COMPARISON WITH AS...

AS

INTENSIFIERS SO AND SUCH (THAT)

WILL USES

SHOULD AND COULD IN THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

THE PASSIVE VOICE IN THE PRESENT PERFECT

THE PASSIVE VOICE WITH MODALS VERBS

THE THIRD CONDITIONAL

COMPARISON WITH AS...AS

The movie adaptation is not

as thought-provoking
as the novel

1. We use ‘as … as’ with an adverb or an adjective to make an equal or unequal comparison:

a) Living in the UK has been as enjoyable as I’d expected it would be.

b) My brother and I both play the piano but I don’t play as well as he does.

2. You often find ‘as … as’ used with ‘much’ or ‘many’ (sometimes with a noun) to express amounts
or quantities:

a) Since I’ve started to work part-time I’m not earning as much (money) as I used to.
b) I like my language school because classes don’t have as many students as in other places I’ve
studied. 5

3. You can modify ‘as … as’ with adverbs like ‘almost’, ‘nearly’, ‘not quite’ and ‘nowhere near’.
If the difference between the two items is only slight, we can use ‘almost’, ‘nearly’ or ‘not quite’.

a) Speaking online with Skype is almost as good as being face-to-face with the person.
b) I thought things would be cheaper in this country but they are nearly as expensive as where
I come from.
c) My exam results were not quite as good as I was hoping for.

4. To emphasize the difference between two things you can use ‘not nearly’ or ‘nowhere near’
with ‘as … as’.

a) I’ve seen the film but it was not nearly as good as the book.
b) Winter in Australia is nowhere near as cold as where I come from.

Activity 1 Rephrase the following statements using the ‘as … as’ structures we’ve
looked at above.

a. I’m more interested in watching TV than reading.

 b. Things cost the same here as in my country.

c. Things cost the same here as in my country.

d. We have a lot more holidays in Spain than you do.

e. I’m a little bit better at maths than I am science.

f. My grandfather is becoming much less active as he gets older.

2 Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Use as … as or not as … as.

a. Mozart / Beethoven (famous)

Mozart is as famous as Beethoven.

6
b. A church / a cathedral (not big)

!
c. Spain / Portugal (hot) hello

d. A cat / a dog (not friendly) hi!

e. Italian food / French food (delicious)

nice!

f. A bike / a motorbike (not fast) goo

d!

g. Greek wine / Australian wine (not good)

ok!
3 Complete each sentence so that it means the same as the one above it.

a. Sweeden is bigger than Britain.

Britain isn´t as big as Sweeden.

b. The other students learn more quickly than me.

c. You´re very angry and I´m very angry also.

d. The seats at the front are more expensive than the seats at the back.

e. Central Park in New York is bigger than Hyde Park in London.

f. Her last film was very good and her new film is also very good.
7

g. The other students work harder than him.

INTENSIFIERS SO AND SUCH (THAT)

It’s such an amusing comic!

The resolution was so predictable!
THe plot develops so slowly that
I got bored
 Intensifiers are adverbs or adverbial phrases that strengthen the mea-
ning of other expressions and show emphasis. Words that we common-
ly use as intensifiers include absolutely, completely, enough, extremely,
highly, rather, really, so, such, too, totally, utterly, very and at all.

‘So’ means very

‘So’ is generally used before an adverb or adjective.

Example:
She’s so talented. She plays the violin so well.

In modern English, it is increasingly being used before nouns and verbs.

Examples: That is so your mom. (That’s something you’re mom would do)
I’m so going to yell at him when he gets here. (I’m going to yell at him when
he gets here)
8 ‘So’ can be used with a ‘that clause’ to show a result of the first clause.
Example: The bed was so uncomfortable that I was barely able to sleep.

‘Such’ means very

‘Such’ is used in front of a noun or adjective.

Example: They are such beautiful children.

If necessary, ‘a/an’ come after ‘such’ in a sentence.

Examples: This is such a beautiful garden.

He is such an ungrateful person.

Like ‘so’, ‘such’ can be used with a ‘that clause’ to show a result of the first clau-
se.

Example: It was such bad weather that we decided to cancel the party.
 SO SUCH
+adjective/adverb + (that) ... + (adjective) + uncountable + (that)
We had such terrible weather!
You are so stubbom!
+ (adjective) + plural + (that) ...
Why do you drive so slowly?
He drives so slowly (that) it’s dangerous. She said such nice things (that) we were
all in tears.

Activity 1 Choose the correct answer.

1. Your sister has ______ beautiful hair.

a. so
b. such

2. They had never eaten ______ exotic food before.

a. so 9
b. such

3. Hal was speaking ______ quickly that no one could understand him.

a. so
b. such

4. Ned has ______ much money, he doesn’t know what to do with it.

a. so
b. such

5. You are ______ a genius! How did you solve that problem?

a. so
b. such

6. I am ______ mad right now. My boyfriend lied to me. He is ______ a jerk!

a. so
b. such
 2 Rewrite these sentences as one sentence, using the word in brackets.

a. The film was very sad. Everyone cried. (so)

b. It was a very good meal. We ate far too much. (such)

c. The trousers were very cheap. I bought six pairs.. (such)

d. The film was very bad. Most people walked out. (so)

3 Complete the text with so / such.

Finland is (1) ______ a nice place to go on winter holidays. The winter

there is (2) ______ mild and welcoming! You can do snowboarding,
skating, skiing or any other winter sport, there are (3)_______ many
10 possibilities. We found (4) _______ a lovely hotel, and it was (5) _______
a short walk to the skiing slope. Well, winter season in Finland is not
(6)_______ cheap as we expected, but we had (7) ________ a great time
there. It is (8) ________ tempting to come there every winter, again and
again.

4 Match the pairs to form sentences.

1. It was such a lovely a. help so much!

2. We appreciate your b. finding out the truth.
3. I’m so glad to c. great success!
4. Why are you so sad if d. invite you all to our party.
5. It was such a bad idea e. compared to your sister
6. You are so young f. picnic yesterday evening!
7. Albert was so close to g. a foolish idea from anyone.
8. How dare she say such h. to bake green beans alone.
9. They play was such a i. an awful thing about me?
10. I’ve never heard such j. you’ve done nothing wrong?
 WILL USES

USES USES EXAMPLES

EXAMPLES
USES EXAMPLES
Future actions happen without the The sun will shine tomorrow.
e actions speaker's
happen without the
intention (birthday, weather,
The sun will shine tomorrow.
Future
er's intention actions happen without the
etc.) (birthday, weather,
The sun will shine tomorrow.
speaker's intention
Predictions (birthday,
, assumptions weather,
(I think, I hope, I think Sue will arrive in Paris at 6 pm.
etc.)
I'm sure, I'm afraid)
ctions , assumptions (I think, I hope, I think Sue will arrive in Paris at 6 pm.
Predictions , assumptions (I think, I hope, I think Sue will arrive in Paris at 6 pm.
re, I'm afraid)
I'm sure, I'm afraid)
How do we make the future will tense?
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
I´ll awake I won´t awake
POSITIVE
You´llPOSITIVE
begin NEGATIVE
You won´tNEGATIVE
begin
He´ll
I´ll awake I´ll watches I won´t awake
awake He won´tawake
I won´t watch
She´ll fly She won´t
won´tflybegin
You´ll beginYou´ll begin You won´t
It´ll dry
You
ItHe begin
won´t drywatch
He´ll watches won´t
He´ll watchesWe´ll go He won´tWe watch
She´ll fly Shedon´t gofly
won´t
She´ll fly It´ll
They´ll hide She won´t
dry
They flywon´t
It won´t dry
hide
It´ll dry You´ll respect You
It won´t dry won´t respect
We´ll go We don´t go
We´ll go They´ll hide We don´tThey go won´t hide 11
They´ll hideYou´ll respect They won´t
Youhide
won´t respect
You´ll respect You won´t respect
INTERROGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
LONG QUESTION
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
Will I awake? Won´t I awake? WH QUESTIONS
INTERROGATIVE INTERROGATIVE Where - When - What - Which -
Will you begin? Won´t you be gin? LONG QUESTION
POSITIVE NEGATIVE Why
NTERROGATIVE
Will I awake? INTERROGATIVE
Won´t I awake? What time -WH How often - How -
QUESTIONS
Will he watch? Won´t he watch? LONG QUESTION
POSITIVE NEGATIVE Who
Where - When - What - Which -
Will you begin? Won´t you be gin? How far - How much - How
I awake? Will she fly? Won´t I awake? Won´t she fly? WhyWH QUESTIONS
Many
What time - -What
Where - When How often - How- -
- Which
Will
you begin? he
Will Itwatch?
dry? Won´t
Won´t he
it
Won´t you be gin? watch?
dry? +
Who
Will we go? Won´t we go? Why INTERROGATIVE
How far - How much - How
Will
Will sheTheyfly?hide? Won ´t she
Won´t theyfly?
hide? What time POSITIVE -NEGATIVE
- How often - How -
he watch? Won´t he watch? ManyWhere wil you strive ?
Will
Will you respect?
It dry? Won´t you
Won´t respect? Who
it dry? + sweep?
What time will Amy
How far - HowINTERROGATIVE
much - How
she fly? Will we go? Won´t she Won´t
fly? we go?
Will They hide? Won ´t they hide? Many POSITIVE -NEGATIVE
It dry? Will you respect?Won´t it dry? Where +wil you strive ?
Won´t you respect?
we go? Won´t we go? What time will Amy sweep?
INTERROGATIVE
They hide? Won ´t they hide? POSITIVE -NEGATIVE
Where wil you strive ?
you respect? Won´t you respect?
What time will Amy sweep?
 Activity 1 Complete the sentences with will using the words in
the brackets.

a. ‘I haven’t got my phone.’ I´ll lend (lend) ‘That’s OK.you mine.’

b. It’s Julia’s birthday next week, so_____________(buy)her some

flowers.

c. We______________(have)a barbecue tomorrow. It’s all planned, so I

hope it won’t rain.

d. You_____________(like)that film. It’s very frightening. Let’s choose

another one.

e. Do you think they_____________(like)the presents we got for them?

2 Change these sentences to Will. See the example.

Does he go swimming in the morning? Will he go swimming in the morning?

12 a. Hans meets his friends at the park

b. Sammy doesn´t listen to music in his bedroom

c. I’m not doing anything special next weekend.

d. He goes to the cinema in the evening.

e. Do you play computer games at your friend’s house.

3 Locate the mistake and re-write. Look at the example.

Will Peter and Mary playing cards? Will Peter and Mary play cards?

a. My cousin won´t being in his home.

 b. Will you sending this email?

c. My mom will to cooking a cake for me.

d. You will being at mall this saturday?

SHOULD AND COULD IN THE PRESENT PERFECT

you should have listened to your

mother. how could they have
done that?

13

MODAL PERFECT USES EXAMPLES

Ability to do something in
COULD HAVE + P.P the past which in the end You could have played better
was not done.

Criticism or regret after an You should have warned me

SHOULD HAVE + P.P
event. earlier

Ability
We use ‘‘could” to talk about a skill or ability.

Examples:
My grandfather could play golf very well.
She could speak French when she was a child, but now she has forgotten it.
 Obligation and Advice
We can use verbs like ‘should’ to say when something is necessary or unnecessary, or to
give advice.

Examples:
You should stop smoking.
You should have gone to bed earlier, now you have missed the train.

Activity 1 Match the pictures with the correct sentence and complete with
should or could.

a. Da vinci _______ paint very well.

14
b. ________ you bring me a cup of
coffee?

TAXI

c. I ______ have taken a taxi

yesterday so I could arrive earlier
to work.

d. You _______ play the piano for us.

2 Choose the correct modal verb to replace the modal verb in capital letters.

1. We MIGHT have stayed home. That movie was terrible!

a. will
b. must
c. should

2. It was bad, but it OUGHT TO have been worse!

a. could
b. will
c. must

3. You MUST have brought a jacket. It´s so cold tonight!

a. should
b. may
c. will

4. You MIGHT come with us to dinner tonight.

a. should
15
b. can
c. will

3 Put the words in the correct order.

a. her / studied / more / should / exam / she / have / for

b. helped / called / you / could / I / have / had / me / if

c. could / play / Megan / both / the piano / the guitar / and

d. That cut / infected / you / looks / should / go to / the doctor

e. help me / my / with / would / homework? / you

 GRAMMAR CROSSWORD
PRESENT PERFECT
Have you ever ...?
• Read the clues and fill in the missing words. ACROSS

1 2 3 4 1. ____ in the Pacific Ocean?

S W U M 2. ____ a picture of a dinosaur?
5. ____ really strange food?
7. ____ a lot of money?
5 8
8. ____ someone a new English word?
11. ____ in a chair for six hours?
12. ____ a strange, scary noise at
7
night?
8 14.____ your homework but didn’t
finished?
15. ____ something very dangerous?
17. ____ something but then
9 10
forgotten what you learned?
12 21. ____ dinner for a lot of people?
16 11
22. ____ a person or an animal?

DOWN

13 14 1.____ a ghost?
3.____ a horse, elephant, or a camel?
15 4. ____ a short story in English?
6. ____ about living in a different
16
country?
17 18 19 7. ____ money from someone?
9. ____ a truck?
10. ____ in a helicopter?
11. ____ in line for a very long time?
13. ____ a baby in your arms?
20 21 16. ____ some money on the floor?
18. ____ a novel in English?
19. ____ five cups of coffee in one
22
day?
20. ____ too much money for
something?
21. _____ a famous person?
THE PASSIVE VOICE IN THE PRESENT PERFECT

Women’s rights have been

infringed for centuries. The
right to work hasn’t been
denied here.

The present perfect tense is used to say that an action happened at an unspecified time be-
fore now.

In the passive voice what matters is the action and the result of the action rather than who
performed the action. It is not important or not known who or what is performing the action.
17
For example: Rebozos have been made in Mexico.

In the example above, the focus in on the fact that rebozos have been made (In Mexico). We
do not know, who made rebozos, and it is not important.

Hello!
Subject + form of to be + Past Participle

It is important to note that when rewriting active sentences in passive voice, the object of the
active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.

Example: Maria has made rebozos.

The object (rebozos) of the sentence in the active voice

becomes the subject of the sentence in the passive voice.

Example: Rebozos have been made (by Maria).

 Activity 1 Fill the blank with correct option using present perfect passive
voice.

1. The results of the degree examination ____________________ yet.

a. has not been announced

b. are not announced
c. have not been announced
d. are not being announced

2. Nearly 500 biscuit packets ___________________.

a. have been distributed

b. have being distributed
c. are being distributed
d. have been distributing

3. ____ the documents _____________ already?

18
a. has, been submitted
b. are, being submitted
c. are, submitted
d. have, been submitted

4. ___ the patient’s temperature _________

a. have, been taken

b. has, been taken
c. is, being taken
d. was, taken

5. Anamika ______________ to attend the Filmfare Awards distribution function

a. was invited
b. is invited
c. is being invited
d. has been invited
2 Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.
Kerrie has paid the bill. - The bill has been paid by Kerrie.

a. I have eaten a hamburger.

b. We have cycled five miles.

c. I have opened the present.

d. They have not read the book.

e. We have not agreed to this issue.

19
f. Has she phoned him?

g. Have they noticed us?

3 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences or re-write according to the case. Use passive
voice.

The thief who robbed the I have already washed the car. The whole house
shop ____________ (catch) __________________ (paint)
by the police. recently.
 She has given me the keys to The firemen have put out the
the house. fire.
The letter ___________ (post).

THE PASSIVE VOICE WITH THE MODAL VERBS

20 Modals are helping verbs that express possibility, ability, duty,

permission or advisability. Words like can, could, may, might, must
and should
DIVERSITY MUST BE RESPECTED. WHAT
There are about nine modals that are really common COULD BE DONE TO PROTECT THE RIGHT
in English: OF EDUCATION?

• can
• could
• will
• would
• shall (used in question forms usually)
• should
• might
• may
• must

There are two basic patterns we use for passive

modals.
1. The first one is easy: modal + be + past participle.

Active verb Passive verb Example

The painting can be seen in
can see can be seen
the Louvre.
The work should be done on
should do should be done
the time.
The tickets would be sold
would sell would be sold
there if possible.
It might be finished by next
might finish might be finished
week.
Employees must be paid on
must pay must be paid
the last day of the month.

2. The other pattern is a little longer: modal + have been + past participle

Active modal Passive modal Example

It could have been done by
could have done could have been done
John.
It should have been finished
should have finished should have been finished
yesterday.
It might have been lost when
might have lost might have been lost 21
we were travelling.

Activity 1 Change each sentence into a passive form.

a. They might give him an award.

b. You should answer the easy questions first.

c. They’ll pay me at the end of the month.

d. They could feel the earthquake 20 km away.

 e. We will elect a new government next year.

f. You should finish the work before you leave.

g. You can serve this wine with chicken or fish.

h. You can prepare this dish the night before.

2 Complete the sentence in passive voice. Choose the correct option.

1. The opportunity _____________________ by you.

a. not may have been availed

b. may not have availed
c. may not be availed
22
d. may not have been availed

2. Should the book ________ read by him?

a. have been
b. be
c. have
d. been

3. Problems with policies ________________ to the customer service manager.

a. should reported
b. should have been reported
c. should be reported
d. be should reported
 4. Problems with policies ________________ to the customer service manager.

a. should reported
b. should have been reported
c. should be reported
d. be should reported

3 Read the following paragraph about being a good limousine driver. Fill in the blanks with the
correct words or phrases from the list below.

used to include has been known

is known can be found
have to be born can be trained
could be observed weren’t told
were offered are
have to be can mean
need to be able must have

In a city like Los Angeles, limousine drivers (1) ________________ in demand. Good limousine dri- 23
vers (2) can be found easily, but great limousine drivers are hard to find. Great limousine drivers (3)
________________ many skills and talents. They (4) ________________ good listeners, sharp dres-
sers, extremely knowledgeable, outgoing, and professional. They (5) ________________ to get along
with all sorts of people. However, great limousine drivers don’t (6) ________________ that way; they
(7) ________________. The training process of one limousine company (8) ________________
a test on dealing with different passenger types. The trainee drivers had to interact with passen-
gers who were unpleasant, emotionally needy, and difficult. However, they (9) ________________
in advance which passengers actually worked for the company, and which were real passengers.
This way, the trainee drivers (10) ________________ in authentic situations.
The drivers that passed the most difficult tests were the ones who (11)
________________ the richest and most famous clientele. And
all experienced limousine drivers know that a rich client (12)
________________ a great tip! But that isn’t always the
case. For example, one very famous television talk
show host (13) ________________ for her bad
tipping habits. She (14)________________ to
leave drivers with only a “thank you” for a tip,
despite traveling with enough luggage for two
limousines!
 MODAL VERBS
WORD SEARCH PUZZLE
• Find the following modal verbs in the word search above.
Words can be found: forwards, backwards, horizontal, vertical or diagonal.

will can
would shall
should must
could might
may ought

H W E L H X C Y A G J Y K D F
M I K S A B Q A D W H A D G C
E L A G D M A Y T E H B I V A
P L M U J X P O F Y S Z A L N
24
E D O P G E W C V S H A L L A
Z X B G O D K C A L O B E T H
A S O P D G A B J E U V O Y L
I B E H T F F U U L L H G U O
K T S A D L U Q W M D D P M A
E H R G E R A S M A E T S U U
A G T H A L B G I T B E H S T
O I P K C B Y P P H A H G T D
Y M U O I R G L I G P A E R A
H T B E E S U O Y U E V A H M
E N E W R O D L U O C T U T S
S C V O Y T D D I H T F Z A L
THE THIRD CONDITIONAL

What would have happened

if you had trained harder?

We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after ‘if’ and then ‘would have’ and the
past participle in the second part of the sentence:

• if + past perfect, ...would + have + past participle

It talks about the past. It’s used to describe a situation that didn’t happen, and to imagine the
result of this situation.If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know
she didn’t study and so she didn’t pass) 25
• If I hadn’t eaten so much, I wouldn’t have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I did feel sick).
• If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn’t have missed the plane
• She wouldn’t have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier
• She would have become a teacher if she had gone to university

THIRD CONDITIONAL
PAST PERFECT + WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

If you had studied, you would have passed the exam.

If I hadn’t been sick, I would have gone to your party.
USES: The person is imagining a different past
Imaginary situation that did not happen
 Activity 1 For each question, read the situation and choose the best sentence
using the third conditional.

1. I wasn’t thirsty. I didn’t drink the lemonade.

a. If I was thirsty, I would drink the lemonade

b. If I had been thirsty, I would’ve drunk the lemonade
c. If I would have been thirsty, I drank the lemonade

2. I didn’t know Kirsty was in town. I didn’t call her.

a. If I had known Kirsty was in town, I would have called her

b. I had called Kirsty if I had know she was in town
c. I would had called Kirsty if I have known she was in town

3. I didn’t know watching this documentary was important for our exam. I didn’t watch it.
26
a. If I knew this documentary was important, I had watched it
b. If I would have known this documentary was important, I had watched it
c. If I had known this documentary was important, I would’ve watched it

4. I walked home from the disco. My friend was too drunk to drive.

a. I hadn’t walked home from the disco if my friend wasn’t too drunk to drive
b. I wouldn’t have walked home from the disco if my friend hadn’t been too drunk to drive
c. I wouldn’t had walked home from the disco if my friend hadn’t been too drunk to drive

5. I didn’t go to the store. I thought it closed at 5pm. It closed at 6pm.

a. If I had known the store had closed at 6pm, I would’ve gone

b. If I knew the store would have closed at 6pm, I would’ve gone
c. I would’ve gone to the store if I know it had closed at 6pm
2 Complete the following sentences using appropriate verb forms.

1. If I had known her name, I _________________ you.

a. will tell
b. would tell
c. would have told

2. If you _________________ me, I would have told you.

a. ask
b. asked
c. had asked

3. If you hadn’t helped me, I________________ in real trouble.

a. will be
b. would be
c. would have been

4. He would have died if they __________________ him to hospital in time.

27
a. didn’t take
b. don’t take
c. hadn’t taken

5. Jane ________________ if you had invited her.

a. will come
b. would come
c. would have come

3 Match the two sentence halves and write a–f next to the numbers 1–6.

1____ I wouldn't have overslept a. if you’d asked.

2 ____ If she had gone to bed earlier, b. you wouldn’t have been so stressed at the last minute
3____ I could have lent you the money c. she wouldn’t have been so tired.
4____They wouldn’t have found out d. if you had studied medicine.
5____You could have been a doctor e. if my alarm clock had gone off.
6 ____If you’d been more organised, f. they wouldn’t have had so many problems