Chemistry 101 PDF
Chemistry 101 PDF
Chemistry 101 PDF
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“ Studying biochemistry in
a holistic way is going to be
the key to the answers we
need.”
- Dr. Lovell Jones
An element is a
substance that cannot
be broken down to
other substances by A compound is a substance
chemical reactions consisting of two or more Sodium
elements in a fixed ratio chloride
Chlorine
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Table 2.1
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+ +
+ +
(a) (b)
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Isotopes
• Isotopes are two atoms of an
element that differ in number of
neutrons
• Radioactive isotopes decay
spontaneously, giving off particles
and energy
• Radioactive isotopes are often
used as diagnostic tools in
medicine
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4.003
Element symbol
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A covalent bond is
the sharing of a pair
of valence electrons An ionic bond is an
by two atoms attraction between an
anion and a cation
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Figure 2.10
Formula Diagram Structural
Formula
Model
H H
H C H
Figure 2.12_2
+ −
Na Cl Na Cl
Na Cl Na+ Cl−
Sodium atom Chlorine atom Sodium ion Chloride ion
(a cation) (an anion)
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Figure 2.13
Na+
Cl−
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δ– δ+
Figure
Water (H2.14
O) 2
δ–
δ+
Hydrogen bond
δ–
Ammonia (NH3)
δ+ δ+
δ+
• Molecular
Hydrogen Sulfur
Natural
Oxygen
endorphin
shape
determines how Morphine
biological
molecules
recognize and
respond to one (a) Structures of endorphin and morphine
another
Natural
endorphin
Morphine
Endorphin
Brain cell receptors
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. (b) Binding to endorphin receptors
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δ+
Figure 3.2 δ+
Region of partial δ+
Hydrogen bond
negative charge
δ–
δ+
δ– δ+
δ–
δ+
Expansion
Versatility as
upon
a solvent
freezing
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Adhesion
Two types of
water-conducting
cells
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Ice:
Hydrogen bonds
are stable
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Greenland
Pacific walrus
Alaska
Black Canada
guillemots
Sea ice in Sept. 2014
Ice lost from Sept. 1979 to Sept. 2014
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hydrophilic VS
hydrophobic
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+ –
H H
O H O O H O
H H H H
2 H2O Hydronium Hydroxide
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ion (H3O+) ion (OH–)
An acid is a substance
that increases the H+
concentration of a A base is a substance that
solution reduces the H+
concentration of a
solution
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pH Scale
The pH Scale 0
1
Battery acid
Increasingly Acidic
2 Gastric juice (in stomach),
• Acidic solutions lemon juice
Increasingly Basic
fluids have pH 9
• Buffers are 0
substances that
Acidic
minimize + –
[H ] > [OH ]
changes in +
Acids donate H in
concentrations aqueous solutions.
of H+ and OH– in
a solution
• Most buffer solutions Neutral
+ –
contain a weak acid and [H ] = [OH ] 7
its corresponding base,
which combine
reversibly with H+ ions
–
Bases donate OH
+
or accept H in
aqueous solutions.
Basic
+ –
[H ] < [OH ]
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reef-building corals
Figure 3.UN02a
[mmol CaCO3/(m2 day)]
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Calcification rate
10
0
220 240 260 280
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SUMMARY
a. BIOLOGICAL SOLVENT
- ability to dissolve many substances
b. HIGH HEAT CAPACITY
- prevents the abrupt temperature changes
in the organisms, maintaining constant
body temperature
c. HIGH HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
- prevent organisms from dehydration
SUMMARY
d. HIGH HEAT OF FUSION
- protects organisms from freezing at low
temperatures
e. MEDIUM where chemical and physical
processes take place
- formation of food, absorption, secretion, and
excretion ; dynamic structure
f. MOISTURIZER OF SURFACES
- gas exchange, outer surface of the eye
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SUMMARY
g. MEANS OF TRANSPORT
- serves as vehicle for the distribution of
nutrients, gases, etc.
h. LUBRICANT
- prevents friction in joints during movement, in
the heart during contraction, intestines during
digestion
i. GOOD CUSHION
- cerebrospinal fluid in the brain & spinal cord
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H O N C
Figure 4.3
Molecule Molecular Structural Ball-and-Stick Model Space-Filling
Formula Formula Model
(a) Methane
CH4
(b) Ethane
C2H6
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Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of only
carbon and hydrogen
• Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon
components
Nucleus
Fat droplets
10 µm
Isomers
• Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula
but different structures and properties
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Pentane 2-Methylbutane
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CO2H CO2H
C C
H NH2 NH2 H
CH3 CH3
L isomer D isomer
Effective Ineffective
Drug Effects Enantiomer Enantiomer
Reduces
Ibuprofen inflammation
and pain
S-Ibuprofen R-Ibuprofen
Relaxes bronchial
(airway) muscles,
Albuterol improving airflow
in asthma
patients R-Albuterol S-Albuterol
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Animation: L-Dopa
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Carbonyl group ( C ═ O)
Acetone, Propanal,
the simplest ketone an aldehyde
Sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses; those with aldehydes
are called aldoses.
Compound name: Ketone or aldehyde
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Cysteine, a sulfur-
containing amino acid
Two —SH groups can react, forming a “cross-link” that helps stabilize
protein structure.
Compound name: Thiol
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Adenosine
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Figure 4.UN06
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