
....... R .....
......
. .....
....
.
.... ..... ...
... . ....... .. ...... ...
. ..... . ...
... ..... ...
.... .... .. ...
... . ... ...
... ... .. ...
.... . ... ...
... ... ... ..
... .. ...
...
... ...
..
r ..
.
.
.
..
..
.
...
... . ...
..... .... ..
... .. ..
...
... ....... ...... .....
... ....... ....... ...
..... ...
..... .....
..... .....
......
....... ..... ......
......... .....
..............................................

If ρ is positive, the electric field lines are radially outward, normal to the Gaussian surface and dis-
tributed uniformly along it. Thus, the total flux through the Gaussian cylinder is Φ = EAcylinder =
E(2πr). Now, Gauss’ law leads to
ρr
2πε0 rE = πr2 ρ =⇒ E = .
2ε0

(b) Next, we consider a cylindrical Gaussian surface of radius r > R. If the external field Eext then the
flux is Φ = 2πrEext . The charge enclosed is the total charge in a section of the charged cylinder
with length . That is, q = πR2 ρ. In this case, Gauss’ law yields

R2 ρ
2πε0 rEext = πR2 ρ =⇒ Eext = .
2ε0 r
26. According to Eq. 24-13 the electric field due to either sheet of charge with surface charge density σ is
perpendicular to the plane of the sheet (pointing away from the sheet if the charge is positive) and has
magnitude E = σ/2ε0 . Using the superposition principle, we conclude:

(a) E = σ/ε0 , pointing up;

(b) E = 0;
(c) and, E = σ/ε0 , pointing down.
27. (a) To calculate the electric field at a point very close to the center of a large, uniformly charged
conducting plate, we may replace the finite plate with an infinite plate with the same area charge
density and take the magnitude of the field to be E = σ/ε0 , where σ is the area charge density for
the surface just under the point. The charge is distributed uniformly over both sides of the original
plate, with half being on the side near the field point. Thus,

q 6.0 × 10−6 C
= 4.69 × 10−4 C/m .
2
σ= =
2A 2(0.080 m)2

The magnitude of the field is

4.69 × 10−4 C/m

2
E= = 5.3 × 107 N/C .
8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N·m2

The field is normal to the plate and since the charge on the plate is positive, it points away from
the plate.
(b) At a point far away from the plate, the electric field is nearly that of a point particle with charge
equal to the total charge on the plate. The magnitude of the field is E = q/4πε0 r2 = kq/r2 , where
r is the distance from the plate. Thus,



8.99 × 109 N·m2 /C2 6.0 × 10−6 C
E= = 60 N/C .
(30 m)2
28. The charge distribution in this problem is equivalent to that of an infinite sheet of charge with surface
charge density σ plus a small circular pad of radius R located at the middle of the sheet with charge
density −σ. We denote the electric fields produced by the sheet and the pad with subscripts 1 and 2,
 is then
respectively. The net electric field E



σ (−σ) z
 
E = E1 + E2 =  k̂ + 1− √ k̂
2ε0 2ε0 z 2 + R2
σz
= √ k̂
2ε0 z 2 + R2

where Eq. 23-26 is used for E2 .

29. The forces acting on the ball are shown in the diagram below. The gravitational force has magnitude
mg, where m is the mass of the ball; the electrical force has magnitude qE, where q is the charge on
the ball and E is the magnitude of the electric field at the position of the ball; and, the tension in the
thread is denoted by T . The electric field produced by the plate is normal to the plate and points to the
right. Since the ball is positively charged, the electric force on it also points to the right. The tension in
the thread makes the angle θ (= 30◦ ) with the vertical.
.......
............
T .. ...
...
...
...
...
...θ
...
...
...
...
...
•
.........................................
....
...
.......
...
...
...

qE
...
...
...
..
........
........
... mg

Since the ball is in equilibrium the net force on it vanishes. The sum of the horizontal components
yields qE − T sin θ = 0 and the sum of the vertical components yields T cos θ − mg = 0. The expression
T = qE/ sin θ, from the first equation, is substituted into the second to obtain qE = mg tan θ. The
electric field produced by a large uniform plane of charge is given by E = σ/2ε0 , where σ is the surface
charge density. Thus,
qσ
= mg tan θ
2ε0
and
2ε0 mg tan θ
σ =
q
2(8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N · m2 )(1.0 × 10−6 kg)(9.8 m/s ) tan 30◦
2
=
2.0 × 10−8 C
5.0 × 10−9 C/m .
2
=
30. Let î be a unit vector pointing to the left. We use Eq. 24-13.

= (σ/2ε0 )î (from the right plate)+(−σ/2ε0 )î (from the left one)= 0.
(a) To the left of the plates: E
(b) To the right of the plates: E
= (σ/2ε0 )(−î) (from the right plate)+(−σ/2ε0 )(−î) (from the left
one)= 0.
(c) Between the plates:





σ −σ σ
E = î + (−î) = î
2ε0 2ε0 ε0
 
7.0 × 10−22 C/m
2
 
= î = 7.9 × 10−11 N/C î .
8.85 × 10−12 C2
N·m2
31. The charge on the metal plate, which is negative, exerts a force of repulsion on the electron and stops
it. First find an expression for the acceleration of the electron, then use kinematics to find the stopping
distance. We take the initial direction of motion of the electron to be positive. Then, the electric field
is given by E = σ/ε0 , where σ is the surface charge density on the plate. The force on the electron is
F = −eE = −eσ/ε0 and the acceleration is

F eσ
a= =−
m ε0 m
where m is the mass of the electron. The force is constant, so we use constant acceleration kinematics.
If v0 is the initial velocity of the electron, v is the final velocity, and x is the distance traveled between
the initial and final positions, then v 2 − v02 = 2ax. Set v = 0 and replace a with −eσ/ε0 m, then solve
for x. We find
v2 ε0 mv02
x=− 0 = .
2a 2eσ
Now 12 mv02 is the initial kinetic energy K0 , so

ε0 K0
x= .
eσ
We convert the given value of K0 to Joules. Since 1.00 eV = 1.60 × 10−19 J, 100 eV = 1.60 × 10−17 J.
Thus,
(8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N·m2 )(1.60 × 10−17 J)
x= = 4.4 × 10−4 m .
(1.60 × 10−19 C)(2.0 × 10−6 C/m2 )
32. We use the result of part (c) of problem 30 to obtain the surface charge density.


C2
E = σ/ε0 =⇒ σ = ε0 E = 8.85 × 10−12 (55 N/C) = 4.9 × 10−10 C/m .
2
N · m2
33. (a) We use a Gaussian surface in the form of a box with rectangular sides. The cross section is shown
with dashed lines in the diagram below. It is centered at the central plane of the slab, so the left and
right faces are each a distance x from the central plane. We take the thickness of the rectangular
solid to be a, the same as its length, so the left and right faces are squares. The electric field is
normal to the left and right faces and is uniform over them. If ρ is positive, it points outward at
both faces: toward the left at the left face and toward the right at the right face. Furthermore, the
magnitude is the same at both faces. The electric flux through each of these faces is Ea2 . The field
is parallel to the other faces of the Gaussian surface and the flux through them is zero. The total
flux through the Gaussian surface is Φ = 2Ea2 .

x x

←−−−−− d −−−−−→
The volume enclosed by the Gaussian surface is 2a2 x and the charge contained within it is q = 2a2 xρ.
Gauss’ law yields 2ε0 Ea2 = 2a2 xρ. We solve for the magnitude of the electric field:
ρx
E= .
ε0

(b) We take a Gaussian surface of the same shape and orientation, but with x > d/2, so the left and
right faces are outside the slab. The total flux through the surface is again Φ = 2Ea2 but the
charge enclosed is now q = a2 dρ. Gauss’ law yields 2ε0 Ea2 = a2 dρ, so
ρd
E= .
2ε0
34. (a) The flux is still −750 N·m2 /C, since it depends only on the amount of charge enclosed.
(b) We use Φ = q/ε0 to obtain the charge q:


C2  
q = ε0 Φ = 8.85 × 10−12 −750 N·m2 /C = −6.64 × 10−10 C .
N·m 2
35. Charge is distributed uniformly over the surface of the sphere and the electric field it produces at points
outside the sphere is like the field of a point particle with charge equal to the net charge on the sphere.
That is, the magnitude of the field is given by E = q/4πε0 r2 , where q is the magnitude of the charge on
the sphere and r is the distance from the center of the sphere to the point where the field is measured.
Thus,
(0.15 m)2 (3.0 × 103 N/C)
q = 4πε0 r2 E = 2 = 7.5 × 10−9 C .
8.99 × 109 N · m2 /C
The field points inward, toward the sphere center, so the charge is negative: −7.5 × 10−9 C.
36. (a) Since r1 = 10.0 cm < r = 12.0 cm < r2 = 15.0 cm,

1 q1 (8.99 × 109 N·m2 /C2 )(4.00 × 10−8 C)

E(r) = = = 2.50 × 104 N/C .
4πε0 r2 (0.120 m)2

(b) Since r1 < r2 < r = 20.0 cm,

1 q1 + q2 (8.99 × 109 N·m2 /C2 )(4.00 + 2.00)(1 × 10−8 C)

E(r) = =
4πε0 r2 (0.200 m)2
= 1.35 × 104 N/C .
37. The field is radially outward and takes on equal magnitude-values over the surface of any sphere centered
at the atom’s center. We take the Gaussian surface to be such a sphere (of radius r). If E is the magnitude
of the field, then the total flux through the Gaussian sphere is Φ = 4πr2 E. The charge enclosed by the
Gaussian surface is the positive charge at the center of the atom plus that portion of the negative charge
within the surface. Since the negative charge is uniformly distributed throughout the large sphere of
radius R, we can compute the charge inside the Gaussian sphere using a ratio of volumes. That is, the
negative charge inside is −Zer3 /R3 . Thus, the total charge enclosed is Ze − Zer3 /R3 for r ≤ R. Gauss’
law now leads to


r3 Ze 1 r
4πε0 r E = Ze 1 − 3
2
=⇒ E = − 3 .
R 4πε0 r2 R
38. We interpret the question as referring to the field just outside the sphere (that is, at locations roughly
equal to the radius r of the sphere). Since the area of a sphere is A = 4πr2 and the surface charge
density is σ = q/A (where we assume q is positive for brevity), then
σ 1
q  1 q
E= = =
ε0 ε0 4πr2 4πε0 r2

which we recognize as the field of a point charge (see Eq. 23-3).

39. The proton is in uniform circular motion, with the electrical force of the sphere on the proton providing
the centripetal force. According to Newton’s second law, F = mv 2 /r, where F is the magnitude of the
force, v is the speed of the proton, and r is the radius of its orbit, essentially the same as the radius of
the sphere. The magnitude of the force on the proton is F = eq/4πε0 r2 , where q is the magnitude of
the charge on the sphere. Thus,
1 eq mv 2
2
=
4πε0 r r
so
4πε0 mv 2 r (1.67 × 10−27 kg)(3.00 × 105 m/s)2 (0.0100 m)
q = = 2
e (8.99 × 109 N · m2 /C )(1.60 × 10−19 C)
= 1.04 × 10−9 C .

The force must be inward, toward the center of the sphere, and since the proton is positively charged,
the electric field must also be inward. The charge on the sphere is negative: q = −1.04 × 10−9 C.
40. We imagine a spherical Gaussian surface of radius r centered at the point charge +q. From symmetry
consideration E is the same throughout the surface, so


 = 4πr2 E = qencl ,
 · dA
E
ε0

which gives
qencl
E(r) = ,
4πε0 r2

where qencl is the net charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface.

(a) Now a < r < b, where E = 0. Thus qencl = 0, so the charge on the inner surface of the shell is
qi = −q.

(b) The shell as a whole is electrically neutral, so the outer shell must carry a charge of qo = +q.

(c) For r < a qencl = +q, so


 q
E  = .
r<a 4πε0 r2

(d) For b > r > a E = 0, since this region is inside the metallic part of the shell.

(e) For r > b qencl = +q, so


 q
E  = .
r<a 4πε0 r2
...
........
.........
..
....
........ ............................................ ..
............
.......... ....... ................
.. .....
..... ..... .
..
...
. .... ...
. . ..
. .. ............... ... .........
....... .............. ............ .............. ..............
... ... . ... . ..... .....
... ...... ....
.... ..
... .... ............... .......................... ....
... ... ....... ... ..... . .... ....
. .
... .... . ......... .
. .
... ... ..
.... .... ..... .
.
. ...
.... ... ...
..... .. .....
... ... ..... .. ..... .. ...
The field lines are .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. ... .. ..
..................................... .................................................................................................................................... ...................................
. ... .. . .... .. ..... .. ... ... ..
sketched to the right. ... ..
... ..
.
. ....
. .
.
.
.
... ... .......
. ..... .
.. ...
.. ..
... .... ..... .... ..... .. ....
... ... .. ......... .
...
.....
... .. .. .. .
.
... ... ........ . ................... ...... ....
... .................. .. .... .
.... .... ....... .. ..... ...
..... ....... . ..... .............
.... ..
.. ...... .. .
. .. . .
... .. .
........... ............ ...................................... ........... ...........
.......... .........
.........................................
. .................
....... ... ..
...
...... .
.
.........
...

(f) The net charge of the central point charge-inner surface combination is zero. Thus the electric field
it produces is also zero.

(g) The outer shell has a spherically symmetric charge distribution with a net charge +q. Thus the
field it produces for r > b is E = q/(4πε0 r2 ).

(h) Yes. In fact there will be a distribution of induced charges on the outer shell, as a result of a flow
of positive charges toward the side of the surface that is closer to the negative point charge outside
the shell.

(i) No. The change in the charge distribution on the outer shell cancels the effect of the negative point
charge. The field lines are sketched below.
41. (a) We integrate the volume charge density over the volume and require the result be equal to the total
charge:




R
dx dy dz ρ = 4π dr r 2 ρ = Q .
0

Substituting the expression ρ = ρs r/R and performing the integration leads to

 ρ   R4 
s
4π = Q =⇒ Q = πρs R3 .
R 4

(b) At a certain point within the sphere, at some distance ro from the center, the field (see Eq. 24-8
through Eq. 24-10) is given by Gauss’ law:
1 qenc
E=
4πε0 ro2

where qenc is given by an integral similar to that worked in part (a):

ro  ρ   r4 
2 s o
qenc = 4π dr r ρ = 4π .
0 R 4

Therefore,
1 πρs ro4
E=
4πε0 R ro2
which (using the relation between ρs and Q derived in part (a)) becomes
 
Q 2
1 π πR3 ro
E=
4πε0 R
and simplifies to the desired result (shown in the problem statement) if we change notation ro → r.
42. (a) We note that the symbol “e” stands for the elementary charge in the manipulations below. From

∞
∞
−e = 2
ρ(r)4πr dr = A exp (−2r/a0 ) 4πr2 dr = πa30 A
0 0

we get A = −e/πa30 .
(b) The magnitude of the field is

a0 
qencl 1 2
E = = e+ ρ(r)4πr dr
4πε0 a20 4πε0 a20 0

a0 
e 4
= 1− 3 2
exp(−2r/a0 ) r dr
4πε0 a20 a0 0
5 e exp(−2)
= .
4πε0 a20

points radially outward.

We note that E
43. At all points where there is an electric field, it is radially outward. For each part of the problem, use a
Gaussian surface in the form of a sphere that is concentric with the sphere of charge and passes through
the point where the electric field is to be found. The field is uniform on the surface, so


E
· dA
= 4πr 2 E

where r is the radius of the Gaussian surface.

(a) Here r is less than a and the charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is q(r/a)3 . Gauss’ law yields
  
2 q r 3 qr
4πr E = =⇒ E = .
ε0 a 4πε0 a3

(b) In this case, r is greater than a but less than b. The charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is q,
so Gauss’ law leads to
q q
4πr2 E = =⇒ E = .
ε0 4πε0 r2
(c) The shell is conducting, so the electric field inside it is zero.
(d) For r > c, the charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is zero (charge q is inside the shell cavity
and charge −q is on the shell). Gauss’ law yields

4πr2 E = 0 =⇒ E = 0 .

(e) Consider a Gaussian surface that lies completely within the conducting shell. Since the electric

field is everywhere zero on the surface, E
· dA

= 0 and, according to Gauss’ law, the net charge
enclosed by the surface is zero. If Qi is the charge on the inner surface of the shell, then q + Qi = 0
and Qi = −q. Let Qo be the charge on the outer surface of the shell. Since the net charge on the
shell is −q, Qi + Qo = −q. This means Qo = −q − Qi = −q − (−q) = 0.
44. The field is zero for 0 ≤ r ≤ a as a result of Eq. 24-16. Since qenc (for a ≤ r ≤ b) is related to the volume
by

4πr3 4πa3
qenc = ρ −
3 3
then

1 qenc ρ 4πr3 4πa3 ρ r 3 − a3
E= = − =
4πε0 r2 4πε0 r2 3 3 3ε0 r2
for a ≤ r ≤ b. And for r ≥ b we have E = qtotal /4πε0 r2 or

ρ b 3 − a3
E= r≥b.
3ε0 r2
This is plotted below for r in meters from 0 to 0.30 m. The peak value of the electric field, reached at
r = b = 0.20 m, is 6.6 × 103 N/C.

6000

4000

2000

0 0.1 r 0.2 0.3

45. To find an expression for the electric field inside the shell in terms of A and the distance from the center
of the shell, select A so the field does not depend on the distance. We use a Gaussian surface in the form
of a sphere with radius rg , concentric with the spherical shell and within it (a < rg < b). Gauss’ law will
be used to find the magnitude of the electric field a distance rg from the shell center.

The charge that
is both in the shell and within the Gaussian sphere is given by the integral qs = ρ dV over the portion
of the shell within the Gaussian surface. Since the charge distribution has spherical symmetry, we may
take dV to be the volume of a spherical shell with radius r and infinitesimal thickness dr: dV = 4πr2 dr.
Thus,  rg  rg  rg
A 2
qs = 4π ρr2 dr = 4π r dr = 4πA r dr = 2πA(rg2 − a2 ) .
a a r a

The total charge inside the Gaussian surface is q + qs = q + 2πA(rg2 − a2 ). The electric field is radial, so
the flux through the Gaussian surface is Φ = 4πrg2 E, where E is the magnitude of the field. Gauss’ law
yields
4πε0 Erg2 = q + 2πA(rg2 − a2 ) .
We solve for E:  
1 q 2πAa2
E= + 2πA − .
4πε0 rg2 rg2
For the field to be uniform, the first and last terms in the brackets must cancel. They do if q −2πAa2 = 0
or A = q/2πa2 .
46. (a) From Gauss’ law,

r) = 1 qencl 1 (4πρr3 /3)
r ρ
r
E(


r = = .
4πε0 r3 4πε0 r3 3ε0
(b) The charge distribution in this case is equivalent to that of a whole sphere of charge density ρ plus
a smaller sphere of charge density −ρ which fills the void. By superposition

r) = ρ
r + (−ρ)(
r −
a) = ρ
a .

E(

3ε0 3ε0 3ε0
47. We use
r
qencl 1
E(r) = = ρ(r)4πr2 dr
4πε0 r2 4πε0 r2 0

to solve for ρ(r) :

ε0 d 2 ε0 d
ρ(r) = 2
[r E(r)] = 2 (Kr 6 ) = 6Kε0 r3 .
r dr r dr
48. (a) We consider the radial field produced at points within a uniform cylindrical distribution of charge.
The volume enclosed by a Gaussian surface in this case is Lπr2 . Thus, Gauss’ law leads to


|qenc | |ρ| Lπr2 |ρ|r
E= = = .
ε0 Acylinder ε0 (2πrL) 2ε0

(b) We note from the above expression that the magnitude of the radial field grows with r.
(c) Since the charged powder is negative, the field points radially inward.
(d) The largest value of r which encloses charged material is rmax = R. Therefore, with |ρ| =
0.0011 C/m3 and R = 0.050 m, we obtain

|ρ|R
Emax = = 3.1 × 106 N/C .
2ε0

(e) According to condition 1 mentioned in the problem, the field is high enough to produce an electrical
discharge (at r = R).
49. (a) At A, the only field contribution is from the +5.00Q particle in the hollow (this follows from
Gauss’ law – it is the only charge enclosed by a Gaussian spherical surface passing through point A,
concentric with the shell). Thus, using k for 1/4πε0 , we have E  = k(5Q)/(0.5)2 = 20kQ directed
radially outward.
(b) Point B is in the conducting material, where the field must be zero in any electrostatic situation.
(c) Point C is outside the sphere where the net charge at smaller values of radius is −3.00Q + 5.00Q =
2.00Q. Therefore, we have E  = k(2Q)/(2)2 = 1 kQ directed radially outward.
2
50. Since the fields involved are uniform, the precise location of P are not relevant. Since the sheets are
oppositely charged (though not equally so), the field contributions are additive (since P is between
them). Using Eq. 24-13, we obtain
 = σ1 + 3σ1 = 2σ1
E
2ε0 2ε0 ε0
directed towards the negatively charged sheet.
51. (a) We imagine a Gaussian surface A which is just outside the inner surface of the spherical shell. Then
 is zero everywhere on surface A. Thus
E



 = (Q + Q) = 0 ,
 · dA
E
A ε0

where Q
is the charge on the inner surface of the shell. This gives Q
= −Q.
 remains zero on surface A the result is unchanged.
(b) Since E
(c) Now,


 = (Q + q + Q) = 0 ,
 · dA
E
A ε0
so Q
= −(Q + q).
 remains zero on surface A regardless of where you place the sphere inside the shell.
(d) Yes, since E
52. We choose a coordinate system whose origin is at the center of the flat base, such that the base is in the
xy plane and the rest of the hemisphere is in the z > 0 half space.

(a) Φ = πR2 (−k̂) · E k̂ = −πR2 E.

(b) Since the flux through the entire hemisphere is zero, the flux through the curved surface is Φ c =
−Φbase = πR2 E.
53. Let Φ0 = 103 N·m2 /C. The net flux through the entire surface of the dice is given by

6

6
Φ = Φn = (−1)n n Φ0 = Φ0 (−1 + 2 − 3 + 4 − 5 + 6) = 3Φ0 .
n=1 n=1

Thus, the net charge enclosed is

 
C2  3 
q = ε0 Φ = 3ε0 Φ0 = 3 8.85 × 10−12 2
10 N·m2 /C = 2.66 × 10−8 C .
N·m


54. We use Φ =
· dA.
E
We note that the side length of the cube is 3.0 m − 1.0 m = 2.0 m.

(a) On the top face of the cube y = 2.0 m and dA
= (dA)ĵ. So E
= 4î − 3((2.0)2 + 2)ĵ = 4î − 18ĵ. Thus
the flux is
 
Φ =
· dA
E
= (4î − 18ĵ) · (dA)ĵ
top top

= −18 dA = (−18)(2.0)2 N·m2 /C = −72 N·m2 /C .
top

(b) On the bottom face of the cube y = 0 and dA
= (dA)(−ĵ). So E
= 4î − 3(02 + 2)ĵ = 4î − 6ĵ. Thus,
the flux is
 
Φ =
· dA
E
= (4î − 6ĵ) · (dA)(−ĵ)

bottom bottom

= 6 dA = 6(2.0)2 N·m2 /C = +24 N·m2 /C .

bottom

(c) On the left face of the cube dA
= (dA)(−î). So

 
Φ = E · dA =


(4î + Ey ĵ) · (dA)(−î)

left left

= −4 dA = −4(2.0)2 N·m2 /C = −16 N·m2 /C .

bottom

= (dA)(−k̂). But since E

(d) On the back face of the cube dA
· dA

has no z component E
= 0. Thus,
Φ = 0.
(e) We now have to add the flux through all six faces. One can easily verify that the flux through the
front face is zero, while that through the right face is the opposite of that through the left one, or
+16 N·m2 /C. Thus the net flux through the cube is Φ = (−72 + 24 − 16 + 0 + 0 + 16) N·m2 /C =
−48 N·m2 /C.
55. The net enclosed charge q is given by


−12 C
2  
q = ε0 Φ = 8.85 × 10 2
−48 N·m2 /C = −4.2 × 10−10 C .
N·m
56. Since the fields involved are uniform, the precise location of P is not relevant; what is important is it is
above the three sheets, with the positively charged sheets contributing upward fields and the negatively
charged sheet contributing a downward field, which conveniently conforms to usual conventions (of
upward as positive and downward as negative). The net field is directed upward, and (from Eq. 24-13)
is magnitude is


1.0 × 10−6


σ1 σ2 σ3

E
= + + = = 5.6 × 104 N/C .
2ε0 2ε0 2ε0 2 × 8.85 × 10−12
57. (a) Outside the sphere, we use Eq. 24-15 and obtain
1 q

=
E = 1.5 × 104 N/C outward .
4πε0 r2

(b) With q = +6.00 × 10−12 C, Eq. 24-20 leads to E

= 2.5 × 104 N/C directed outward.
58. (a) and (b) There is no flux through the sides, so we have two contributions to the flux, one from
the x = 2 end (with Φ2 = +(2 + 2)(π(0.20)2 ) = 0.50 N·m2 /C) and one from the x = 0 end (with
Φ0 = −(2)(π(0.20)2 )). By Gauss’ law we have qenc = ε0 (Φ2 + Φ0 ) = 2.2 × 10−12 C.
59. (a) The cube is totally within the spherical volume, so the charge enclosed is ρ Vcube = (500 ×
10−9 )(0.040)3 = 3.2 × 10−11 C. By Gauss’ law, we find Φ = qenc /ε0 = 3.6 N·m2 /C.
(b) Now the sphere is totally contained within the cube (note that the radius of the sphere is less than
half the side-length of the cube). Thus, the total charge is qenc ρ Vsphere = 4.5 × 10−10 C. By Gauss’
law, we find Φ = qenc /ε0 = 51 N·m2 /C.
60. We use Φ = qenclosed /ε0 and the fact that the amount of positive (negative) charges on the left (right)
side of the conductor is q (−q). Thus, Φ1 = q/ε0 , Φ2 = −q/ε0 , Φ3 = q/ε0 , Φ4 = (q − q)/ε0 = 0, and
Φ5 = (q + q − q)/ε0 = q/ε0 .
61. (a) For r < R, E = 0 (see Eq. 24-16).
(b) For r slightly greater than R,

1 q q (8.99 × 109 N·m2 /C2 )(2.0 × 10−7 C)

ER = ≈ =
4πε0 r2 4πε0 R2 (0.25 m)2
= 2.9 × 104 N/C .

(c) For r > R,

2
2
1 q R 0.25 m
E= = ER = (2.9 × 10 N/C)
4
= 200 N/C .
4πε0 r2 r 3.0 m
62. The field due to a sheet of charge is given by Eq. 24-13. Both sheets are horizontal (parallel to the xy
plane), producing vertical fields (parallel to the z axis). At points above the z = 0 sheet (sheet A), its
field points upward (towards +z); at points above the z = 2.0 sheet (sheet B), its field does likewise.
However, below the z = 2.0 sheet, its field is oriented downward.

(a) The magnitude of the net field in the region between the sheets is





σA σB

E
= − = 2.8 × 102 N/C .
2ε0 2ε0

(b) The magnitude of the net field at points above both sheets is





σA σB

E
= + = 6.2 × 102 N/C .
2ε0 2ε0
63. To exploit the symmetry of the situation, we imagine a closed Gaussian surface in the shape of a cube,
of edge length d, with the charge q situated at the inside center of the cube. The cube has six faces, and
we expect an equal amount of flux through each face. The total amount of flux is Φnet = q/ε0 , and we
conclude that the flux through the square is one-sixth of that. Thus, Φ = q/6ε0 .
64. (a) At x = 0.040 m, the net field has a rightward (+x) contribution (computed using Eq. 24-13) from
the charge lying between x = −0.050 m and x = 0.040 m, and a leftward (−x) contribution (again
computed using Eq. 24-13) from the charge in the region from x = 0.040 m to x = 0.050 m. Thus,
since σ = q/A = ρV /A = ρ∆x in this situation, we have


ρ(0.090 m) ρ(0.010 m)




E
= − = 5.4 N/C .
2ε0 2ε0

(b) In this case, the field contributions from all layers of charge point rightward, and we obtain


ρ(0.100 m)




E
= = 6.8 N/C .
2ε0
65. (a) The direction of the electric field at P1 is away from q1 and its magnitude is


(8.99 × 109 N·m2 /C2 )(1.0 × 10−7 C)


q

E
= = = 4.0 × 106 N/C .
4πε0 r12 (0.015 m)2

 = 0, since P2 is inside the metal.

(b) E
66. We use Eqs. 24-15, 24-16 and the superposition principle.

(a) E = 0 in the region inside the shell.

(b) E = (1/4πε0 )(qa /r2 ).
(c) E = (1/4πε0 )(qa + qb )/r2 .
(d) Since E = 0 for r < a the charge on the inner surface of the inner shell is always zero. The charge
on the outer surface of the inner shell is therefore qa . Since E = 0 inside the metallic outer shell
the net charge enclosed in a Gaussian surface that lies in between the inner and outer surfaces of
the outer shell is zero. Thus the inner surface of the outer shell must carry a charge −qa , leaving
the charge on the outer surface of the outer shell to be qb + qa .
67. (a) We use me g = eE = eσ/ε0 to obtain the surface charge density.

−31

 −12 C2

me gε0 (9.11 × 10 kg) 9.8 m/s 2
8.85 × 10 N·m2
= 4.9 × 10−22 C/m .
2
σ= =
e 1.60 × 10−19 C

(b) Downward (since the electric force exerted on the electron must be upward).
68. (a) In order to have net charge −10 µC when −14 µC is known to be on the outer surface, then
there must be +4 µC on the inner surface (since charges reside on the surfaces of a conductor in
electrostatic situations).
(b) In order to cancel the electric field inside the conducting material, the contribution from the +4 µC
on the inner surface must be canceled by that of the charged particle in the hollow. Thus, the
particle’s charge is −4 µC.