Geography of South Asia PDF

In the Name of
Allah,
the Boundlessly Merciful, the Infinitely Compassionate.
Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds; and peace and blessings of
Allah be upon His Prophet
Muhammed
“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir
Part III:
Geography of South Asia
“Human , Economic and Regional

“Geography for CSSGeography : Paper
/ PMS ………. II “ ……
Author: Author:
Imran Imran Bashir
Bashir”
“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir” 3
INTRODUCTION
Location : Southern region of Asian continent
Comprises of Sub-Himalayan countries
Surrounded by Western Asia , Central Asia, Eastern Asia,
Southeastern Asia , The Indian ocean
Countries: Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , The Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan ,
Sri Lanka, Afghanistan
Population: 1/5th of world population (most populous)
Conflicts: Political instability , war between two nuclear armed states i.e.
India and Pakistan
Regional Cooperation: SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation)
“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”

COUNTRIES IN SOUTH ASIA
India
Nepal
Bhutan
Vital Statistics of South Asia
Source: CIA Factbook: Data 2012-13

Country Per Capita GDP Area Population and Public sector spending Inflation Population Un- Imports Exports
Income (PPP) (Km2) Population on education % of GDP Below employ-
growth rate Literacy rate Poverty line ment
Bangladesh $2,000 $305.5 Billion 147,570 163,654,860 2.2% 8.8% 31.5% 5.1% $35.06 $25.79
1.59% Lit. rate billion billion
56%
India $3,900 $4.784 trillion 3,287,240 1,220,800,359 3.3% 9.2% 29.8% 9.9% $500.3 billion $309.1 billion
1.28% Lit. rate
61%
Nepal $1,300 $40.49 billion 147,181 30,430,26 4.7% 8.3% 25.2% 46% $6.15 billion $1 billion
1.81% Lit. rate
60.3%
Pakistan $2,900 $514.6 billion 803,940 193,238,868 2.4 11.3% 22.3% 5.6% $40.82 billion $24.66 billion
1.52% Lit. rate
54.9%
Sri Lanka $6,100 $125.3 billion 65,610 21,675,648 2% (2010) 9.2% 8.9% 4.5% $19.08 billion $10.51 billion
0.89% Lit. rate
91.2%
Bhutan $6,500 $4.813 billion 38,394 725,296 4.7% 8.3% 23.3% 4% $1.28 billion $725.2 million
1.15% Lit. rate 47%
Maldives $8,700 $2.974 billion 298 393,988 7.2% 5.1% 16% 28% $1.406 billion $283 million
-0.11% Lit. rate
93.8%
Afghanistan $1000 $33.55 billion 647,500 31,108,077 n/a 13.8% 36% 35% $6.39 billion $376 million
2.25% Lit. rate
28.1%
Analysis Per capita GDP of India is Area of Population of Maldives is spending Highest Highest More India has India has
(Higher in the income of higher in the India is India and higher percentage of inflation is in poverty is in unemploy- most more exports
region) Maldives is region largest in growth rate of GDP on education Afghanistan Afghanistan ment is in imports and and
highest the region Afghanistan are Nepal 2 is
nd 2nd is
higher Pakistan Bangladesh

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CREATION OF THE REALM
Continental Drift

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TOPOGRAPHY OF SOUTH ASIA
Face of
earth
Himalaya
to land
area in
Maldives Elevation
below sea
level , lakes,
rivers, seas,
and deserts
• Most fertile valley of (hot & cold)
Indus to Ganges

Topography of South Asia

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THE REALM

“Geography CSSGeography
forIMRAN BASHIR
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Unemployment Rate
World: 6.1%
South Asia:
Pakistan: 5.5%
5.4%

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Some Facts About South Asia
Population projected to rise to 2.22 billion by 2050
70% population live in rural areas
60% of Bangladesh is flood prone
Contains 16% of world’s flora and 12% of world’s fauna

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Some Facts About South Asia (Cont.)
Less than 1% of world’s income and less than 2% of trade
1.3% of world’s exports
Accounts for 1% of world’s FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)
1% of Global Tourism

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Some Facts About South Asia (Cont.)
400 million poor people, 40% of population lives below

poverty line
Life expectancy, education and per capita income are

very low
40% of global coral coverage

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• Common terminologies: ‘South Asia’ , ‘Indian subcontinent’, ‘The
Subcontinent’
• Subcontinent signifies: “having a certain geographical and political

independence”
• Geophysically , Tsangpo River in Tibet is situated outside the border

of structure while the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan is situated
inside the border.

Territory and Regional Data
This club of countries covers about 4,480,000 km² (1,729,738 mi²) or 10
per cent of the Asian continent, and accounts for about 40 per cent of
Asia’s population.
Population
Country/ Population Capital or
Area (km²) density Currency Government
Region July 2013 Secretariat
(per km²)
Bangladesh 147,570 156,050,883 1057 Dhaka Taka Parliamentary republic
Bhutan 38,394 725,296 18 Thimphu Ngultrum, Indian rupee Constitutional monarchy
India 3,287,240 1,220,800,359 355 New Delhi Rupee Federal republic, Parliamentary
democracy
Nepal 147,181 30,430,267 194 Kathmandu Rupee Democratic Republic

Pakistan 803,940 193,238,863 219 Islamabad Rupee Islamic Republic
Sri Lanka 65,610 21,665,648 325 Colombo Rupee Democratic Socialist Republic
Afghanistan 647,500 31,108,077 51.9 Kabul Afghani Islamic republic

Maldives 280 328,536 1,102.5 Mala Maldivian Rufiyaa Unitary Presidential
Constitutional Republic

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DEMOGRAPHICS

1.ETHNIC GROUPS
 8 nations
 Ethnically diverse
 More than 2000 entities
 South Asia has been invaded and settled by different ethnic groups
(Dravidian, Indo-Aryan , Iranian)
 Sanskrit language + Vedic religion Hinduism , Jainism ,
Buddhism , Sikhism

1.ETHNIC GROUPS
 Many similar cultural practices , festivals and traditions
 Other ethnic groups successively streaming in later mainly from Central
Asia and Iran e.g. Sakas , Kushans, Huns etc
 New arrivals were Arabs , Turks and Pashtuns
 Arab influence was very limited compared to Turks and Pashtuns
 The Punjabi , Sindhi , Pashtun ,Balochi and Kashmiri people gave birth to
URDU
 URDU___ A syncretic language of combined Indo-Persian-Turkish-Arabic
heritage , is widely spoken today

Religions

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Demographics: Religions
Afghanistan Sunni Muslims (80%), Shia Muslims (19%), others (1%)
Bangladesh Muslims (90%), Hindus (9%), Christians (.5%), Buddhists (.5%), Believers in tribal faiths
(0.1%)
Bhutan Buddhists (75%), Hindus (25%)
India Hindus (80.5%), Muslims (13.4%), Christians (2.3%), Sikhs (1.9%), Buddhists (0.8%), Jains
(0.4%), Others (0.6%)
Iran Shia Muslims (89%), Sunni Muslims (9%), Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians, and Bahais (2%)
Maldives Sunni Muslims (100%) (One must be a Sunni Muslim to be a citizen of the Maldives.
Myanmar Theravada Buddhists (89%), Muslims (4%), Christians (4%) (Baptists 3%, Roman Catholics
1%), Animists (1%), others (including Hinduism) (2%)
Nepal Hindus (80.6%), Buddhists (10.7%), Muslims (4.2%), Kirats (3.6%)
Pakistan Muslims (96.28%), Hindus (1.85%), Christians (1.59%), Ahmadis (0.22%)
Sri Lanka Theravada Buddhists (70.42%), Hindus (10.89%), Muslims (8.78%), Catholics (7.77%),
Other Christians (1.96%), Others (0.13%)

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3. ECONOMY
GDP per capita: India highest , Pakistan second ,Bangladesh third ,Nepal ,
Afghanistan and Myanmar lowest
India is largest economy of region , in the world 12th largest and 4th largest by
purchasing power rates
World bank report 2007: Trade between South Asian states is 2% compared to
East Asian states which is 20%
75% population lives in rural areas
Global Hunger Index (GHI): S.A has highest Child Malnutrition
Child mortality: In India 5.6 million child deaths/year

POPULATION DENSITY

CONTROLLING FACTORS FOR DISTRIBUTION OF
POPULATION IN S.A
Thomas Malthus, published an essay on the principle of population
in 1798 and argued that:
“ Population when unchecked increases in geometrical ratios
,whereas subsistence increases only in arithmetic ratios”
Positive checks Preventive checks

such as
Factors that affect the birth
disease ,war, famine and
rate i.e. moral restrain,
disaster increase death rate
abstinence and birth control
can save humanity from itself

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF S.A
Population density is determined as PD of S.A 2013= 342.05/km2:

Southeast Asia: 118.6/km2
PD= Total population Population density of Pakistan
Land area in Km2 was 225.19/km2 in 2010
Population: counts all residents regardless of their legal status or

citizenship except for refugees who are not permanently settled in the
country of asylum, and are generally considered to be the part of the
population of their country of origin.
Land area: country’s total area excluding inland water bodies , national
claim to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones
Population Density of South Asia (Cont.)

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Demographics of South Asia
 Total population in 2010: 1.5bn

 IMR (Infant Mortality Rate): 60/1000
 Fertility rate: 2.78 in 2012
 CDR (Crude Death Rate): 8.15 in 2012
 Population growth rate: 1.43 in 2012
 Real GDP Growth : 5.8% in 2012
 GDP growth is projected to 7.1% in 2013

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S.A poorest region on earth after Sub-Saharan Africa
Bhutan , Bangladesh and Nepal are least developed
India world’s 2nd, Pakistan world’s 6th ,Bangladesh 8th populous country
>40% population lives below the international poverty line
Resources availability decreasing
PD of Pakistan 223.19/km2 in 2010
PD of India 382/km2 in 2011
PD of Bangladesh 1142.29
Population
GDP 1.5bn in 2010 Rapid
growth demographic
5.8% in change
2010
Fall in Infant
571 million people Mortality Rate
live below the (60/1000 in 2010)
poverty line $ 1.25
DEMOGRAPHICS OF
SOUTH ASIA
Annual
population Afghanistan IMR 150
growth 1.43%
in 2012
Death rate Sri Lanka

8.15 IMR 15
Fertility rate
2.78 in 2010
Demographics of South Asia
Population pyramid ( age structure diagram):
A graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups
in a population which forms the shape of a pyramid when population is
growing.
Male India - 2011 Female
Pakistan 1970 Pakistan 2000 Pakistan 2025 100
Ages Ages 95
75+ 75+ 90
70-74 70-74 85
65-69 65-69 80
Males Females 60-64 Males Females 60-64 Males Females 75
55-59 55-59 70
50-54 50-54 65
45-49 45-49 60
40-44 40-44 55
35-39 35-39 50
30-34 30-34 45
25-29 25-29 40
35
20-24 20-24 30
15-19 15-19 25
10-14 10-14 20
5-9 5-9 15
0-4 0-4 10
12 8 4 0 4 8 12 12 8 4 0 4 8 12 12 8 4 0 4 8 12 5
0
Population in millions 65 52 39 26 13 0 0 13 26 39 52 65

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FACTORS TO CONTROL THE POPULATION
FAMILY ABIOTIC,BIOTIC
EDUCATION ECONOMY
PLANNING FACTORS

EDUCATION
Population decreases in countries with many educated people
because:
• More people have careers so they decide not to have as many

children
• Fewer people are farming so they don’t want children
• More awareness less want of children

FAMILY PLANNING
“ A reduction of population size and growth would go a long way towards
solving the world’s major problem, including those related to climate change”
• South Asia showed rapid fall in IMR 60/1000 in 2010

• TFR (Total Fertility Rate) fell from 6.0 children per women to 2.8 in 2010
• S.A going through demographic transition particularly due to

fertility decline
• Family planning is the best approach to reduce the population

growth
8
Afghanistan
7 Bhutan
Maldives
Children per women
6
Nepal
5
Sri Lanka
4
S. ASIA
1
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC FACTORS
BIOTIC FACTORS
ABIOTIC FACTORS
Species-food relationship i.e.
Wind , temperature , humidity ,
if the population increases in size it
rainfall and light intensity effect
is brought down by an increase in its
population density
predators number or decrease in
amount of food available .
Resilience: Different populations have different ability to tolerate changes

in weather , physical and biotic factors.
Factors like diseases etc. prevent population to sour towards infinity, the
phenomenon is called
environmental resistance or population regulation.
ECONOMY
•Population decreases with

development of country
•Highly industrialized
countries=low population growth
•Population key to economy growth
•Inverse relation of population and
economy

CLIMATE OF INDIA
Koppen System: India hosts four climatic subtypes (desert in west to

alpine tundra in north , to humid tropical rainforest and island in
southwest)
Four seasons:
India’s UNIQUE geography winter , North India is
influences climate( Himalaya in summer , hot in summer
north and Thar desert in monsoon and and mild cold
northwest) post-monsoon in winter
period
Droughts,
floods,
Tropical Unstable Global
cyclones and
country climate warming
disasters are
sporadic
REGION
Varying climatic regions
The Himalayas along with HinduKush mountains in Pakistan

prevent cold Asian Katabatic winds from blowing in.
Deserts attract summer monsoon winds

Climate of INDIA
 Wide range of weather conditions
 Four major climatic subtypes:
• Desert in the west
• Alpine tundra and glaciers in the north
• Humid tropical regions in southeast
• Island territories

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Climate of India: Regions
Temperate and alpine

Tropical in the South
in Himalayan North
Hindu Kush Thar desert: attracting

Mountains in North monsoon moisture

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Climate of India: Tropical Wet
Warm and
high
temperature
December to
march:
Tropical Not below
Driest Wet 18 0C
May and
November:
most rainfall

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i. Tropical wet
Persistent warm or high temperature ( do not fall below 18C)
Most humid tropical wet monsoon= southwestern low lands_ Malabar Coast, Western
Ghats, Southern Assam, Lakshadweep, The Andaman , Nicobar Islands.
Seasonal rainfall but heavy (2000mm/year) between May and November

Lush forest and vegetation
December to march driest months
Heavy biodiversity
Most common climate( tropical wet and dry)
Winters and early summers are long, dry , periodic T ( 18 0C)
Exceptionally hot summers (50 0C)
Rainy season from June to September ;Annual rainfall 750-1500mm
Most precipitation in India falls on Tamil Nadu
Climate of India: Tropical Dry
Near
tropic of
cancer
Hot and
dry
Tropical 400-750
millimeters
climate Dry rainfall
Post -
monsoon rain
in October
and December

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ii. Tropical Dry
•Three climate subtypes
Tropical semi-arid steppe climate : long stretch of land south of tropic

of cancer to east of western Ghats and Cardamom hills (areas:
Karnataka, Inland Tamil Nadu, western Andhra Pradesh, Central
Maharashtra, gets 400-250mm annually); drought prone; significant
post-monsoon in Oct and Nov ;winter 20-24 0C; artificial irrigation.
Arid climate: Western Rajasthan; cloudbursts precipitation annually

(<300mm) ;monsoon during July , Aug , Sep ; highly erratic rainfall ;
exceptionally hot summers (May to July) 35 0C to 50 0C. During winter
in some areas temperature falls below the freezing point.
Tropical and Sub-tropical Steppe Climate: east of Thar desert from

Punjab to Haryana to Kathiawar; savannahs and forests; annual
unreliable rainfall 30-60 cm ,summers 40 0C, natural vegetation short
and coarse grasses
Climate of India: Subtropical Humid
Northeast
and north
India
Less than Subtropical Hot

39 in.
rainfall Humid Summers
Winters
may
below 0
0C

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iii. Sub-Tropical Humid
Northeast Asia and North India
Hot summers ; 0 0C during winters
Very little precipitation during winter owing

to anticyclonic and katabatic winds
Proximity to Himalaya elevated prevailing

winds speed
Dry winters, intermittent rainfall, occasionally

snowfall, large storm (Nor’westers)
Annual rainfall <1000mm in west and 2500mm

in northeast
Climate of India: Montane
Northern
most
fringes
Heavy
Alpine
rainfall:
climate
Dec and Jan
Montane
Sharp temp.
contrasts b/w
Himalayas
sunny and
shady areas

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•Montane
North most fringes subject to montane or alpine climate
Himalaya temperature falls per kilometer 5.1 0C/km

In terms of environmental lapse rate, ambient temperature falls by 6.0 0C for every 100m rise in
altitude
Foothills to tundra above the snow line
Sharp temperature contrast
Variability in rain fall common
Trans Himalayan belts is barren , arid , frigid, and wind blown waste lands
Snowfall as precipitation
South Himalaya: Leeward side ( northern side) of mountain receives less rain fall while southern
slopes well exposed to monsoon
Elevation 1070-2290m experiences heaviest rainfall
Snow fall at elevations 1500m
Elevation above 5000m never experience rainfall

Climate of India: Seasons
Winter Summer Monsoon Post- Monsoon
Between
June to October to
January and March to June
September December
March
Temp. average Temp. average Monsoon rains

Heavy rainfall
10-15 0C 32-40 0C recede

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Floods and Landslides
Rising population and development

Landslides common in lower Himalaya
pressure cause deforestation
Floods and Landslides
Western Ghats= Low intensity landslide

Heavy southwest monsoon rains cause
Avalanches occur in Kashmir , Himachal massive floods
Pradesh, Sikkim

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Flood most common disaster
Flood
Heavy Southwest Monsoon __
Brahmaputra and other rivers flood
Provide rice paddy farmer natural

irrigation and fertilization
Floods can kill 1000s and displace millions

of people
Ruin other crops
All India is flood prone

CYCLONES
Severe storms spun Death and property
A major (category 3
off from Inter destruction every year:
or higher) cyclone
tropical convergence Andhra Pradesh , Orissa,
develops every year
zone Tamil Nadu, West Bengal
Major: 1737 Calcutta

Affect thousands of Out of these 2,true Cyclone, 1970 Bhola
people living in tropical cyclone - Cyclone, 1991 Bangladesh
coastal areas 117km/hr cyclone-widespread
devastation
Tropical cyclo-
Average 8 storms Summer- Bay of Bengal
genesis common in
/year with speed subject to intense heat
north Indian ocean
>63km/hr producing cyclones
and Bay of Bengal
April to December , Super Cyclone (Category

Heavy rain , storm peak activity 5) 05B struck Orissa on 29
surges, winds between May and oct. 1999 at 160miles /hr
November (257km/h)
Extremes
Lowest temperature record Highest temperature recorded

was 49 0F 50.6 0C in Alwar Rajasthan
Extremes
Average annual precipitation 2005: Mumbai; 26 in. of

467 inches in Mawsynram rainfall= Massive Flooding

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Global Warming
Sea level rise, Cyclones and Temperature rise may cause

temp. increase is projected in Himalayan Glacier to retreat
India causing less flow of rivers
Global Warming
Increased landslides and Climate related factors can

floods are also projected in cause India’s GDP to surge up
Assam to 9%.

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GLOBAL WARMING
Effects
Steady
sea level
Increased
rise
cyclonic
activity
Changes
in
ambient
temper-
ature
Precipitation matters

Impacts:
• Rise in sea level has submerged several low laying islands in Sundarban, displacing 1000s of
people
• Temperature rises on Tibetan Plateau, may reduce the flow of Ganges , Brahmaputra, Yamuna,
and others. Indus river may run dry because of same reason
• Ecological disasters: 1998 coral bleaching event killed 70% of corals in the reef ecosystem of
Lakshadweep and the Andamans
• Indira Gandhi Institute of Development and research: India’s GDP decline to 9% and major crop
production to fall by 40%
• Submersion of Mumbai and Chennai can displace 7M people if global temperature were to rise by
mere 2 0C

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
The net atmospheric heating due to

Thick Haze and smoke aerosols absorption causes air to
from burning biomass warm and convect upwards ,
in northwestern India increasing the concentration of
and industrial pollution moisture in the mid-troposphere and
in northern India providing positive feedback that
concentrate inside stimulates further heating of
Ganges Basin aerosols .
Dust and black carbon,

which are blown towards
Westerlies carry
higher altitudes by winds at
aerosols along the
the southern margins of
steep faced Tibetan
Himalayas , can absorb
Plateau to eastern
shortwave radiations and
India and the Bay of
heat the air over the Tibetan
Bengal.
Plateau.
SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL
COOPERATION (SAARC)
Country Population
Area Capital or Official
/ Population Density Currency Countries
(km²) Secretariat Languages
Region (per km²)
SAARC 3,989,969 1,549,348,689 388.31 Kathmandu N/A Afghanistan, English or

Bangladesh, Bhutan, Hindi/Urdu as
India, Maldives, lingua franca
Nepal, Pakistan, Sri
Lanka

Economic
and
political
cooperation
Established on
December 8 1985
by India ,
8 Pakistan ,
members Bangladesh , Sri
Lanka , Nepal,
Maldives,
SAARC Bhutan
Largest
organization April 2007
Afghanista
w.r.t.
n joined it
population: at its 14th
1.5billion summit
people
HISTORY:
•Late 1970s , Bangladesh president Zia-ur-Rehman proposed trade bloc consisting of S.A. countries
•Accepted by India , Pakistan and Sri Lanka during meeting held at Colombo in 1981
•1983: Declaration of S.A. regional countries at New Delhi, seven countries
Transport
Human resource development
Health and population activities

Telecommunication, science, technology,
meteorology
Agriculture and rural development
Objectives
•April 2006: EU, US and South Korea made formal request to be granted observer status
•Aug 2006: Observer status granted
•2007: Iran requested observer status
INEFFECTIVENESS:
Political and military rivalry between India and
Pakistan
Could not harness unified economy
Mere platform for annual talks
and meetings
Between its members
POLITICAL ISSUES
Intentionally laid stress on “core issues” rather
than political issues like Kashmir dispute and
SriLankan civil war
No internal matters of member states
MEMBERSHIP OBSERVERS
1. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF
AFGHANISTAN
2. PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF
BANGLADESH 1. PEOPLE REPUBLIC OF CHINA
3. KINGDOM OF BHUTAN 2. EUROPEAN UNION
4. REPUBLIC OF INDIA 3. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN
5. REPUBLIC OF MALDIVES 4. JAPAN
6. STATE OF NEPAL 5. REPUBLIC OF KOREA
7. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF 6. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
PAKISTAN
8. DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST
REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA
SECRETARIES GENERAL
Abul Ahsan 16 January 1987 to 15 October 1989
Kant Kishore Bhargava October 17, 1989 to December 31, 1991
Ibrahim Hussain Zaki January 1, 1992 to December 31, 1993
Yadav Kant Silwal January 1, 1994 to December 31, 1995
Naeem U. Hasan January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1998
Nihal Roderigo January 1, 1999 to January 10, 2002
Q.A.M.A. Rahim January 11, 2002 to February 28, 2005
Lyonpo Chenkyab Dorji March 1, 2005 to February 29, 2008
Sheel Kant Sharma March 1, 2008 to February 28, 2011
Fathimath Dhiyana Saeed March 1, 2011 to March, 2012
Mr Ahmed Saleem from Maldives March, 2012 to date

GEOPOLITICAL ISSUES IN SOUTH ASIA
18-Jun-15 “Human , Economic and Regional

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INDIAN STATES &UNIONTERRITORIES
18-Jun-15 IMRAN BASHIR 68

INDIA LANGUAGES AND MINORITY RELIGION

BANGLADESH
 One of the poorest countries
 High population density
 Independent since 1971
 Formerly East Pakistan
 85% Muslims, 12% Hindus
 Physiological density = 3,622/sq. mi
 1.9% annual growth rate
 Per capita GNP = 350 U.S. dollars
 Economy is overwhelmingly agricultural
 Cultivation of rice is the single most important
activity in the economy.
 Prone to natural hazards
• Cyclones
• Flooding
SRI LANKA
 Independent Since 1948
 19.7 Million People (70% Buddhists)
 Plantation Agriculture:
• Tea, Rubber, Coconuts
 South (Majority Of Population)
• Aryan
• Buddhists
• Speak Sinhala (Indo-European)
 North (18% Of The Population)
• Dravidian
• Hindu
• Tamil Language
 Sinhalese vs Tamils
 Tamils - demanded equal rights in:
-- education
-- employment
-- landownership
-- linguistic & political representation
 LTTE - Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
forIMRAN BASHIR
/ PMS : Paper
………. II “ ……
Author: Author:
Imran Imran Bashir
Bashir”
NEPAL
 A poor country
 Capital is Kathmandu
 Main language is Nepali
• Related to Hindi

NEPAL
 Himalayan Region:
• Altitude ranges between 4877 meters and 8848 meters
• Includes 8 of the existing 14 summits in the world which exceed an altitude of 8000
meters.
• Mt. Everest (8848), (2) Kangchenjunga - 8586 m, (3) Lhotse - 8516m, Makalu -
8463m, (5) Cho Oyu- 8201 m, (6) Dhaulagiri - 8167m, (7) Manaslu - 8163m, and
Annapurna- 8091 m.
 Mountain Region:
• This region accounts for about 64 percent to total land area.
• Formed by the Mahabharat range that soars up to 4877 meters.
 Terai Region:
• The low-land Terai region which has a width of about 26 to 32 kilometers and a
maximum altitude of 305 meters, which occupies about 17% of total land area of the
country.
• Kechana kalan the lowest point of the country with an altitude of 70 meters lies
in Jhapa District of the eastern Terai.

forIMRAN BASHIR
/ PMS : Paper
………. II “ ……
Author: Author:
Imran Imran Bashir
Bashir”
AND THE REST …
 Bhutan
• “Shangri-La” because it is
relatively untouched by
“modernity”
• Monarchy
 The Maldives
• Archipelago in the Indian Ocean
• The realm’s highest per capita
GNP
• Tourism

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In the Name of

“Human , Economic and Regional

“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”

“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”

“Human , Economic and Regional

“Human , Economic and Regional

“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”

“Human , Economic and Regional

“Human , Economic and Regional

“Human , Economic and Regional

Population projected to rise to 2.22 billion by 2050

70% population live in rural areas

60% of Bangladesh is flood prone

Contains 16% of world’s flora and 12% of world’s fauna

“Human , Economic and Regional

Less than 1% of world’s income and less than 2% of trade

1.3% of world’s exports

Accounts for 1% of world’s FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)

“Human , Economic and Regional

400 million poor people, 40% of population lives below

Life expectancy, education and per capita income are

40% of global coral coverage

“Human , Economic and Regional

• Subcontinent signifies: “having a certain geographical and political

• Geophysically , Tsangpo River in Tibet is situated outside the border

“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”

Nepal 147,181 30,430,267 194 Kathmandu Rupee Democratic Republic

Afghanistan 647,500 31,108,077 51.9 Kabul Afghani Islamic republic

“Human , Economic and Regional

“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”

“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”

“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”

“Human , Economic and Regional

“Human , Economic and Regional

75% population lives in rural areas

Global Hunger Index (GHI): S.A has highest Child Malnutrition

Child mortality: In India 5.6 million child deaths/year

“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”

Positive checks Preventive checks

“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”

Population density is determined as PD of S.A 2013= 342.05/km2:

Population: counts all residents regardless of their legal status or

“Human , Economic and Regional

 Total population in 2010: 1.5bn

“Human , Economic and Regional

Bhutan , Bangladesh and Nepal are least developed

>40% population lives below the international poverty line

Resources availability decreasing

PD of Pakistan 223.19/km2 in 2010

PD of India 382/km2 in 2011

Death rate Sri Lanka

“Human , Economic and Regional

“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”

• More people have careers so they decide not to have as many

• Fewer people are farming so they don’t want children

• More awareness less want of children

“Geography for CSS / PMS ………. Author: Imran Bashir”

• South Asia showed rapid fall in IMR 60/1000 in 2010

• S.A going through demographic transition particularly due to