Re-Measurement and Valuation of Works Is PDF

CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR QUANTITY SURVEYING
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING & SURVEYING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
SHAH ALAM
RE-MEASUREMENT AND VALUATION OF WORKS:
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACED BY QUANTITY
SURVEYORS
Final Project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours)
PREPARED BY : AZREE BIN ABU BAKAR

(2014468592)
SEMESTER : MARCH 2016 – JULY 2016
DECLARATION
"I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the
regulation of Universiti Teknologi MARA. It is original and the result of my own work,
unless otherwise indicated or acknowledged as referenced work."
STUDENT'S SIGNATURE :
STUDENT’S NAME : AZREE BIN ABU BAKAR
DATE : 6TH MAY 2016

ABSTRACT
The Quantity Surveyor is one of the commonly known construction team members
aside from the Architects and Engineers. A Quantity Surveyor is basically the cost
consultant on a project. Some of the roles of a Quantity Surveyor during
construction are to conduct re-measurement works as well as the valuation of
works. The process of these works can take a lot of time, effort, and skill to do. The
aim of this research is to study the issues and challenges of the re-measurement
and valuation of construction works as a Quantity Surveyor. It is undeniable that the
Quantity Surveyors had been facing several issues and challenges when conducting
re-measurement works and valuation of works for various types of construction
contracts. The questionnaires were distributed to Quantity Surveyors attached to
consultant firms, contractor firms, developers, and others by hand and had been
recollected back by hand as well. The result was that Quantity Surveyors had been
facing issues in re-measurement and valuation of works due to the lack of critical
information. The result also shows that Quantity Surveyors are lacking in the ability
to re-measure or value the works when it comes to Prime Cost Sum or Provisional
Sum items. A majority of respondents had suggested that as-built drawings should
be complete and records especially important data should be kept as soon as
possible. This will ensure that variation orders can be avoided as much as possible
and discrepancies are kept at minimal.
Keywords: valuation, re-measurement, quantity surveyor
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to give my highest gratitude to Allah SWT who has given me the
strength, knowledge and wisdom to conduct this final dissertation. I admit,
completing this research required more than personal effort. With the help of others,
I was able to complete this dissertation.
That being said, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor,
Encik Azizan Supardi for guiding, advising, and supervising me as well as the others
in completing this dissertation. He had taught me a lot of new and useful things
which did not only helped me in completing this dissertation, but for future use as
well. He is always there to help his students whenever they needed him.
I would also like to thank my family, especially my parents for supporting me not
only financially, but also morally. They had helped me a lot throughout this
dissertation research by giving advises to providing guidance as well. If it were not
for them, completing this dissertation would have been a very difficult task to
achieve.
Thank you as well to the respondents whom were willing enough to provide their
feedback through the questionnaires distributed. Some of them had even shared
their opinions and given suggestions regarding the issues relating to this
dissertation.
Lastly, I would like to thank my friends for being cooperative. We had exchanged
knowledge and ideas which proved to be useful for us to complete our dissertation.
There are times when I will ask for their advice and there are times when they would
seek my guidance instead.
Thank you.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II
TABLE OF CONTENTS III
LIST OF FIGURES VII
LIST OF TABLES VIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS IX
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.1.1. DEFINITION OF T OPIC 1

1.1.2. OVERVIEW OF THE T ITLE 1
1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT 3
1.3. RESEARCH OVERVIEW 4
1.3.1. AIM OF RESEARCH 4

1.3.2. RESEARCH O BJECTIVES 4
1.3.3. RESEARCH Q UESTIONS 4
1.3.4. SCOPE OF STUDY 5
1.4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 6
1.5. OUTLINE CHAPTER HEADING 7
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1. INTRODUCTION 8
2.2. DEFINITION OF MAIN TERMS 9
2.2.1. DEFINITION OF VALUATION 9

2.2.2. DEFINITION OF RE-MEASUREMENT 9
2.2.3. DEFINITION OF QUANTITY SURVEYORS 10
2.3. RE-MEASUREMENT & VALUATION OF WORKS 12
2.3.1. RE-MEASUREMENT OF WORKS 12

2.3.1.2. MEASUREMENT CONTRACTS OR SIMILAR 12
2.3.1.2. VARIATION ORDERS 17
2.3.1.3. PROVISIONAL QUANTITY OR SUM 18
2.3.2. VALUATION OF WORKS 19
2.4. PREVIOUS STUDY 23
2.4.1. A KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEM FOR VALUING VARIATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

WORKS: A USER CENTRED APPROACH 23
2.5 CONCLUSION 26
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 27
3.1. INTRODUCTION 27
3.2. RESEARCH DESIGN 28
3.2.1. DEFINITION OF RESEARCH DESIGN 28

3.2.2. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN 28
3.2.3. TYPE TO BE USED 32
3.3. DATA COLLECTION METHOD 33
3.3.1. DEFINITION OF DATA COLLECTION METHOD 33

3.3.2. TYPES OF DATA COLLECTION METHOD 33
3.4. POPULATION 35
3.4.1. DEFINITION OF POPULATION 35

3.4.2. TYPE OF POPULATION 35
3.4.3. POPULATION FOR STUDY 36
3.5 SAMPLING 36
3.5.1. DEFINITION OF SAMPLING 36

3.5.2. TYPES OF SAMPLING 37
3.6. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT 39
3.6.1. DEFINITION OF RESEARCH I NSTRUMENT 39

3.6.2. TYPES OF RESEARCH I NSTRUMENT 39
3.6.3. FINDINGS PRESENTATION TO BE USED 42
3.7. DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 43
3.7.1. DEFINITION OF DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 43

3.7.2. TYPES OF DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 43
3.8. CONCLUSION 46
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CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 47
4.2. DATA ANALYSIS 48
4.2.1. RESPONDENTS’ BACKGROUND 48

4.2.2. RE-MEASUREMENT AND VALUATION SKILLS 54
4.2.3. T HE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF RE-MEASUREMENT OR VALUATION 60
4.3. FINDINGS 61
4.3.1. COMPETENCY OF THE QUANTITY SURVEYORS 61

4.3.3. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES 62
4.3.2. SUGGESTIONS AND OPINIONS 63
4.4. DISCUSSIONS 65
4.5. CONCLUSIONS 67
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 68
5.2. OBJECTIVE ACHIEVEMENT 69
5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS 71
REFERENCES 72
APPENDICES 72
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
Figure 1.1: Research Methodology Process 6
Figure 2.1: Contractual and Administrative Relationships of a General 13

Design and Build Contracting
Figure 2.2: General Principle for Varied Work Within Contract 21
Figure 2.3: General Principle for Varied Work Outside Contract 22
Figure 3.1: Types of Data Analysis Procedure 43
Figure 4.1: Respondents’ Gender 48
Figure 4.2: Respondents' Age 49
Figure 4.3: Respondents’ Current Work Category 50
Figure 4.4: Respondents’ Current Work Position 50
Figure 4.5: Respondents’ Work Experience in the Construction Industry 51
Figure 4.6: Pie Chart of Whether the Respondent Had Worked 52

Overseas or Not
Figure 4.7: Respondents’ Work Experience Overseas 52
Figure 4.8: Respondents’ Experience in Handling Various Types of 53

Construction Contracts
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLES PAGE
Table 4.1: Respondents’ Re-Measurement and Valuation Skills 54

Generally
Table 4.2: Respondents’ Re-Measurement and Valuation Skills in 55

Building Works
Table 4.3: Respondents’ Re-Measurement and Valuation Skills in 57

External Works
Table 4.4: Respondents’ Re-Measurement and Valuation Skills for 58

Prime Cost Sum or Provisional Sum Items
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
JKR - JABATAN KERJA RAYA
PAM - PERTUBUHAN AKITEK MALAYSIA

(MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS)
PWD - PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
D&B - DESIGN & BUILD
FIDIC - INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF CONSULTING

ENGINEERS
IT - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
ICE - INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEViCE - DYNAMIC EXPERT-SYSTEM FOR VALUING VARIATIONS IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING
BOT - BUILD-OPERATE-TRANSFER
Rev. - REVISION
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.1.1. Definition of Topic
The proposed research topic is:
“Re-Measurement and Valuation of Works: Issues and Challenges faced by
Quantity Surveyors”.
Re-measurement can be simply defined as the process of measuring over again
(Farlex, n.d.). Valuation is defined as the determination of how much something or
some work is worth (Farlex, 2015).
1.1.2. Overview of the Title
Quantity surveyors have been one of the important consultants to be hired on a
construction project in Malaysia. The basic roles of quantity surveyors are to provide
preliminary estimates, prepare the bill of quantities based on architectural, structural
and other drawings, provide necessary specifications, analyse tender biddings,
prepare and analyse cost data, produce interim payments to contractors, assess
variations or claims, and settle contract accounts (Rashid, 2002 as cited in Yusuwan
et. al, 2009). Basically, the quantity surveyor is the cost consultant of the employer.
Contractors also have their own in-house quantity surveyors.
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Variation orders are one of the reasons why quantity surveyors need to conduct a
valuation of works aside from interim payment. Cunningham (2013) mentioned that
variations are nearly unavoidable in all building contracts, no matter how simple the
contract is. Variations can be defined as a change of an employer’s requirements
and are alterations to the original contract which involves changes to the
construction works or contract conditions. Even if the project was well planned,
variations are a certain thing of occurrence due to the designers needs to issue
further required drawings, details and instructions in order to better achieve the
requirements of the client. This will affect the completion time and project cost.
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1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Potts (2008, as cited in Cunningham, 2013) stated that the valuation of works is
difficult due to the need of considerable experience and skill. Quantity surveyors are
required to have adequate knowledge in construction technology, programming,
estimating practice, and keep necessary records relating to the factors of the
variation. The lack of experience to execute valuation of works will affect a quantity
surveyor’s reputation as well as the reputation of the company or firm him or she is
attached to. Aside from that, it will also cause a delay in the issuance of the interim
payment.
Hiew & Ng (2007) stated that the cost implication of a variation order should be
updated as soon as possible at all times under a strict cost control regime. Delay in
such implication will result in a delay in the issuance of the interim payment, and the
contractor may undertake the variation work and make a claim for the work done.
There will be an increase in construction cost due to the claim, especially when the
variation is major. Disputes will also arise regarding the interim payments or claims.
Harbans and Kandan (n.d.) mentioned that there are no dispute resolution
procedures during the measurement process of the valuation stage. The
employment of a third and independent party would be necessary in order to settle
the dispute regarding any disputes or disagreements. Disputes regarding payment
or other issues must be referred to adjudication or arbitration in order to settle the
payment dispute. Referring to either adjudication or arbitration will have an impact
on the client’s and the contractor’s budget as they are required to pay for the
services of the dispute resolution which are usually expensive.
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The quantity surveyors have to face several issues and challenges when conducting
the re-measurement and the valuation of works. That is why this research was
conducted.
1.3. RESEARCH OVERVIEW
1.3.1. Aim of Research
The aim of this research is to study the issues and challenges of the re-
measurement and valuation of works as the quantity surveyor’s role.
1.3.2. Research Objectives
1. To identify the issues of re-measurement and valuation works faced during
construction.
2. To study the competency of the quantity surveyors in conducting the re-
measurement and valuation of works.
3. To determine the solutions to the issues faced by the quantity surveyors
relating to re-measurement and valuation of works.
1.3.3. Research Questions
1. What are the issues of re-measurement and valuation works faced by during
construction?
2. How well can quantity surveyors conduct re-measurement and valuation of
works?
3. How can the re-measurement and valuation of works be improved?
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1.3.4. Scope of Study
The scope of this research covers the issues and challenges faced when conducting
re-measurement and valuation of construction or variation works. The respondents
or samples of this research shall be quantity surveyors attached to a firm or
freelance quantity surveyors in Sarawak. 100 questionnaires will be sent out to the
quantity surveyors working in quantity surveyor firms, developers, or contractors.
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1.4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
•The combination of problem discovery and problem definition which allows

Problem researchers to set the direction of research.
identification
•Published and unpublished works from secondary sources of data relating to

Literature the research are documentated as a comprehensive review.
review
•A framework for the research specifying the methods and procedures for the
Research data and information collecting and analyzing.
design
•A procedure of determining the small part of the population in order to make an

analysis and conclusion regarding the whole population.
Sampling
•The assignment of scores or numbers and the ability to accurately, precisely

Instrumentation/ and relevantly evaluate in order to meet the research objectives.
Measurement
•The process of collecting data through various surveying methods from the
determined sample for the research.
Data collection
•A process which involves data checking for omissions, legibility and

consistency, editing or correcting the problems, categorizing, and recording the
Data analysing data.
& processing
•The summary of findings gained from conducting the research and the
Conclusion & preparation of research report.
Report
Figure 1.1: Research Methodology Process (Source: Pandiyan & Chandran, 2011)
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1.5. OUTLINE CHAPTER HEADING
The first chapter shall be the Introduction chapter for this thesis. This chapter covers
the background of the study, problem statements, aim of the research, objectives,
scope of study, and the general methodology.
The second chapter shall be the Literature Review. The second chapter will cover
reviews of published and unpublished works as well as previous researches which is
similar to this research.
The third chapter shall be the Research Methodology. The third chapter will be
about the definition, types, and types to be used in terms of the research design,
data collection method, population of study, sample of study, research instrument,
and the data analysis procedure.
The fourth chapter is the Analysis and Findings. This chapter covers the
presentation of the data and findings obtained through the conduction of this
research.
The fifth and final chapter shall be the Conclusion and Recommendations. This
chapter covers the summary of Chapters 1 to 4, whether the objectives had been
met or not, and the recommendation for future research similar to this study.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. INTRODUCTION
The literature review is a process whereby accessible documents are selected
based on the information, ideas, data and evidence contained inside in order to
achieve certain aims, or express certain viewpoints regarding a certain topic
(Pandiyan & Chandran, 2011). Neuman (2003, as cited in Pandiyan & Chandran,
2011) defines the goals of literature review as to display an understanding with a
research area as well as establish credibility, demonstrate the relevance of prior
research with a current project, interpret and review a research area, and inspire
new concepts as well as benefit from the efforts of other researchers.
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2.2. DEFINITION OF MAIN TERMS
2.2.1. Definition of Valuation
The Farlex Inc. (2012) defined valuation as the procedure of deciding how much an
advantage, organization, or whatever else is worth. Valuation is profoundly
subjective, yet it is simplest when one is considering the present estimation of
substantial resources. For instance, deciding the amount of a ready purchaser will
pay an eager merchant for a house at this time is simpler than deciding the
estimation of what an organization's image acknowledgment may be in 10 years.
Valuation is vital in major examination, the specialists of which generally consider an
organization's profit to be demonstrative of its worth.
2.2.2. Definition of Re-Measurement
Re-measurement can be simply defined as the act of re-evaluating something of
value. Kierszniowska & Seiwert (2009) defined re-measurement as the re-
assessment of the estimation of a benefit or risk inside of a company's financial
statements. The reason for this re-evaluation is to all the more precisely reflect the
organizations’ financial related and working position, regardless whether the re-
measurement is advantageous or not to the company.
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2.2.3. Definition of Quantity Surveyors
The New Zealand Institute of Quantity Surveyors (2015) defined quantity surveyors
as the individual in charge of undertaking the costing of works of a development or
construction project. They also have various other roles as cost control and oversee
the construction.
The Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (2013) stated that among other tasks
that quantity surveyors perform would be to prepare and develop tender documents
based on information provided by the architects and engineers. The information
provided can be in a form of drawings or even specifications. The tender documents
prepared will include specifications, general conditions, forms of contracts, and any
other necessary documents.
The quantity surveyor would also oversee and administer various types of
construction or development projects, especially works involving contracts, sub-
contracts, progress schedules, cost control, and measurement of works. A quantity
surveyor would also have to prepare interim payments through a valuation of works
or changes and finalize contracts. A quantity surveyor must be able to consult
regarding the cost of construction to the clients, architects, engineers, and public
authorities, as well as plan strategically (Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors,
2013).
10
Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (2013) also mentioned that the quantity
surveyor may also participate in dispute resolution activities through negotiation or
other methods. During construction, a quantity surveyor may participate in an
unofficial negotiation, mediation or adjudication. After completion of works, the
quantity surveyors may involve in arbitration or even court hearings for dispute
resolution.
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2.3. RE-MEASUREMENT & VALUATION OF WORKS
2.3.1. Re-Measurement of Works
Re-measurement of works usually arises as due to several factors such as these:
1. The contract is a ‘Measurement’ contract or similar whereby the works
to be carried out were for good reasons not be able to be measured
accurately during tendering stage (JCT, n.d.).
2. Variation orders were issued and adjustments must be made to the
Contract (Clause 24.0 of the JKR Form 203A (Rev. 1/2010) or Clause
11.1 of the PAM Contract 2006 (With Quantities)).
3. There are provisional items or quantities of the works in the Bills of
Quantities (Clause 26.6 of the JKR Form 203A (Rev. 1/2010) or Clause
11.6 of the PAM Contract 2006 (With Quantities)).
2.3.1.2. Measurement Contracts or Similar
Mattwan (2011) explained Re-measurement Contract, or also known as Unit Price
Contracts, as a type of construction contract whereby the employer or its
consultants provide a Bill of Quantities with estimated quantities, and to be quoted
by the Contractor by inserting unit rates or unit prices to build up the estimated
Contract Sum. For interim payment purposes, the actual quantity of work done
would be jointly measured and valued at the quoted rate during the construction
period. After completion of the contract, the final account will be prepared based on
12
the exact quantity of works re-measured and valued at the quoted rate. For variation
works without the basis of rates from the quoted Bill of Quantities, the Contractor
may build up new rates for the aforesaid works for valuation.
‘Design and Build’ contracting or D&B for short, is also a Measurement Contract.
Ainah (2014) defined Design and Build contracting as a single-point responsibility
construction contracting whereby the Contractor is responsible for both design and
construction of a project. Design and Build contracting is advantageous since the
construction may commence early. The design of the project is handled by the
contractor, thus his expertise incorporated during the design stage may produce
more buildable solutions and to be delivered on schedule and within budget.
Design and Build

Client
Contractor
Client's
Design team
agents/advisers
Construction team
Figure 2.1: Contractual and Administrative Relationships of a General Design and
Build Contracting (Source: Ainah, 2014)
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There are several variants of Design and Build contracting as stipulated in the
lecture note provided by Ainah (2014):-
1. Novated Design and Build
This variant allows the client to maintain some degree of control over the design of
the project. The client appoints design consultants to undertake the designing works
up to scheme design stage. That design will be used as the basis for the D&B
contractor to price the tender. After the appointment of a successful contractor, the
contract between the client and the design consultants, and the successful
contractor is under obligation to create a contract with the same design consultants
(Ainah, 2014). Basically it is the transfer of contract with the employers, which in this
case is between the client and the Contractor. However, other consultants will
maintain their contract with the Client instead. This type of arrangement is risky as it
may lead to conflicts and produce an unsatisfied team as it is a forced arrangement.
2. Develop and Construct
This variant of the D&B is whereby the client appoints consultants to prepare a
scope design containing all the major components, materials, and the external
appearance. The consultants will only prepare the building design up to a partial
stage. Bidding Contractors will develop and complete the scope design and the
successful bidder will construct the building based on the completed design. The
consultants will award the tender to the Contractor whom had developed the most
suitable conceptual design. The client will still have partial control over the design
and maintain contractual relationship with the consultants as compared to the
Novated D&B (Ainah, 2014).
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3. Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC)/Design and Manage
This variant is widely used for industrial projects. This arrangement commonly uses
the FIDIC Turnkey/EPC form of contract instead of the PWD or PAM Form of
Contract as it focuses on performance guarantees and project delivery date(s). The
client which uses this D&B variant is often an organization. The organization will
employ consultants to design, and independent contractors to construct based on
the design. The organization will preserve their managerial role during the entire
project. The selection of the Contractor is based on a 2-package tender submission:
the first being the Technical Package which contains process design, engineering
design, procurement routes, erection, construction schedule, resources certification,
and approval and commissioning procedures, and the second package being the
Financial Package which contains the lump sum price and breakdown of cost
(Ainah, 2014).
4. Package Deal
This variant allows the client to use a standard design provided by a manufacturer.
This proprietary building system should be adapted to meet the client’s
requirements. This arrangement is used for the construction of variants of a
repetitive theme of a building. This arrangement may also be used by a
manufacturer to design an unusual piece of equipment and employ a specialized
Contractor to construct it. The Contractor may offer extra services to the client with
additional charges such as finding a suitable site, to sell, mortgage, lease the
product, obtain statutory permissions, and approvals (Ainah, 2014).
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5. Turnkey
Ainah (2014) explained the turnkey arrangement as a contract whereby the client or
government provides the financing for a project and employs an organization to
undertake the design and construction. The D&B Contractor is paid in a staged or
periodical manner based on the valuation of completed works. Generally, a turnkey
project is whereby the employer pays a company to undertake a project up to the
commissioning and testing, and gets the key to gain access to the project upon
completion. Turnkey may be developed into a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)
contracting in order to reimburse the D&B Contractor.
6. Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)
This arrangement is also known as Concession contracting. In this arrangement, an
organization consisting of a group of Contractors, funders, promoters, or
concessionaires will undertake the design, construction, long-term financing, and
temporary operation of the facility or project. Upon completion of the project, there
will be no transfer of ownership as the operation of the facility is given to the BOT
organization. During the operating phase or also known as the concession period,
the organization receives income from the facility users in order to reimburse the
construction cost, profits, and other costs. The arrangement should also provide
sufficient income to reimburse the operator for the cost of operating the facility as
well as providing an adequate return. Upon the expiry of the concession period, the
ownership of the facility will be transferred from the organization to the employer
(Ainah, 2014).
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2.3.1.2. Variation Orders
Variation orders are orders issued in order to notify the contractor regarding a
change, addition, or omission of work. Silverberg (2002) defines extra work as works
beyond the original scope of work in which the contractor must perform and
compensated. He also states that the extra works are unavoidable in all construction
projects, mainly the large projects. Harbans & Kandan (2003) mentions that varied
works must be measured as a condition point of reference to valuation and
payment. Once the varied work has been measured and the records has been
appropriately processed, valuation of the varied works shall be carried out.
It has been stated in Clause 27.1 of the JKR Form 203A (Rev. 1/2010) (2010) that
any works requiring to be measured or remeasured as due to Variation should be
performed by a qualified agent which is usually the quantity surveyors sent in by the
contractor to assist the Superintending Officer or their representative in measuring
the varied works. If the contractor is unsuccessful in delivering a qualified agent to
assist in measuring the works, the Superintending Officer or an agent approved by
him will measure the varied works and shall be deemed as the correct measurement
of the work. Clause 27.2 of the JKR Form 203A (Rev. 1/2010) (2010) then states
that the Superintending Officer shall provide the amount of the measured or
remeasured works to the Contractor upon completion of the measurement or
remeasurement as per Clause 27.1 of the JKR Form 203A (Rev. 1/2010) (2010).
17
2.3.1.3. Provisional Quantity or Sum
Clause 26.6 of the JKR Form 203A (Rev. 1/2010) (2010) mentioned that any
quantities of works which have been determined as ‘provisional’ in the Bills of
Quantities is not to be taken as the actual and correct quantity. Remeasurement
shall be commenced upon completion of the Contractor’s work regarding the
provisional quantity item. The actual measured amount will be used for the
adjustment of the Contract Sum as per Clause 25.3 of the JKR Form 203A (Rev.
1/2010) (2010) whereby any amounts of variations certified by the Superintending
Officer will be added or deducted from the Contract Sum. This is also in relation with
Clause 26.7 of the JKR Form 203A (Rev. 1/2010) (2010) regarding the amount to be
paid to the Contractor, whereby the amount of work done will be set off against the
provisional amount stated in the Bills of Quantities, and the balance from the set off
be added or deducted from the Contract Sum.
Clause 11.6(f) of the PAM Contract 2006 (With Quantities) (2006) provides that any
Provisional Quantity stated in the Contract Documents will be re-measured by the
Quantity Surveyor based on the actual quantity of work done. The valuation of the
Provisional Quantity will be based on the rates and prices as quoted in the Contract
Documents.
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2.3.2. Valuation of Works
Hiew & Ng (2007) mentioned that once a variation order is issued, valuation of
works should be done as soon as possible at all times. This is a strict cost control
regime which quantity surveyors must keep in mind during the construction phase.
Hiew & Ng (2007) also stated that at later stages or during the preparation of the
final account, when there is very little time to do cost control works, cheaper
alternatives should be considered. In this case, a quantity surveyor should just
suggest a cheaper alternative to the variation rather than trying to control the budget
as it would ease the quantity surveyor during the valuation and re-measurement of
works when preparing the final account. The SC Quantity Surveyors (2015) stated
that a Quantity Surveyor should prepare the interim valuations whenever the
architect considers them to be necessary in order to ascertain the amount to be
stated as due in an interim certificate.
Clause 25.1 of the JKR Form 203A (Rev. 1/2010) (2010) stated that measurements
and valuations shall be conducted by the Superintending Officer for all variations as
instructed by the Superintending Officer in writing as per Clause 24.1 of the JKR
Form 203A (Rev. 1/2010) (2010). The Quantity Surveyor will usually assist the
Superintending Officer in conducting the valuation of the variations. Clause 25.1(a)
of the JKR Form 203A (Rev. 1/2010) (2010) requires that the rates for rates in
relation with provisional quantities in the Bills of Quantities be adjusted as necessary
provided in Clauses 26.6 and 26.7 of the JKR Form 203A (Rev. 1/2010) (2010).
Where variation works to be carried out are not to be executed under similar
conditions or the omission of items would cause works to be carried out not in
accordance to the conditions, a fair valuation shall be made by the Superintending
Officer (Clause 25.1(a) & (b) of the JKR Form 203A (Rev. 1/2010) (2010)).
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For variation works which cannot be measured or valued properly, Clause 25.2 of
the JKR Form 203A (Rev. 1/2010) (2010) provides that the Superintending Officer
may allow the valuation of variation works be based on the daywork prices stated in
the Appendix of the Contract. The Contractor will be paid based on the daywork
prices which is taken to mean the actual cost of work done by the Contractor of his
materials, plant, and labour for the varied works with the addition of 15% for the
costs of all ordinary plant, tools, scaffolding, supervision, and profit. The Contractor
must submit vouchers, receipts, and wage books for the plant, labour and materials
used for executing the variation works to the Superintending Officer within 7 days
after completion of the variation work.
Clause 11.5 of the PAM Contract 2006 (With Quantities) (2006) stated that a
Quantity Surveyor should measure and value all variations and the Contractor
should assist the Quantity Surveyor in recording or measuring on site all required
measurements. It is necessary for the Quantity Surveyor to notify and provide
details to the Contractor in advance for agreement to give the Quantity Surveyor the
opportunity to conduct measurement on site (Ing et. al, 2010).
The general principle and process of valuation of variation works can be referred to
from a legal case of Thorn v London Corporation as extracted from research done
by Ismail (2010). According to this case, it was stated that “Either the additional or
varied work which was thus occasioned is the kind of additional and varied work
contemplated by the contracts, or it is not. If it is the kind of additional or varied work
contemplated by the contract, he (the contractor) must be paid for it, and will be paid
for it, according to the prices regulated by the contract. If on the other hand, it was
additional or varied work, so peculiar, so unexpected, and so different from what any
20
person reckoned or calculated upon, that is not within the contract at all; then, it
appears to me, one of two courses might have been open to him; he might have
said: I entirely refuse to go on with the contract – “Non hoec in foedera veni”: I never
intended to construct this work upon this new and unexpected footing. Or he might
have said, I will go on with this, but this is not the kind of extra work contemplated by
the contract, and I do it. I must be paid a “quantum meruit” for it”. Ismail (2010)
concluded that the valuation of variation works can be categorized into varied work
within the contract and outside the contract based on the analyzed case. The
general principle or method for payment of varied work can be seen as in Figure 2.2
and Figure 2.3.
Figure 2.2: General Principle for Varied Work Within Contract (Source: Harbans,
2003)
21
Figure 2.3: General Principle for Varied Work Outside Contract (Source: Harbans,
2003)
22
2.4. PREVIOUS STUDY
2.4.1. A Knowledge Based System for Valuing Variations in Civil
Engineering Works: A User Centred Approach
This study was conducted by Sutrisna M. and Proverbs D. from the Research
Institute in Advanced Technologies, Potts K. from the School of Engineering and the
Built Environment, and Buckley K. from the School of Computing and Information
Technology, all of whom are from the University of Wolverhampton. The article of
their study was extracted from the International Journal of IT in Architecture,
Engineering and Construction, Volume 2, Issue 4, December 2004.
Sutrisna et. al (2004) had discovered that most of the valuation of variations
problems existed due to the traditional cost model which is the bills of quantities.
Traditionally, the rates and prices quoted in the Bills of Quantities would be used to
determine the value of variation works. However, from the contractor’s point of view,
the quoted rates and prices do not provide an accurate figure for individual work
items most of the time.
Sutrisna et. al (2004) stated that valuation of variations is one of the common
sources of disputes in the construction industry. There had been various methods to
value variations and each method is only suitable for certain and different situations.
The ICE 7th Measurement Version (1999, as cited in Sutrisna et. al 2004) had
provided three methods of valuation in respond to the dispute problems, the
quotation mechanism, negotiation mechanism, and the engineer-determination
mechanism. However, these mechanisms were causing more problems due to the
quotation being rejectable, the negotiation may end up failing to reach a mutual
23
agreement, and the engineer’s determination would not always satisfy the
contractor.
According to the ICE 7th Measurement Version (1999, as cited in Sutrisna et. al
2004), the Contractor may request to prepare a quotation with the formulation of
quotation being left to the discretion of the Contractor after a variation has been
authorized by the engineer (Clause 51 & 52(1)). Clause 52(2) requires the
Contractor to prepare the quotation based on the rates and prices in the Contract in
the event that the Engineer rejects the quotation or in absence of such request. As
provided in Clause 52(2)(b)(ii), should the Engineer again rejects the quotation, the
Engineer and the Contractor should try to call for a mutual agreement. If the
negotiation fails, the classical scheme is applied whereby the Engineer will
determine the value of the variations instead. Clause 53(1) or Clause 66 requires
the Contractor to proceed into further claims or dispute if he is unsatisfied with the
determination of the valuation by the Engineer.
A software was developed in order to assist in conducting valuation of variations in
Civil Engineering works. The software is known as DEViCE (Dynamic Expert-system
for Valuing Variations in Civil Engineering). Practitioners were demonstrated with the
DEViCE and were asked whether it is similar to existing systems, and how DEViCE
compared. Sutrisna et al. (2004) discovered that most of the practitioners had
positively responed stating that DEViCE is considered as both useful and helpful in
terms of valuing variations. The practitioners mentioned that this system would at
least reduce conflicts and disputes regarding valuing variations as well as assist
parties in reaching agreement by providing a sound and systematic knowledge
base. Some practitioners had also stated that DEViCE could also be used for
training purposes.
24
Sutrisna et al. (2004) concluded that DEViCE is an appropriate system to mimise
conflicts and disputes when it comes to valuing variations, and is recommended to
assist practitioners in the UK construction industry especially the civil engineering
sector. The DEViCE is appropriate due to its robust alhorithm, knowledge base
contents, and capabilities to incorporate a user-centred approach in regards to
valuation of variations for its entire life cycle.
25
2.5 CONCLUSION
The Quantity Surveyor does indeed have to oversee a project. Among the tasks a
Quantity Surveyor must conduct in a project are preparing and developing tender
documents, administer contracts, sub-contracts, progress schedules, cost control,
measurement of works, prepare interim certificates, final accounts, and advice the
other consultants regarding their design considerations in terms of cost. The focus
of this research is the re-measurement and valuation of works done by a Quantity
Surveyor. The re-measurement and valuation works had become one of the
common sources of disputes in a construction industry. Various standard forms of
Conditions of Contracts such as the PWD Form 203A (Rev. 1/2010) by the Public
Works Department, and the PAM Contract 2006 by the Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia,
provides clauses in relation to re-measurement and valuation of works.
26
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. INTRODUCTION
This chapter explains the methodology of this research. This chapter focuses on the
research design, methods of data collecting, research instrument to be used to
collect data, and the data analysis procedure. This chapter also defines who the
populations are and which groups are focused as the sample of this research
extracted from the population.
Before any research can be conducted, it is necessary for researchers to determine
the research methodology for their research. The researcher should give a cautious
consideration regarding the outset of the research as to determine the most
appropriate approaches and research methods to be adopted as the research
methodology (Adnan, 2011).
27
3.2. RESEARCH DESIGN
3.2.1. Definition of Research Design
Research design can be defined as a framework used by researchers to obtain
answers to their research questions. Before data collection or data analysis, it is
necessary to prepare a work plan or design. Research design does not refer to the
data collection method, but it refers to the framework or structure of an enquiry.
Blakstad (2008) defined research design as the structure of any scientific work, and
there are different advantages and disadvantages for each research design.
3.2.2. Types of Research Design
There are several types of research designs often adopted by researchers to
conduct their research, namely:
1. Descriptive Designs
Descriptive design focuses on observation and description (Blakstad, 2008).
Descriptive designs can be:-
a. Descriptive Research: A research design which involves describing

the subject of research through observation
without manipulating or influencing the
subject at all (Shuttleworth, 2008).
b. Case Studies: A situational in-depth study of a certain

situation or case in order to further
understand or test hypotheses on a subject
(Shuttleworth, 2008).
28
c. Naturalistic Observation: A study by observing and analyzing the
natural environment with no obstruction.
Basically, it is an observational study
d. Surveying: A research tool which allows researchers to

gain information on the research through an
accurate representation of opinions gained
from the survey (Shuttleworth, 2008).
2. Correlational Studies
Correlative study aims to predict through research. Examples of correlational studies
are:-
e. Case Control Study: An easy and quick research design which

delivers results quickly through comparative
study. This method is often used by medical
professionals to compare and investigate
treatments or diseases (Shuttleworth, 2009).
f. Observational Study: Researchers conduct a study based on

observing and comparing subjects in
controlled groups, and have no control over
the experiment (Shuttleworth, 2009).
g. Cohort Study: A study and observation conducted on a

certain group with a particular trait over a
period of time (Shuttleworth, 2009).
h. Longitudinal Study: Similar to cohort study, but conducted in a

longer period of time, which could be years
or even decades. This study is purely
qualitative (Shuttleworth, 2009).
29
i. Cross Sectional Study: A study conducted over a specific period of
time in order to gain conclusion over a wide
population. Data is taken on every interval of
time as a snapshot instead of continuously
like the cohort study or the longitudinal study
j. Correlational Studies In A study to find out whether there is a

General: correlation between two variables. Positive
correlation is when the variables are directly
affected by each other. Negative correlation
is when the variables are inversely affected
by each other. No correction is when the
variables are not affecting the other variable
at all (Kalla, 2011).
3. Experimental Designs
Experimental design focuses on determining the causes of the subject of research
(Blakstad, 2008). There are only two types of experimental designs which are:-
a. True Experimental Design: The most accurate experimental research

which aims to prove or disprove a hypothesis
through statistical analysis, but very difficult
to set up (Shuttleworth, 2008).
b. Double-blind Experiment: An experiment used to ensure the avoidance

of any unintended bias which ensures
impartiality by ensuring that the researchers
have no information regarding which subject
falls under which group (Shuttleworth, 2008).
30
4. Semi-Experimental Designs
Semi-experimental design has the same focus of experimental design which is to
determine the causes (Blakstad, 2008). There are three types of semi-experimental
designs:-
a. Field Experiment: A practical experiment which is conducted

outside in the natural environment instead of
inside the laboratory (Shuttleworth, 2010).
b. Quasi-Experimental Design: An experiment used to study the social

variables, but regarded as unscientific and
unreliable due to lack of proper controls and
random group allocations (Shuttleworth,
2008).
c. Twin Studies: A study used for determining the relationship

between the environment and genetics on
human development, such as intelligence,
aggression or substance addictions
5. Review Other Research
Reviewing other’s research aims to explain and further understand the subject of
research (Blakstad, 2008). Reviews can be in a form of:-
a. Literature Review: The gathering of information and in depth

evaluation of various sources, mainly from
previous researches of a particular area
b. Meta-Analysis: An analysis of previous number of studies of

statistics in order to analyze experiments
without consuming a lot of time
31
c. Systematic Review: The compilation and isolation of previous

research from various literatures and journals
as a research database, and evaluating the
compiled data (Shuttleworth, 2009).
6. Test Study Before Conducting a Full-Scale Study
Test study aims to experiment on a small-scale study to see whether or not does the
research design works before commencing a full-scale study of the research. There
is only one type of test study, which is:-
a. Pilot Study: A tool for soft researching which allows

researchers to conduct an initial test before
conducting a large scale experiment
3.2.3. Type to be Used
In order to conduct this research regarding the problems faced during valuation and
re-measurement, the suitable research design should be by surveying and literature
review. Surveying can be executed by delivering questionnaires to the quantity
surveyor firms or even freelance quantity surveyors, to gain information on what are
the difficulties of the valuation and re-measurement works. The literature review will
help provide an in depth understanding of this problem.
32
3.3. DATA COLLECTION METHOD
3.3.1. Definition of Data Collection Method
Data collection can be defined as the process of obtaining and gaining information
from various sources for the research. Data collection method refers to the multiple
ways to collect the data necessary for the research. There are three aspects of data
collection which are the data collection method, the setting, and the data sources.
The data collected can be quantitative or qualitative. Pandiyan & Chandran (2011)
stated that data can be classified into primary and secondary data. Primary data are
data which are personally collected through the researcher’s own research.
Secondary data are data collected, gathered, and recorded by other researchers
before, and this type of data is usually historical.
3.3.2. Types of Data Collection Method
There are four general methods of collecting data as listed in the Stat Trek (2009)
website:
1. Census
The Stat Trek (2009) website defined census as a study conducted on every
individual member in a population. This method is not practical. Census requires the
researcher to spend a lot of time to conduct the study as he needs to study each
and every sample of the population. This leads to the problem of high cost as well.
33
2. Sample Survey
A study conducted on a portion of the population instead of every individual (Stat
Trek website, 2009). This method is more practical than the census. The data
collected from the several individuals will or will not represent the population
depending on the sampling type adopted. Time and cost can be saved by
conducting the study only on a portion of the population as well.
3. Experiment
The researcher conducts a controlled study in order to understand the relationship
between cause and effect (Stat Trek website, 2009). The study is conducted through
the analysis of various dependent variables and whether or not, are they affected by
the independent variables.
4. Observational Study
The researcher conducts an experiment, but does not control it. The main purpose
is the same as experiment whereby the researcher conducts the study in order to
gain the cause and effect relationship (Stat Trek website, 2009). The researcher will
only observe and analyze the experiment.
The method of data collection for this research shall be the sample survey method.
Sample survey is quicker and cheaper than the census method, but it can be less
accurate. A well-designed sample survey would overcome this problem however.
34
3.4. POPULATION
3.4.1. Definition of Population
Population can be defined a group of individuals or objects. A research population is
the main focus of a research. The individuals or objects in the population must have
similar characteristics. Research is difficult to be conducted on a population as it
would be too expensive and times consuming to analyze each and every individual
or object in the population, thus sampling techniques are required to reduce the
amount of individuals or objects to be researched (Explorable, 2008).
3.4.2. Type of Population
There are only two types of population in research as listed in the Explorable (2008)
website:
1. Target Population
A target population is the entire group of individuals or objects which researchers
are focused on to conduct their research. These individuals or objects would have
various characteristics. Target population is also known as the theoretical
population. Target population is used to generalize conclusions (Explorable website,
2008).
35
2. Accessible Population
Accessible population can be defined as a subset of target populations. Accessible
population is also known as the study population. Researchers may access the
population by drawing from their samples. Accessible population is used by
researchers to apply their conclusions instead of generalizing it (Explorable website,
2008).
3.4.3. Population for Study
For this research regarding re-measurement and valuation of works, the population
of this study would be the quantity surveyor firms and freelance quantity surveyors.
Quantity surveyors are the suitable source of information for this research as they
have knowledge and experience regarding re-measurement and valuation works in
the construction industry.
3.5 SAMPLING
3.5.1. Definition of Sampling
Sampling is the process of choosing a portion of a population to be studied and
analyzed for the research (Trochim, 2015). Any results obtained from the samples
may generalize the behaviour of the population. Conducting a study on a population
requires a lot of time and high cost, which is why sampling helps reduce the time
constraint and cost by conducting the research on the selected few from the
population of interest.
36
3.5.2. Types of Sampling
Sampling can be divided into two major categories. There are:
1. Probability Sampling
The samples chosen for probability sampling would represent the population in
terms of results. They will reflect the characteristics of the selected population.
Pandiyan & Chandran (2011) defined probability sampling as a sampling type
whereby all elements in the population has a non-zero probability of being selected.
There are two types of probability samples which are:-
a. Random sample: Each individual has an equal chance of being

selected (Pandiyan & Chandran, 2011). This
eliminates the problem of being biased.
b. Stratified sample: Samples are selected based on different

characteristics. The population is categorized
into different characteristics, and then the
samples are selected randomly within each
stratum or category (Blackstone, 2012).
2. Non-probability Sampling
Non-probability samples will not represent the population from which they are
selected from (Blackstone, 2012). Non-probability sampling can become too
expensive for the researchers to conduct. There are three types of non-probability
samples which are:-
a. Quota sample: Quota sampling ensures the inclusion of a

certain portion of the population in the
research. This is done by setting up a quota
37
or levels of strata in the sample independent
of population characteristics. The selection is
based on some predetermined number or
quota (Pandiyan & Chandran, 2011).
b. Purposive sample: The samples selected are based on a

specific purpose of need set by the
researcher (Blackstone, 2012). The
purposive sample can also be expanded into
a snowball sample by asking the participants
to suggest someone else willing to
participate in the research.
c. Convenience sample: The selection process is unguided. Samples

are taken from whenever and wherever
possible, be it volunteers or not. Everyone in
the population would have an equal chance
of being selected. Blackstone, (2012)
mentioned that researcher would gather data
from whatever cases which happened to be
relevant or convenient.
A purposive sampling method would be adopted in this research. This research has
a purpose of finding out about the difficulties faced by quantity surveyors during the
re-measurement and valuation works. The target group will be the quantity
surveyors.
38
3.6. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
3.6.1. Definition of Research Instrument
A research instrument can be defined simply as the tools for collecting data required
for a research. Researchers must make sure that the instrument to be adopted is
reliable and suitable for their research. The research instrument will affect greatly on
the validity and reliability of a research, thus the selection of a suitable research
instrument must be appropriate (Annum, 2014).
3.6.2. Types of Research Instrument
There are several ways to obtain data from various sources by using these
instruments as listed in a webpage by the University of Wisconsin (2012):
1. Interview
The interview is when the researcher themselves collect data from sources through
direct communication with their sources. Interviews can be in a form of unstructured
interview or structured interview. Leedy and Ormrod (2001, as cited in University of
Wisconsin, 2012) There are three types of interview:-
a. Face-to-face: Pandiyan & Chandran (2011) defined face-

to-face interview as versatile and flexible
two-way communication method whereby the
interviewer ask respondents questions.
Face-to-face interviews held the highest
response rates among all survey research.
Although, it can also be very time
consuming.
39
b. Telephone: The interviewer gains information from the
respondents by contacting them via
telephones (Pandiyan & Chandran, 2011).
This method is also considered as a bit
biased as respondents without phones are
unable to participate in the research.
c. Computer administered: The interviewer brings along a laptop or

recording device during an interview. Any
information gained from the interview is
instantly logged into the database inside the
laptop. This method will save in terms of cost
as the interviewer does not require bringing
questionnaires to multiple respondents
(University of Wisconsin, 2012).
2. Questionnaire
Questionnaires are a set of questions made for which the respondents fill in their
answers or opinions (Pandiyan & Chandran, 2011). Questionnaires can be open for
respondents to reply in any way, closed with a set of predetermined answers, or a
combination of both. Questionnaires can be administered through various ways:-
a. Personally administered: The researcher personally gives the

questionnaire to their target sources or
respondents (Pandiyan & Chandran, 2011).
b. Postal (mailing): Questionnaires are sent to specific

respondents through the mail, but there is a
low response rate and high cost (Pandiyan &
Chandran, 2011).
c. Electronically administered: Questionnaires are administered online via

survey websites whereby the researcher set
40
up their questions and respondents are free
to answer them online. This method is much
cheaper than mailing. However, this method
of questionnaire will cause the exclusion of
respondents who do not have access to a
computer (University of Wisconsin, 2012).
3. Observation
Observation is conducted by studying certain photographs, videotapes, tape
recordings, art objects, computer software, or films (Annum, 2014). There are no
questions to be asked in this method. Researchers can participate in a part of the
research setting or just by purely observing. There are two types of observation:-
a. Nonparticipant observer: The researcher collects data purely from

observation (Annum, 2014).
b. Participant observer: The researcher participates as part of the

research setting and collecting data (Annum,
2014).
4. Case Study
Case study is an analysis of development over a particular period of time on a
certain case. The case studied can be an individual, a group, an organization,
events, or actions which occur time to time. Annum (2014) had mentioned that this
approach is difficult sometimes as researchers may find that they may have no
permission to access secured, protected, or confidential documents.
41
3.6.3. Findings Presentation to be Used
The suitable research instrument for this research shall be questionnaire. The
number of respondents of this research will be high and thus it is practical to use
questionnaire as the method of data collection. The data obtained from
questionnaires will be presented in a form of tables, and charts.
42
3.7. DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
3.7.1. Definition of Data Analysis Procedure
Data analysis is a process of analyzing all of the collected data required for a
selected research topic. Bala (2015) defines data analysis as a continuing activity
which helps in answering the research questions, give directions for future data
collection, put the research project in perspective, and assist in hypothesis testing.
Data analyzed will be converted into information for the researcher and readers to
understand the relationship between variables. Data analysis is essential in every
research as it provides an understanding and answers to the research of interest as
it converts data into information and knowledge.
3.7.2. Types of Data Analysis Procedure
Figure 3.1: Types of Data Analysis Procedure (Source: Bala, 2015)
43
1. Deductive
A deductive data analysis is associated with scientific investigation whereby the
researcher collects data relating to their topic of interest, but instead of examining
the data and looking for patterns, the researcher will test social theories that they
find compelling with the data. The researcher would read existing theories relating to
their research, and test the hypotheses emerging from those theories (Blackstone,
2012). The deductive data analysis is quantitative in nature. Deductive data analysis
can be in a form of:-
a. Univariate: Univariate analysis is used to describe a

single variable. This type of analysis does
not deal with causes or relationships
between two or more variables. The data
collected are presented in a form of bar
graphs, histograms, pie charts, line graphs,
or box-and-whisker plot (Roberts, 2012).
b. Multivariate: Multivariate analysis is a method for testing a

hypothesis on multiple adjusted variables
(Optimizely, 2015). It deals with causes and
effects, or relationships between two or more
variables which can be used for explanation.
This analysis involves independent and
dependent variables. The data collected are
usually presented in a form of tables.
2. Inductive
An inductive data analysis is a research carried out by collecting relevant data
relating to the researcher’s topic of interest. The researcher will examine the data
collected. The researcher will search for patterns in the data and develop theories to
44
explain those patterns (Blackstone, 2012). The inductive data analysis is qualitative
in nature. There are three types of inductive data analysis:-
a. Hermeneutics: Hermeneutics is the mode of analysis used

to interpret artifacts of varied interpretations
and perspectives (Renning, n.d.).
b. Semiotics: Semiotics is used to analyze anything which

has meaning within a culture. The researcher
will look for beyond specific texts or practices
in order to establish fundamental
conventions, identifying significant
differences and opposition in an attempt to
model the system of categories, relations,
connotations, distinctions, and rules of
combination employed (Chandler, 2005).
c. Narrative and Metaphor: Metaphor analysis provides a clearly

structured pattern of information over a
multitude of mixed pieces of complex
meaningful structures of information
(Schmitt, 2005).
It is clear that the deductive method of data analysis is suitable for this research. As
previously explained, the deductive data analysis enables researchers to identify
patterns within the data collected in order to test hypothesis, or even answer the
research questions. Both univariate and multivariate method of deductive data
analysis will be adopted in this research.
45
3.8. CONCLUSION
This chapter had explained the definitions and types of research designs, data
collection methods, populations, samplings, research instruments, and the data
analysis procedure. A few suggestions were made in order to proceed with this
research. The research design would be the surveying and literature review. The
population of this research is the quantity surveyors whom work in a firm or
freelance. A purposive sampling method was proposed to be used due to the
population being only the quantity surveyors and no other. The research instrument
to be used in this research shall be questionnaires. As for the data analysis method,
the deductive univariate and multivariate analysis shall be adopted as it provides
patterns to test hypothesis and answer the research questions.
46
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1. INTRODUCTION
Data analysis is the process of examining and analyzing the raw data collected. The
purpose of analyzing the raw data is to extract some significance from the data.
Data analysis is also the process for searching patterns, trends, data relationships,
major variables, themes and categories (Adnan, 2011). The central tendency of the
raw data are measured based on their type or categories. Raw data with
symmetrical scores are measured for their mean or average score such as the age
of the respondents. Asymmetrical or unbalanced data are measured by finding the
median. All qualitative data such as the gender of the respondents are measured by
finding the mode.
47
4.2. DATA ANALYSIS
100 questionnaires were produced and distributed to quantity surveyors attached to
organizations. However, there were only 39 out of 100 questionnaires returned.
4.2.1. Respondents’ Background
Gender
Male
46%
Female
54%
Figure 4.1: Respondents’ Gender
The first question is regarding the gender of the respondents. Out of 39
questionnaires that were returned, 54% were answered by female respondents
whereas male respondents comprises of 46%.
48
Age
17
8
6 6
25 or Less 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 or More

Year
Figure 4.2: Respondents' Age
The second question is regarding the age of the respondents. 6 respondents are
aged 25 years old or below. The questionnaire was answered by a majority of
respondent with age ranging from 26 to 35 years old with 17 being the number of
respondents. 8 of the 39 respondents are aged ranging from 36 to 45 years old. 6
respondents are aged ranging between 46 to 55 years old. Out of the 39
respondents, only 2 are aged 55 years old or above.
49
Work Category
Government
26%
Other
31%
QS Firm
33%
Developer
10%
Figure 4.3: Respondents’ Current Work Category
The third question is regarding which organization is the respondents are attached
to. A majority of the respondents are attached to Quantity Surveying firms at 33%,
second being other work categories at 31%. All of the respondents whom had
chosen others as their work category had written that they were attached to
Contractors.
Work Position
Senior QS
25% Assistant QS
28%
Quantity
Surveyor
47%
Figure 4.4: Respondents’ Current Work Position
50
A majority of 47% of the respondents are Quantity Surveyors and followed by the
Assistant Quantity Surveyor at 28%. The minority of the respondents were the
Senior Quantity Surveyors at 25%.
Work Experience
16 15
14
12
10
8 7 7
6
6
4 2 2
2
0
Less than 1 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 More than
year 20
Year
Figure 4.5: Respondents’ Work Experience in the Construction Industry
Out of 39 respondents, 15 of them have experienced working in the construction
industry between 1 to 5 years. 7 of them have construction working experience 6 to
7 years. Another 7 of them have worked in the construction industry for 20 years or
more. 6 out of 39 respondents have worked in the construction industry between 11
to 15 years. For the remaining 4 respondents, 2 of them only have less than 1 year
of working experience in the construction industry whereas the other 2 respondents
have experience of 16 to 19 years in the construction industry.
51
Working Overseas Yes
10%
No
90%
Figure 4.6: Pie Chart of Whether the Respondent Had Worked Overseas or Not
90% of the respondents had never worked overseas. Only 10% of the respondents
did work overseas.
Work Experience
(Overseas)
4
3
2
1
0
Less 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 More
than 1 than 20
Year
Figure 4.7: Respondents’ Work Experience Overseas
Within the 10% of respondent whom had worked overseas, only 1 respondent had
less than 1 year of experience working there. The remaining 3 respondents had
been working overseas for about 1 to 5 years.
52
Construction Contracts
40%
35%
35%
30%
25% 23%
20%
15% 13%
11%
10% 8%
4% 3%
5% 2%
0%
Figure 4.8: Respondents’ Experience in Handling Various Types of Construction
Contracts
This question was a multiple option answer question. A majority of the respondents
had experienced handling the Traditional Contract, followed by Turnkey contract.
The third would be the Novated Design and Build contract, followed by Develop and
Construct contract, and the Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC)
contract. Very few are capable of handling Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) contract.
Package Deal contract has the least number of respondents capable of handling.
Some respondents had chosen other types of contract, but they had not written the
type of the construction contract.
53
4.2.2. Re-Measurement and Valuation Skills
The second section of the questionnaire is about the respondents’ re-measurement
and valuation skills. Out of 39 respondents, 1 of them did not input their answer in
this section at all. One respondent had not answered 2 of the 22 questions as
instructed due to their inexperience in handling contracts aside from the traditional
contract.
1. Generally
Table 4.1: Respondents’ Re-Measurement and Valuation Skills Generally

Strongly Strongly
Statement Disagree Not Sure Agree
Disagree Agree
I am capable of handling
traditional contract 0% 0% 11% 50% 39%
construction project(s).
I am capable of producing
interim certificates for
0% 5% 11% 45% 39%
traditional contract
construction project(s).
I am capable of handling
construction project(s)
that uses contracts other
than the traditional
contract (leave it blank if 0% 5% 22% 46% 27%
you have no experience
handling contracts other
contract).
I am capable of producing
interim certificates for
construction project(s)
0% 5% 14% 54% 27%
that uses contracts other
contract.
All of the respondents are capable of handling the Traditional contract as well as
preparing the interim certificates for it except for a significant few 11% whom are
unsure. A majority of the respondents were able to produce interim certificates for
54
traditional contracts. 11% of them were unsure of their skill in producing interim
certificates for traditional contracts, and 5% of them were unable to do so.
Most of the respondents are capable of handling other types of construction
contracts. 22% of the respondents were uncertain whether they are capable of
handling other construction contracts. 5% were unable to handle other types of
construction contracts. Most of the respondents have the ability to produce interim
certificates for other types of construction contracts. 14% of them were unsure and
5% were unable to produce the interim certificates for contracts other than the
traditional construction contract.
2. Building Works
Table 4.2: Respondents’ Re-Measurement and Valuation Skills in Building Works

Strongly Strongly
Disagree Agree
I am capable in valuing
the works done for
concealed elements (e.g. 0% 0% 18% 53% 29%
piling, foundation,
reinforcement, etc.).
the works done for
elements within view and 0% 0% 11% 55% 34%
reach (e.g. floor, wall,
column, etc.).
the works done for
elements within view, but 0% 3% 11% 58% 29%
out of reach (e.g. high
ceiling, roof, etc.).
I am able to do re-
measurement works off
0% 0% 8% 61% 32%
site (re-measurement
based on drawings only).
I am able to do re-
measurement works on
0% 0% 16% 55% 29%
site for works within view
and reach.
I am able to do re-
0% 0% 18% 61% 21%
site for works within view,
but out of reach.
55
A majority of the respondents were capable of valuing concealed work elements
except for a few 18% whom were not sure. Most of the respondents were able to
value works within view and within ease of reach, only 11% were unsure. Almost all
of the respondents were able to value works done within view, but out of reach, with
11% of them being unsure and 3% of them were unable to value the works out of
reach.
Most of the respondents were able to conduct re-measurement works for building
works outside the boundary of the site such as based on drawings only, only 8% of
them being unsure. As for within site boundary, a majority of the respondents were
capable of conducting re-measurement works for works within view and reach, but
16% of the respondents were uncertain of their ability to do so. For re-measurement
works of works within view, but out of reach, most of the respondents were able to
conduct re-measurement works on site, with only 18% of them being unsure of it.
56
3. External Works
Table 4.3: Respondents’ Re-Measurement and Valuation Skills in External Works

Strongly Strongly
Disagree Agree
the works done for
piling, foundation,
the works done for
column, etc.).
the works done for
I am able to do re-
0% 5% 11% 61% 24%
I am able to do re-
0% 3% 13% 61% 24%
and reach.
I am able to do re-
0% 3% 16% 63% 18%
but out of reach.
Most of the respondents were able to value work done for concealed elements of
external works. 16% of the respondents were uncertain of their ability to value
concealed external work items, and 3% of them were unable to conduct valuation of
works for the concealed external work. A majority of the respondents were capable
of valuing external works within view and reach. 18% were uncertain and 3% were
unable to value external works within view and reach. For valuation of works within
view, but out of reach, most of the respondents were able to conduct the valuation
work, but 16% of them were unsure of their capability to do so, and 3% were not
able to value the works.
57
For re-measurement works off site, a majority of respondents were capable of
conducting the re-measurement works. 11% were not confident in their re-
measurement skill off site, and 5% were unable to do so. As for re-measurement
works on the site for external works within view and reach, 3% of the respondents
were unable to conduct the re-measurement works, 13% of them were not sure of
their skill in re-measuring the works, and the rest are able to conduct the re-
measurement works within view and reach. Most of the respondents were able to re-
measure external works within view, but out of reach. Only 3% were unable to
conduct the re-measurement works, and 16% were unsure of it.
4. Prime Cost Sum or Provisional Sum Items
Table 4.4: Respondents’ Re-Measurement and Valuation Skills for Prime Cost Sum
or Provisional Sum Items
Strongly Strongly
Disagree Agree
the works done for
piling, foundation,
the works done for
column, etc.).
the works done for
I am able to do re-
0% 8% 21% 47% 24%
I am able to do re-
0% 8% 32% 45% 16%
and reach.
I am able to do re-
0% 11% 29% 45% 16%
but out of reach.
58
For Prime Cost Sum or Provisional Sum works, above half only were able to
conduct valuation of works for concealed elements. 32% were uncertain of their
ability to value the works. A minority of the respondents were incapable of valuing
the concealed works. Only 55% of the respondents have the capability to value work
done for prime cost sum or provisional sum works within view and reach. 16% of
them were unable to value the works, and 29% were not sure. Most of the
respondents were able to value Prime Cost Sum or Provisional Sum works within
view, yet out of reach. 29% of respondents were uncertain of their ability to do so,
and 11% were unable to conduct the valuation work.
As for re-measurement works of Prime Cost Sum or Provisional Sum works off site,
a majority of respondents were able to conduct the re-measurement works, with only
8% of them being unable to do so, and 21% being unsure of it. Most of the
respondents are also able to re-measure Prime Cost Sum or Provisional Sum works
on site for works within view and reach. 8% of them were unable to conduct the re-
measurement works. 32% were unclear whether they were able to conduct the re-
measurement works. A majority of the respondents were able to re-measure Prime
Cost Sum or Provisional Sum works within view, but out of reach. 29% of
respondents were unsure of their re-measuring skills for that particular work, and
11% were unable to conduct such work.
59
4.2.3. The Issues and Challenges of Re-Measurement or Valuation
In Section D, a set of predetermined issues were provided for the respondents to
rank from 1 being the highest and 7 or 8 (if ‘Other’ is filled) being the lowest rank.
Out of 39 respondents, only 22 had filled in this section correctly. The other 17
respondents had misunderstood the instruction and incorrectly filled this section.
However, none of the respondents had filled in for the ‘Other’ issue. The lists of
predetermined issues are as below:
1. Lack of critical information or documentation.
2. Works to be valued are out of reach.
3. Lack of proper measuring tools.
4. Lack of proper valuation form.
5. Works to be valued are within reach, but at a risky position.
6. Too many equipment, tools, or items to be carried.
7. Lack of an assistant.
8. Other.
The list above is not the final rank. In the final rank, the highest ranked issue would
be the lack of critical information or documentation. The lowest ranked issue is the
lack of an assistant.
60
4.3. FINDINGS
4.3.1. Competency of the Quantity Surveyors
Section B of the Questionnaire was designed to determine the competency of
Quantity Surveyors in conducting re-measurement and valuation of works.
Generally, the respondents are more capable in handling the traditional construction
contract than any other types of construction contracts. The respondents are able to
produce interim certificates for the traditional construction contract as well as for any
other types of construction contracts.
For building works, a majority of the respondents are able to value the works done
as well as the re-measurement works. Although, there are still some whom are
unsure of their ability to conducts those works. Very few of the respondents have
problems valuing works beyond their reach even though the works are within view.
The respondents are better at doing the re-measurement off site than conducting
the re-measurement works on site.
As for the valuation of the works for the external works, most of the respondents are
able to conduct the valuation work regardless whether the work done are concealed,
within reach, or out of reach, but as long as the work are within view. However, there
are still very few of them being unable to do the valuation works. For the re-
measurement works of the external works, most of the respondents are able to
conduct the re-measurement based on drawings only or by measuring on site for
works within reach. Lesser numbers of respondents are able to conduct re-
measurement of external works done which are out of reach.
61
The respondents are less competent in conducting valuation of works or re-
measurement of the works done when it comes to Prime Cost Sum or Provisional
Sum works when compared to their competency in conducting the same works for
the building works and external works. The respondents are less confident and
some are unable to conduct the valuation of works of Prime Cost Sum or Provisional
Sum items. However, the respondents are better at conducting re-measurement
works for the Prime Cost Sum or Provisional Sum works than valuing them.
4.3.3. Issues and Challenges
Section C was designed for the respondents to rank a set of predetermined issues.
The respondents had ranked Section C based on their overall experience in the
construction industry when conducting the re-measurement works and valuation of
works. Based on the ranking from the 22 correctly filled questionnaires, the ranking
of the solutions can be concluded as below:
1. Lack of critical information or documentation.
2. Works to be valued are within reach, but at a risky position.
3. Works to be valued are out of reach.
4. Too many equipment, tools, or items to be carried.
5. Lack of proper measuring tools.
6. Lack of proper valuation form.
7. Lack of an assistant.
The respondents had ranked the lack of critical information or documentation as the
top issue. The second top ranked problem was that the works to be valued are
positioned at a high risk area or elevation even though they are within reach of the
62
works. The third ranked issue would be that the works to be valued are out of the
reach. The respondents ranked fourth for the problem of carrying too many tools
and equipment. The lacks of proper measuring tools were ranked as the fifth
problem faced by the Quantity Surveyors in conducting re-measurement works. The
respondents had ranked the lack of proper valuation forms as the sixth issue which
they had faced. The lack of assistants is the least of their problems when conducting
re-measurement and valuation of works.
4.3.2. Suggestions and Opinions
In Section D of the Questionnaire, the respondents were given the option to state
their opinions or suggestions regarding the issues and challenges of re-
measurement and valuation of works. Among the 39 respondents, only 15 of them
had given their opinions.
A majority of respondents had stated that complete and detailed as-build drawings
should be provided as early as possible within time, in order to assist the quantity
surveyors in conducting re-measurement works. Some of them had also mentioned
that the quantity surveyors should not wait for late as-built drawings and conduct the
re-measurement and valuation of works as soon as the element or part of the work
has been completed. Some of the respondents had mentioned that the cooperation
between the design team and the contractor is necessary in order to establish
correct information for the re-measurement works.
Regarding tools and equipment, some respondents had suggested that the
contractor or site officers should provide the appropriate and sufficient tools and
equipment for re-measurement purposes. One of the respondents had suggested
63
that the site officer should be properly trained in utilising the latest tools and
equipment for the purpose of conducting re-measurement works. Another
respondent had suggested to create own method of measurement or scale such as
by making comparison and relativity with the surrounding, using strong with weight
to measure the depth of rivers, and using degree on high elevations such as trees or
tall buildings. One of the respondent stated that the lack of considerable degree of
standardisation in the Bills of Quantities preparation method and the units used will
result in re-measurement issues. A uniform basis should be established for the
measurement works to avoid ambiguities in valuation of works subsequently.
Records such as piling records or any other records should be kept available for
reference. Any data should be updated with proper discussion made. One of the
respondents had stated that site records refers to the site diary, incoming and out-
going correspondences, daily plant and machinery records, and workers’ flow
records. The record book should be used properly as to record the quantity of each
completed item in the Bills of Quantities at the time when the Contractor makes his
interim payment application. All necessary data such as the measurements,
calculations, carry loads, and material invoices for each interim payment should be
filed properly. The respondent stated that this will ensure that there is a consistent
and systematic approach for the re-measuring and valuation works during the whole
contract. The same respondent had suggested the implementation of an
independent checking system for all re-measured or measured and valued works.
64
4.4. DISCUSSIONS
The respondents are able to handle the Traditional Construction Contract due to the
vast number of projects adopting this type of contract. The respondents are familiar
with this type of contract as it is the most commonly used. For other types of
construction contracts, some respondents may lack the experience and skills to
manage the contract. The Traditional Contract and the Turnkey Contract seem to be
the two commonly used type of contract in Sarawak. Most of the respondents only
had 1 to 5 years of experience in the construction industry, which explains why
some of them were unable or unsure of their ability to manage other types of
construction contracts aside from the Traditional Contract.
Regarding the valuation of the works, respondents had shown to be able to value
works done for building works as well as for the external works, with only very few
being unable to value the work done. The minority few whom were unable to
conduct the valuation of works may be due to lack of experience as it had been
shown that a few of the respondents had experience of less than a year. It has been
shown that there is a decline in the number of respondents being able to conduct
valuation of works for Prime Cost Sum and Provisional Sum items as opposed to the
valuation of building and external works. This can be due to the respondents’ lack of
experience and knowledge regarding the value of the Prime Cost Sum and
Provisional Sum items.
As for re-measurement of works, the respondents had shown that they are capable
in conducting the re-measurement works for building works. There is a decline in the
number of respondents being able to conduct the re-measurement works for
external works as well as for Prime Cost Sum or Provisional Sum items. This may
be due to the respondents being more familiar with works relating to common works
65
such as excavation or concreting works as compared to piping works or electrical
works whereby only a few have experience in handling the re-measurement of such
works. It would seem that the respondents prefer to do re-measurement of works off
site within the comforting confinement of their office as their office would provide the
necessary facilities, tools, equipment as well as guidance from their co-workers as
opposed to conducting re-measurement of works on site. However, this would only
lead to the problem of lacking critical information from the site or the workers on site
which would have been beneficial to the re-measurement of the works.
66
4.5. CONCLUSIONS
The Sarawakian Quantity Surveyors had handled the Traditional Contract as well as
the Turnkey Contract the most among other types of construction contracts.
However, a majority of the Quantity Surveyors had experience of managing mostly
the Traditional Contract. This had caused an issue to the inexperienced Quantity
Surveyors when they are about to conduct valuation or re-measurement of works
done for items other than the building works and the external works. There are a few
Quantity Surveyors whom are unable to value nor re-measure Prime Cost Sum or
Provisional Sum items due to lack of experience and proper training. However, this
does not mean that the Quantity Surveyors had not faced any problems when
conducting such work for building works and external works as well. The most
common problem regarding re-measurement and valuation of work would be the
lack of critical information as well as incomplete or late submissions of as-built
drawings. Some of the suggestions by the respondents were the submission of as-
build drawings within time, proper training in using the equipment and tools
necessary for re-measurement works, and the compilation of records of crucial
information.
67
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. INTRODUCTION
This chapter covers the conclusiveness of this research. The aim of this research is
to study the issues and challenges of the re-measurement and valuation of works as
the quantity surveyor’s role. The research had been conducted in order to achieve
the aim and objectives. The findings of this research will determine whether or not
the objectives have been answered or fulfilled. This chapter will also cover the
recommendations made by the researcher.
68
5.2. OBJECTIVE ACHIEVEMENT
Objective 1: To identify the issues of re-measurement and valuation works
faced during construction.
Chapter 4 has discussed the findings relating to the issues of the re-measurement
and valuation of works. The respondents had ranked the pre-determined issues and
the order of the pre-determined issues was rearranged to suit the respondents’
ranking of the issues. The lack of critical information or documentation is the highest
ranked issue, followed by works to be valued being at a risky position, out of reach,
too many items to be carried, lack of proper measuring tools, lack of proper
valuation form and lastly, the lack of an assistant. Some of the respondents had also
shared their own issues based on their experience. A majority of the respondents
had stated that the lack of complete as-built drawings contribute to the issue of re-
measurement and valuation of works as it imposes the issuance of more variation
orders. This is due to the lack of crucial information obtainable from the drawings.
Objective 2: To study the competency of the quantity surveyors in conducting
the re-measurement and valuation of works.
The competency of the quantity surveyors in conducting the re-measurement and
valuation of the works has been discussed in Chapter 4. The competencies of the
quantity surveyors were determined through the use of ordinal scale. The
respondents had shown that they are capable in handling not only the traditional
contract, but also other types of construction contracts as well as producing
payment certificates for the project. Further analysis of the findings indicates that the
respondents are very capable in handling the re-measurement and valuation of
works for building works and lesser for external works, but are not that competent
when it comes to prime cost sum or provisional sum items.
69
Objective 3: To determine the solutions to the issues faced by the quantity
surveyors relating to re-measurement and valuation of works.
The solutions were not able to be determined accurately, but, in Chapter 4, the
respondents’ solutions and recommendations were discussed. Some of the
respondents had filled in their own suggestions to combat the issues of re-
measurement and valuation of works. The respondents had suggested that
complete as-built drawings should be provided to the consultants as well as the
Contractors. The site officers should provide the necessary and sufficient tools and
equipment as well as the assistance required for the Quantity Surveyors to conduct
on site re-measurement and valuation. The respondents had also suggested that
records of important items should be kept and recorded as soon as possible to avoid
discrepancies or loss of information overtime. In addition to the record keeping, a
systematic checking system should be adopted.
The aim of this research was to study the issues and challenges of the re-
measurement and valuation of works as the Quantity Surveyor’s role. Through
analysis of the data collected from the respondents via questionnaire, several issues
and challenges had been identified. The respondents had given their suggested
solutions as addition as well.
70
5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS
The Quantity Surveyors should be exposed to various types of construction
contracts by allowing them to participate in handling the project. This will provide the
Quantity Surveyors with experience in handling the various construction contracts as
well as the method to conduct re-measurement and valuation of works for different
types of construction contracts. This is especially true for specialist items listed
under prime cost sums, or provisional sum items. The Quantity Surveyors should be
properly equipped with the knowledge to conduct re-measurement and valuation of
prime cost sum and provisional sum items.
As-built drawings should be properly provided and complete. This is to ensure that
the issues in conducting re-measurement and valuation works kept at minimum.
Complete as-built drawings will also minimize the potential of unnecessary variation
orders from being issued. Variations will cause an increase in the number of re-
measurement and valuation of works needed to be done for a project. As such,
variations should be kept at minimum by providing sufficient complete as-built
drawings to the consultants as well as the Contractor.
71
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CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR QUANTITY SURVEYING

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING & SURVEYING

RE-MEASUREMENT AND VALUATION OF WORKS:

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACED BY QUANTITY

Final Project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

award of Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours)

PREPARED BY : AZREE BIN ABU BAKAR

unless otherwise indicated or acknowledged as referenced work."

STUDENT’S NAME : AZREE BIN ABU BAKAR

DATE : 6TH MAY 2016

consultant on a project. Some of the roles of a Quantity Surveyor during

construction are to conduct re-measurement works as well as the valuation of

and valuation of construction works as a Quantity Surveyor. It is undeniable that the

re-measurement works and valuation of works for various types of construction

contracts. The questionnaires were distributed to Quantity Surveyors attached to

be complete and records especially important data should be kept as soon as

and discrepancies are kept at minimal.

Keywords: valuation, re-measurement, quantity surveyor

strength, knowledge and wisdom to conduct this final dissertation. I admit,

I was able to complete this dissertation.

That being said, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor,

dissertation research by giving advises to providing guidance as well. If it were not

seek my guidance instead.

TABLE OF CONTENTS III

LIST OF FIGURES VII

LIST OF TABLES VIII

1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1

1.1.1. DEFINITION OF T OPIC 1

1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT 3

1.3. RESEARCH OVERVIEW 4

1.3.1. AIM OF RESEARCH 4

1.4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 6

1.5. OUTLINE CHAPTER HEADING 7

2.2. DEFINITION OF MAIN TERMS 9

2.2.1. DEFINITION OF VALUATION 9

2.3. RE-MEASUREMENT & VALUATION OF WORKS 12

2.3.1. RE-MEASUREMENT OF WORKS 12

2.4. PREVIOUS STUDY 23

2.4.1. A KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEM FOR VALUING VARIATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

3.2. RESEARCH DESIGN 28

3.2.1. DEFINITION OF RESEARCH DESIGN 28

3.3. DATA COLLECTION METHOD 33

3.3.1. DEFINITION OF DATA COLLECTION METHOD 33

3.4.1. DEFINITION OF POPULATION 35

3.5.1. DEFINITION OF SAMPLING 36

3.6. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT 39

3.6.1. DEFINITION OF RESEARCH I NSTRUMENT 39

3.7. DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 43

3.7.1. DEFINITION OF DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 43

4.2. DATA ANALYSIS 48

4.2.1. RESPONDENTS’ BACKGROUND 48

4.3.1. COMPETENCY OF THE QUANTITY SURVEYORS 61

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 68

5.2. OBJECTIVE ACHIEVEMENT 69

Figure 1.1: Research Methodology Process 6

Figure 2.1: Contractual and Administrative Relationships of a General 13

Figure 2.2: General Principle for Varied Work Within Contract 21

Figure 2.3: General Principle for Varied Work Outside Contract 22

Figure 3.1: Types of Data Analysis Procedure 43