AAMS1773 QUANTITATIVE STUDIES

Tutorial 1
Introduction to Statistics and Data Presentation
1) The data below are the marks obtained by 40 students in an examination.
62 54 38 33 80 66 56 60 68 52
57 71 85 47 50 71 52 76 49 69
48 68 55 49 79 41 61 65 75 81
64 58 66 59 52 43 65 48 41 56
a) Construct a frequency distribution table using 30 – 39 as the first class, 40 –
49 as the second class and so on.
b) Draw a histogram for the above data.
c) Construct a “less than” cumulative frequency distribution.
d) Draw a “less than” cumulative frequency polygon.

2) The following data is the heights (in nearest centimeters) of 85 employees in a

company.

a) Tabulate the above data in the form of frequency distribution, using 160 - < 165
as the first class, 165 - < 170 as the second class and so on.
b) Draw a histogram for the above data.
c) Construct a “less than” cumulative frequency distribution.
d) Draw a “less than” cumulative frequency polygon (ogive).
e) Using the ogive in part (d), estimate
i) the heights which will be exceeded by 25% of the employees.
ii) the number of employees who have heights less than 175cm.
iii) the proportion of employees who have heights exceeding 175cm.

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3) The following table shows the gross profit of a random sample of 500 small companies
in a year.

Gross Profit ($thousand) Percentage of companies

Under 10 8
10 and under 20 22
20 and under 30 36
30 and under 40 18
40 and under 60 10
60 and under 90 6

a) Draw a histogram.
b) Construct a “less than” cumulative frequency distribution.
c) Plot a “less than” ogive and use it to estimate
i) the number of small companies which earned at least $38,000 of gross
profit.
ii) the proportion of small companies which earned less than $45,000 of
gross profit.

4) The following data shows the number of rejects from the assembly line of a local
manufacturer recorded for a period of 80 days.
Number of rejects Number of days
0–4 1
5–9 14
10 – 14 23
15 – 19 20
20 – 24 16
25 – 29 6

a) Draw a histogram for the data.

b) Construct a “less than” cumulative frequency distribution and plot a “less than”
cumulative frequency polygon. Use the graph to estimate
i) the number of days that produce at most 12 rejects.
ii) the number of rejects exceeded by 10% of the days.

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5) The following cumulative frequency distribution shows the duration of each telephone
call made by an employee recorded for a period of one month.
Duration (minutes) Number of calls
Under 3 45
Under 6 104
Under 9 142
Under 12 173
Under 18 192
Under 24 200

a) Draw the ogive for the above cumulative frequency distribution.

b) Use the ogive to estimate
i) the number of calls that lasted between 5 and 10 minutes,
ii) the duration not exceeded by 90% of the calls.
c) Redraft the above data in the form of frequency distribution and construct a
histogram.

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Tutorial 2A
Measures of Central Tendency
1) The following arrays shows the amounts spent (in RM) by a random sample of 15
students at a primary school canteen.
0.50, 0.50, 0.75, 0.75, 0.75, 0.85, 0.90, 1.50, 1.90, 1.90, 2.35, 2.45, 2.71, 3.00, 3.10
Determine the mean, median and mode for the amounts spent. Then, interpret your
answers.

2) A manager observes the amount of time taken by his secretary to prepare a sample of
10 business letters in the office and the results are arranged in ascending order to the
nearest minute: 5, 5, 5, 7, 9, 14, 15, 15, 16, 30.
Determine (a) mean; (b) median; and (c) mode.
Which measure of central tendency calculated above can best represent the data in
this question? Explain your answer.

3. A record on outgoing telephone calls lasting for 10 minutes or longer produced the
following table:

Length of call (nearest minute) No. of calls

10 and under 12 40
12 and under 14 109
14 and under 16 54
16 and under 18 22
18 and under 20 15

a) Calculate the mean, median and modal values of the length of calls.
b) Draw the histogram for the above data and estimate the mode.
c) Draw the “less than” ogive and estimate the median.

4) A large fast-food chain store has 73 branches located at different parts of the country.
The profits of the companies at the end of the financial year are as follows:
Profit ($ million) Number of companies
Under 2 30
2 and under 4 20
4 and under 6 10
6 and under 10 8
10 and under 15 5

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a) Draw a histogram to represent the information.

b) Estimate the mode from the histogram.
c) Calculate the mean, median and mode.

5) A survey is conducted by the administration staff in a college to study the weight

distribution of a sample of 120 students in a course.
Weight (kg) Number of students
40 - < 45 4
45 - < 50 13
50 - < 55 17
55 - < 60 40
60 - < 70 39
70 - < 80 7

a) Construct a histogram to represent the data and estimate the mode from it.
Justify the answer of the mode by calculation.
b) Construct a “<” cumulative frequency polygon.
i) estimate the median from it. Justify the answer of the median by
calculation.
ii) if a student having weight 65kg or more is classified as overweight,
estimate the percentage of overweight students.

6) A company has produced the following cumulative frequency distribution of ordinary

shares held by a random sample of 300 shareholders.
No. of ordinary shares held (’00) No. of shareholders
Less than 10 49
Less than 20 139
Less than 30 217
Less than 40 259
Less than 50 285
Less than 60 300
a) Draw an ogive for the above data and estimate the median. Interpret the aswer
of the median.
b) Find the sample mean.

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7) The table shows the weekly wages in RM of each of 100 factory workers.
Wage, RM Number of workers
200  x < 250 10
250  x < 300 16
300  x < 375 40
375  x < 400 26
400  x < 500 8

a) Construct a histogram and estimate the mode.

b) Draw an ogive. Hence, determine the median.

8) The scores in an IQ test for 60 candidates are shown in the table. Find the standard
deviation.
Score Frequency
100 – 106 8
107 – 113 13
114 – 120 24
121 – 127 11
128 – 134 4

Calculate the mean, median and mode.

9) These are the test marks of 11 students.

52, 61, 78, 49, 47, 79, 54, 58, 62, 73, 72
Find and interpret each of the value obtained.
a) the mean
b) the median
c) the mode

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Tutorial 2B
Measures of dispersion
1) These are the test marks of 11 students.
52, 61, 78, 49, 47, 79, 54, 58, 62, 73, 72, 63
Find
a) the range,
b) the lower quartile,
c) the upper quartile,
d) the interquartile range,
e) the quartile deviation.

2) The times, to the nearest minute, taken by a group of 120 students to write a particular
essay, were recorded and are grouped in the table below.
Time (min) 40 – 44 45 – 49 50 – 54 55 – 59 60 – 64
Number of 8 22 34 30 26
students
Calculate
a) the lower quartile,
b) the upper quartile,
c) the quartile deviation.

3) Each of 50 sportsmen was asked to state the distance, x km, he needs to travel to
obtain access to suitable training facilities. The results are summarized in the table
below.
Distance (x , km) Number of sportsman
0x<4 1
4  x <10 2
10  x < 20 6
20  x < 35 19
35  x < 60 12
60  x < 100 10

Construct the cumulative frequency table for the distribution and draw the “less than”
ogive. Use your curve to estimate the first quartile and third quartile. Hence evaluate
the quartile deviation.

4) For each of the following sets of numbers, calculate the variance and the standard
deviation.
a) 2, 4, 5, 6, 8
b) 200, 203, 206, 207, 209

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5) The table shows the weekly wages in RM of each of 100 factory workers.
Wage, RM Number of workers
200  x < 250 10
250  x < 300 16
300  x < 375 40
375  x < 400 26
400  x < 500 8

Calculate the variance and standard deviation.

6) The scores in an IQ test for 60 candidates are shown in the table.

Score Frequency
100 – 106 8
107 – 113 13
114 – 120 24
121 – 127 11
128 – 134 4

a) Calculate the mean scores and the standard deviation for the above
distribution.
b) Evaluate the coefficient of variation.

Revision
1) The following table indicates the age distribution of a random sample of 100
participants in a science and technology conference.
Age (to the nearest Number of
year) participants
25 – 29 11
30 – 34 19
35 – 39 26
40 – 44 34
45 – 49 10

a) Construct a “less than” cumulative frequency distribution. Then, draw

a “less than” cumulative frequency polygon.
b) Use the graph in part (a) to estimate the
(i) median;
(ii) quartile deviation.
c) Calculate the mean and mode. Hence, interpret the results.

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2) The downturn in the US economy has forced many companies in the electronics
industry to scale down operations. A sample of 200 small companies was observed for
the amount of compensation paid out due to retrenchment of workers.
Compensation amount (US$0000) Number of companies
100 to less than 200 10
200 to less than 300 18
300 to less than 400 32
400 to less than 500 65
500 to less than 600 35
600 to less than 700 24
700 to less than 900 16

a) Construct a histogram for the given distribution. Hence estimate the mode.
b) Calculate the mean and standard deviation for the amount of compensation
paid out by the companies.

3) The number of mobile phones (unit) sold at Outlet 1 and Outlet 2 during a promotion
week are as shown below:
Outlet 1:
25 21 15 30 12 40 50
Outlet 2:
28 23 18 28 20 38 66

a) For each data set, calculate the population mean and the population
standard deviation.
b) Hence, calculate the coefficient of variation for each data set above.
Compare the variability of the data sets.

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Tutorial 3
Probability
1 2
1) The event A and B are such that 𝑃(𝐴) = 6 and 𝑃(𝐵) = 7. Find the 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) if

a) events A and B are mutually exclusive.

b) events A and B are independent events.

2) The probability that a regularly scheduled flight departs on time is 𝑃(𝐷) = 0.83; the
probability that it arrives on time is 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.82; and the probability that it departs and
arrives on time is 𝑃(𝐷 ∩ 𝐴) = 0.78. Find the probability that a plane
a) arrives on time given that it has departed on time.
b) departs on time given that it has arrived on time.

3) A survey of diploma students in the school of Business at college revealed the

following, regarding the gender and majors of the students:
Gender Major Total
Accounting Management
Male 60 120 180
Female 240 80 320
Total 300 200 500

Find the probability of selecting a student who is

a) a female or an Accounting major,
b) a Management major given that the student selected is a male.

4) A company decides to check on the accuracy invoicing. Invoices are prepared by

three clerks X, Y and Z. A random sample of 1000 invoices is selected. 300 were
prepared by clerk X, 300 by Y and 400 by Z. The table below shows the number of
errors of the 1000 invoices for X, Y and Z respectively.
Accuracy Clerks Total
X Y Z
Error (E) 6 15 12 33
No Error (𝐸̅ ) 294 285 388 967
Total 300 300 400 1000
From the samples of 1000 invoices, one invoice was selected. Calculate the
probability that
a) it was prepared by Z,
b) it contained an error,

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c) it was prepared by Z and contained an error,

d) it was prepared by Z given that it contained an error,
e) it contained an error given that it was prepared by Z.

5) Eighty applicants for a job were assessed as either good or poor for their oral and
written communication skills. The resulting assessments are given in the contingency
table below:
Oral Written Total
Good (GW) Poor (PW)
Good (GO) 17 21 38
Poor (PO) 12 30 42
Total 29 51 80

a) From the table, find the probability that a randomly selected applicant has:
i) poor oral communication skill;
ii) good written communication skill;
iii) good oral and good written communication skills;
iv) good oral or good written communication skill;
v) good written communication skill given that the applicant has good
oral communication skill.
b) Are the event “good oral and good written communication skills” mutually
exclusive? Explain.
c) Are good oral and good written communication skills independent? Explain.

6) Alice, Betty and Catherine take an economy test. The probability for each of them
1 2 3
pass the test are , and respectively.
2 3 4
a) Draw a tree diagram. Write out the sample space.
b) Calculate the probability that two of them fail the test.
c) Find the probability that at least two of them pass the test.

7) In a college, 70% of the students taking an IT course are males and 30% are
females. 35% of the male students are from Penang and 25% of the female
students from Penang.
a) Draw a probability tree diagram for the above situation.
b) Find the probability that a randomly selected IT student is

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i) a male and is from Penang;

ii) from Penang;
iii) a female given that the student is from Penang.

8) In a computer store, 40% of the computers in stock are laptops and 60% are
desktops. The computers can be of local and foreign brands. 5% of the laptops and
15% of the desktops are of local brands.
a) Construct a probability tree diagram to illustrate this situation.
b) If a computer is selected randomly from the stock, find the probability
that it is of a local brands.
c) What is the probability that a randomly selected computer from the
stock is a laptop or of a local brand?
d) Find the probability that a randomly selected computer from the stock
is a desktop given that it is of a foreign brand.

9) An international college buys printers from these different companies F, G and H. The
college buys 50% of the total number of printers from company F, 40%, from
company G and 10% from company H. The percentages of defective printers supplied
by companies F, G and H, respectively, are 5%, 3% and 2%.
a) Draw a tree diagram to illustrate the above information.
b) If a printer is selected at random from the college, what is the probability that
the printer is defective?
c) If a printer is found to be defective, what is the probability that it is
supplied by company H?

10) HL Bank records show that 75% of its car loan are completely repaid. Analysis on the
unpaid loans shows that 85% loan applicants would have been employed at their
present job for less than two years. Of the repaid loan, 25% loan applicants would
have been employed at their present job less than two years.
a) Draw a well-labelled probability tree diagram with joint probabilities calculated
for the above problem.
b) What is the probability that a particular loan applicant would have been
employed at his or her present job for less than two years?
c) Given that a particular loan application has been employed at his or her present
job for only one year, what is the probability that this person will repay the loan?

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Tutorial 4
Probability Distributions
Binomial Distribution
1) 85% of households in an area have a notebook. If six households are randomly selected
from the area, what is the probability that the number having a notebook is
a) exactly four;
b) at least four;
c) at most five;
d) between two and five inclusive;
e) exceed four;
f) fewer than four.

2) A factory finds that, on the average, 20% of the bolts produced by a given machine will
be defective for certain specified requirements. If 10 bolts are selected at random from
the day’s production of this machine, find the probability that
a) exactly 2 will be defective;
b) 2 or more will be defective;
c) more than 5 but at most 8 will be defective.

3) In a basket, there is 1 rotten durian out of every 6 durians. If a sample of 10

durians is chosen at random, calculate the probability that
a) exactly 2 durians are rotten,
b) at least 9 durians are not rotten.

4) A market surveyor observed that 40% of the adults in Malaysia prefer a certain
brand of shampoo. A random sample of 6 adults is selected to study their preferences
of shampoos.
a) Determine the probability that all six adults prefer the brand.
b) Determine the probability at least one prefer the brand.
c) Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the distribution.

5) Eight candidates apply for a job and are separately interviewed. Based on past
experience, any candidate has a probability of 0.4 of passing to a second interview,
independent of other candidates. What is the probability that of the eight candidates,
a) 3 candidates pass to a second interview?

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b) at least 2 candidates pass to a second interview?

Normal Distribution
6) The time taken to complete a standard task by the workers of a factory follows a
normal distribution with an average time of 20 hours and a standard deviation of 4
hours.
a) If a worker is selected randomly from the factory, what is the probability that
the worker will take less than 22 hours to complete the standard task?
b) Find the probability that a randomly selected worker will take between 15 and
18 hours to complete the standard task.
c) What is the maximum time taken by the 10% most efficient workers to
complete the standard task?

7) The marks of 1000 students in an examination are normally distributed with a mean of
45 and standard deviation of 25.
a) If the pass mark is 40 or higher, estimate the number of candidates who
passed the examination

b) If the 1% of the students is awarded a high distinction for scoring x

marks or more, estimate the value of x.

c) If a credit is obtained by scoring marks between 50 and 65, estimate the

number of candidates who obtained credits.

8) The college entrance examination marks are scaled to approximate a normal

distribution with mean 500 and standard deviation 100. Find the probability that a
randomly selected student who sat for the entrance examination will score
a) 580 marks or less;
b) Between 600 and 700 marks.

Find the passing mark of the college entrance examination if 60% of the students
passed the examination.

9) The average weight of a packet of sugar packed by a certain machine is 500g and the
standard deviation is 20g. Assume that the weights are normally distributed. In a
batch of 2000 packets, how many weight:
a) i) more than 520g;
ii) between 520g and 530g.
b) Find the minimum weight of the 5% heaviest packets.

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Tutorial 5
Estimation and Hypothesis Testing

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Tutorial 6

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