CHAPTER 1

PROBLEM IN ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Plants are living organisms that have lots of purpose which are useful even in medical

way. Karthekeyan V. stated that “One day is not enough to green our earth. Planting caring

and love is also expecting our earth from us. Do it, will heal not only the land but also your

body and mind".There are some plants that will helps us to improve our health a known as

medicinal plants.

The World Health Organization is fully aware of the importance of herbal medicines

to many of its Member States and supports the use of medicinal plants and their products. In

early 1978, the World Health Assembly, the WHO governing body, adopted a resolution on

drug policies and management of medicinal plants, which recognized the importance of

medicinal plants in the health care system. The World Health Assembly proposed

coordinating efforts through the preparation of an inventory of medicinal plants, the

development of criteria and methods for proving the safety and efficacy of medicinal plant

products, and the dissemination of relevant information. In 1987, 1988 and 1989, three more

resolutions were adopted covering the identification, evaluation, preparation, cultivation,

utilization, regulation and conservation of medicinal plants.

 Medicinal plants is important not only for healing and also for maintaining good

health and conditions.It is major source of cure for a variety of aliments,and necessary to

help our health system.Plants have its different proprties from the roots to the leaves as well

as fruits or flowers are contain nutrients that can be used as remedy.

Consuming fruits and vegetables of all kinds has long been associated with a reduced

risk of many lifestyle related health conditions. However, some spices may offer additional

health benefits,one of this is ginger.Scientific analysis shows that ginger contains hundreds

of compounds and metabolites, some of which may contribute to health and healing. Of

these,the gingerols and shogoals have been most extensively researched. (Megan Ware,

RDN, LD et. al,2019)

Ginger is a root crop that has medical properties such as nutrients and bioactive which

have strong benifits for our body.The reason why will use ginger in vaporub because it

contains gingerol that has anti-inflammatory properties,and it may relax muscle and relieve

muscle pain.

Vaporub may help to ease minor muscular pain,providing a cooling,soothing

sensation in the area that might make your muscles and joints seem less sore.Bare in mind

though, that this may not be the most effective way to ease muscle pain, especially when

compared with all of the every effective medicated treatments that are readily available from

you pharmacist. (Henderson,2019)

In addition, Vicks VapoRub is a topical cough medication that is applied to the skin

to treat coughs and applied to muscles to relieve aches and pain. Both symptoms are
frequently caused by the common cold. There is no documented evidence that it actually

alleviates respiratory symptoms, although it may provide the sensation of relief. As a relief

for sore muscles, it definitely does provide symptomatic relief.(kristin Hayes, RN, 2019)

Along with this,using ginger as a ingredient in vaporub may have an effect in

relieving muscle pain.This may have good outcome when making ginger vaporub, which is

ginger have the properties not only for healing also maintaining our body condition.

This research show that ginger can be a potential ingredients in order to relieve

muscle pain.The researchers aim to determine how ginger help the vaporub to be more

effective.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This aims to find out on the how ginger will be use as a potential ingredient in

vaporub to lessen muscle pain.

1.how ginger use in vaporub may relieve muscle pain.

2.what may be the effect of ginger in vaporub on muscle pain in a short period of time.

3.How ginger use in vaporub can lessen muscle pain in terms of:

3.1 Muscle soreness

3.2 Muscle stiffness

 3.3 Cramps; and

3.4 Strains

4.How people will benifit to this vaporub in terms of

4.1 Effectiveness

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Ginger

(Zingiber Officinale)

Rosemary

(Rosmarinus Effects of Ginger,

officinalis)
Distillation Rosemary, Eucalyptus,
Eucalyptus
(Water Oil Cinnamon water oil
(Eucalyptus solution) solution to muscle pain.
globulus)

Cinnamon

(Cinnamomum
verum)
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The study was conducted to look for the potential of ginger as an ingredient in

vaporub.To determine the effectiveness of ginger (ZINGEBER OFFICINALE) as a potential

ingredient in vaporub, survey questionnaire is provided to selected athletes of Capas High

School. The association with the participants and researchers will determine the effectiveness

of ginger in relieving muscle pain.

NULL HYPOTHESIS

The hypothesis below will be tested in null form 0.05 of level of significance

There is no significant difference of the Ginger vaporub and other commercial

products in terms of cost.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Learners. The result of this study will help them know the potential of ginger as a ingredient

in vaporub.

Parents. This study will offer them a new knowledge about the use of ginger vaporub in

relieving muscle pain.

Future researchers. This research study will serve a guide to those people who looking for

the related information about the effectiveness of ginger in relieving muscle pain.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study is concerned with the effectiveness of ginger as a potential ingredient in

vaporub.

Specifically, ginger vaporub be described in terms of ingredients, usage and medical

benifits to reduce muscle pain.

Furthermore,this study will look for the the effectiveness of ginger vaporub in

reducing muscle pain.

DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS

Muscle pain- Muscle pain is common, but the understanding of its causes is still patchy.

This article addresses the mechanisms of some important types of muscle pain (Siegfried

Mense, Prof. Dr. med.,2008)

Muscle soreness-For some individuals, sore muscles are a reward after a hard workout. In

fact, some people aren't happy unless they're sore after their workout, while others could live

without it. Either way, all of us have probably experienced muscle soreness at one time or

another(Richard Mense Weil, MEd, CDE,2007)

Muscle stiffness-Muscular stiffness is defined as the change in force divided by the

corresponding change in length, when the length change is imposed by an external agent or
by a change in the external load on the muscle. In the present context, stiffness is time-

varying and therefore has dynamic attributes.(T. Richard Nichols,2009)

Cramps- A muscle cramp is a sudden and involuntary contraction of one or more of your

muscles. If you've ever been awakened in the night or stopped in your tracks by a sudden

charley horse, you know that muscle cramps can cause severe

pain.(http://www.nih.gov,2019)

Strains-A strain, on the other hand, is an injury to either a muscle or a tendon, the tissue that

connects muscles to bones. Depending on the severity of the injury, a strain may be a simple

overstretch of the muscle or tendon, or it can result in a partial or complete tear.(Elizabeth

Quinn,2019)
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies. The research included

foreign as well as local literature and studies that have direct and indirect bearing on the

subject matter under study. These literatures were selected and reviewed by the researcher to

provide sufficient basis for making comparison. These are materials that could substantiate

the information assisted in conceptualization of the study.

RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign

Zingeber officinale (Z. officinale), commonly known as ginger, has been widely used

traditionally for a variety of medicinal purposes, one of which is for the treatment of pain.

Following a protocol, multiple data bases were sought using comprehensive search strategies

for Z. officinale and pain together with a trial filter for randomized or controlled clinical

trials. Trials testing the efficacy of Z. officinale, used as a sole oral treatment against a

comparison condition in human adults suffering from any pain condition, were included.

Seven published articles, reporting a total eight trials (481 participants), were included in the

review. Six trials (two for osteoarthritis, one for dysmenorrhea, and three for experimentally

induced acute muscle pain) found that the use of Z. officinale reduced subjective pain

reports. The methodological quality of the included article was variable. When assessed

using the Jadad scale, which allows a score between 0 and 5 to be given, included articles
obtained Jadad ratings ranging from 2 to 5. Due to paucity of well-conducted trials, evidence

of the efficacy of Z. officinale to treat pain remains insufficient. However, the available data

provide tentative support for the anti-inflammatory role of Z. officinale constituents, which

may reduce the subjective experience of pain in some conditions such as osteoarthritis.

Further rigorous trials therefore seem to be warranted (Terry R, et. al., Pain Med, 2011).

In addition to this, ginger is a popular spice use to treat a variety of maladies,

including pain. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used by

athletes to manage and prevent pain; unfortunately, NSAIDs contribute to substantial adverse

effects, including gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction,

hyponatremia, impairment of connective tissue remodelling, endurance competition

withdrawal, and cardiovascular disease. Ginger, however, may act as a promoter of GI

integrity and as a bronchodilator. Given these potentially positive effects of ginger, a

systematic review of randomized trials was performed to asses the evidence for ginger as an

analgesic, the evidence indicates that roughly 2g.d(-1) of ginger may modestly reduce muscle

pain stemming from eccentric resistance exercise and prolonged running, particularly if taken

for a minimum of 5 days. Among 9 studies examining ginger as an ergogenic aid, no

discernable effects on the body composition, metabolic rate, oxygen consumption, isometric

force generation, or perceived exertion were observed. Limited data suggest that ginger may

accelerate recovery of maximal strength after eccentric resistance exercise and reduce the

inflammatory response to cardiorespiratory exercise. Major limitations to the research

include the use of untrained individuals, insufficient reporting on adverse events, and no

direct comparisons with NSAID ingestion. While ginger taken over 1-2 weeks may reduce

pain from eccentric resistance exercise and prolonged running, more research is needed to
evaluate its safety and efficacy as an analgesic for a wide range of athletic endeavors (Wilson

PB. J, 2015).

Linked to that, Eccles, R. et. al.,(2015), vicks VapoRub (VVR) is a pharmaceutical

preparation containing a combination of levomenthol, eucalyptus oil, turpentine oil and

camphor as active ingredients, and thymol, cedarwood oil, and white soft paraffin as

excipients. VVR is a petrolatum-based ointment to be either applied topically to the chest,

throat, and back or added to hot water and the aromatic vapours inhaled. When used

topically, the actives are evaporated by body temperature and inspired. The main therapeutic

effects are the feeling of relief from nasal congestion and relief from cough. These were

primarily experienced by patients as the trigeminal and olfactory impact of the aromatics and

were hypothesized to be experienced within minutes. This was a randomized, single-

(Investigator) blind, controlled, 2-arm (VVR vs. petrolatum), parallel design pilot study in 50

otherwise healthy adult patients suffering from common cold and experiencing nasal

congestion. Speed to detection of a sensation of nasal cooling and nasal decongestion was

assessed following application of the recommended amount of product. The time to first

experience of a sensation of nasal cooling was significantly (p< 0.001) faster for patients who

received VR compared to control (median times of 23 and 99 second respectively. VVR

delivered a statistically significant sensation of nasal cooling at all times from 12 seconds to

15 minutes after product application. The first time to experience of a sensation of nasal

decongestion was significantly (p= 0.0102) faster for patients who received VVR compared

to control (median times of 62 and 126 seconds respectively). VVR delivered a statistically

significant sensation of nasal decongestion at all times from 62 seconds to 15 minutes after

product application.
 Integrating prophylactic intravenous multimodal therapy with the essential oil of

Zingiber officinale therapy in acute care and ambulatory settings to prevent the general

anaesthesia complication of post-operative nausea and vomiting significantly increases

successful outcomes, resulting in increased patient satisfaction. This clinical experience with

various limitations is presented as having generated meaningful information, indicating that a

5%

solution oil of ginger essential oil to be a safe and effective choice for the prevention of

PONV. A previous multimodal antiemetic study indicated that choice of intravenous

medication prophylaxis offered little impact on clinical outcome or in patient satisfaction

(Darkow et al., 2001 ).

A similar study uses olive oil in their ointment or vapor rub, “Some use of petroleum

jelly, when applied to the nasal openings, can assist in providing protection against irritation,

though it is important to ensure that the nostrils are not blocked by the jelly. Olive oil is

popularly used as cooking oil. Certain studies showed that olive oil is also an effective binder

for preparing herbal plant-based ointments or vapour rubs because it softens the mixture’s

texture” (Rahmani, A. et. al., 2014).

Local

Turmeric, the bright yellow spice often used in curries, is grown throughout India,

other parts of Asia and Central America. In South Asia, turmeric has been used in Ayurvedic

medicine for many conditions like breathing problems, rheumatism, serious pain and fatigue.
These days, turmeric is used as a dietary supplement for inflammation, arthritis, stomach and

gallbladder problems, among many other conditions. Its underground stem (rhizomes) are

dried and made into capsules, tablets, teas, or extracts.

“Despite its use in cooking for several thousand years, turmeric continues to surprise

researchers in terms of its wide-ranging health benefits,” the website of the World’s

Healthiest Foods said. “While once focused on anti-inflammatory benefits, decreased cancer

risk, and support of detoxification, studies on turmeric intake now include its potential for

improving cognitive function, blood sugar balance, and kidney function, as well as lessening

the degree of severity associated with certain forms of arthritis and certain digestive

disorders.”

(Henrylito D. Tacio,2017)

Ginger Ointment is made of ginger oil, coconut oil, and beeswax. It is a product that will

cure body aches at night resulting to a better sleep. The goal of this study was for the product

to be known nationwide while expanding its market and the production.

The proposed business has many direct competitors within the area of the study. There is also

a good demand of the product. The location of the business would be in Sitio Taclaban,

Barangay Real, Calamba City which is said to be accessible to most people.

The proposed business would require an initial investment of Php 2,011,447.61. However,

this amount is expected to be recovered in 1 year and 24 days.

(Bryan M. Padilla | Ace Lawrence O. Abrantes | Alexander Von R. Tolentino,2011)

RELATED STUDIES

Foreign

As one of the most used dietary condiments in the world today, it’s no wonder that

the benefits of ginger are pretty impressive (1) with its zesty, peppery flavour and its

extensive list of health benefits, ginger root is equal parts delicious and nutritious. It’s

versatile, easy to use and has been associated with everything from beating motion sickness

to better brain function. The health benefits of ginger are largely due to its antioxidants, anti-

inflammatory properties and content of therapeutic compounds like gingerol, shagaol,

paradol and zingerone (Rachael Link, MS, RD, 2018).

Grounded ginger, sometimes labelled powdered ginger, is made by simply drying out

peeled fresh ginger root, then grinding it to a fine powder. It is pale yellow in color and

should have a pungent, spicy smell to indicate freshness. Ground ginger has a warm, spicy

bite, is a little bit sweet, and is not as strongly flavoured as fresh ginger. This spice cabinet

ingredient is also not a direct substitute for fresh ginger. Store ground ginger in an airtight

container out of direct heat and light. It is popular for its anti-inflammatory properties, and

has long been used as treatments for nausea and digestive complaints, it is also used often in

teas and drinks (Inside the Spice Cabinet: Ground Ginger, Kelli Foster, 2016).

Based from The Health Benefits of Ginger by Julie Stewart (2018), a teaspoon of

fresh ginger contains only two calories, but it’s no lightweight. In addition to its long history

as a remedy for upset stomachs, this spice has some hard science behind it. “Ginger root

contains a number of compounds such as gingerols that are able to prevent or reduce immune

cell synthesis of cytokines that cause inflammation,” says David W. Hoskin, Ph. D., a
professor at Dalhousie University in Canada. Ginger could help people with diseases caused

by chronic inflammation, says Hoskin, and those anti-inflammatory properties might also

protect against cancer. Ginger may also help prevent complications related to irregular blood

sugar levels. In a study published the International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition,

people with type 2 diabetes who consumed ginger daily for 12 weeks reduced their blood

sugar, insulin, and cholesterol levels, while those on a placebo did not. One exciting study

found out that the spicy root could also reduced the burn or ache of DOMS ( delayed onset

muscle soreness). Published in International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training, found

out that runners who supplemented with ginger three days before, the day of, and the day

after a long run felt less sore than those who took a placebo.

According to Medicinal Properties of Ginger (2003), medicinal herbs are rich source

of synthetic and herbal drugs. They contain a wide range of chemical compounds, commonly

referred to as phytochemicals. Ginger is a hot herb today and number of studies has shown it

to be a useful medicinal agent. Its potential as an effective anti-inflammatory and anti-emetic

agent cannot be ruled out. Gingerol, the active constituent of ginger has been isolated and

studied for pharmacological and toxic effects. Large-scale clinical studies are required to

justify ginger as suitable phytopharmaceutical drug although initial data seems to be

promising.

In connection to this, the use of natural or alternative medicines has increased

markedly over the last few years. More and more older adults (i.e., baby boomers) are using

complementary and alternative medicine dietary supplements and herbal remedies without
advice from a physician on the assumption that these substances will have a beneficial effect

(Cohen, Ek and pan, 2002).

Local

In this study Woravalunch Thancharoenloes et al., (2017) entitled The Anti-

inflammatory effect of ginger root oil extract on carageenan-induced inflammation in albino

mice: A research paper , this is an experimental study conducted at the laboratories of the

University of the Visayas-Gullas College of Medicine with study population of 16 male

albino mice. Zingiber officinale (ginger) is an herbal plant that has chemical composition

with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antinociceptive potential. Albino mice weighing

about 20-25 grams were divided into two groups and the diameter of the proximal part of the

tail was measured before injection 0.1 ml of 1% carageenan in distilled water in control

group and 0.1 ml of 1% carageenan in ginger root oil extract in experimental group. The

diameter of the proximal part of the tail was measured initially, then at intervals of

0,15,30,60,120 and 180 minutes by vernier caliper. The results showed significant reduction

in the diameter of the proximal part of the tail of the experiment group compared with the

control group.

The mean baseline score of Group A with 19 participants, which is the mean

score before the treatment was given, was 5.79(sd:0.98) which is interpreted as

Moderate Pain. After the treatment was given the mean score was decreased to

1.89(sd:1.45) interpreted as Mild Pain. While the 15 participants in Group B had a mean

baseline score of 5.73(sd:1.62) interpreted as Moderate Pain. It was then decreased to

2.13(sd:0.99) interpreted as Mild Pain after the treatment was given. The pain felt
before the treatment was given for both Group A and Group B was reduced from

5.79(sd:0.98) to 1.89(sd:1.45) and from 5.73(sd:1.62) to 2.13(sd:0.99) respectively

(P=0.00, 0.001, <0.05?). This implies that there is a significant change on the reduction

of the level of muscle pain before and after treatment for both Group A and Group B.

The incidence of pain reduction in Group A was 3.9 and 3.6 for Group B

(p=0.137>0.05?). The result implies that there is no significant difference in the

reduction of the level of muscle pain before and after treatment between Group A and

Group B. The result of the study showed that there is a significant change in the

reduction on the levels of muscle pain before and after the intervention in the

experimental and control Groups. However, there is no significant difference in the

reduction on the levels of muscle pain between the control Group and experimental

Group. Therefore, Zingiber officinale (Ginger) with Virgin Coconut Oil liniment is a

potential alternative therapy in relieving muscle pain. (Jennifer A. Jakosalem et al,.2013)

JUSTIFICATION OF THE PRESENT STUDY

The difference of study to others is that; we use ginger as ingredient in making

vaporub. The other study use to directly consume ginger as an effective anti-inflammatory

and anti-emetic agent.

 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter represents the methods used in the study to gather data needed. It

includes the research design, respondents of the study, research instrument, sampling

technique and data gathering procedure.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This chapter presents the procedure that was used to attain the valid and relevant

results of the study. Experimental research design will be used in this study. Specifically, this

research utilized two group design to determine the effect of

DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE

The population of this study will be taken from the sample population of thirty (30)

selected athletes and players from sports track in Capas High School school year 2019-2020.

SAMPLING DESIGN AND TECHNIQUE

The researcher use simple random sampling to select who will be the respondents of

the study. Simple random sampling involves picking a desired sample size and selecting

observation from a population in such a way that each observation has a equal chance of

selection until the desired sample size is achieved (Bock, 2018).

MATERIALS

The researchers will be using the following materials, apparatuses and equipment in

order to achieve this study;

Materials:

The materials might accustom the following materials for their study in making the

vapor rubs, the researchers will be using 30 tablespoon of honey, 10 pieces of small bowl, 5

pieces of large bowl, 320 grams of yellow ginger, 5 tablespoon of eucalyptus oil (after the

oiling process), 5 tablespoon of peppermint oil (after the oiling process), 5 tablespoon of

rosemary oil (after the oiling process) and 5 tablespoon of cinnamon oil (optional).

For the oil making the materials will be using are 8 pieces of eucalyptus leaves, 1

pack of peppermint leaves, 1 pack of rosemary, 1 pack of cinnamon bark (optional) and 2

sets of 500 mL (1 L in total) distilled water.

INSTRUMENT, APPARATUSES AND EQUIPEMENT

The apparatuses and equipment that the researchers needed are 1 set of mortar and

pestle and knife and 1 set of chopping board, for vapour rub. While on essential oil making

are 1 set of filter paper, funnel, 3 small bowl and 1 set of rice cooker.

PROCEDURE

For essential oil making:

 The researchers will buy and choose the herbs they needed, namely eucalyptus leaves,

rosemary and cinnamon, those are fresh and not pale. It is important that the researchers

should handle the herbs very carefully because the herbs are very delicate and the amount of

oil depends on the herbs’ quality. Then the researchers dried the plant slowly and away from

the sunlight (it is the best shade).

After drying, the researchers press the herb using mortar and pestle. To be able to

extract the oils from the dried herbs, they will be using the simple Clevenger’s Apparatus,

which the equipments will be using are available at household homes. First, they will add the

first 250 mL of distilled water to the rice cooker and add the first herb. Then the researchers

will sealed the cooker and waited until the scent is smelt in the room and the solution has a

color. Once the boiling process is complete, the researchers will strained the solution. And

repeat all the process until all herbs have their oils taken.

For vapour rub:

First, the researchers will put three tablespoon of honey and mixed it with four drops

of coconut oil in a bowl. Then add half tablespoon per oil (for babies, use only half the

amount and /or dilute the coconut oil before using). Next, they will chop the ginger into

small pieces using the knife and chopping board and mixed it with mixture. After that, the

researchers will place the mixture in a small jar. The lastly the vapor rub is made. And the

researchers will refrigerate the mixture in able for honey and coconut oil to settle. The

mixture needs to be consumed immediately because the mixture melts, making it being in a

liquid state not in solid state (gel).

DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUE

The researchers will be using a survey questionnaire that consists of a series of

question (or other type of prompts) for the purpose of gathering information from

respondents.

DATA GATHERING METHOD

The researchers will be choosing 30 participants among the athletes and players in

sports track from Capas High School. The investigation will be conducted upon the chosen

respondents, the participants will answer a pre-evaluation text to be able them to qualify the

experiment. After that, they will answer a pre-assessment sheet that will serve as a pre-test,

then, they will try the Vicks Vapor rub. After an hour, they will try next the ginger vapor rub.

After the treatment, they will answer the post-assessment sheet about the given treatments.

The post-assessment sheet will be now collected by the researchers.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

The researchers utilized two statistical treatment procedures in this study. Weighted

mean was used to measure the central tendencies while percentage was utilized to present the

value of distribution to device insights into statistical results.

The formula for determining the weighted mean:

 Weighted Mean = Σ f w

Σf

WM = the summation of weighted mean

Σ w f = summation of weighted frequency

Σ f = summation of frequency

Interpretation of the Computed Weighted Mean in the Assessment of the Integration of

Robotic Tools in Teaching Physics

Weight Statistical Limit Verbal Interpretation

4 4.50-5.00 Strongly Agree (SA)

3 3.50-4.50 Agree (A)

2 1.50-2.50 Disagree (D)

1 1.00-1.25 Never (N)