Power MOSFET Transistor Data PDF
Power MOSFET Transistor Data PDF
Power MOSFET Transistor Data PDF
Selector Guide 2
Data Sheets 4
TMOS and are registered trademarks of Motorola, Inc.
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TMOS Power MOSFET Transistor Device Data
The information in this book has been carefully reviewed and is believed to be accurate; however, no responsibility is assumed
for inaccuracies. Furthermore, this information does not convey to the purchaser of semiconductor devices any license under the
patent rights to the manufacturer.
Motorola reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. Motorola makes no warranty,
representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does Motorola assume any
liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without
limitation consequential or incidental damages. “Typical” parameters which may be provided in Motorola data sheets and/or
specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters,
including “Typicals” must be validated for each customer application by customer’s technical experts. Motorola does not convey
any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others. Motorola products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as
components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or other applications intended to support or sustain life, or for
any other application in which the failure of the Motorola product could create a situation where personal injury or death may occur.
Should Buyer purchase or use Motorola products for any such unintended or unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and
hold Motorola and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and
expenses, and reasonable attorney fees arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with
such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that Motorola was negligent regarding the design or manufacture
of the part. Motorola and are registered trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Motorola, Inc. is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action
Employer.
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MOTDIST
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Motorola SPS World Marketing Internet Server
Motorola SPS’s Electronic Data Delivery organization has set up a World Wide Web Server to deliver Motorola SPS’s technical
data to the global Internet community. Technical data such as the complete Master Selection Guide along with the OEM North
American price book are available on the Internet server with full search capabilities. Other data on the server include abstracts
of data books, application notes, selector guides, and textbooks. All have easy text search capability. Ordering literature from
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can request BR1307/D from Mfax or the Literature Center.
REV 1
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Table of Contents
SECTION ONE — MMDF2C01HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–106
Alphanumeric Index of Part Numbers MMDF2C02E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–115
Alphanumeric Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2 MMDF2C02HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–123
Obsolete Part Numbers Cross Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3 MMDF2C03HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–132
MMDF2N02E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–141
SECTION TWO — MMDF2P01HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–147
Selector Guide MMDF2P02E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–154
MMDF2P02HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–160
TMOS Power MOSFETs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–1
MMDF2P03HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–167
TMOS Power MOSFETs Numbering System . . . . . . 2–2
MMDF3N02HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–174
SO–8 (MiniMOS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3
MMDF3N03HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–181
Micro8 HDTMOS Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3
MMDF4N01HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–187
EZFET — Power MOSFETs with Zener Gate
MMDF4N01Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–194
Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–4
MMFT1N10E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–196
SOT–223 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–4
MMFT2N02EL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–202
DPAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–4 MMFT2955E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–208
D2PAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5 MMFT3055V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–214
D3PAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–6 MMFT3055VL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–216
TO–220AB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7 MMSF2P02E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–218
TO–247 (Isolated Mounting Hole) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8 MMSF3P02HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–224
TO–264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8 MMSF3P02Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–231
SOT–227B (ISOTOP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9 MMSF3P03HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–238
SMARTDISCRETES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9 MMSF4P01HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–245
IGBT — Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor . . . . . . . . 2–10 MMSF4P01Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–252
Power MOS Gate Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–10 MMSF5N02HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–259
MMSF5N03HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–266
SECTION THREE — MMSF5N03Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–273
Introduction to Power MOSFETs MMSF7N03HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–280
Chapter 1: Introduction to Power MOSFETs MPIC2111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–287
Symbols, Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2 MPIC2112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–291
Basic TMOS Structure, Operation and Physics . . . . . 3–7 MPIC2113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–295
Distinct Advantages of Power MOSFETs . . . . . . . . . 3–10 MPIC2117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–299
Chapter 2: Basic Characteristics of Power MOSFETs MPIC2130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–303
Output Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–13 MPIC2131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–308
Basic MOSFET Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–13 MPIC2151 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–313
Temperature Dependent Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . 3–14 MTB1N100E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–317
Drain-Source Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–15 MTB2N40E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–323
Chapter 3: The Data Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–17 MTB2N60E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–329
MTB2P50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–335
SECTION FOUR — Data Sheets MTB3N100E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–341
MC33153 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2 MTB3N120E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–347
MGP20N14CL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–13 MTB4N80E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–354
MGP20N35CL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–15 MTB6N60E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–360
MGP20N40CL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–20 MTB8N50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–366
MGW12N120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–25 MTB9N25E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–368
MGW12N120D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–30 MTB10N40E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–374
MGW20N60D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35 MTB15N06V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–380
MGW20N120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–40 MTB16N25E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–386
MGW30N60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–45 MTB20N20E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–392
MGY20N120D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–49 MTB23P06V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–398
MGY25N120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–54 MTB30N06VL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–404
MGY25N120D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–59 MTB30P06V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–410
MGY30N60D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–64 MTB33N10E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–416
MGY40N60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–69 MTB35N06ZL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–422
MGY40N60D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–73 MTB36N06V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–424
MLD1N06CL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–78 MTB50P03HDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–430
MLD2N06CL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–84 MTB52N06V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–437
MLP1N06CL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–90 MTB52N06VL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–439
MLP2N06CL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–96 MTB55N06Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–441
MMDF1N05E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–102 MTB60N06HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–443
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Table of Contents (continued)
SECTION FOUR — Data Sheets (continued) MTP9N25E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–783
MTP10N10E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–789
MTB75N03HDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–450 MTP10N10EL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–795
MTB75N05HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–457 MTP10N40E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–801
MTD1N50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–464 MTP12N10E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–807
MTD1N60E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–470 MTP12P10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–813
MTD1N80E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–476 MTP15N06V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–818
MTD1P50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–482 MTP15N06VL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–824
MTD2N40E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–484 MTP16N25E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–826
MTD2N50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–490 MTP20N06V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–832
MTD3N25E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–496 MTP20N20E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–834
MTD4N20E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–502 MTP23P06V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–840
MTD5N25E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–508 MTP27N10E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–846
MTD5P06V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–514 MTP30N06VL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–852
MTD6N10E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–520 MTP30P06V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–858
MTD6N15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–526 MTP33N10E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–864
MTD6N20E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–531 MTP35N06ZL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–870
MTD6P10E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–537 MTP36N06V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–872
MTD9N10E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–543 MTP50P03HDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–878
MTD10N10EL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–549 MTP52N06V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–885
MTD12N06EZL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–555 MTP52N06VL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–887
MTD15N06V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–561 MTP55N06Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–889
MTD15N06VL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–567 MTP60N06HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–891
MTD20N03HDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–569 MTP75N03HDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–898
MTD20N06HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–576 MTP75N05HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–905
MTD20N06HDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–583 MTP75N06HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–911
MTD20N06V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–590 MTP2955V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–918
MTD20P03HDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–592 MTP3055V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–920
MTD20P06HDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–599 MTP3055VL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–926
MTD2955V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–606 MTSF1P02HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–932
MTD3055V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–608 MTSF2P02HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–940
MTD3055VL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–614 MTSF3N02HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–943
MTDF1N02HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–620 MTSF3N03HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–951
MTDF1N03HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–628 MTV6N100E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–959
MTE30N50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–636 MTV10N100E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–965
MTE53N50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–642 MTV16N50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–971
MTE125N20E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–648 MTV20N50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–977
MTE215N10E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–654 MTV25N50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–983
MTP1N50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–660 MTV32N20E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–989
MTP1N60E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–666 MTV32N25E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–995
MTP1N80E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–672 MTW6N100E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1001
MTP1N100E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–678 MTW7N80E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1007
MTP2N40E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–684 MTW8N60E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1013
MTP2N50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–690 MTW10N100E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1019
MTP2N60E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–696 MTW14N50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1025
MTP2P50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–702 MTW16N40E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1031
MTP3N50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–708 MTW20N50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1037
MTP3N60E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–714 MTW24N40E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1043
MTP3N100E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–720 MTW32N20E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1049
MTP3N120E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–726 MTW32N25E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1055
MTP4N40E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–733 MTW35N15E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1061
MTP4N50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–735 MTW45N10E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1067
MTP4N80E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–741 MTY14N100E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1073
MTP5N40E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–747 MTY16N80E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1079
MTP5P06V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–753 MTY20N50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1085
MTP6N60E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–759 MTY25N60E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1091
MTP6P20E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–765 MTY30N50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1097
MTP7N20E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–771 MTY55N20E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1103
MTP8N50E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–777 MTY100N10E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1109
vii
SECTION FIVE — SECTION SIX —
Surface Mount Package Information Package Outline Dimensions and Footprints
and Tape and Reel Specifications Package Outline Dimensions and Footprints . . . . . . . . . 6–2
Surface Mount Package Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2
Power Dissipation for a Surface Mount Device . . . . . 5–2 SECTION SEVEN —
Solder Stencil Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3 Distributors and Sales Offices
Soldering Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3
Distributors and Sales Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–2
Typical Solder Heating Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4
Footprints for Soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–5
Tape and Reel Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6
Ordering Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6
Embossed Tape and Reel Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–7
viii
Section One
Alphanumeric Index of Part Numbers
Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistors Device Data Alphanumeric Index of Part Numbers
1–1
Alphanumeric Index of Part Numbers
The following index provides you with a quick page number reference for complete data sheets. Contact your local Motorola
Sales Office for data sheets not referenced in this index.
Alphanumeric Index of Part Numbers Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistor Device Data
1–2
ALPHANUMERIC INDEX OF PART NUMBERS (continued)
Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistors Device Data Alphanumeric Index of Part Numbers
1–3
Alphanumeric Index of Part Numbers Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistor Device Data
1–4
Section Two
TMOS Power MOSFETs
Products Selector Guide
MTP75N06HD
MOTOROLA OPTIONAL SUFFIX:
X FOR ENGINEERING SAMPLES L FOR LOGIC LEVEL
TMOS E FOR ENERGY RATED
T FOR TMOS T4 FOR TAPE & REEL (DPAK/D2PAK)
L FOR SMARTDISCRETES RL FOR TAPE & REEL (DPAK/D3PAK)
G FOR IGBT HD FOR HIGH CELL DENSITY
P FOR MULTIPLE CHIP PRODUCTS V FOR TMOS V (FIVE)
PACKAGE TYPE
VOLTAGE RATING DIVIDED BY 10
P FOR PLASTIC TO–220
D FOR DPAK
A FOR TO–220 ISOLATED CHANNEL POLARITY, N OR P
W FOR TO–247
B FOR D2PAK
Y FOR TO–264
E FOR SOT–227B
Example of exceptions: MTD/MTP3055E
V FOR D3PAK Example of exceptions: MTD/MTP2955E
CURRENT
SO–8 (MiniMOS)
V(BR)DSS RDS(on) @ VGS ID
(3)PD (3)
(V) 10 V 4.5 V 2.7 V (A) Package (Watts)
(mΩ) (mΩ) (mΩ) Device (5) Type Max
Table 1. SO–8 — N–Channel
50 300 500 — 1.5 MMDF1N05E SO–8 2.0
40 80 100 — 3.4 MMDF3N04HD SO–8 2.0
30 28 40 — 8 MMSF7N03HD SO–8 2.5
40 50 — 5 MMSF5N03HD SO–8 2.5
70 75 — 2.8 MMDF3N03HD SO–8 2.0
70/200(11) 75/300 — 2 MMDF2C03HD SO–8 2.0
20 25 40 — 5 MMSF5N02HD SO–8 2.5
90 100 — 3 MMDF3N02HD SO–8 2.0
100 200 — 2 MMDF2N02E SO–8 2.0
90/160(11) 100/180(11) — 2 MMDF2C02HD SO–8 2.0
100/250(11) 200/400(11) — 2 MMDF2C02E SO–8 2.0
12 — 45 55 4 MMDF4N01HD SO–8 2.0
— 45/180 55/220(11) 2 MMDF2C01HD SO–8 2.0
Table 2. SO–8 — P–Channel
30 100 110 — 3 MMSF3P03HD SO–8 2.5
200 300 — 2 MMDF2P03HD SO–8 2.0
20 75 95 — 3 MMSF3P02HD SO–8 2.5
160 180 — 2 MMDF2P02HD SO–8 2.0
250 400 — 2 MMDF2P02E SO–8 2.0
250 400 — 2 MMSF2P02E SO–8 2.0
12 — 100 110 4 MMSF4P01HD SO–8 2.5
— 180 220 2 MMDF2P01HD SO–8 2.0
1(3) Power rating when mounted on an FR–4 glass epoxy printed circuit board with the minimum recommended footprint.
1(5) Available in tape and reel only — R1 suffix = 500/reel, R2 suffix = 2500/reel.
(11) N–Channel/P–Channel R
DS(on)
SOT–223
V(BR)DSS RDS(on) ID ID PD(1)
(Volts) (Ohms) @ (Amps) (cont) (Watts)
Min Max Device (12) Amps Max
Table 5. SOT–223 — N–Channel
100 0.30 0.5 MMFT1N10E 1 0.8(3)
60 0.14 0.75 MMFT3055VL(2) 1.5
DPAK
V(BR)DSS RDS(on) ID ID PD(1)
(Volts) (Ohms) @ (Amps) (cont) (Watts)
Min Max Device (4) Amps Max
D2PAK
V(BR)DSS RDS(on) ID ID PD(1)
(Volts) (Ohms) @ (Amps) (cont) (Watts)
Min Max Device (4) Amps Max
D3PAK
V(BR)DSS RDS(on) ID ID PD(1)
(Volts) (Ohms) @ (Amps) (cont) (Watts)
Min Max Device (4) Amps Max
Table 11. D3PAK — N–Channel
1000 1.50 3 MTV6N100E 6 178
1.30 5 MTV10N100E 10 250
500 0.400 8 MTV16N50E 16 250
0.240 10 MTV20N50E 20 250
0.200 12.5 MTV25N50E 25 250
250 0.080 16 MTV32N25E 32 250
200 0.075 16 MTV32N20E 32 180
(1) T = 25°C
C
(4) Available in tape and reel — add T4 suffix to part number.
TO–264
V(BR)DSS RDS(on) ID ID PD(1)
(Volts) (Ohms) @ (Amps) (cont) (Watts)
Min Max Device Amps Max
Table 15. TO–264 — N–Channel
1000 0.80 7 MTY14N100E 14 568
800 0.50 8 MTY16N80E 16 568
600 0.21 12.5 MTY25N60E 25 568
500 0.26 10 MTY20N50E 20 300
0.15 15 MTY30N50E 30 568
200 0.028 27.5 MTY55N20E 55 568
100 0.011 50 MTY100N10E 100 568
(1) T = 25°C
C
SMARTDISCRETES
Table 17. Ignition IGBTs
BVCES (Volts) VCE(on) PD(1)
Clamped @ 10 A Device (Watts) Max Package
140 V 1.8 MGP20N14CL 150 TO–220AB
350 V 1.8 MGP20N35CL 150 TO–220AB
MGB20N35CL 2.5(3)(4) D2PAK
400 V 1.8 MGP20N40CL 150 TO–220AB
MGB20N40CL 2.5(3)(4) D2PAK
Table 18. TO–220AB
V(BR)DSS RDS(on) ID ID (cont) PD(1)
(Volts) Min (Ohms) Max (Amps) Device Amps (Watts) Max
60 Clamped Voltage 0.75 1 MLP1N06CL Current Limited 40
62 Clamped Voltage 0.4 2 MLP2N06CL Current Limited 40
Table 19. DPAK
V(BR)DSS RDS(on) ID ID (cont) PD(1)
(Volts) Min (Ohms) Max (Amps) Device Amps (Watts) Max
60 Clamped Voltage 0.75 1 MLD1N06CL Current Limited 1.75
62 Clamped Voltage 0.4 2 MLD2N06CL Current Limited 1.75
(1) T = 25°C
C
(3) Power rating when mounted on an FR–4 glass epoxy printed circuit board with the minimum recommended footprint.
(4) Available in tape and reel — add T4 suffix to part number.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Power MOSFETs
Symbols, Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2
Basic TMOS Structure, Operation and Physics . . . . . 3–7
Distinct Advantages of Power MOSFETs . . . . . . . . . 3–10
Chapter 2: Basic Characteristics of Power MOSFETs
Output Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–13
Basic MOSFET Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–13
Temperature Dependent Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . 3–14
Drain-Source Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–15
Chapter 3: The Data Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–17
Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistors Device Data Introduction and Basic Characteristics
3–1
Chapter 1: Introduction to Power MOSFETs
Symbols, Terms and Definitions
The following are the most commonly used letter symbols, terms and definitions associated with Power MOSFETs.
Cds drain–source capacitance The capacitance between the drain and source terminals
with the gate terminal connected to the guard terminal of
a three–terminal bridge.
Cdg drain–gate capacitance The same as Crss – See Crss.
Cgs gate–source capacitance The capacitance between the gate and source terminals
with the drain terminal connected to the guard terminal of
a three–terminal bridge.
Ciss short–circuit input capacitance, The capacitance between the input terminals (gate and
common–source source) with the drain short–circuited to the source for
alternating current. (Ref. IEEE No. 255)
Coss short–circuit output capacitance, The capacitance between the output terminals (drain and
common–source source) with the gate short–circuited to the source for
alternating current. (Ref. IEEE No. 255)
Crss short–circuit reverse transfer The capacitance between the drain and gate terminals
capacitance, common–source with the source connected to the guard terminal of a
three–terminal bridge.
gFS common–source large–signal The ratio of the change in drain current due to a change in
transconductance gate–to–source voltage.
ID drain current, dc The direct current into the drain terminal.
ID(on) on–state drain current The direct current into the drain terminal with a specified
forward gate–source voltage applied to bias the device to
the on–state.
IDSS zero–gate–voltage drain current The direct current into the drain terminal when the
gate–source voltage is zero. This is an on–state current in
a depletion–type device, an off–state in an enhancement–
type device.
IG gate current, dc The direct current into the gate terminal.
IGSS reverse gate current, drain short–circuited The direct current into the gate terminal of a junction–gate
to source field–effect transistor when the gate terminal is reverse
biased with respect to the source terminal and the drain
terminal is short–circuited to the source terminal.
IGSSF forward gate current, drain short–circuited The direct current into the gate terminal of an insulated–
to source gate field–effect transistor with a forward gate–source
voltage applied and the drain terminal short–circuited to
the source terminal.
IGSSR reverse gate current, drain short–circuited The direct current into the gate terminal of an insulated–
to source gate field–effect transistor with a reverse gate–source
voltage applied and the drain terminal short–circuited to
the source terminal.
Introduction and Basic Characteristics Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistor Device Data
3–2
Symbol Term Definition
Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistors Device Data Introduction and Basic Characteristics
3–3
Symbol Term Definition
td(on)v voltage turn–on delay time The time interval during which an input pulse that is
switching the transistor from a nonconducting to a
conducting state rises from 10% of its peak amplitude and
the drain voltage waveform falls to 90% of its off–state
amplitude, ignoring spikes that are not charge–carrier
induced.
tf fall time Synonym for current fall time (see Note 1)*.
tfi current fall time The time interval during which the drain current changes
from 90% to 10% of its peak off–state value, ignoring
spikes that are not charge–carrier induced.
tfv voltage fall time The time interval during which the drain voltage changes
from 90% to 10% of its peak off–state value, ignoring
spikes that are not charge–carrier induced.
toff turn–off time Synonym for current turn–off time (see Note 1)*.
toff(i) current turn–off time The sum of current turn–off delay time and current fall time,
i.e., td(off)i + tfi.
toff(v) voltage turn–off time The sum of voltage turn–off delay time and voltage rise
time, i.e., td(off)v + trv.
ton turn–on time Synonym for current turn–on time (see Note 1)*.
ton(i) current turn–on time The sum of current turn–on delay time and current rise
time, i.e., td(on)i + tri.
ton(v) voltage turn–on time The sum of voltage turn–on delay time and voltage fall
time, i.e., td(on)v + tfv.
tp pulse duration The time interval between a reference point on the leading
edge of a pulse waveform and a reference point on the
trailing edge of the same waveform.
Note: The two reference points are usually 90% of the
steady–state amplitude of the waveform existing after the leading
edge, measured with respect to the steady–state amplitude
existing before the leading edge. If the reference points are 50%
points, the symbol tw and term average pulse duration should be
used.
tr rise time Synonym for current rise time (see Note 1)*.
tri current rise time The time interval during which the drain current changes
from 10% to 90% of its peak on–state value, ignoring
spikes that are not charge–carrier induced.
trv voltage rise time The time interval during which the drain voltage changes
from 10% to 90% of its peak off–state value, ignoring
spikes that are not charge–carrier induced.
tti current fall time The time interval following current fall time during which
the drain current changes from 10% to 2% of its peak
on–state value, ignoring spikes that are not charge–carrier
induced.
tw average pulse duration The time interval between a reference point on the leading
edge of a pulse waveform and a reference point on the
trailing edge of the same waveform, with both reference
points being 50% of the steady–state amplitude of the
waveform existing after the leading edge, measured with
respect to the steady–state amplitude existing before the
leading edge.
Note: If the reference points are not 50% points, the symbol tp
and term pulse duration should be used.
Introduction and Basic Characteristics Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistor Device Data
3–4
Symbol Term Definition
V(BR)DSR drain–source breakdown voltage with The breakdown voltage between the drain terminal and the
(resistance between gate and source) source terminal when the gate terminal is (as indicated by
the last subscript letter) as follows:
R = returned to the source terminal through a specified
resistance.
V(BR)DSS gate short–circuited to source S = short–circuited to the source terminal.
V(BR)DSV voltage between gate and source V = returned to the source terminal through a specified
voltage.
V(BR)DSX circuit between gate and source X = returned to the source terminal through a specified
circuit.
V(BR)GSSF forward gate–source breakdown voltage The breakdown voltage between the gate and source
terminals with a forward gate–source voltage applied and
the drain terminal short–circuited to the source terminal.
V(BR)GSSR reverse gate–source breakdown voltage The breakdown voltage between the gate and source
terminals with a reverse gate–source voltage applied and
the drain terminal short–circuited to the source terminal.
VDD, VGG supply voltage, dc (drain, gate, source) The dc supply voltage applied to a circuit or connected to
VSS voltage the reference terminal.
VDG drain–to–gate The dc voltage between the terminal indicated by the first
VDS drain–to–source subscript and the reference terminal indicated by the
VGD gate–to–drain second subscript (stated in terms of the polarity at the
VGS gate–to–source terminal indicated by the first subscript).
VSD source–to–drain
VSG source–to–gate
VDS(on) drain–source on–state voltage The voltage between the drain and source terminals with
a specified forward gate–source voltage applied to bias the
device to the on state.
VGS(th) gate–source threshold voltage The forward gate–source voltage at which the magnitude
of the drain current of an enhancement–type field–effect
transistor has been increased to a specified low value.
ZθJA(t) transient thermal impedance, The transient thermal impedance from the semiconductor
junction–to–ambient junction(s) to the ambient.
ZθJC(t) transient thermal impedance, The transient thermal impedance from the semiconductor
junction–to–case junction(s) to a stated location on the case.
Note 1: As names of time intervals for characterizing switching transistors, the terms “fall time” and “rise time” always refer to the change that is
taking place in the magnitude of the output current even though measurements may be made using voltage waveforms. In a purely resistive
circuit, the (current) rise time may be considered equal and coincident to the voltage fall time and the (current) fall time may be considered equal
and coincident to the voltage rise time. The delay times for current and voltage will be equal and coincident. When significant amounts of
inductance are present in a circuit, these equalities and coincidences no longer exist, and use of the unmodified terms delay time, fall time, and
rise time must be avoided.
Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistors Device Data Introduction and Basic Characteristics
3–5
90% 100%
10%
toff ≅ ton(i)
toff ≅ toff(i)
td(on) = td(on)i td(off) = td(off)i Drain
tf ≅ tfi Current
tr ≅ tri (Practical wave shape
ID(on)
90% including spikes caused
Drain by currents that are
Current not charge–carrier
(Idealized wave shape) induced)
10%
toff(v) ID(off)
ton(v)
td(on)v td(off)v
tfv trv
[VDD
90%
Drain
Voltage
(Idealized wave shape)
10%
VDS(on)
90%
Input
Voltage
toff(i)
tfi
IDM
90%
Drain
Current td(off)i
10%
2% ID(off)
tc (or txo)
tti
trv VDSM
Vclamp or V(BR)DSX
90%
(See Note)
td(off)v
Drain
Voltage
VDS(on)
10% [VDD
toff(v)
NOTE: Vclamp (in a clamped inductive–load switching circuit) or V(BR)DSX (in an unclamped circuit) is the peak off–state voltage
excluding spikes.
Introduction and Basic Characteristics Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistor Device Data
3–6
Basic TMOS Structure, Operation and Physics
Structures: GATE + VG
Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistors Device Data Introduction and Basic Characteristics
3–7
The cell structure chosen for Motorola’s TMOS power As the drain voltage is increased, the drain current satu-
MOSFET’s is shown in Figure 1–6. This structure is similar to rates and becomes proportional to the square of the applied
that of Figure 1–4 except that the drain contact is dropped gate–to–source voltage, VGS, as indicated in Equation (2).
through the N– substrate to the back of the die. The gate
structure is now made with polysilicon sandwiched between
two oxide layers and the source metal applied continuously (2) ID [ 2LZ mCo [VGS–VGS(th)]2
over the entire active area. This two layer electrical contact
gives the optimum in packing density and maintains the Where µ = Carrier Mobility
processing advantages of planar LDMOS. This results in a Co = Gate Oxide Capacitance per unit area
highly manufacturable process which yields low RDS(on) and Z = Channel Width
high voltage product. L = Channel Length
S G S
ÏÏÏ
ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ
X of These values are selected by the device design engineer
A1
SiO2 to meet design requirements and may be used in modeling
ÏÏÏ
ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ and circuit simulations. They explain the shape of the output
ÏÏÏÏÏ
n+ characteristics discussed in Chapter 2.
ÏÏÏÏÏ
p
Transconductance, gFS:
n–
The transconductance or gain of the TMOS power
MOSFET is defined as the ratio of the change in drain cur-
ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ
n+ rent and an accompanying small change in applied gate–to–
source voltage and is represented by Equation (3).
+ DDID(sat) + ZL
D
Figure 1–5. V–Groove MOSFET Structure Has (3) gFS
VGS
mCo [VGS–VGS(th)]
Short Vertical Channels with Low
Drain–to–Source Resistance The parameters are the same as above and demonstrate
SOURCE SITE SOURCE that drain current and transconductance are directly related
METALIZATION and are a function of the die design. Note that transconduc-
tance is a linear function of the gate voltage, an important
feature in amplifier design.
SILICON
GATE
N–CHANNEL
Threshold Voltage, VGS(th)
Threshold voltage is the gate–to–source voltage required
DRAIN CURRENT to achieve surface inversion of the diffused channel region,
INSULATING OXIDE, SiO2 (r CH in Figure 1–7) and as a result, conduction in the
channel.
N–Epi LAYER DRAIN As the gate voltage increases the more the channel is
METALIZATION “enhanced,” or the lower its resistance (rCH) is made, the
N–SUBSTRATE
more current will flow. Threshold voltage is measured at a
Figure 1–6. TMOS Power MOSFET Structure Offers specified value of current to maintain measurement correla-
Vertical Current Flow, Low Resistance Paths and tions. A value of 1.0 mA is common throughout the industry.
Permits Compact Metalization on Top and Bottom This value is primarily a function of the gate oxide thickness
Surfaces to Reduce Chip Size and channel doping level which are chosen during the die
design to give a high enough value to keep the device off with
Operation: no bias on the gate at high temperatures. A minimum value
Transistor action and the primary electrical parameters of of 1.5 volts at room temperature will guarantee the transistor
Motorola’s TMOS power MOSFET can be defined as follows: remains an enhancement mode device at junction tempera-
tures up to 150°C.
Drain Current, ID:
When a gate voltage of appropriate polarity and magnitude
On–Resistance, RDS(on):
is applied to the gate terminal, the polysilicon gate induces
an inversion layer at the surface of the diffused channel On–resistance is defined as the total resistance encoun-
region represented by rCH in Figure 1–7 (page A–8). This tered by the drain current as it flows from the drain terminal to
inversion layer or channel connects the source to the lightly the source terminal. Referring to Figure 1–7, RDS(on) is com-
doped region of the drain and current begins to flow. For posed primarily of four resistive components associated with:
small values of applied drain–to–source voltage, VDS, drain The Inversion channel, rCH; the Gate–Drain Accumulation
current increases linearly and can be represented by Equa- Region, rACC; the junction FET Pinch region, rJFET; and the
tion (1). lightly doped Drain Region, rD, as indicated in Equation (4).
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
the maximum rating of the device.
ÌÌÌÌÌÌ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Note: RDS(on) is inversely proportional to the carrier mobility. This
ÌÌÌÌÌÌ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
means that the RDS(on) of the P–Channel MOSFET is approximately
POLY 2.5 to 3.0 times that of a similar N–Channel MOSFET. Therefore, in
order to have matched complementary on characteristics, the Z/L ratio
N+ N+ of the P–Channel device must be 2.5–3.0 times that of the N–Channel
rJFET
rCH device. This means larger die are required for P–Channel MOSFET’s
rACC
P+ P+ with the same RDS(on) and same breakdown voltage as an N–Channel
device and thus device capacitances and costs will be
N– rD correspondingly higher.
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
tion acquire sufficient kinetic energy to cause ionization or
ÌÌÌÌÌÌ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Cgs when the critical electric field is reached. The magnitude of
A this voltage is determined mainly by the characteristics of the
ÌÌÌÌÌÌ
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Cgs
POLY lightly doped drain region and the type of termination of the
die’s surface electric field.
N+ N+ n+ Figure 1–9 shows a schematic representation of the
Cgd cross–section in Figure 1–8 and depicts the bipolar transistor
P+ P+ built in the epi layer. Point A shows where the emitter and
base of the bipolar is shorted together. This is why V(BR)DSS
Cds
N– of the power FET is equal to V(BR)CES of the bipolar. Also
note the short brings the base in contact with the source met-
N+
al allowing the use of the base–collector junction. This is the
diode across the TMOS power MOSFET.
D
Figure 1–8. TMOS Device Parasitic Capacitances
D D
Whereas the channel resistance increases with channel
length, the accumulation resistance increases with poly
width and the JFET pinch resistance increases with epi
resistivity and all three are inversely proportional to the chan-
nel width and gate–to–source voltage. The drain resistance
is proportional to the epi resistivity, poly width and inversely
proportional to channel width. This says that the on–resis- G G
tance of TMOS power FETs with the thick and high resistivity
epi required for high voltage parts will be dominated by rD.
Low voltage devices have thin, low resistivity epi and rCH S S
will be a large portion of the total on–resistance. This is
why high voltage devices are “full on” with moderate voltages Figure 1–9. Schematic Diagram of all the Components
on the gate, whereas with low voltage devices the on– of the Cross Section of Figure 1–7
Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistors Device Data Introduction and Basic Characteristics
3–9
TMOS Power MOSFET Capacitances: gate, breakdown will occur through the glass, creating a re-
sistive path and destroying MOSFET operation.
Two types of intrinsic capacitances occur in the TMOS
power MOSFET – those associated with the MOS structure Optimizing TMOS Geometry:
and those associated with the P–N junction.
The geometry and packing density of Motorola’s
The two MOS capacitances associated with the MOSFET
MOSFETs vary according to the magnitude of the reverse
cell are:
blocking voltage.
Gate–Source Capacitance, Cgs
The geometry of the source site, as well as the spacing be-
Gate–Drain Capacitance, Cgd
tween source sites, represents important factors in efficient
The magnitude of each is determined by the die geometry power MOSFET design. Both parameters determine the
and the oxides associated with the silicon gate. channel packing density, i.e.: ratio of channel width per cell to
The P–N junction formed during fabrication of the power cell area.
MOSFET results in the drain–to–source capacitance, Cds. For low voltage devices, channel width is crucial for mini-
This capacitance is defined the same as any other planar mizing RDS(on), since the major contributing component of
junction capacitance and is a direct function of the channel RDS(on) is rCH. However, at high voltages, the major contrib-
drain area and the width of the reverse biased junction deple- uting component of resistance is rD and thus minimizing
tion region. RDS(on) is dependent on maximizing the ratio of active drain
The dielectric insulator of Cgs and Cgd is basically a glass. area per cell to cell area. These two conditions for minimizing
Thus these are very stable capacitors and will not vary with RDS(on) cannot be met by a single geometry pattern for both
voltage or temperature. If excessive voltage is placed on the low and high voltage devices.
Introduction and Basic Characteristics Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistor Device Data
3–10
+VDD ≤ 36 V
1.6 mH L
1N4725 Vo ≤ 800 V
MTP4N80E RL
Q1 30 k CL
15 V
68 0.5 µF
0
PW ≤ 350 µs
f = 1.7 kHz 1.0 k
+V +VCC ≤ 32 V
2.2 Ω
150 pF 2.0 W
VI
MJE200
0
Q1 D1 Vo ≤ 700 V
82
0.01 µF 180
D2 0.5 µF
30 k
Q4
270 47
27
Q3 D3
Q2 MJE200 MJ8505
100
1N914
1.0 k
2N2905
–V
Figure 1–10 shows the TMOS version. Because of its high Compare this circuit with the bipolar version of Figure
input impedance, the FET, an MTP4N80E, can be directly 1–11.
driven from the pulse width modulator. However, the PWM To achieve the output voltage, using a high voltage Switch-
output should be about 15 volts in amplitude and for relative- mode MJ8505 power transistor, requires a rather complex
ly fast FET switching be capable of sourcing and sinking drive circuit for generating the proper IB1 and IB2. This circuit
100 mA. Thus, all that is required to drive the FET is a resis- uses three additional transistors (two of which are power
tor or two. The peak drain current of 3.2 A is within the transistors), three Baker clamp diodes, eleven passive com-
MTP4N80E pulsed current rating of 18.0 A (4.0 A continu-
ponents and a negative power supply for generating an off–
ous), and the turn–off load line of 3.2 A, 700 V is well within
bias voltage. Also, the RBSOA capability of this device is
the Switching SOA (18.0 A/800 V) of the device. Thus, the
only 3.0 A at 900 V and 4.7 A at 800 V, values below the
circuit demonstrates the advantages of TMOS:
18.0 A/800 V rating of the MOSFET. A detailed description of
• High input impedance
these circuits is shown in Chapter 8, Switching Power
• Fast Switching Supplies.
• No Second breakdown
Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistors Device Data Introduction and Basic Characteristics
3–11
+170 V +170 V
MC34060
Q1 10 µH
MC3406 Q1
PWM MTP4N50E Q2
200
47 MJE13005
56
MPSA55
20 kHz Switcher
An example of MOSFET advantage over bipolar that illus- MJE13005 bipolar transistor. Although the saturation losses
trates its superior switching speed is shown in the power out- were greater for the TMOS, its lower switching losses pre-
put section of Figures 1–12 and 1–13. In addition to the drive dominated, resulting in a more efficient switching device.
simplicity and reduced component count, the faster switching In general, at low switching frequencies, where static
speed offers better circuit efficiency. For this 35 W switching losses predominate, bipolars are more efficient. At higher
regulator, using the same small heatsink for either device, a frequencies, above 50 kHz, the power MOSFETs are more
case temperature rise of only 18°C was measured for the efficient.
MTP4N50E power MOSFET compared to a 46°C rise for the
Introduction and Basic Characteristics Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistor Device Data
3–12
Chapter 2: Basic Characteristics of Power MOSFETs
Output Characteristics
Perhaps the most direct way to become familiar with the One of the three obvious differences between Figures 2–1
basic operation of a device is to study its output characteris- and 2–2 is the family of curves for the power MOSFET is
tics. In this case, a comparison of the MOSFET characteris- generated by changes in gate voltage and not by base cur-
tics with those of a bipolar transistor with similar ratings is in rent variations. A second difference is the slope of the curve
order, since the curves of a bipolar device are almost univer- in the bipolar saturation region is steeper than the slope in
sally familiar to power circuit design engineers. the ohmic region of the power MOSFET indicating that the
As indicated in Figures 2–1 and 2–2, the output character- on–resistance of the MOSFET is higher than the effective
istics of the power MOSFET and the bipolar transistor can be on–resistance of the bipolar.
divided similarly into two basic regions. The figures also The third major difference between the output characteris-
show the numerous and often confusing terms assigned to tics is that in the active regions the slope of the bipolar curve
those regions. To avoid possible confusion, this section will is steeper than the slope of the TMOS curve, making the
refer to the MOSFET regions as the “on” (or “ohmic”) and MOSFET a better constant current source. The limiting of ID
“active” regions and bipolar regions as the “saturation” and is due to pinch–off occurring in the MOSFET channel.
“active” regions.
9.0 V
REGION B current the device can handle without excessive power dis-
7.0
sipation. When switching the MOSFET from off to on, the
6.0 drain–source resistance falls from a very high value to
5.0 8.0 V RDS(on), which is a relatively low value. To minimize RDS(on)
4.0
the gate voltage should be large enough for a given drain
current to maintain operation in the ohmic region. Data
3.0 sheets usually include a graph, such as Figure 2–3, which
7.0 V
2.0 relates this information. As Figure 2–4 indicates, increasing
6.0 V the gate voltage above 12 volts has a diminishing effect on
1.0
VGS = 5.0 V lowering on–resistance (especially in high voltage devices)
0 and increases the possibility of spurious gate–source voltage
0 4.0 8.0 12 16
VDS, DRAIN–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) spikes exceeding the maximum gate voltage rating of
20 volts. Somewhat like driving a bipolar transistor deep into
Figure 2–1. ID–VDS Output Characteristics of a Power saturation, unnecessarily high gate voltages will increase
MOSFET. Region A is Called the Ohmic, On, Constant turn–off time because of the excess charge stored in the in-
Resistance or Linear Region. Region B is Called the put capacitance. All Motorola TMOS FETs will conduct the
Active, Constant Current, or Saturation Region. rated continuous drain current with a gate voltage of 10 volts.
BIPOLAR POWER TRANSISTOR As the drain current rises, especially above the continuous
10 rating, the on–resistance also increases. Another important
100 mA relationship, which is addressed later with the other tempera-
9.0 REGION A
ture dependent parameters, is the effect that temperature
8.0
REGION B has on the on–resistance. Increasing TJ and ID both effect an
7.0 increase in RDS(on) as shown in Figure 2–5.
6.0
5.0 Transconductance
4.0 Since the transconductance, or gFS, denotes the gain of
IB = 20 mA the MOSFET, much like beta represents the gain of the bipo-
3.0 lar transistor, it is an important parameter when the device is
2.0 operated in the active, or constant current, region. Defined
IB = 10 mA
1.0
as the ratio of the change in drain current corresponding to a
change in gate voltage (gFS = dID/dVGS), the transconduc-
0
0 4.0 8.0 12 16 tance varies with operating conditions as seen in Figure 2–6.
VCE, COLLECTOR–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) The value of gFS is determined from the active portion of the
VDS–ID transfer characteristics where a change in VDS no
Figure 2–2. IC–VCE Output Characteristics of a Bipolar longer significantly influences gFS. Typically the transcon-
Power Transistor. Region A is the Saturation Region. ductance rating is specified at half the rated continuous drain
Region B is the Linear or Active Region. current and at a VDS of 15 V.
Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistors Device Data Introduction and Basic Characteristics
3–13
8.0 1.25
1.20
NORMALIZED ON–RESISTANCE
VDS = 30 V 1.15
I D, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
6.0
1.10
HIGH VOLTAGE
1.05
MOSFET
4.0 1.00
0.95
TJ = 100°C 25°C 0.90
2.0 LOW
–55°C 0.85
VOLTAGE
0.80 MOSFET
0 0.75
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14 16 18 20
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.5 3.0
0.1
0 0
0 5.0 10 15 20 25 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10 11 12
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 2–5. Variation of RDS(on) with Drain Figure 2–6. Small–Signal Transconductance
Current and Temperature versus VGS
Introduction and Basic Characteristics Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistor Device Data
3–14
invariant, so are the switching speeds. Therefore, as temper- Importance of TJ(max) and Heat Sinking
ature increases, the dynamic losses in a MOSFET are low Two of the packages that commonly house the TMOS die
and remain constant, while in the bipolar transistors the are the TO–220AB and the TO–204. The power ratings of
switching losses are higher and increase with junction tem- these packages range from 40 to 250 watts depending on
perature. the die size and the type of materials used in construction.
These ratings are nearly meaningless, however, unless
Drain–To–Source Breakdown Voltage some heat sinking is provided. Without heat sinking the
The drain–to–source breakdown voltage is a function of TO–204 and the TO–220 can dissipate only about 4.0 and
the thickness and resistivity of a device’s N–epitaxial region. 2.0 watts respectively, regardless of the die size.
Since that resistivity varies with temperature, so does Because long term reliability decreases with increasing
V(BR)DSS. As Figure 2–8 indicates, a 100°C rise in junction junction temperature, TJ should not exceed the maximum
temperature causes a V(BR)DSS to increase by about 10%. rating of 150°C. Steady–state operation above 150°C also
However, it should also be remembered that the actual invites abrupt and catastrophic failure if the transistor experi-
V(BR)DSS falls at the same rate as TJ decreases. ences additional transient thermal stresses. Excluding the
possibility of thermal transients, operating below the rated
2.0 junction temperature can enhance reliability. A TJ(max) of
150°C is normally chosen as a safe compromise between
NORMALIZED ON–RESISTANCE
1.20
SOURCE SITE SOURCE
1.15 METALIZATION
NORMALIZED DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
1.10
1.05 SILICON
GATE
1.00
N–CHANNEL
0.95
DRAIN CURRENT
0.90 INSULATING OXIDE, SiO2
0.85 N–Epi LAYER DRAIN
0.80 METALIZATION
N–SUBSTRATE
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE
Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistors Device Data Introduction and Basic Characteristics
3–15
DRAIN In many applications, the drain–source diode is never
forward biased and does not influence circuit operation.
However, in multi–transistor configurations, such as the
totem pole network of Figure 2–13, the parasitic diodes play
GATE an important and useful role. Each transistor is protected
from excessive flyback voltages, not by its own drain–source
diode, but by the diode of the opposite transistor. As an
SOURCE
illustration, assume that Q2 of Figure 2–13 is turned on, Q1
is off and current is flowing up from ground, through the load
and into Q2. When Q2 turns off, current is diverted into the
Figure 2–10. N–Channel Power MOSFET Symbol drain–source diode of Q1 which clamps the load’s inductive
Including Drain–Source Diode kick to V+. By similar reasoning, one can see that D2 protects
Q1 during its turn–off.
Most rectifiers, a notable exception being the Schottky As a note of caution, it should be realized that diode recov-
diode, exhibit a “reverse recovery” characteristic as depicted ery problems may arise when using MOSFETs in multiple
in Figure 2–12. When forward current flows in a standard transistor configurations. A treatment of the subject in Chap-
diode, a carrier gradient is formed in the high resistivity side ter 5 gives greater details.
of the junction resulting in an apparent storage of charge. TMOS power MOSFET intrinsic diodes also have forward
Upon sudden application of a reverse bias, the stored charge recovery times, meaning that they do not instantaneously
temporarily produces a negative current flow during the re- conduct when they are forward biased. However, since those
verse recovery time, or trr, until the charge is depleted. The times are so brief, typically less than 10 ns, their effect on cir-
circuit conditions that influence trr and the stored charge are cuit operation can almost always be ignored. Package, lead
the forward current magnitude and the rate of change of cur- and wiring inductance are often at least as great a factor in
rent from the forward current magnitude to the reverse cur- limiting current rise time.
rent peak. When tested under the same circuit conditions,
the parasitic drain–source diode of a TMOS transistor has a
trr similar to that of a fast recovery rectifier.
0
50
t = 50 ns/div
I s , D–S DIODE FORWARD CURRENT (AMPS)
10
Figure 2–12. Typical Reverse Recovery
Characteristics of a Drain–Source Diode
5.0
TC + 25°C
+V
300 µS Pulse 60 pps
1.0
0.5 Q1
RL
0.1 Q2
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
VSD, D–D DIODE FORWARD ON–VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
–V
Figure 2–11. Forward Characteristics of Power Figure 2–13. TMOS Totem Pole Network with
MOSFETs D–S Diodes Integral Drain–Source Diodes
Introduction and Basic Characteristics Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistor Device Data
3–16
Chapter 3: The Data Sheet
Introduction
Motorola prides itself in having one of the most complete reduction in new product introduction cycle time as well as
and accurate Power MOSFET data sheets in the industry. providing more accurate and repeatable data.
For consistency, data sheet templates have been estab-
lished for each technology and or application grouping. This Headline Information
insures that the best approach is used in describing the per- Motorola’s TMOS Power MOSFET numbering system
formance characteristics of each device for the applications contains coded information describing technology, package,
they are used in. Additionally, this allows for the automation current and voltage information. A complete explanation of
of the data sheet generation process which has lead to a the nomenclature used is contained in Figure 3–1.
MTP75N06HD
MOTOROLA OPTIONAL SUFFIX:
X FOR ENGINEERING SAMPLES L FOR LOGIC LEVEL
TMOS E FOR ENERGY RATED
T FOR TMOS T4 FOR TAPE & REEL (DPAK/D2PAK)
L FOR SMARTDISCRETES RL FOR TAPE & REEL (DPAK)
G FOR IGBT HD FOR HIGH CELL DENSITY
P FOR MULTIPLE CHIP PRODUCTS V FOR TMOS V (FIVE)
PACKAGE TYPE
VOLTAGE RATING DIVIDED BY 10
P FOR PLASTIC TO–220
M FOR METAL TO–204 (TO–3)/ICePAK
CHANNEL POLARITY, N OR P
D FOR DPAK
A FOR TO–220 ISOLATED
W FOR TO–247
B FOR D2PAK
Y FOR TO–264 Example of exceptions: MTD/MTP3055E
E FOR SOT–227B Example of exceptions: MTD/MTP2955E
CURRENT
Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistors Device Data Introduction and Basic Characteristics
3–17
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Absolute maximum ratings represent the extreme capabili- Junction Temperature (TJ ) – This value represents the
ties of the device. They can best be described as device maximum allowable junction temperature of the device. It is
characterization boundaries and are given to facilitate “worst derived and based off of long term Reliability data. Exceed-
case” design. ing this value will only serve to shorten the device’s long term
operating life.
Drain–to–Source Voltage (VDSS , VDGR ) – This represents
the lower limit of the devices blocking voltage capability from Thermal Resistance (Rthjc , Rthja ) – The quantity that resists
drain–to–source when either the gate is shorted to the or impedes the flow of heat energy in a device is called ther-
source (VDSS), or when a 1 MΩ gate–to–source resistor is mal resistance. Thermal resistance values are needed for
present (VDGR). It is measured at a specific leakage current proper thermal design. These values are measured as de-
and has a positive temperature coefficient. The voltage tailed in Motorola Application Note AN1083.
across the Power MOSFET should never exceed this rating
in order to prevent breakdown of the drain–to–source Electrical Characteristics
junction. The intent of this section in the data sheet is to provide de-
Maximum Gate–to–Source Voltage (VGS , VGSM ) – The tailed device characterization so that the designer can pre-
maximum allowable gate–to–source voltage as either a con- dict with a high degree of accuracy the behavior of the device
tinuous condition (VGS), or as a single pulse non–repetitive in a specific application.
condition (VGSM). Exceeding this limit may result in perma- Drain–to–Source Breakdown Voltage (V(BR)DSS ) – As de-
nent device degradation. scribed earlier, this represents the lower limit of the devices
Continuous Drain Current (ID ) – The dc current level that blocking voltage capability from drain–to–source with the
will raise the devices junction temperature to it’s rated maxi- gate shorted to the source. It is measured at a specific leak-
mum while it’s reference temperature is held at 25°C. This age current and has a positive temperature coefficient.
can be calculated by the equation: Zero Gate Voltage Drain Current (IDSS ) – The direct current
into the drain terminal of the device when the gate–to–source
ID = SQRT (PD/RDS(on) @ MAX TJ) voltage is zero and the drain terminal is reversed biased with
where, respect to the source terminal. This parameter generally in-
SQRT = Square root creases with temperature as shown in the “Drain–to–Source
PD = Device’s maximum power dissipation Leakage Current versus Voltage” figure found in the device’s
RDS(on) = Device’s “on” resistance data sheet.
MAX TJ = Device’s maximum rated junction temperature Gate–Body Leakage Current (IGSS ) – The direct current
into the gate terminal of the device when the gate terminal is
Pulsed Drain Current (IDM ) – The maximum allowable peak biased with either a positive or negative voltage with respect
drain current the device can safely handle under a 10 µs to the source terminal and the drain terminal is short–
pulsed condition. This rating takes into consideration the de- circuited to the source terminal.
vices thermal limitation as well as RDS(on), wire bond and Gate Threshold Voltage (VGS(th) ) – The forward gate–to–
source metal limitations. source voltage at which the magnitude of drain current has
Drain–to–Source Avalanche Energy (EAS) – This specifi- been increased to some low threshold value, usually
cation defines the maximum allowable energy that the device specified as 250 µA or 1 mA. This parameter has a negative
can safely handle in avalanche due to an inductive current temperature coefficient.
spike. It is tested at the ID of the device as a single pulse Drain–to–Source On–Resistance (RDS(on) ) – The dc resis-
non–repetitive condition. This value has a negative tempera- tance between the drain–to–source terminals with a speci-
ture coefficient as shown by the “Maximum Avalanche Ener- fied gate–to–source voltage applied to bias the device into
gy versus Starting Junction Temperature” figure shown in the the on–state. This parameter has a positive temperature
data sheet. For repetitive avalanche conditions, this value coefficient.
should be derated using the “Thermal Response” figure Drain–to–Source On–Voltage (VDS(on) ) – The dc voltage
shown in the data sheet for calculating the junction tempera- between the drain–to–source terminals with a specified
ture and the “Maximum Avalanche Energy versus Starting gate–to–source voltage applied to bias the device into the
Junction Temperature” figure also shown in the data sheet. on–state. This parameter has a positive temperature coeffi-
Maximum Power Dissipation (PD ) – Specifies the power cient.
dissipation limit which takes the junction temperature to it’s Forward Transconductance (gFS ) – The ratio of the
maximum rating while the reference temperature is being change in drain current due to a change in gate–to–source
held at 25°C. It is calculated by the following equation: voltage (i.e., ∆ ID/∆ VGS).
PD = (TJ – Tr)/Rthjr Device Capacitance (Ciss , Coss , Crss ) – Power MOSFET
devices have internal parasitic capacitance from terminal–
where,
to–terminal. This capacitance is voltage dependent as
PD = Maximum power dissipation shown by the “Capacitance Variation” figure on the device’s
TJ = Maximum allowable junction temperature data sheet. Ciss is the capacitance between the gate–to–
Tr = Reference (case and or ambient) temperature source terminals with the drain terminal short–circuited to the
Rthjr = Thermal resistance junction–to–reference source terminal for alternating current. Coss is the capaci-
= (case or ambient) tance between the drain–to–source terminals with the gate
Introduction and Basic Characteristics Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistor Device Data
3–18
short–circuited to the source terminal for alternating current. VGS(on)
Crss is the capacitance between the drain–to–gate terminals RL
with the source terminal connected to the guard terminal of a PULSE VDD
three–terminal bridge (Ref. IEEE No. 255). Figures 3–2, 3–3 GENERATOR MTP
LOW RG 3055V
and 3–4 show test circuits used for Power MOSFET capaci- IMPEDANCE
tance measurements. DRIVER +VR–
IM
L
D
B M L
I CAP. E O Figure 3–5. Switching Test Circuit
Cgd 0.1
A METER A O
S S. P Cds µF
G ton toff
H C1
IM Cgs
td(off) tr td(off) tf
GUARD
90% 90%
S OUTPUT, Vout
INVERTED
10%
L = 2.5 mH 90%
INPUT, Vin 50% 50%
10%
+ –
VDS PULSE WIDTH
Figure 3–2. Ciss Test Configuration Figure 3–6. Switching Waveforms
IM D
L
M L Gate Charge (QT, Q1 , Q2 ) – Gate charge values are used to
B
I
E O size the gate drive circuit and to estimate switching speeds
CAP. A O Cgd
A and switching losses. QT is defined as the total gate charge
METER S. P
S Cds required to charge the device’s input capacitance to the ap-
IM plied gate voltage. Q1 is defined as the charge required to
H
G Cgs charge the devices input capacitance to the VGS(on) required
GUARD to maintain the test current ID. The time required to deliver
this charge is called turn–on delay time. Q2 is defined as the
S
charge time required for the drain–to–source voltage to drop
to VDS(on).
+ –
Forward On–Voltage (VSD ) – The dc voltage between the
VDS source–to–drain terminals when the power MOSFET’s intrin-
Figure 3–3. Coss Test Configuration sic body diode is forward biased.
Reverse Recovery Time (trr , ta , tb , QRR ) – The intrinsic
IM D body diode of a power MOSFET is a minority carrier device
L and thus has a finite reverse recovery time. Ta is defined as
M L
B the time between the dropping IS current’s zero crossing
E O
I CAP. point to the peak IRM. Tb is defined as the time between the
A O Cgd
A METER peak IRM to a projected IRM zero current crossing point
S. P IM Cds
S
through a 25% IRM projection as shown in Figure 3–7. Total
H
G Cgs reverse recovery time, trr, is defined as the sum of ta and tb.
GUARD QRR is defined as the integral of the area made up by the IRM
waveform and VR, the reapplied blocking voltage which
S forces reverse recovery.
+ – di/dt
VDS IS
Figure 3–4. Crss Test Configuration trr
ta tb
Resistive Switching (td(on) , tr , td(off) , tf ) – MOSFET switch-
ing speeds are very fast, relative to comparably sized bipolar TIME
transistors. They are tested and measured using a resistive tp 0.25 IS
switching test circuit as shown in Figure 3–5. A typical
switching waveform showing parameter measurement points IS
is shown in Figure 3–6. Figure 3–7. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform
Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistors Device Data Introduction and Basic Characteristics
3–19
Introduction and Basic Characteristics Motorola TMOS Power MOSFET Transistor Device Data
3–20
Section Four
Data Sheets
VCC
VEE 3 6 VCC
VCC Output
Stage
Input 4 5 Drive Output
Input Drive
4 VCC 5 Output
Under
Voltage (Top View)
VEE Lockout
VEE
ORDERING INFORMATION
12 V/
11 V Operating
3 VEE Device Temperature Range Package
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 15 V, VEE = 0 V, Kelvin Gnd connected to VEE. For typical values
TA = 25°C, for min/max values TA is the operating ambient temperature range that applies (Note 1), unless otherwise noted.)
Characteristic Symbol Min Typ Max Unit
LOGIC INPUT
Input Threshold Voltage V
High State (Logic 1) VIH – 2.70 3.2
Low State (Logic 0) VIL 1.2 2.30 –
Input Current µA
High State (VIH = 3.0 V) IIH – 130 500
Low State (VIL = 1.2 V) IIL – 50 100
DRIVE OUTPUT
Output Voltage V
Low State (ISink = 1.0 A) VOL – 2.0 2.5
High State (ISource = 500 mA) VOH 12 13.9 –
Output Pull–Down Resistor RPD – – 200 kΩ
FAULT OUTPUT
Output voltage V
Low State (ISink = 5.0 mA) VFL – 0.2 1.0
High State (ISource = 20 mA) VFH 12 13.3 –
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS
Propagation Delay (50% Input to 50% Output CL = 1.0 nF) ns
Logic Input to Drive Output Rise tPLH(in/out) – 80 300
Logic Input to Drive Output Fall tPHL (in/out) – 120 300
Drive Output Rise Time (10% to 90%) CL = 1.0 nF tr – 17 55 ns
Drive Output Fall Time (90% to 10%) CL = 1.0 nF tf – 17 55 ns
Propagation Delay µs
Current Sense Input to Drive Output tP(OC) – 0.3 1.0
NOTE: 1. Low duty cycle pulse techniques are used during test to maintain the junction temperature as close to ambient as possible.
Tlow = –40°C for MC33153 Thigh = +105°C for MC33153
Figure 1. Input Current versus Input Voltage Figure 2. Output Voltage versus Input Voltage
1.5 16
14 VCC = 15 V
TA = 25°C
I in , INPUT CURRENT (mA)
12
1.0
10
8.0
6.0
0.5
4.0
VCC = 15 V
TA = 25°C 2.0
0 0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14 16 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Vin, INPUT VOLTAGE (V) Vin, INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
2.6 2.5
2.4 2.4
VIL
2.2 VIL 2.3
2.0 2.2
–60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) VCC, SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 5. Drive Output Low State Voltage Figure 6. Drive Output Low State Voltage
versus Temperature versus Sink Current
2.5 2.0
V OL, OUTPUT LOW STATE VOLTAGE (V)
2.0
ISink = 1.0 A V OL, OUTPUT LOW STATE VOLTAGE (V) 1.6
= 500 mA
1.5 1.2
= 250 mA
1.0 0.8
0.5 0.4
TA = 25°C
VCC = 15 V
VCC = 15 V
0 0
–60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) ISink, OUTPUT SINK CURRENT (A)
Figure 7. Drive Output High State Voltage Figure 8. Drive Output High State Voltage
versus Temperature versus Source Current
VOH , DRIVE OUTPUT HIGH STATE VOLTAGE (V)
VOH , DRIVE OUTPUT HIGH STATE VOLTAGE (V)
14.0 15.0
VCC = 15 V
13.9 14.6 TA = 25°C
13.8 14.2
13.7 13.8
13.5 13.0
–60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) ISource, OUTPUT SOURCE CURRENT (A)
VPin 4 = 0 V VPin 4 = 0 V
12 VPin 8 > 7.0 V VPin 8 > 7.0 V
10
TA = 25°C TA = 25°C
10
8.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
4.0
4.0
2.0 2.0
0 0
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
VPin 1, CURRENT SENSE INPUT VOLTAGE (mV) VPin 1, CURRENT SENSE INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 11. Overcurrent Protection Threshold Figure 12. Overcurrent Protection Threshold
V SOC , OVERCURRENT THRESHOLD VOLTAGE (mV)
VCC = 15 V TA = 25°C
68 68
66 66
64 64
62 62
60 60
–60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 12 14 16 18 20
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) VCC, SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 13. Short Circuit Comparator Threshold Figure 14. Short Circuit Comparator Threshold
VSSC, SHORT CIRCUIT THRESHOLD VOLTAGE (mV)
VCC = 15 V TA = 25°C
130 130
125 125
–60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 12 14 16 18 20
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) VCC, SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 15. Current Sense Input Current Figure 16. Drive Output Voltage versus Fault
ISI , CURRENT SENSE INPUT CURRENT (µ A) versus Voltage Blanking/Desaturation Input Voltage
0 16
14
8.0
6.0
–1.0
4.0
2.0
–1.5 0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14 16 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
VPin 1, CURRENT SENSE INPUT VOLTAGE (V) VPin 8, FAULT BLANKING/DESATURATION INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 17. Fault Blanking/Desaturation Comparator Figure 18. Fault Blanking/Desaturation Comparator
Threshold Voltage versus Temperature Threshold Voltage versus Supply Voltage
6.6 6.6
V BDT , FAULT BLANKING/DESATURATION
6.5 6.5
6.4 6.4
–60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 12 14 16 18 20
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) VCC, SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 19. Fault Blanking/Desaturation Current Figure 20. Fault Blanking/Desaturation Current
Source versus Temperature Source versus Supply Voltage
–200 –200
VCC = 15 V
Ichg, CURRENT SOURCE ( µ A)
–260 –260
–280 –280
–300 –300
–60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 5.0 10 15 20
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) VCC, SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
–220 VCC = 15 V
VPin 4 = 0 V
TA = 25°C 1.5
–240
1.0
–260
0.5
–280 VCC = 15 V
0 VPin 4 = 5.0 V
TA = 25°C
–300 –0.5
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14 16 0 4.0 8.0 12 16
VPin 8, INPUT VOLTAGE (V) VPin 8, INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 23. Fault Output Low State Voltage Figure 24. Fault Output High State Voltage
versus Sink Current versus Source Current
1.0 14.0
VPin 7 , FAULT OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
0.4 13.4
0.2 13.2
0 13.0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14 16 18 20
ISink, OUTPUT SINK CURRENT (mA) ISource, OUTPUT SOURCE CURRENT (mA)
VCC Increasing
Vth(UVLO), UNDERVOLTAGE
LOCKOUT THRESHOLD (V)
12 12.0
10
Turn–Off
8.0 Threshold 11.5
Output High
8.0
ICC, SUPPLY CURRENT (mA)
Output Low
6.0 6.0
4.0 4.0
60 = 5.0 nF
40
= 2.0 nF
20
= 1.0 nF
0
1.0 10 100 1000
f, INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz)
OPERATING DESCRIPTION
GATE DRIVE
Controlling Switching Times
The most important design aspect of an IGBT gate drive is The turn–off resistor, Roff, controls the turn–off speed and
optimization of the switching characteristics. The switching ensures that the IGBT remains off under commutation
characteristics are especially important in motor control stresses. Turn–off is critical to obtain low switching losses.
applications in which PWM transistors are used in a bridge While IGBTs exhibit a fixed minimum loss due to minority car-
configuration. In these applications, the gate drive circuit rier recombination, a slow gate drive will dominate the turn–
components should be selected to optimize turn–on, turn–off off losses. This is particularly true for fast IGBTs. It is also
and off–state impedance. A single resistor may be used to possible to turn–off an IGBT too fast. Excessive turn–off
control both turn–on and turn–off as shown in Figure 30. speed will result in large overshoot voltages. Normally, the
However, the resistor value selected must be a compromise turn–off resistor is a small fraction of the turn–on resistor.
in turn–on abruptness and turn–off losses. Using a single The MC33153 contains a bipolar totem pole output stage
resistor is normally suitable only for very low frequency that is capable of sourcing 1.0 amp and sinking 2.0 amps
PWM. An optimized gate drive output stage is shown in Fig- peak. This output also contains a pull down resistor to ensure
ure 31. This circuit allows turn–on and turn–off to be opti- that the IGBT is off whenever there is insufficient VCC to the
mized separately. The turn–on resistor, Ron, provides control MC33153.
over the IGBT turn–on speed. In motor control circuits, the In a PWM inverter, IGBTs are used in a half–bridge config-
resistor sets the turn–on di/dt that controls how fast the free– uration. Thus, at least one device is always off. While the
wheel diode is cleared. The interaction of the IGBT and free– IGBT is in the off–state, it will be subjected to changes in volt-
wheeling diode determines the turn–on dv/dt. Excessive age caused by the other devices. This is particularly a prob-
turn–on dv/dt is a common problem in half–bridge circuits. lem when the opposite transistor turns on.
VCC
IGBT Optoisolator Output Fault
The MC33153 has an active high fault output. The fault
Rg
Output output may be easily interfaced to an optoisolator. While it is
5 important that all faults are properly reported, it is equally
important that no false signals are propagated. Again, a high
dv/dt optoisolator should be used.
VEE VEE The LED drive provides a resistor programmable current
3 of 10 to 20 mA when on, and provides a low impedance path
VEE when off. An active high output, resistor, and small signal
diode provide an excellent LED driver. This circuit is shown in
Figure 32.
Figure 31. Using Separate Resistors Figure 32. Output Fault Optoisolator
for Turn–On and Turn–Off
Output Q
Doff Roff
5
7
VEE VEE
VEE VEE
3
VEE
UNDERVOLTAGE LOCKOUT
A negative bias voltage can be used to drive the IGBT into
It is desirable to protect an IGBT from insufficient gate volt-
the off–state. This is a practice carried over from bipolar Dar-
age. IGBTs require 15 V on the gate to achieve the rated on–
lington drives and is generally not required for IGBTs. How-
voltage. At gate voltages below 13 V, the on–voltage
ever, a negative bias will reduce the possibility of
increases dramatically, especially at higher currents. At very
shoot–through. The MC33153 has separate pins for VEE and
low gate voltages, below 10 V, the IGBT may operate in the
Kelvin Ground. This permits operation using a +15/–5.0 V
linear region and quickly overheat. Many PWM motor drives
supply.
use a bootstrap supply for the upper gate drive. The UVLO
provides protection for the IGBT in case the bootstrap capac-
itor discharges.
INTERFACING WITH OPTOISOLATORS The MC33153 will typically start up at about 12 V. The
Isolated Input UVLO circuit has about 1.0 V of hysteresis and will disable
the output if the supply voltage falls below about 11V.
B+
Bootstrap
6 6
VCC Desat/ 8 7 VCC Desat/ 8
Fault Blank
7 Blank
Fault 5 CBlank
Output MC33153
5
MC33153 Output
1 1
4 Sense Sense
Input 4
2 Input 2
VEE Gnd VEE Gnd
3 3
+18 V
–5.0 V
6
When used in a dual supply application as in Figure 35, the 7 VCC Desat/ 8
Fault Blank
Kelvin Ground should be connected to the emitter of the 5
Output
IGBT. If the protection features are not used, then both the
Fault Blanking/Desaturation and the Current Sense Inputs MC33153
1
should be connected to Ground. The input optoisolator Sense
should always be referenced to VEE. 4
Input 2
VEE Gnd
3
Product Preview
MGP20N14CL
SMARTDISCRETES
Internally Clamped, N-Channel
IGBT 20 AMPERES
This Logic Level Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) VOLTAGE CLAMPED
features Gate–Emitter ESD protection, Gate–Collector overvoltage N–CHANNEL IGBT
protection from SMARTDISCRETES monolithic circuitry for Vce(on) = 1.9 VOLTS
usage as an Ignition Coil Driver. 135 VOLTS (CLAMPED)
• Temperature Compensated Gate–Drain Clamp Limits Stress
Applied to Load
• Integrated ESD Diode Protection
• Low Threshold Voltage to Interface Power Loads to Logic or
C
Microprocessors
• Low Saturation Voltage
• High Pulsed Current Capability
G
G
C
Rge E
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Thermal Resistance — Junction to Case – (TO–220) RqJC 1.0 °C/W
Thermal Resistance — Junction to Ambient RqJA 62.5
Maximum Lead Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 1/8″ from case for 5 seconds TL 275 °C
Mounting Torque, 6–32 or M3 screw 10 lbfin (1.13 Nm)
This document contains information on a new product. Specifications and information herein are subject to change without notice.
G
G
C
Rge E
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Thermal Resistance — Junction to Case – (TO–220) RqJC 1.0 °C/W
Thermal Resistance — Junction to Ambient RqJA 62.5
Maximum Lead Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 1/8″ from case for 5 seconds TL 275 °C
Mounting Torque, 6–32 or M3 screw 10 lbfin (1.13 Nm)
This document contains information on a new product. Specifications and information herein are subject to change without notice.
40 40
VGE = 10 V 5V TJ = 25°C VGE = 10 V 5V TJ = 125°C
I C , COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
20 20
10 10 3V
3V
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
2.0 IC = 20 A
30
1.8
15 A
20 1.6
0 1.0
1 2 3 4 5 –50 0 50 100 150
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
10000 1000
VCE = 0 V TJ = 25°C VCE = 0 V TJ = 25°C
Ciss
1000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
100 Ciss
Coss
100
Crss 10
Coss
10
Crss
1.0 1.0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 10 100 1000
COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
20 20
2 TJ = 25°C
IC = 20 A 10 TF 10
0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
50 6 26 6
24 VGE = 5 V
40 Eoff
5 RG = 1000 W
22 L = 200 mH
SWITCHING TIME ( m S)
SWITCHING TIME ( m S)
4 IC = 20 A Td(off)
30
20
Td(off) Eoff
3
20 VDD = 320 V 18
TF VGE = 5 V 2
TJ = 25°C 16
10 IC = 20 A
1 14 TF
0 0 12 4
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 25 50 75 100 125
RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS) TC, CASE TEMPERATURE (°C)
25 25 20
VCC = 320 V
TOTAL SWITCHING ENERGY LOSSES (mJ)
VGE = 5 V
RG = 1000 W Eoff 16 3 mH
L = 200 mH
LATCH CURRENT (AMPS)
20 20
SWITCHING TIME ( m S)
TJ = 125°C
12
15 Td(off) 15
10 mH
8.0
10 10
4.0
TF
5 5 0
5 10 15 20 0 25 50 75 100 125
IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (AMPS) TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Total Switching Losses Figure 12. Latch Current versus Temperature
versus Collector Current
0.2
0.1
0.1 P(pk)
0.05 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.02
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
0.01 t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
SINGLE PULSE
0.01
1.0E – 05 1.0E – 04 1.0E – 03 1.0E – 02 1.0E – 01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
G
G
C
Rge E
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Thermal Resistance — Junction to Case – (TO–220) RqJC 1.0 °C/W
— Junction to Ambient RqJA 62.5
Maximum Lead Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 1/8″ from case for 5 seconds TL 275 °C
Mounting Torque, 6–32 or M3 screw 10 lbfin (1.13 Nm)
This document contains information on a new product. Specifications and information herein are subject to change without notice.
40 40
VGE = 10 V 5V TJ = 25°C VGE = 10 V 5V TJ = 125°C
I C , COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
20 20
10 10 3V
3V
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
2.0 IC = 20 A
30
1.8
15 A
20 1.6
0 1.0
1 2 3 4 5 –50 0 50 100 150
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
10000 1000
VCE = 0 V TJ = 25°C VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
Ciss
1000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
100 Ciss
Coss
100
Crss 10
Coss
10
Crss
1.0 1.0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 10 100 1000
COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
20 20
2 TJ = 25°C
IC = 20 A 10 TF 10
0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
50 6 26 6
24 VGE = 5 V
40 Eoff
5 RG = 1000 W
22 L = 200 mH
SWITCHING TIME ( m S)
SWITCHING TIME ( m S)
4 IC = 20 A Td(off)
30
20
Td(off) Eoff
3
20 VDD = 320 V 18
TF VGE = 5 V 2
TJ = 25°C 16
10 IC = 20 A
1 14 TF
0 0 12 4
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 25 50 75 100 125
RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS) TC, CASE TEMPERATURE (°C)
25 25 20
VCC = 320 V
TOTAL SWITCHING ENERGY LOSSES (mJ)
VGE = 5 V
RG = 1000 W Eoff 16 3 mH
L = 200 mH
LATCH CURRENT (AMPS)
20 20
SWITCHING TIME ( m S)
TJ = 125°C
12
15 Td(off) 15
10 mH
8.0
10 10
4.0
TF
5 5 0
5 10 15 20 0 25 50 75 100 125
IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (AMPS) TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Total Switching Losses Figure 12. Latch Current versus Temperature
versus Collector Current
0.2
0.1
0.1 P(pk)
0.05 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.02
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
0.01 t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
SINGLE PULSE
0.01
1.0E – 05 1.0E – 04 1.0E – 03 1.0E – 02 1.0E – 01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
G
C
G E
Maximum Lead Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 1/8″ from case for 5 seconds TL 260 °C
Mounting Torque, 6–32 or M3 screw 10 lbfSin (1.13 NSm)
(1) Pulse width is limited by maximum junction temperature. Repetitive rating.
Designer’s Data for “Worst Case” Conditions — The Designer’s Data Sheet permits the design of most circuits entirely from the information presented. SOA Limit
curves — representing boundaries on device characteristics — are given to facilitate “worst case” design.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
40 40
TJ = 25°C VGE = 20 V TJ = 125°C VGE = 20 V
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
20 15 V 20
15 V
12.5 V 12.5 V
10 10
7.5 V 10 V
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
20
3.4
16 3.2
7.5 A
3.0
12 TJ = 125°C
2.8
8 25°C 2.6 5A
2.4
4 VGE = 15 V
2.2
250 µs PULSE WIDTH
0 2
5 7 9 11 13 15 – 50 0 50 100 150
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
1600 16
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
VCE = 0 V QT
1200 12
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
Cies Q1 Q2
800 8
400 4
Coes TJ = 25°C
IC = 10 A
Cres
VGE = 15 V
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
GATE–TO–EMITTER OR COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
Figure 7. Total Switching Losses versus Figure 8. Total Switching Losses versus
Gate Resistance Case Temperature
VCC = 720 V
2.2 VGE = 15 V
RG = 20 Ω 20
2 TJ = 125°C
15 TJ = 125°C
1.8
1.6 10
TJ = 25°C
1.4
5
1.2
1 0
F
5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4
IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (AMPS) VFM, FORWARD VOLTAGE DROP (VOLTS)
Figure 9. Total Switching Losses versus Figure 10. Maximum Forward Drop versus
Collector–to–Emitter Current Instantaneous Forward Current
100
IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (A)
10
VGE = 15 V
RGE = 20 Ω
TJ ≤ 125°C
0.1
1 10 100 1000 10000
VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.1 P(pk)
0.02 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.01 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
SINGLE PULSE t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
Data Sheet
Designer's
MGW12N120D
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
40 40
TJ = 25°C VGE = 20 V TJ = 125°C VGE = 20 V
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
20 15 V 20
15 V
12.5 V 12.5 V
10 10
7.5 V 10 V
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
24 3.8
VCE = 10 V
250 µs PULSE WIDTH 3.6 IC = 10 A
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
20
3.4
16 3.2
7.5 A
3.0
12 TJ = 125°C
2.8
8 25°C 2.6 5A
2.4
4 VGE = 15 V
2.2
250 µs PULSE WIDTH
0 2
5 7 9 11 13 15 – 50 0 50 100 150
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Cies
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1000
Coes 100
Coes
100 Cres
Cres
TJ = 25°C
10 10
0 5 10 15 20 25 50 100 150 200
GATE–TO–EMITTER OR COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
16 3
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Q1 Q2
8 2
7.5 A
TJ = 25°C
4 1.5
IC = 20 A
5A
0 1
0 20 40 60 80 10 20 30 40 50
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
3 2.4
TOTAL SWITCHING ENERGY LOSSES (mJ)
TOTAL SWITCHING ENERGY LOSSES (mJ)
Figure 8. Total Switching Losses versus Figure 9. Total Switching Losses versus
Case Temperature Collector–to–Emitter Current
10
15 TJ = 125°C
10
TJ = 25°C 1
5 VGE = 15 V
RGE = 20 Ω
TJ = 125°C
0 0.1
F
0 1 2 3 4 1 10 100 1000
VFM, FORWARD VOLTAGE DROP (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 10. Maximum Forward Drop versus Figure 11. Reverse Biased
Instantaneous Forward Current Safe Operating Area
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.1 P(pk)
0.02 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.01 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
SINGLE PULSE t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
Data Sheet
Designer's
MGW20N60D
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
60 60
TJ = 25°C VGE = 20 V 12.5 V TJ = 125°C VGE = 20 V 12.5 V
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
20 20
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
40 3.2
VGE = 15 V
VCE = 100 V
80 µs PULSE WIDTH IC = 20 A
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
5 µs PULSE WIDTH
30
2.8
TJ = 125°C
15 A
20
25°C
2.4
10 A
10
0 2
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 – 50 0 50 100 150
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
3200
12
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
Cies
2400 Q1 Q2
8
1600
TJ = 25°C
4
800 Coes IC = 20 A
Cres
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 20 40 60 80
GATE–TO–EMITTER OR COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
4 4
TOTAL SWITCHING ENERGY LOSSES (mJ)
2.4 15 A 2.5
IC = 20 A
1.6 10 A 2
15 A
1.5
0.8 10 A
1
0 0.5
10 20 30 40 50 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 7. Total Switching Losses versus Figure 8. Total Switching Losses versus
Gate Resistance Junction Temperature
3 1.6
TOTAL SWITCHING ENERGY LOSSES (mJ)
VGE = 15 V
2.5
RG = 20 Ω TJ = 125°C IC = 20 A
TJ = 125°C
2 1.2
1.5 15 A
1 0.8
10 A
0.5
0 0.4
0 5 10 15 20 10 20 30 40 50
IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (AMPS) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
Figure 9. Total Switching Losses versus Figure 10. Turn–Off Losses versus
Collector–to–Emitter Current Gate Resistance
1
IC = 20 A
15 A
0.4
10 A
0.5
0 0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 5 10 15 20
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 11. Turn–Off Losses versus Figure 12. Turn–Off Losses versus
Junction Temperature Collector–to–Emitter Current
i F, INSTANTANEOUS FORWARD CURRENT (AMPS)
100 100
TJ = 25°C
1 1
VGE = 15 V
RGE = 20 Ω
TJ = 125°C
0.1 0.1
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 1 10 100 1000
VFM, FORWARD VOLTAGE DROP (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 13. Typical Diode Forward Drop versus Figure 14. Reverse Biased Safe
Instantaneous Forward Current Operating Area
G G
C
E
Maximum Lead Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 1/8″ from case for 5 seconds TL 260 °C
Mounting Torque, 6–32 or M3 screw 10 lbfSin (1.13 NSm)
(1) Pulse width is limited by maximum junction temperature. Repetitive rating.
Designer’s Data for “Worst Case” Conditions — The Designer’s Data Sheet permits the design of most circuits entirely from the information presented. SOA Limit
curves — representing boundaries on device characteristics — are given to facilitate “worst case” design.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
60 60
TJ = 25°C VGE = 20 V TJ = 125°C VGE = 20 V 15 V
15 V
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
40 40
12.5 V 12.5 V
30 30
20 20 10 V
10 10 V 10
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
TJ = 125°C
IC = 20 A
40 3
15 A
10 A
20 2
25°C
0 1
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 – 50 0 50 100 150
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
10000 16
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
VCE = 0 V TJ = 25°C QT
14
Cies
12
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1000
10
Coes Q1 Q2
8
100 Cres 6
TJ = 25°C
4
IC = 20 A
2
10 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
GATE–TO–EMITTER OR COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
4
15 A
3 15 A
3
10 A 2
2
10 A
1 1
0 0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 25 50 75 100 125 150
RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS) TC, CASE TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 7. Total Switching Losses versus Figure 8. Total Switching Losses versus
Gate Resistance Case Temperature
VCC = 720 V
VGE = 15 V
RG = 20 Ω
4 TJ = 125°C 30
TJ = 125°C
3 20
TJ = 25°C
2 10
1 0
10 12 14 16 18 20
F
0 1 2 3 4 5
IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (AMPS) VFM, FORWARD VOLTAGE DROP (VOLTS)
Figure 9. Turn–Off Losses versus Figure 10. Maximum Forward Drop versus
Collector–to–Emitter Current Instantaneous Forward Current
100
IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (A)
10
VGE = 15 V
RGE = 20 Ω
TJ = 125°C
0.1
1 10 100 1000
VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.1 P(pk)
0.02 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.01 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
SINGLE PULSE t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
Data Sheet
Designer's
G G
C
E
Maximum Lead Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 1/8″ from case for 5 seconds TL 260 °C
Mounting Torque, 6–32 or M3 screw 10 lbfSin (1.13 NSm)
(1) Pulse width is limited by maximum junction temperature.
Designer’s Data for “Worst Case” Conditions — The Designer’s Data Sheet permits the design of most circuits entirely from the information presented. SOA Limit
curves — representing boundaries on device characteristics — are given to facilitate “worst case” design.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
60 60
TJ = 25°C VGE = 20 V 12.5 V TJ = 125°C VGE = 20 V 12.5 V
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
20 20
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
IC = 30 A
TJ = 125°C
40 2.6 22.5 A
25°C 15 A
20 2.2
0 1.8
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 – 50 0 50 100 150
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
7200 16
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
TJ = 25°C QT
6400
VCE = 0 V
5600 12
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
4800 Cies
4000
8 Q1 Q2
3200
2400
4 TJ = 25°C
1600 Coes IC = 30 A
800
Cres
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
GATE–TO–EMITTER OR COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
1.5 20 A 1.5 IC = 30 A
1 1 20 A
10 A
0.5 0.5 10 A
0 0
10 20 30 40 50 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
2 100
VGE = 15 V
1.6 RG = 20 Ω
TJ = 125°C
10
1.2
0.8
1
0.4 VGE = 15 V
RGE = 20 Ω
TJ = 125°C
0 0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1 10 100 1000
IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (AMPS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Data Sheet
Designer's
MGY20N120D
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
60 60
TJ = 25°C VGE = 20 V TJ = 125°C VGE = 20 V 15 V
15 V
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
40 40
12.5 V 12.5 V
30 30
20 20 10 V
10 10 V 10
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
60 4
VCE = 10 V VGE = 15 V
250 µs PULSE WIDTH 250 µs PULSE WIDTH
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
TJ = 125°C
IC = 20 A
40 3
15 A
10 A
20 2
25°C
0 1
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 – 50 0 50 100 150
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Cies Cies
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1000 1000
Coes
Coes
100 Cres 100
Cres
10 10
0 5 10 15 20 25 50 100 150 200
GATE–TO–EMITTER OR COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
16 6
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
5 5
TOTAL SWITCHING ENERGY LOSSES (mJ)
3 15 A
3
2
10 A
2
1
0 1
25 50 75 100 125 150 10 12 14 16 18 20
TC, CASE TEMPERATURE (°C) IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 8. Total Switching Losses versus Figure 9. Total Switching Losses versus
Case Temperature Collector–to–Emitter Current
20
TJ = 25°C
1
10
VGE = 15 V
RGE = 20 Ω
TJ = 125°C
0 0.1
F
0 1 2 3 4 5 1 10 100 1000
VFM, FORWARD VOLTAGE DROP (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 10. Maximum Forward Drop versus Figure 11. Reverse Biased
Instantaneous Forward Current Safe Operating Area
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.1 P(pk)
0.02 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.01 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
SINGLE PULSE t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
G
C
G E
E
CASE 340G–02, Style 5
TO–264
Maximum Lead Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 1/8″ from case for 5 seconds TL 260 °C
Mounting Torque, 6–32 or M3 screw 10 lbfSin (1.13 NSm)
(1) Pulse width is limited by maximum junction temperature. Repetitive rating.
Designer’s Data for “Worst Case” Conditions — The Designer’s Data Sheet permits the design of most circuits entirely from the information presented. SOA Limit
curves — representing boundaries on device characteristics — are given to facilitate “worst case” design.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
75 75
TJ = 25°C VGE = 20 V 17.5 V TJ = 125°C VGE = 20 V 17.5 V
15 V
60 60 15 V
45 12.5 V 45 12.5 V
30 30
10 V 10 V
15 15
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
60
TJ = 125°C IC = 20 A
50
3 15 A
40
10 A
30
2
20
25°C
10
0 1
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 – 50 0 50 100 150
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
10000 16
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
VCE = 0 V TJ = 25°C QT
14
Cies
12
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1000
10 Q1 Q2
Coes
8
100 6
Cres
TJ = 25°C
4
IC = 25 A
2
10 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
GATE–TO–EMITTER OR COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
2 0
10 20 30 40 50 25 50 75 100 125 150
RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS) TC, CASE TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 7. Total Switching Losses versus Figure 8. Total Switching Losses versus
Gate Resistance Case Temperature
RG = 20 Ω 40
5 TJ = 125°C
TJ = 125°C
4 30
TJ = 25°C
3 20
2
10
1
0 0
F
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 1 2 3 4 5
IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (AMPS) VFM, FORWARD VOLTAGE DROP (VOLTS)
Figure 9. Turn–Off Losses versus Figure 10. Maximum Forward Drop versus
Collector–to–Emitter Current Instantaneous Forward Current
100
IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (A)
10
VGE = 15 V
RGE = 20 Ω
TJ = 125°C
0.1
1 10 100 1000
VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.1 P(pk)
0.02 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.01 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
SINGLE PULSE t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
Data Sheet
Designer's
MGY25N120D
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
75 75
TJ = 25°C VGE = 20 V 17.5 V TJ = 125°C VGE = 20 V 17.5 V
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
15 V
60 60 15 V
45 12.5 V 45 12.5 V
30 30
10 V 10 V
15 15
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
70 4
VCE = 10 V VGE = 15 V
250 µs PULSE WIDTH 250 µs PULSE WIDTH
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
60
TJ = 125°C IC = 20 A
50
3 15 A
40
10 A
30
2
20
25°C
10
0 1
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 – 50 0 50 100 150
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Cies Cies
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1000 1000
Coes
Coes
100 Cres 100
Cres
10 10
0 5 10 15 20 25 50 100 150 200
GATE–TO–EMITTER OR COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
16 6
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
7 7
TOTAL SWITCHING ENERGY LOSSES (mJ)
RG = 20 Ω RG = 20 Ω
5 5 TJ = 125°C
IC = 25 A
4 4
3 15 A 3
2 2
10 A
1 1
0 0
25 50 75 100 125 150 0 5 10 15 20 25
TC, CASE TEMPERATURE (°C) IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (AMPS)
10
TJ = 125°C
30
TJ = 25°C
20
1
10 VGE = 15 V
RGE = 20 Ω
TJ = 125°C
0 0.1
F
0 1 2 3 4 5 1 10 100 1000
VFM, FORWARD VOLTAGE DROP (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 10. Maximum Forward Drop versus Figure 11. Reverse Biased
Instantaneous Forward Current Safe Operating Area
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.1 P(pk)
0.02 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.01 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
SINGLE PULSE t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
Data Sheet
Designer's
MGY30N60D
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
60 60
TJ = 25°C VGE = 20 V 12.5 V TJ = 125°C VGE = 20 V 12.5 V
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
20 20
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
60 3
VCE = 100 V VGE = 15 V
5 µs PULSE WIDTH 80 µs PULSE WIDTH
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
IC = 30 A
TJ = 125°C
40 2.6 22.5 A
25°C 15 A
20 2.2
0 1.8
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 – 50 0 50 100 150
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
QT
6000 15
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
Cies
4000 10 Q1 Q2
2000 5 TJ = 25°C
Coes IC = 30 A
Cres
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 30 60 90 120 150
GATE–TO–EMITTER OR COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
6.4 6.5
TOTAL SWITCHING ENERGY LOSSES (mJ)
3.2 20 A 3.5
20 A
2.4
2.5
1.6 10 A
1.5 10 A
0.8
0 0.5
10 20 30 40 50 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 7. Total Switching Losses versus Figure 8. Total Switching Losses versus
Gate Resistance Junction Temperature
5 3
TOTAL SWITCHING ENERGY LOSSES (mJ)
VGE = 15 V VGE = 15 V
4
RG = 20 Ω TJ = 125°C
IC = 30 A
TJ = 125°C 2
3
20 A
2
1
10 A
1
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 10 20 30 40 50
IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (AMPS) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
Figure 9. Total Switching Losses versus Figure 10. Turn–Off Losses versus
Collector–to–Emitter Current Gate Resistance
IC = 30 A 1
1 20 A
0.5
10 A
0 0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 11. Turn–Off Losses versus Figure 12. Turn–Off Losses versus
Junction Temperature Collector–to–Emitter Current
i F, INSTANTANEOUS FORWARD CURRENT (AMPS)
100 100
1 1
VGE = 15 V
RGE = 20 Ω
TJ = 125°C
0.1 0.1
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 1 10 100 1000
VFM, FORWARD VOLTAGE DROP (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 13. Typical Diode Forward Drop versus Figure 14. Reverse Biased Safe
Instantaneous Forward Current Operating Area
Data Sheet
Designer's
G
C
G E
E
CASE 340G–02, Style 5
TO–264
Maximum Lead Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 1/8″ from case for 5 seconds TL 260 °C
Mounting Torque, 6–32 or M3 screw 10 lbfSin (1.13 NSm)
(1) Pulse width is limited by maximum junction temperature.
Designer’s Data for “Worst Case” Conditions — The Designer’s Data Sheet permits the design of most circuits entirely from the information presented. SOA Limit
curves — representing boundaries on device characteristics — are given to facilitate “worst case” design.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
80 80
TJ = 25°C VGE = 20 V 12.5 V TJ = 125°C VGE = 20 V 12.5 V
17.5 V 10 V 17.5 V 15 V
15 V
60 60 10 V
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
IC = 40 A
60 TJ = 125°C
2.6
30 A
40
25°C
2.2 20 A
20
0 1.8
5 6 7 8 9 10 – 50 0 50 100 150
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
12000 20
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
VCE = 0 V TJ = 25°C
QT
15
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
8000
Cies
10 Q1 Q2
4000
5 TJ = 25°C
Coes IC = 40 A
Cres
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 50 100 150 200 250
GATE–TO–EMITTER OR COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
IC = 40 A
2 30 A 2
30 A
20 A
1 1 20 A
0 0
10 20 30 40 50 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
3 100
VGE = 15 V
RG = 20 Ω
TJ = 125°C
2 10
1 1
VGE = 15 V
RGE = 20 Ω
TJ = 125°C
0 0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1 10 100 1000
IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (AMPS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Data Sheet
Designer's
MGY40N60D
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
80 80
TJ = 25°C VGE = 20 V 12.5 V TJ = 125°C VGE = 20 V 12.5 V
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
80 3
VCE = 100 V VGE = 15 V
5 µs PULSE WIDTH 80 µs PULSE WIDTH
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)
IC = 40 A
60 TJ = 125°C
2.6
30 A
40
25°C
2.2 20 A
20
0 1.8
5 6 7 8 9 10 – 50 0 50 100 150
VGE, GATE–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
QT
15
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
8000
Cies
10 Q1 Q2
4000
5 TJ = 25°C
Coes IC = 40 A
Cres
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 50 100 150 200 250
GATE–TO–EMITTER OR COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
8.5
TOTAL SWITCHING ENERGY LOSSES (mJ)
6.5
IC = 40 A
5
5.5 30 A
30 A
4.5
3
20 A
20 A
3.5
2.5 1
10 20 30 40 50 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 7. Total Switching Losses versus Figure 8. Total Switching Losses versus
Gate Resistance Junction Temperature
7 4
TOTAL SWITCHING ENERGY LOSSES (mJ)
6 VGE = 15 V
RG = 20 Ω TJ = 125°C IC = 40 A
TJ = 125°C 3
5
4 30 A
2
3
20 A
2
1
1
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 10 20 30 40 50
IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (AMPS) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
Figure 9. Total Switching Losses versus Figure 10. Turn–Off Losses versus
Collector–to–Emitter Current Gate Resistance
2 IC = 40 A
30 A 1
1 20 A
0 0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) IC, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 11. Turn–Off Losses versus Figure 12. Turn–Off Losses versus
Junction Temperature Collector–to–Emitter Current
i F, INSTANTANEOUS FORWARD CURRENT (AMPS)
100 100
TJ = 25°C
1 1
VGE = 15 V
RGE = 20 Ω
TJ = 125°C
0.1 0.1
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1 10 100 1000
VFM, FORWARD VOLTAGE DROP (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR–TO–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 13. Typical Diode Forward Drop versus Figure 14. Reverse Biased Safe
Instantaneous Forward Current Operating Area
Data Sheet
Designer's
SMARTDISCRETES
MLD1N06CL
Motorola Preferred Device
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Thermal Resistance — Junction to Case RθJC 3.12 °C/W
— Junction to Ambient RθJA 100
— Junction to Ambient (1) RθJA 71.4
CASE 369A–13, Style 2
Maximum Lead Temperature for Soldering Purposes, TL 260 °C DPAK Surface Mount
1/8″ from case for 5 sec.
ON CHARACTERISTICS(1)
Gate Threshold Voltage VGS(th) Vdc
(ID = 250 µAdc, VDS = VGS) 1.0 1.5 2.0
(ID = 250 µAdc, VDS = VGS, TJ = 150°C) 0.6 — 1.6
Static Drain–to–Source On–Resistance RDS(on) Ohms
(ID = 1.0 Adc, VGS = 4.0 Vdc) — 0.63 0.75
(ID = 1.0 Adc, VGS = 5.0 Vdc) — 0.59 0.75
(ID = 1.0 Adc, VGS = 4.0 Vdc, TJ = 150°C) — 1.1 1.9
(ID = 1.0 Adc, VGS = 5.0 Vdc, TJ = 150°C) — 1.0 1.8
Static Source–to–Drain Diode Voltage (IS = 1.0 Adc, VGS = 0 Vdc) VSD — 1.1 1.5 Vdc
Static Drain Current Limit ID(lim) Adc
(VGS = 5.0 Vdc, VDS = 10 Vdc) 2.0 2.3 2.75
(VGS = 5.0 Vdc, VDS = 10 Vdc, TJ = 150°C) 1.1 1.3 1.8
Forward Transconductance (ID = 1.0 Adc, VDS = 10 Vdc) gFS 1.0 1.4 — mhos
RESISTIVE SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS(2)
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 1.2 2.0 ns
Rise Time ((VDD = 25 Vdc, ID = 1.0 Adc, tr — 4.0 6.0
Turn–Off Delay Time VGS(on) = 5.0 Vdc, RGS = 50 Ohms) td(off) — 4.0 6.0
Fall Time tf — 3.0 5.0
INTERNAL PACKAGE INDUCTANCE
Internal Drain Inductance LD nH
(Measured from drain lead 0.25” from package to center of die) — 4.5 —
Internal Source Inductance LS nH
(Measured from the source lead 0.25” from package to source bond pad) — 7.5 —
(1) Pulse Test: Pulse Width ≤ 300 µs, Duty Cycle ≤ 2%.
(2) Switching characteristics are independent of operating junction temperature.
4
TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 7.5 V
4 –50°C
ID , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
ID , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
3
10 V
6V 8V 3
4V 25°C
2
2
1 VGS = 3 V TJ = 150°C
1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
80
63
60
62
40
61
20
0 60
25 50 75 100 125 150 –50 0 50 100 150
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
TC = 25°C
MAXIMUM DC VOLTAGE CONSIDERATIONS
10 µs
The maximum drain–to–source voltage that can be contin-
uously applied across the MLD1N06CL when it is in current
1.0 100 µs
limit is a function of the power that must be dissipated. This
power is determined by the maximum current limit at maxi- 1 ms
mum rated operating temperature (1.8 A at 150°C) and not 10 ms
the RDS(on). The maximum voltage can be calculated by the RDS(on) LIMIT
following equation: THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT dc
(150 – TA) 0.1
Vsupply = 0.1 1.0 10 100
ID(lim) (RθJC + RθCA)
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
where the value of RθCA is determined by the heatsink that is Figure 8. Maximum Rated Forward Bias
being used in the application. Safe Operating Area (MLD1N06CL)
0.2
0.1
Vin DUT
PULSE GENERATOR OUTPUT, Vout
z = 50 Ω 10%
Rgen INVERTED
50Ω
90%
50 Ω
50% 50%
INPUT, Vin PULSE WIDTH
10%
ACTIVE CLAMPING
SMARTDISCRETES technology can provide on–chip real- elements provide greater than 2.0 kV electrostatic voltage
ization of the popular gate–to–source and gate–to–drain protection.
Zener diode clamp elements. Until recently, such features The avalanche voltage of the gate–to–drain voltage clamp
have been implemented only with discrete components is set less than that of the power MOSFET device. As soon
which consume board space and add system cost. The as the drain–to–source voltage exceeds this avalanche volt-
SMARTDISCRETES technology approach economically age, the resulting gate–to–drain Zener current builds a gate
melds these features and the power chip with only a slight voltage across the gate–to–source impedance, turning on
increase in chip area. the power device which then conducts the current. Since vir-
In practice, back–to–back diode elements are formed in a tually all of the current is carried by the power device, the
polysilicon region monolithicly integrated with, but electrically
gate–to–drain voltage clamp element may be small in size.
isolated from, the main device structure. Each back–to–back
This technique of establishing a temperature compensated
diode element provides a temperature compensated voltage
drain–to–source sustaining voltage (Figure 7) effectively re-
element of about 7.2 volts. As the polysilicon region is
formed on top of silicon dioxide, the diode elements are free moves the possibility of drain–to–source avalanche in the
from direct interaction with the conduction regions of the power device.
power device, thus eliminating parasitic electrical effects The gate–to–drain voltage clamp technique is particularly
while maintaining excellent thermal coupling. useful for snubbing loads where the inductive energy would
To achieve high gate–to–drain clamp voltages, several otherwise avalanche the power device. An improvement in
voltage elements are strung together; the MLD1N06CL uses ruggedness of at least four times has been observed when
8 such elements. Customarily, two voltage elements are inductive energy is dissipated in the gate–to–drain clamped
used to provide a 14.4 volt gate–to–source voltage clamp. conduction mode rather than in the more stressful gate–to–
For the MLD1N06CL, the integrated gate–to–source voltage source avalanche mode.
Data Sheet
Designer's
SMARTDISCRETES
MLD2N06CL
Motorola Preferred Device
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Maximum Junction Temperature TJ(max) 150 °C
Thermal Resistance – Junction to Case RθJC 3.12 °C/W
Maximum Lead Temperature for Soldering Purposes, TL 260 °C CASE 369A–13, Style 2
1/8″ from case for 5 sec. DPAK Surface Mount
Designer’s Data for “Worst Case” Conditions — The Designer’s Data Sheet permits the design of most circuits entirely from the information presented. SOA Limit
curves — representing boundaries on device characteristics — are given to facilitate “worst case” design.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
ON CHARACTERISTICS(1)
Gate Threshold Voltage VGS(th) Vdc
(ID = 250 µAdc, VDS = VGS) 1.0 1.5 2.0
(ID = 250 µAdc, VDS = VGS, TJ = 150°C) 0.6 1 1.6
Static Drain Current Limit ID(lim) Adc
(VGS = 5.0 Vdc, VDS = 10 Vdc) 3.8 4.4 5.2
(VGS = 5.0 Vdc, VDS = 10 Vdc, TJ = 150°C) 1.6 2.4 2.9
Static Drain–to–Source On–Resistance RDS(on) Ohms
(ID = 1.0 Adc, VGS = 5.0 Vdc) — 0.3 0.4
(ID = 1.0 Adc, VGS = 5.0 Vdc, TJ = 150°C) — 0.53 0.7
Forward Transconductance (ID = 1.0 Adc, VDS = 10 Vdc) gFS 1.0 1.4 — mhos
Static Source–to–Drain Diode Voltage VSD Vdc
(IS = 1.0 Adc, VGS = 0 Vdc) — 1.1 1.5
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS(2)
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 1.0 1.5 µs
Rise Time ((VDD = 30 Vdc, ID = 1.0 Adc, tr — 3.0 5.0
Turn–Off Delay Time VGS(on) = 5.0 Vdc, RGS = 25 Ohms) td(off) — 5.0 8.0
Fall Time tf — 3.0 5.0
(1) Pulse Test: Pulse Width ≤ 300 µs, Duty Cycle ≤ 2%.
(2) Switching characteristics are independent of operating junction temperature.
5 4.0
TJ = 25°C 6.0 V VDS ≥ 7.5 V – 55°C 25°C
5.5 V 3.5
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
4 5.0 V TJ = 150°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
4.5 V 3.0
4.0 V
3 2.5
3.5 V
2.0
3.0 V
2 1.5
1.0
1
2.5 V
0.5
2.0 V
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 1. Output Characteristics Figure 2. Transfer Function
it, and thus lowering the voltage across the gate–to–source of 0.5
the power MOSFET and limiting the current. The current limit is
VGS = 4 V
temperature dependent as shown in Figure 3, and decreases 0.4
from about 2.3 Amps at 25°C to about 1.3 Amps at 150°C.
Since the MLD2N06CL continues to conduct current and dis- VGS = 5 V
0.3
sipate power during a shorted load condition, it is important to
provide sufficient heatsinking to limit the device junction tempera-
0.2
ture to a maximum of 150°C.
The metal current sense resistor R2 adds about 0.4 ohms to
the power MOSFET’s on–resistance, but the effect of tempera- 0.1
ture on the combination is less than on a standard MOSFET due
to the lower temperature coefficient of R2. The on–resistance 0
– 50 0 50 100 150
variation with temperature for gate voltages of 4 and 5 Volts is
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
shown in Figure 5.
Back–to–back polysilicon diodes between gate and source Figure 5. On–Resistance Variation With
provide ESD protection to greater than 2 kV, HBM. This on–chip Temperature
protection feature eliminates the need for an external Zener
diode for systems with potentially heavy line transients.
VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
60 62.5
62.0
40 61.5
61.0
20
60.5
0 60.0
25 50 75 100 125 150 – 50 0 50 100 150
TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) TJ = JUNCTION TEMPERATURE
TC = 25°C
MAXIMUM DC VOLTAGE CONSIDERATIONS
The maximum drain–to–source voltage that can be contin- dc
uously applied across the MLD2N06CL when it is in current 10 ms
limit is a function of the power that must be dissipated. This 1.0 1 ms
power is determined by the maximum current limit at maxi-
mum rated operating temperature (1.8 A at 150°C) and not
the RDS(on). The maximum voltage can be calculated by the RDS(on) LIMIT
following equation: THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
(150 – TA) 0.1
Vsupply = 0.1 1.0 10 100
ID(lim) (RθJC + RθCA)
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
where the value of RθCA is determined by the heatsink that is Figure 8. Maximum Rated Forward Bias
being used in the application. Safe Operating Area (MLD2N06CL)
0.2
0.1
Vin DUT
PULSE GENERATOR OUTPUT, Vout
z = 50 Ω 10%
Rgen INVERTED
50Ω
90%
50 Ω
50% 50%
INPUT, Vin PULSE WIDTH
10%
ACTIVE CLAMPING
SMARTDISCRETES technology can provide on–chip real- elements provide greater than 2.0 kV electrostatic voltage
ization of the popular gate–to–source and gate–to–drain protection.
Zener diode clamp elements. Until recently, such features The avalanche voltage of the gate–to–drain voltage clamp
have been implemented only with discrete components is set less than that of the power MOSFET device. As soon
which consume board space and add system cost. The as the drain–to–source voltage exceeds this avalanche volt-
SMARTDISCRETES technology approach economically age, the resulting gate–to–drain Zener current builds a gate
melds these features and the power chip with only a slight voltage across the gate–to–source impedance, turning on
increase in chip area. the power device which then conducts the current. Since vir-
In practice, back–to–back diode elements are formed in a tually all of the current is carried by the power device, the
polysilicon region monolithicly integrated with, but electrically
gate–to–drain voltage clamp element may be small in size.
isolated from, the main device structure. Each back–to–back
This technique of establishing a temperature compensated
diode element provides a temperature compensated voltage
drain–to–source sustaining voltage (Figure 7) effectively re-
element of about 7.2 volts. As the polysilicon region is
formed on top of silicon dioxide, the diode elements are free moves the possibility of drain–to–source avalanche in the
from direct interaction with the conduction regions of the power device.
power device, thus eliminating parasitic electrical effects The gate–to–drain voltage clamp technique is particularly
while maintaining excellent thermal coupling. useful for snubbing loads where the inductive energy would
To achieve high gate–to–drain clamp voltages, several otherwise avalanche the power device. An improvement in
voltage elements are strung together; the MLD2N06CL uses ruggedness of at least four times has been observed when
8 such elements. Customarily, two voltage elements are inductive energy is dissipated in the gate–to–drain clamped
used to provide a 14.4 volt gate–to–source voltage clamp. conduction mode rather than in the more stressful gate–to–
For the MLD2N06CL, the integrated gate–to–source voltage source avalanche mode.
SMARTDISCRETES
Internally Clamped, Current Limited
MLP1N06CL
Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
ON CHARACTERISTICS*
Gate Threshold Voltage VGS(th) Vdc
(ID = 250 µA, VDS = VGS) 1.0 1.5 2.0
(ID = 250 µA, VDS = VGS, TJ = 150°C) 0.6 — 1.6
Static Drain–to–Source On–Resistance RDS(on) Ohms
(ID = 1.0 A, VGS = 4.0 V) — 0.63 0.75
(ID = 1.0 A, VGS = 5.0 V) — 0.59 0.75
(ID = 1.0 A, VGS = 4.0 V, TJ = 150°C) — 1.1 1.9
(ID = 1.0 A, VGS = 5.0 V, TJ = 150°C) — 1.0 1.8
Forward Transconductance (ID = 1.0 A, VDS = 10 V) gFS 1.0 1.4 — mhos
Static Source–to–Drain Diode Voltage (IS = 1.0 A, VGS = 0) VSD — 1.1 1.5 Vdc
Static Drain Current Limit ID(lim) A
(VGS = 5.0 V, VDS = 10 V) 2.0 2.3 2.75
(VGS = 5.0 V, VDS = 10 V, TJ = 150°C) 1.1 1.3 1.8
4
TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 7.5 V
4 –50°C
ID , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
ID , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
3
10 V
6V 8V 3
4V 25°C
2
2
1 VGS = 3 V TJ = 150°C
1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 1. Output Characteristics Figure 2. Transfer Function
80
63
60
62
40
61
20
0 60
25 50 75 100 125 150 –50 0 50 100 150
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
3 ID(lim) – MAX 1 ms
MAXIMUM DC VOLTAGE CONSIDERATIONS 1.5
2 ms
The maximum drain–to–source voltage that can be contin- ID(lim) – MIN 5 ms
uously applied across the MLP1N06CL when it is in current dc
1
limit is a function of the power that must be dissipated. This
power is determined by the maximum current limit at maxi- 0.6
DEVICE/POWER LIMITED
mum rated operating temperature (1.8 A at 150°C) and not RDS(on) LIMITED
0.3
the RDS(on). The maximum voltage can be calculated by the VGS = 5 V
0.2
following equation: SINGLE PULSE
TC = 25°C
0.1
(150 – TA) 1 2 3 6 10 20 30 60 100
Vsupply =
ID(lim) (RθJC + RθCA) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
where the value of RθCA is determined by the heatsink that is Figure 8. Maximum Rated Forward Bias
being used in the application. Safe Operating Area (MLP1N06CL)
0.03
0.01 t1
0.02 t2
SINGLE PULSE DUTY CYCLE, D =t1/t2
0.01
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 10 20 30 50 100 200 300 500 1000
t, TIME (ms)
Vin DUT
PULSE GENERATOR OUTPUT, Vout
z = 50 Ω 10%
Rgen INVERTED
50Ω
90%
50 Ω
50% 50%
INPUT, Vin PULSE WIDTH
10%
ACTIVE CLAMPING
SMARTDISCRETES technology can provide on–chip real- elements provide greater than 2.0 kV electrostatic voltage
ization of the popular gate–to–source and gate–to–drain protection.
Zener diode clamp elements. Until recently, such features The avalanche voltage of the gate–to–drain voltage clamp
have been implemented only with discrete components is set less than that of the power MOSFET device. As soon
which consume board space and add system cost. The as the drain–to–source voltage exceeds this avalanche volt-
SMARTDISCRETES technology approach economically age, the resulting gate–to–drain Zener current builds a gate
melds these features and the power chip with only a slight voltage across the gate–to–source impedance, turning on
increase in chip area. the power device which then conducts the current. Since vir-
In practice, back–to–back diode elements are formed in a tually all of the current is carried by the power device, the
polysilicon region monolithicly integrated with, but electrically
gate–to–drain voltage clamp element may be small in size.
isolated from, the main device structure. Each back–to–back
This technique of establishing a temperature compensated
diode element provides a temperature compensated voltage
drain–to–source sustaining voltage (Figure 7) effectively re-
element of about 7.2 volts. As the polysilicon region is
formed on top of silicon dioxide, the diode elements are free moves the possibility of drain–to–source avalanche in the
from direct interaction with the conduction regions of the power device.
power device, thus eliminating parasitic electrical effects The gate–to–drain voltage clamp technique is particularly
while maintaining excellent thermal coupling. useful for snubbing loads where the inductive energy would
To achieve high gate–to–drain clamp voltages, several otherwise avalanche the power device. An improvement in
voltage elements are strung together; the MLP1N06CL uses ruggedness of at least four times has been observed when
8 such elements. Customarily, two voltage elements are inductive energy is dissipated in the gate–to–drain clamped
used to provide a 14.4 volt gate–to–source voltage clamp. conduction mode rather than in the more stressful gate–to–
For the MLP1N06CL, the integrated gate–to–source voltage source avalanche mode.
Data Sheet
Designer's
SMARTDISCRETES
MLP2N06CL
Motorola Preferred Device
Designer’s Data for “Worst Case” Conditions — The Designer’s Data Sheet permits the design of most circuits entirely from the information presented. SOA Limit
curves — representing boundaries on device characteristics — are given to facilitate “worst case” design.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
ON CHARACTERISTICS(1)
Gate Threshold Voltage VGS(th) Vdc
(ID = 250 µAdc, VDS = VGS) 1.0 1.5 2.0
(ID = 250 µAdc, VDS = VGS, TJ = 150°C) 0.6 1 1.6
Static Drain Current Limit ID(lim) Adc
(VGS = 5.0 Vdc, VDS = 10 Vdc) 3.8 4.4 5.2
(VGS = 5.0 Vdc, VDS = 10 Vdc, TJ = 150°C) 1.6 2.4 2.9
Static Drain–to–Source On–Resistance RDS(on) Ohms
(ID = 1.0 Adc, VGS = 5.0 Vdc) — 0.3 0.4
(ID = 1.0 Adc, VGS = 5.0 Vdc, TJ = 150°C) — 0.53 0.7
Forward Transconductance (ID = 1.0 Adc, VDS = 10 Vdc) gFS 1.0 1.4 — mhos
Static Source–to–Drain Diode Voltage VSD Vdc
(IS = 1.0 Adc, VGS = 0 Vdc) — 1.1 1.5
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS(2)
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 1.0 1.5 µs
Rise Time ((VDD = 30 Vdc, ID = 1.0 Adc, tr — 3.0 5.0
Turn–Off Delay Time VGS(on) = 5.0 Vdc, RGS = 25 Ohms) td(off) — 5.0 8.0
Fall Time tf — 3.0 5.0
(1) Pulse Test: Pulse Width ≤ 300 µs, Duty Cycle ≤ 2%.
(2) Switching characteristics are independent of operating junction temperature.
5 4.0
TJ = 25°C 6.0 V VDS ≥ 7.5 V – 55°C 25°C
5.5 V 3.5
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
4 5.0 V TJ = 150°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
4.5 V 3.0
4.0 V
3 2.5
3.5 V
2.0
3.0 V
2 1.5
1.0
1
2.5 V
0.5
2.0 V
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 1. Output Characteristics Figure 2. Transfer Function
it, and thus lowering the voltage across the gate–to–source of 0.5
the power MOSFET and limiting the current. The current limit is
VGS = 4 V
temperature dependent as shown in Figure 3, and decreases 0.4
from about 2.3 Amps at 25°C to about 1.3 Amps at 150°C.
Since the MLP2N06CL continues to conduct current and dissi- VGS = 5 V
0.3
pate power during a shorted load condition, it is important to pro-
vide sufficient heatsinking to limit the device junction temperature
0.2
to a maximum of 150°C.
The metal current sense resistor R2 adds about 0.4 ohms to
the power MOSFET’s on–resistance, but the effect of tempera- 0.1
ture on the combination is less than on a standard MOSFET due
to the lower temperature coefficient of R2. The on–resistance 0
– 50 0 50 100 150
variation with temperature for gate voltages of 4 and 5 Volts is
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
shown in Figure 5.
Back–to–back polysilicon diodes between gate and source Figure 5. On–Resistance Variation With
provide ESD protection to greater than 2 kV, HBM. This on–chip Temperature
protection feature eliminates the need for an external Zener
diode for systems with potentially heavy line transients.
VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
60 62.5
62.0
40 61.5
61.0
20
60.5
0 60.0
25 50 75 100 125 150 – 50 0 50 100 150
TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) TJ = JUNCTION TEMPERATURE
TC = 25°C
MAXIMUM DC VOLTAGE CONSIDERATIONS
The maximum drain–to–source voltage that can be contin- dc
uously applied across the MLP2N06CL when it is in current 10 ms
limit is a function of the power that must be dissipated. This 1.0 1 ms
power is determined by the maximum current limit at maxi-
mum rated operating temperature (1.8 A at 150°C) and not
the RDS(on). The maximum voltage can be calculated by the RDS(on) LIMIT
following equation: THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
(150 – TA) 0.1
Vsupply = 0.1 1.0 10 100
ID(lim) (RθJC + RθCA)
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
where the value of RθCA is determined by the heatsink that is Figure 8. Maximum Rated Forward Bias
being used in the application. Safe Operating Area (MLP2N06CL)
0.2
0.1
0.05 P(pk)
0.1 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.01 t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
SINGLE PULSE DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E – 05 1.0E – 04 1.0E – 03 1.0E – 02 1.0E – 01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
Vin DUT
PULSE GENERATOR OUTPUT, Vout
z = 50 Ω 10%
Rgen INVERTED
50Ω
90%
50 Ω
50% 50%
INPUT, Vin PULSE WIDTH
10%
ACTIVE CLAMPING
SMARTDISCRETES technology can provide on–chip real- elements provide greater than 2.0 kV electrostatic voltage
ization of the popular gate–to–source and gate–to–drain protection.
Zener diode clamp elements. Until recently, such features The avalanche voltage of the gate–to–drain voltage clamp
have been implemented only with discrete components is set less than that of the power MOSFET device. As soon
which consume board space and add system cost. The as the drain–to–source voltage exceeds this avalanche volt-
SMARTDISCRETES technology approach economically age, the resulting gate–to–drain Zener current builds a gate
melds these features and the power chip with only a slight voltage across the gate–to–source impedance, turning on
increase in chip area. the power device which then conducts the current. Since vir-
In practice, back–to–back diode elements are formed in a tually all of the current is carried by the power device, the
polysilicon region monolithicly integrated with, but electrically
gate–to–drain voltage clamp element may be small in size.
isolated from, the main device structure. Each back–to–back
This technique of establishing a temperature compensated
diode element provides a temperature compensated voltage
drain–to–source sustaining voltage (Figure 7) effectively re-
element of about 7.2 volts. As the polysilicon region is
formed on top of silicon dioxide, the diode elements are free moves the possibility of drain–to–source avalanche in the
from direct interaction with the conduction regions of the power device.
power device, thus eliminating parasitic electrical effects The gate–to–drain voltage clamp technique is particularly
while maintaining excellent thermal coupling. useful for snubbing loads where the inductive energy would
To achieve high gate–to–drain clamp voltages, several otherwise avalanche the power device. An improvement in
voltage elements are strung together; the MLP2N06CL uses ruggedness of at least four times has been observed when
8 such elements. Customarily, two voltage elements are inductive energy is dissipated in the gate–to–drain clamped
used to provide a 14.4 volt gate–to–source voltage clamp. conduction mode rather than in the more stressful gate–to–
For the MLP2N06CL, the integrated gate–to–source voltage source avalanche mode.
DEVICE MARKING
F1N05
(1) Mounted on 2” square FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06” thick single sided) with one die operating, 10 sec. max.
ORDERING INFORMATION
Device Reel Size Tape Width Quantity
MMDF1N05ER2 13″ 12 mm embossed tape 2500
REV 4
ON CHARACTERISTICS(1)
Gate Threshold Voltage VGS(th) 1.0 — 3.0 Vdc
(VDS = VGS, ID = 250 µAdc)
Drain–to–Source On–Resistance Ohms
(VGS = 10 Vdc, ID = 1.5 Adc) RDS(on) — — 0.30
(VGS = 4.5 Vdc, ID = 0.6 Adc) RDS(on) — — 0.50
Forward Transconductance (VDS = 15 V, ID = 1.5 A) gFS — 1.5 — mhos
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Input Capacitance Ciss — 330 — pF
(VDS = 25 VV, VGS = 0,
0
Output Capacitance Coss — 160 —
f = 1.0 MHz)
Reverse Transfer Capacitance Crss — 50 —
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS(2)
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — — 20 ns
Rise Time ((VDD = 10 V, ID = 1.5 A, RL = 10 Ω, tr — — 30
Turn–Off Delay Time VG = 10 V, RG = 50 Ω) td(off) — — 40
Fall Time tf — — 25
Total Gate Charge Qg — 12.5 — nC
(VDS = 10 V,
V ID = 1.5
1 5 A,
A
Gate–Source Charge Qgs — 1.9 —
VGS = 10 V)
Gate–Drain Charge Qgd — 3.0 —
8
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
4V
4 4
25°C
VGS = 3.5 V
2 2
100°C
– 55°C
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
(NORMALIZED) 1.2
0.3
1
0.8
0.2 100°C
0.6
25°C
0.1 0.4
– 55°C 0.2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 – 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance Variation with Temperature
V GS(th), GATE THRESHOLD VOLTAGE (NORMALIZED)
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
0.5 1.2
0.3 1
0.2 0.9
0.1 0.8
0 0.7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
800 8
VDS = 0 VGS = 0
600 6
400 Ciss 4
Coss
200 2
Crss
0 0
20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
10
Rthja(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0175 Ω 0.0710 Ω 0.2706 Ω 0.5776 Ω 0.7086 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0154 F 0.0854 F 0.3074 F 1.7891 F 107.55 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
Data Sheet
Designer's
S Top View
MAXIMUM RATINGS (TJ = 25°C unless otherwise noted)(1)
Rating Symbol Value Unit
Drain–to–Source Voltage N–Channel VDSS 20 Vdc
P–Channel 12
Gate–to–Source Voltage VGS ± 8.0 Vdc
Drain Current — Continuous N–Channel ID 5.2 A
P–Channel 3.4
— Pulsed N–Channel IDM 48
P–Channel 17
Operating and Storage Temperature Range TJ and Tstg – 55 to 150 °C
Total Power Dissipation @ TA= 25°C (2) PD 2.0 Watts
Thermal Resistance — Junction to Ambient (2) RθJA 62.5 °C/W
Maximum Lead Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 1/8″ from case for 10 seconds. TL 260 °C
DEVICE MARKING
D2C01
(1) Negative signs for P–Channel device omitted for clarity.
(2) Mounted on 2” square FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06” thick single sided) with one die operating, 10 sec. max.
ORDERING INFORMATION
Device Reel Size Tape Width Quantity
MMDF2C01HDR2 13″ 12 mm embossed tape 2500 units
Designer’s Data for “Worst Case” Conditions — The Designer’s Data Sheet permits the design of most circuits entirely from the information presented. SOA Limit
curves — representing boundaries on device characteristics — are given to facilitate “worst case” design.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 4
N–Channel P–Channel
8 4
VGS = 8 V TJ = 25°C VGS = 8 V 2.5 V TJ = 25°C
4.5 V
2.3 V
3.1 V 4.5 V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2.1 V
4 1.9 V 2
1.7 V 1.9 V
2 1
1.7 V
1.5 V
1.3 V 1.5 V
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
8 4
VDS ≥ 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
6 3
4 100°C 2
25°C
100°C 25°C
2 TJ = – 55°C 1
TJ = – 55°C
0 0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.25
0.05
0.20
0.04
0.15
0.03 0.1
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
4.5 V 4.5 V
0.035 0.15
0.030 0.10
0 2 4 6 8 0 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Gate Voltage and Gate Voltage
2 2
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
(NORMALIZED)
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 – 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
100 1000
VGS = 0 V VGS = 0 V
TJ = 125°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
10 100
100°C
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 4 8 12
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
Ciss
1600 Ciss 1600
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1200 1200
Crss
800 Crss 800
Ciss Ciss
5 10 5 10
1 2 1 2
Q3 Q3
0 0 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC)
100 1000
VDD = 6 V VDD = 6 V
ID = 4 A tr ID = 2 A
VGS = 4.5 V VGS = 4.5 V
TJ = 25°C tf TJ = 25°C
td(off)
t, TIME (ns)
t, TIME (ns)
td(on)
1 10
0.1 1 10 100 1 10 100
RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 14. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
N–Channel P–Channel
4 2
VV GS= =0 0VV
GS VGS = 0 V
TJTJ= =25°C
25°C TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
3 1.5
2 1
1 0.5
0 0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 10. Diode Forward Voltage versus Current Figure 10. Diode Forward Voltage versus Current
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and (TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC).
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli-
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
eral Data and Its Use.” rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra- constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition perature.
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power
N–Channel P–Channel
100 100
VGS = 8 V Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06”
VGS = 20 V
SINGLE PULSE 10 µs SINGLE PULSE
thick single sided) with one die operating, 10s max.
100 µs TC = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
TC = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10 1 ms 10
1 ms
10 ms 10 ms
1 1
dc dc
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT 0.1
0.1
PACKAGE LIMIT RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06”
thick single sided) with one die operating, 10s max. PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0.01
0.1 1 10 100 0.1 1 10 100
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased
Safe Operating Area Safe Operating Area
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0175 Ω 0.0710 Ω 0.2706 Ω 0.5776 Ω 0.7086 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0154 F 0.0854 F 0.3074 F 1.7891 F 107.55 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
MMDF2C02E
Designer's
ORDERING INFORMATION
Device Reel Size Tape Width Quantity
MMDF2C02ER2 13″ 12 mm embossed tape 2500 units
Designer’s Data for “Worst Case” Conditions — The Designer’s Data Sheet permits the design of most circuits entirely from the information presented. SOA Limit
curves — representing boundaries on device characteristics — are given to facilitate “worst case” design.
REV 4
7 4
VGS = 10 V 3.7 V VGS = 10 7 V 5V TJ = 25°C
4.7 V
6 4.5 V 3.5 V 4.5 V
4.3 V 3.9 V
3
5 4.1 V
3.3 V 4.3 V
4
3.1 V 2 4.1 V
3
2.9 V 3.9 V
2
2.7 V 1
3.7 V
1 2.5 V 3.5 V
TJ = 25°C 3.3 V
0 0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
7 4
VDS ≥ 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
6 TJ = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
3
5
4 100°C 100°C
2
3 25°C
25°C
TJ = –55°C
2
1
1
TJ = –55°C
0 0
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.15 0.6
TJ = 25°C
TJ = 25°C
0.1
0.4
10 V
VGS = 4.5
0.3
0.05
0.2
10 V
0 0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Gate Voltage and Gate Voltage
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE (NORMALIZED)
RDS(on), DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE (NORMALIZED)
2.0 2.0
VGS = 10 V VGS = 10 V
ID = 3.5 A ID = 2 A
1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
0 0
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 – 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
10000 100
VGS = 0 V TJ = 125°C VGS = 0 V
1000 100°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
100 10
25°C
10
100°C
1 1
5 10 15 20 25 0 4 8 12 16 20
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
by current from the generator.
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)]
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
the drive circuit so that culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
on–state when calculating td(off).
t = Q/IG(AV)
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
be approximated by the following: common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
where The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
RG = the gate drive resistance driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. sure and, consequently, is not specified.
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 11. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
Figure 7. Reverse Recovery Time (trr)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 9). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
N–Channel P–Channel
100 100
VGS = 20 V Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06” Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06”
VGS = 20 V
thick single sided) with one die operating, 10s max. thick single sided) with one die operating, 10s max.
SINGLE PULSE SINGLE PULSE
TC = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
1 dc 1 dc
0.1 0.1
RDS(on) LIMIT RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0.01
0.1 1 10 100 0.1 1 10 100
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 8. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 8. Maximum Rated Forward Biased
Safe Operating Area Safe Operating Area
280 280
I pk = 9 A I pk = 7 A
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN-TO-SOURCE
240 240
AVALANCHE ENERGY (mJ)
200 200
160 160
120 120
80 80
40 40
0 0
25 50 75 100 125 150 25 50 75 100 125 150
TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 9. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus Figure 9. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Starting Junction Temperature Starting Junction Temperature
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 4
6 4
VGS = 10 V 3.5 V TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V 4.5 V 3.9 V 3.7 V TJ = 25°C
4.5 V 3.3 V
5 3.7 V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
6 4
VDS ≥ 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
3
4
TJ = 100°C
2
25°C
2
– 55°C 1
100°C 25°C
TJ = – 55°C
0 0
1 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3 3.4 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.12
10 V
0.06 10 V
0.08
0.05 0.04
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Gate Voltage and Gate Voltage
1.6 1.6
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V
VGS = 10 V
ID = 2 A
ID = 1.5 A
1.4 1.4
(NORMALIZED)
(NORMALIZED)
1.2 1.2
1 1.0
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 – 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
1000 100
VGS = 0 V VGS = 0 V
TJ = 125°C
TJ = 125°C
100
100°C 10
25°C 100°C
10
1 1
0 4 8 12 16 20 0 5 10 15 20
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled.
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
by current from the generator. culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
on–state when calculating td(off).
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis- The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
be approximated by the following: driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val- taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are: erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
1400 1200
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
1200 Ciss Ciss
1000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1000
800
800
Crss 600
600 Crss Ciss
Ciss
400
400
Coss Coss
200 200
Crss
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 10 5 0 5 10 15 20
VGS VDS VGS VDS
12 18
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
12 24
6 ID = 3 A 12 6 9
TJ = 25°C
Q1
4 Q2 8 4 Q1 Q2 6
ID = 2 A
TJ = 25°C
2 4 2 3
Q3 VDS Q3
0 0 0
V
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 4 8 12 16
QT, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) QT, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
100 1000
VDD = 10 V VDD = 10 V
ID = 3 A ID = 2 A
VGS = 10 V tr VGS = 10 V
TJ = 25°C t TJ = 25°C
d(off)
t, TIME (ns)
t, TIME (ns)
tf
10 100
td(on)
td(off)
tf
tr
td(on)
1 10
1 10 100 1 10 100
RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 15. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
N–Channel P–Channel
3.0 2.0
VGS = 0 V VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C TJ = 25°C
2.5
1.6
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
2.0
1.2
1.5
0.8
1.0
0.5 0.4
0 0
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 10. Diode Forward Voltage versus Current Figure 10. Diode Forward Voltage versus Current
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
N–Channel P–Channel
100 100
Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06” VGS = 20 V Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06”
VGS = 20 V
thick single sided) with one die operating, 10s max. thick single sided) with one die operating, 10s max.
SINGLE PULSE SINGLE PULSE
TC = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
TC = 25°C 100 µs
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10 100 µs 10
1 ms 1 ms
10 ms 10 ms
1 1
dc dc
0.1 0.1
RDS(on) LIMIT RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0.01
0.1 1 10 100 0.1 1 10 100
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased
Safe Operating Area Safe Operating Area
450 350
ID = 9 A ID = 6 A
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
250 200
200 150
150
100
100
50
50
0 0
25 50 75 100 125 150 25 50 75 100 125 150
TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Starting Junction Temperature Starting Junction Temperature
10
Rthja(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0175 Ω 0.0710 Ω 0.2706 Ω 0.5776 Ω 0.7086 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0154 F 0.0854 F 0.3074 F 1.7891 F 107.55 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 4
6 4
VGS = 10 V 3.9 V 3.5 V VGS = 10 V 4.5 V 3.7 V 3.5 V TJ = 25°C
TJ = 25°C
4.5 V 3.7 V
5
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
3 3.1 V 2 3.1 V
2 2.9 V
2.9 V 1
1 2.7 V
2.7 V
2.5 V 2.5 V
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
6 4
VDS ≥ 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
5
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
3
4
TJ = 100°C
3 2
TJ = 100°C
2 25°C
25°C
1
1 – 55°C
– 55°C
0 0
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.08 0.30
TJ = 25°C TJ = 25°C
0.25
0.07
VGS = 4.5 VGS = 4.5 V
0.20
10 V
0.06
0.15
10 V
0.05 0.10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Gate Voltage and Gate Voltage
RDS(on), DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE (NORMALIZED)
2.0 1.6
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 10 V
ID = 1.5 A ID = 2 A
1.4
1.5
(NORMALIZED)
1.2
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.8
0 0.6
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 – 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
100 1000
VGS = 0 V VGS = 0 V
TJ = 125°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
100°C
1 10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled.
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
by current from the generator. culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
on–state when calculating td(off).
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis- The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
be approximated by the following: driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val- taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are: erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
800 800
12 24 12 24
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
6 12 6 ID = 2 A 12
Q1 Q2 TJ = 25°C
Q1 Q2
4 8
3 6
Q3 ID = 3 A 2 4
TJ = 25°C Q3
0 0 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
1000 1000
VDD = 15 V VDD = 15 V
ID = 3 A ID = 2 A
VGS = 10 V VGS = 10 V tf
TJ = 25°C TJ = 25°C
100 100 td(off)
t, TIME (ns)
t, TIME (ns)
td(off)
tr tr
tf
10 10 td(on)
td(on)
1 1
1 10 100 1 10 100
RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 15. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
N–Channel P–Channel
3.0 2
TJ = 25°C TJ = 25°C
VGS = 0 V VGS = 0 V
2.5
1.6
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
IS, SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
2.0
1.2
1.5
0.8
1.0
0.5 0.4
0 0
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 10. Diode Forward Voltage versus Current Figure 10. Diode Forward Voltage versus Current
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
N–Channel P–Channel
100 100
VGS = 20 V VGS = 20 V Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06”
thick single sided) with one die operating, 10s max.
SINGLE PULSE 10 µs SINGLE PULSE
TC = 25°C 100 µs TC = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10 1 ms 10 100 µs
1 ms
10 ms
10 ms
1 dc 1
dc
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
0.1 0.1
PACKAGE LIMIT RDS(on) LIMIT
Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06” THERMAL LIMIT
thick single sided) with one die operating, 10s max. PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0.01
0.1 1 10 100 0.1 1 10 100
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased
Safe Operating Area Safe Operating Area
350 350
ID = 9 A ID = 6 A
300 300
AVALANCHE ENERGY (mJ)
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
25 50 75 100 125 150 25 50 75 100 125 150
TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Starting Junction Temperature Starting Junction Temperature
10
Rthja(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0175 Ω 0.0710 Ω 0.2706 Ω 0.5776 Ω 0.7086 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0154 F 0.0854 F 0.3074 F 1.7891 F 107.55 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
REV 4
7 7
VGS = 10 V 3.7 V VDS ≥ 10 V
6 4.5 V 3.5 V 6 TJ = 25°C
4.3 V 3.9 V
5 4.1 V 5
3.3 V
4 4 100°C
3.1 V
3 3
2.9 V 25°C
2 2
2.7 V
1 2.5 V 1
TJ = –55°C
TJ = 25°C
0 0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 1. On–Region Characteristics Figure 2. Transfer Characteristics
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
0.2 0.05
0.1
0 0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
Gate–to–Source Voltage and Gate Voltage
RDS(on), DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE (NORMALIZED)
2.0 10000
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 125°C
ID = 3.5 A
1.0 100
25°C
0.5 10
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 5 10 15 20 25
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
by current from the generator.
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)]
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
the drive circuit so that culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
on–state when calculating td(off).
t = Q/IG(AV)
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
be approximated by the following: common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
where The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
RG = the gate drive resistance driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. sure and, consequently, is not specified.
1200
1000 QT
Ciss
9 VDS VGS 12
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
800
Crss
600 6 8
Ciss Q1 Q2
400
Coss 3 4
200 ID = 2.3 A
Crss Q3
TJ = 25°C
0 0 0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
VGS VDS Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) Figure 8. Gate–to–Source and
Figure 7. Capacitance Variation Drain–to–Source Voltage versus Total Charge
100 7
VDD = 10 V TJ = 25°C
ID = 2 A 6 VGS = 0 V
td(off)
VGS = 10 V
IS, SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
TJ = 25°C tf
5
tr
4
t, TIME (ns)
10
td(on) 3
1 0
1 10 100 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1
RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS) VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 9. Resistive Switching Time Variation Figure 10. Diode Forward Voltage
versus Gate Resistance versus Current
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 280
VGS = 20 V Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06”
I pk = 9 A
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN-TO-SOURCE
10 µs
AVALANCHE ENERGY (mJ)
10
100 µs 200
10 ms
160
1 dc
120
80
0.1
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT 40
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0175 Ω 0.0710 Ω 0.2706 Ω 0.5776 Ω 0.7086 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0154 F 0.0854 F 0.3074 F 1.7891 F 107.55 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Top View
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 4
4 4
VGS = 8 V 2.5 V TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
4.5 V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2.1 V
2 2
0.25
0.20 VGS = 2.7 V
0.20
4.5 V
0.15
0.15
0.1 0.10
0 2 4 6 8 0 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 0 V
VGS = 4.5 V
ID = 2 A
1.5
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
TJ = 125°C
(NORMALIZED)
1 100
0.5
0 10
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 4 8 12
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
2000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
Ciss
1600
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1200
Crss
800
Ciss
400 Coss
Crss
0
8 4 0 4 8 12
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
3 6
100 td(off)
2 Q1 ID = 2 A 4 tf
Q2 TJ = 25°C
tr
1 2
Q3 td(on)
0 0 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 14. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
2
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
1.5
0.5
0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and (TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC).
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli-
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
eral Data and Its Use.” rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra- constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition perature.
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power
100
VGS = 8 V Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06”
thick single sided) with one die operating, 10s max.
SINGLE PULSE
TC = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10
1 ms
10 ms
1
dc
0.1
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
10
Rthja(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0175 Ω 0.0710 Ω 0.2706 Ω 0.5776 Ω 0.7086 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0154 F 0.0854 F 0.3074 F 1.7891 F 107.55 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
REV 4
4 4
VGS = 10 7 V 5V TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
4.7 V
4.5 V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
0.4
0.4
0.3
VGS = 4.5
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1 10 V
0 0.1
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2.0 100
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 2 A
1.5
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
TJ = 125°C
1.0 10
0.5 100°C
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 4 8 12 16 20
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
by current from the generator.
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)]
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
the drive circuit so that culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
on–state when calculating td(off).
t = Q/IG(AV)
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
be approximated by the following: common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
where The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
RG = the gate drive resistance driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. sure and, consequently, is not specified.
1000
VDS
600
6 8
Q1 Q2
400 Crss Ciss
Coss 3 4
200 Q3
ID = 2 A
Crss
TJ = 25°C
0 0 0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
VGS VDS Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) Figure 8. Gate–to–Source and
Figure 7. Capacitance Variation Drain–to–Source Voltage versus Total Charge
100 2
VDD = 10 V TJ = 25°C
ID = 2 A VGS = 0 V
VGS = 10 V 1.6
IS, SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
TJ = 25°C
1.2
t, TIME (ns)
td(off) 0.8
tr
tf 0.4
td(on)
10 0
1 10 100 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS) VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 9. Resistive Switching Time Variation Figure 10. Diode Forward Voltage
versus Gate Resistance versus Current
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 280
VGS = 20 V Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06”
I pk = 7 A
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN-TO-SOURCE
10 10 µs
100 µs 200
10 ms
160
1 dc
120
80
0.1
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT 40
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0175 Ω 0.0710 Ω 0.2706 Ω 0.5776 Ω 0.7086 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0154 F 0.0854 F 0.3074 F 1.7891 F 107.55 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 4
4 4
VGS = 10 V 4.5 V 3.9 V 3.7 V TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
3.3 V
2 2
3.1 V
1 2.9 V 1
100°C 25°C
2.7 V
2.5 V TJ = – 55°C
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.12
10 V
0.2
0.08
0 0.04
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
1.6 100
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 2 A TJ = 125°C
1.4
I DSS, LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.2
10
1.0 100°C
0.8
0.6 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 5 10 15 20
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
1200
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
Ciss
1000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
800
600
Crss Ciss
400
Coss
200
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
6 9 100
td(off)
4 Q1 Q2 6
tf
ID = 2 A
TJ = 25°C tr
2 3
Q3 VDS td(on)
0 0 10
0 4 8 12 16 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 15. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
2.0
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
1.6
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 350
VGS = 20 V Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06”
ID = 6 A
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
100 µs
AVALANCHE ENERGY (mJ)
10
1 ms 250
10 ms
200
1
dc
150
100
0.1
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT 50
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
10
Rthja(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.05
0.02 Chip 0.0175 Ω 0.0710 Ω 0.2706 Ω 0.5776 Ω 0.7086 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0154 F 0.0854 F 0.3074 F 1.7891 F 107.55 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 5
4 4
VGS = 10 V 4.5 V 3.7 V TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
3.5 V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2 3.1 V 2
TJ = 100°C
2.9 V
25°C
1 1
2.7 V
– 55°C
2.5 V
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
10 V
0.2
0.15
0.1
0 0.10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
1.6 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 2 A
1.4
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.2
TJ = 125°C
100
1.0
100°C
0.8
0.6 10
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 10 20 30
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
1200
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
Ciss
1000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
800
600 Crss
Ciss
400
Coss
200
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
6 ID = 2 A 12
TJ = 25°C tr
Q1 Q2
4 8 10 td(on)
2 4
Q3
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 15. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
2
TJ = 25°C
VGS = 0 V
1.6
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 350
VGS = 20 V Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06” ID = 6 A
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
thick single sided) with one die operating, 10s max. 300
SINGLE PULSE
TC = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10 100 µs 250
1 ms
10 ms 200
1
dc 150
100
0.1
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT 50
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
10
Rthja(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0175 Ω 0.0710 Ω 0.2706 Ω 0.5776 Ω 0.7086 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0154 F 0.0854 F 0.3074 F 1.7891 F 107.55 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 4
6 6
VGS = 10 V 3.5 V TJ = 25°C
VDS ≥ 10 V
4.5 V 3.3 V
5 3.7 V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2.7 V – 55°C
1
2.5 V
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.21.6 1.4 1.8 2 1 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3 3.4
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.4 0.07
0.2 0.06 10 V
0 0.05
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
1.6 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 0 V
VGS = 10 V
ID = 1.5 A
1.4
TJ = 125°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
100
(NORMALIZED)
1.2
100°C
1 25°C
10
0.8
0.6 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 4 8 12 16 20
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
1400
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
1200 Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1000
800
Crss
600
Ciss
400
Coss
200
Crss
10 5 0 5 10 15 20
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
tf
6 ID = 3 A 12 10
TJ = 25°C td(on)
4 Q1 Q2 8
2 4
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 15. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
3
VGS = 0 V
2.5 TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
1.5
0.5
0
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 450
VGS = 20 V Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06”
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
thick single sided) with one die operating, 10s max. 400 ID = 9 A
SINGLE PULSE
TC = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
100 µs 350
AVALANCHE ENERGY (mJ)
10
1 ms
10 ms 300
250
1 dc
200
150
0.1
RDS(on) LIMIT 100
THERMAL LIMIT
50
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
10
Rthja(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0175 Ω 0.0710 Ω 0.2706 Ω 0.5776 Ω 0.7086 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0154 F 0.0854 F 0.3074 F 1.7891 F 107.55 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
DEVICE MARKING
D3N03
ORDERING INFORMATION
Device Reel Size Tape Width Quantity
MMDF3N03HDR2 13″ 12 mm embossed tape 2500 units
(1) When mounted on 2” square FR–4 board (1” square 2 oz. Cu 0.06” thick single sided) with one die operating, 10s max.
Designer’s Data for “Worst Case” Conditions — The Designer’s Data Sheet permits the design of most circuits entirely from the information presented. SOA Limit
curves — representing boundaries on device characteristics — are given to facilitate “worst case” design.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 5
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Input Capacitance Ciss — 450 630 pF
Output Capacitance (VDS = 24 Vdc,
Vd VGS = 0 Vdc,
Vd
Coss — 160 225
f = 1.0 MHz)
Transfer Capacitance Crss — 35 70
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS(2)
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 12 24 ns
Rise Time (VDD = 15 Vdc, ID = 3.0 Adc, tr — 65 130
VGS = 4
4.55 Vdc,
Vdc
Turn–Off Delay Time RG = 9.1 Ω) td(off) — 16 32
Fall Time tf — 19 38
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 8 16 ns
Rise Time (VDD = 15 Vdc, ID = 3.0 Adc, tr — 15 30
VGS = 10 Vdc
Vdc,
Turn–Off Delay Time RG = 9.1 Ω) td(off) — 30 60
Fall Time tf — 23 46
Gate Charge QT — 11.5 16 nC
6 6
VGS = 10 V 3.9 V 3.5 V
TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
4.5 V 3.7 V
5 5
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2 2 25°C
2.9 V
1 1 TJ = –55°C
2.7 V
2.5 V
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.4 0.07
VGS = 4.5
0.3
0.2 0.06
10 V
0.1
0 0.05
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2.0 100
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 1.5 A
1.5 TJ = 125°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
1.0 10 100°C
0.5
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
Figure 7. Reverse Recovery Time (trr)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 9). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
800 VDS
600 Crss 6 12
Ciss Q1 Q2
400
3 6
Coss Q3
200 ID = 3 A
Crss TJ = 25°C
0 0 0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
VGS VDS Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 8. Capacitance Variation Figure 9. Gate–to–Source and
Drain–to–Source Voltage versus Total Charge
1000 3.0
VDD = 15 V TJ = 25°C
ID = 3 A VGS = 0 V
2.5
VGS = 10 V
IS, SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
TJ = 25°C
100 2.0
t, TIME (ns)
td(off) 1.5
tr
tf
10 td(on) 1.0
0.5
1 0
1 10 100 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85
RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS) VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 10. Resistive Switching Time Variation Figure 11. Diode Forward Voltage
versus Gate Resistance versus Current
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
10
Rthja(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0175 Ω 0.0710 Ω 0.2706 Ω 0.5776 Ω 0.7086 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0154 F 0.0854 F 0.3074 F 1.7891 F 107.55 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Top View
Designer’s Data for “Worst Case” Conditions — The Designer’s Data Sheet permits the design of most circuits entirely from the information presented. SOA Limit
curves — representing boundaries on device characteristics — are given to facilitate “worst case” design.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 4
8 8
4.5 V
VGS = 8 V TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
2.3 V
3.1 V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
4 1.9 V 4 100°C
25°C
1.7 V
2 2 TJ = – 55°C
1.5 V
1.3 V
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.05 0.040
4.5 V
0.04 0.035
0.03 0.030
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2 100
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 0 V
VGS = 4.5 V
ID = 4 A TJ = 125°C
1.5
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1 10
100°C
0.5
0
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
2000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
1600 Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1200
800 Crss
Ciss
400 Coss
Crss
0
8 4 0 4 8 12
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
3 6
Q1 Q2 10 td(on)
2 ID = 4 A 4
TJ = 25°C
1 2
Q3
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 14. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
4
VV GS= =0 0VV
GS
TJTJ= =25°C
25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and (TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC).
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli-
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
eral Data and Its Use.” rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra- constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition perature.
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power
100
VGS = 20 V
SINGLE PULSE 10 µs
TC = 25°C 100 µs
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10 1 ms
10 ms
1
dc
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
0.1
PACKAGE LIMIT
Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06”
thick single sided) with one die operating, 10s max.
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
10
Rthja(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0175 Ω 0.0710 Ω 0.2706 Ω 0.5776 Ω 0.7086 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0154 F 0.0854 F 0.3074 F 1.7891 F 107.55 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
Figure 13. Thermal Response
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
REV 1
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Input Capacitance Ciss — 450 630 pF
Output Capacitance (VDS = 10 Vdc,
Vd VGS = 0 Vdc,
Vd
Coss — 160 225
f = 1.0 MHz)
Transfer Capacitance Crss — 330 460
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS(2)
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 28 40 ns
Rise Time (VDS = 6.0 Vdc, ID = 4.0 Adc, tr — 128 180
VGS = 44.5
5 Vdc,
Vdc
Turn–Off Delay Time RG = 6.0 Ω) td(off) — 194 270
Fall Time tf — 195 270
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 50 70 ns
Rise Time (VDD = 6.0 Vdc, ID = 4.0 Adc, tr — 340 475
VGS = 22.7
7 Vdc,
Vdc
Turn–Off Delay Time RG = 6.0 Ω) td(off) — 106 150
Fall Time tf — 197 275
Gate Charge QT — 10.5 15 nC
(see fig
figure
re 8)
((VDS = 10 Vdc, ID = 4.0 Adc, Q1 — 0.8 —
VGS = 4.5 Vdc) Q2 — 4.4 —
Q3 — 3.0 —
SOURCE–DRAIN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
Forward On–Voltage(1) VSD Vdc
(IS = 4.0 Adc, VGS = 0 Vdc)
— 0.84 1.2
(IS = 4.0 Adc, VGS = 0 Vdc, TJ = 125°C)
— 0.65 —
Reverse Recovery Time trr — 250 — ns
(IS = 4
4.0
0 Ad
Adc, VGS = 0 Vdc,
Vd
ta — 88 —
dIS/dt = 100 A/µs)
tb — 162 —
Reverse Recovery Storage Charge QRR — 1.0 — µC
(1) Pulse Test: Pulse Width ≤ 300 µs, Duty Cycle ≤ 2%.
(2) Switching characteristics are independent of operating junction temperature.
(3) Reflects typical values. Max limit – Typ
Cpk =
3 x SIGMA
DEVICE MARKING
1N10
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Thermal Resistance — Junction–to–Ambient (surface mounted) RθJA 156 °C/W
Maximum Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 260 °C
TL
Time in Solder Bath 10 Sec
(1) Power rating when mounted on FR–4 glass epoxy printed circuit board using recommended footprint.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 3
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 15 —
Rise Time (VDD = 25 V, ID = 0.5 A tr — 15 —
VGS = 10 V
V, RG = 50 ohms
ohms, ns
Turn–Off Delay Time RGS = 25 ohms) td(off) — 30 —
Fall Time tf — 32 —
Total Gate Charge Qg — 7 —
(VDS = 80 V, ID = 1 A,
Gate–Source Charge VGS = 10 Vdc) Qgs — 1.3 — nC
S Fi
See Figures 15 andd 16
Gate–Drain Charge Qgd — 3.2 —
SOURCE DRAIN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS(1)
Forward On–Voltage IS = 1 A, VGS = 0 VSD — 0.8 — Vdc
Forward Turn–On Time IS = 1 A, VGS = 0, ton Limited by stray inductance
dlS/dt = 400 A/µs
A/µs,
Reverse Recovery Time VR = 50 V trr — 90 — ns
(1) Pulse Test: Pulse Width ≤ 300 µs, Duty Cycle ≤ 2%
6V
(NORMALIZED)
6 1.0
4 5V 0.9
2 0.8
VGS = 4 V
0 0.7
0 2 4 6 8 10 – 50 0 50 100 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMP (°C)
100°C 0.4
I D, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
3
25°C
TJ = 100°C
0.3
2
25°C
0.2
– 55°C
1
0.1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
0.5 0.5
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V
0.4 ID = 1 A 0.4 ID = 1 A
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 – 50 0 50 100 150
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
1.0
D = 0.5
r(t), EFFECTIVE THERMAL RESISTANCE
0.2
0.1
(NORMALIZED)
0.1
0.05 P(pk) RθJA(t) = r(t) RθJA
RθJA = 156°C/W MAX
0.02
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.01
0.01 READ TIME AT t1
t1
TJ(pk) – TA = P(pk) RθJA(t)
SINGLE PULSE t2
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
The Commutating Safe Operating Area (CSOA) of Figure 10 defines the limits of safe operation for commutated source–drain
current versus re–applied drain voltage when the source–drain diode has undergone forward bias. The curve shows the limita-
tions of IFM and peak VDS for a given rate of change of source current. It is applicable when waveforms similar to those of Figure
9 are present. Full or half–bridge PWM DC motor controllers are common applications requiring CSOA data.
Device stresses increase with increasing rate of change of source current so dIS/dt is specified with a maximum value. Higher
values of dIS/dt require an appropriate derating of IFM, peak VDS or both. Ultimately dIS/dt is limited primarily by device, package,
and circuit impedances. Maximum device stress occurs during trr as the diode goes from conduction to reverse blocking.
VDS(pk) is the peak drain–to–source voltage that the device must sustain during commutation; IFM is the maximum forward
source–drain diode current just prior to the onset of commutation.
VR is specified at 80% rated BVDSS to ensure that the CSOA stress is maximized as IS decays from IRM to zero.
RGS should be minimized during commutation. TJ has only a second order effect on CSOA.
Stray inductances in Motorola’s test circuit are assumed to be practical minimums. dV DS /dt in excess of 10 V/ns was at-
tained with dI S /dt of 400 A/µs.
ton IRM
0.25 IRM
tfrr
VDS(pk)
VR
VDS
Vf VdsL
MAX. CSOA
STRESS AREA
Figure 9. Commutating Waveforms
5
RGS
4.5 dIS/dt ≤ 400 A/µs DUT
IS , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
4
3.5
–
3
VR
2.5 IFM
+ IS Li
2
+ VDS
1.5
20 V
1
–
0.5 VGS
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 VR = 80% OF RATED VDSS
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VdsL = Vf + Li ⋅ dlS/dt
Figure 10. Commutating Safe Operating Area Figure 11. Commutating Safe Operating Area
(CSOA) Test Circuit
BVDSS
VDS
IL IL(t)
VDD
t RG
VDD
tP t, (TIME)
Figure 12. Unclamped Inductive Switching Figure 13. Unclamped Inductive Switching
Test Circuit Waveforms
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
800
600
Ciss
400
Coss
200 Crss
0
20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
10
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
VDS = 50 V VDS = 80 V
8
4
TJ = 25°C
ID = 1 A
2 VGS = 10 V
0
0 2 4 6 8
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
+18 V VDD
SAME
1 mA 10 V DEVICE TYPE
47 k 100 k
AS DUT
Vin 15 V
2N3904 0.1 µF
2N3904
100 k FERRITE
100 BEAD DUT
47 k
DEVICE MARKING
2N02L
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Thermal Resistance — Junction–to–Ambient (surface mounted) RθJA 156 °C/W
Maximum Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 260 °C
TL
Time in Solder Bath 10 Sec
(1) Power rating when mounted on FR–4 glass epoxy printed circuit board using recommended footprint.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 3
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 16 —
Rise Time (VDD = 15 V, ID = 1.6 A tr — 73 —
VGS = 5 V
V, RG = 50 ohms
ohms, ns
Turn–Off Delay Time RGS = 25 ohms) td(off) — 77 —
Fall Time tf — 107 —
Total Gate Charge Qg — 20 —
(VDS = 16 V, ID = 1.6 A,
Gate–Source Charge VGS = 5 Vdc) Qgs — 1.7 — nC
S Fi
See Figures 15 andd 16
Gate–Drain Charge Qgd — 6 —
SOURCE DRAIN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS(1)
Forward On–Voltage IS = 1.6 A, VGS = 0 VSD — 0.9 — Vdc
Forward Turn–On Time IS = 1.6 A, VGS = 0, ton Limited by stray inductance
dlS/dt = 400 A/µs
A/µs,
Reverse Recovery Time VR = 16 V trr — 55 — ns
(1) Pulse Test: Pulse Width ≤ 300 µs, Duty Cycle ≤ 2%
(NORMALIZED)
6 3.5 1
4 3 0.9
2 0.8
VGS = 2.5 V
0 0.7
0 1 2 3 4 5 – 50 0 50 100 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMP (°C)
6
100°C 0.2
TJ = 100°C
4 0.15
25°C
0.1
2 – 55°C
0.05
0 0
0 2 4 6 7 0 1 2 3 4
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
0.5 0.5
TJ = 25°C VGS = 5 V
ID = 1.6 A ID = 1.6 A
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 – 50 0 50 100 150
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
1.0
D = 0.5
r(t), EFFECTIVE THERMAL RESISTANCE
0.2
0.1
0.1
(NORMALIZED)
The Commutating Safe Operating Area (CSOA) of Figure 10 defines the limits of safe operation for commutated source–drain
current versus re–applied drain voltage when the source–drain diode has undergone forward bias. The curve shows the limita-
tions of IFM and peak VDS for a given rate of change of source current. It is applicable when waveforms similar to those of Figure
9 are present. Full or half–bridge PWM DC motor controllers are common applications requiring CSOA data.
Device stresses increase with increasing rate of change of source current so dIS/dt is specified with a maximum value. Higher
values of dIS/dt require an appropriate derating of IFM, peak VDS or both. Ultimately dIS/dt is limited primarily by device, package,
and circuit impedances. Maximum device stress occurs during trr as the diode goes from conduction to reverse blocking.
VDS(pk) is the peak drain–to–source voltage that the device must sustain during commutation; IFM is the maximum forward
source–drain diode current just prior to the onset of commutation.
VR is specified at 80% rated BVDSS to ensure that the CSOA stress is maximized as IS decays from IRM to zero.
RGS should be minimized during commutation. TJ has only a second order effect on CSOA.
Stray inductances in Motorola’s test circuit are assumed to be practical minimums. dVDS/dt in excess of 10 V/ns was at-
tained with dI S /dt of 400 A/µs.
ton IRM
0.25 IRM
tfrr
VDS(pk)
VR
VDS
Vf VdsL
MAX. CSOA
STRESS AREA
10
RGS
9 DUT
IS , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
8
7 dIS/dt ≤ 400 A/µs
–
6 VR
5 + IFM IS Li
4 + VDS
3 20 V
2 –
VGS
1
0 VR = 80% OF RATED VDSS
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 VdsL = Vf + Li ⋅ dlS/dt
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 10. Commutating Safe Operating Area (CSOA) Figure 11. Commutating Safe Operating Area
Test Circuit
BVDSS
VDS
IL IL(t)
VDD
t RG
VDD
tP t, (TIME)
Figure 12. Unclamped Inductive Switching Figure 13. Unclamped Inductive Switching
Test Circuit Waveforms
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1200
1000
800
Ciss
600
400 Coss
200 Crss
0
20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
10
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
9 TJ = 25°C
VDS = 16 V
8 ID = 1.6 A
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 5 10 15 20
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
+18 V VDD
SAME
1 mA 5V DEVICE TYPE
47 k 100 k
AS DUT
Vin 15 V
2N3904 0.1 µF
2N3904
100 k FERRITE
100 BEAD DUT
47 k
DEVICE MARKING
2955
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Thermal Resistance — Junction–to–Ambient (surface mounted) RθJA 156 °C/W
Maximum Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 260 °C
TL
Time in Solder Bath 10 Sec
(1) Power rating when mounted on FR–4 glass epoxy printed circuit board using recommended footprint.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 3
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 18 —
Rise Time (VDD = 25 V, ID = 1.6 A tr — 29 —
VGS = 10 V
V, RG = 50 ohms
ohms, ns
Turn–Off Delay Time RGS = 25 ohms) td(off) — 44 —
Fall Time tf — 32 —
Total Gate Charge Qg — 18 —
(VDS = 48 V, ID = 1.2 A,
Gate–Source Charge VGS = 10 Vdc) Qgs — 2.8 — nC
S Figures
See Fi 15 andd 16
Gate–Drain Charge Qgd — 7.5 —
SOURCE DRAIN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS(1)
Forward On–Voltage IS = 1.2 A, VGS = 0 VSD — 1 — Vdc
Forward Turn–On Time IS = 1.2 A, VGS = 0, ton Limited by stray inductance
dlS/dt = 400 A/µs
A/µs,
Reverse Recovery Time VR = 30 V trr — 90 — ns
(1) Pulse Test: Pulse Width ≤ 300 µs, Duty Cycle ≤ 2%
7V
6 1
6V
4 0.9
5V
2 0.8
VGS = 4 V
0 0.7
0 2 4 6 8 10 – 50 0 50 100 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
6 100°C
0.4
25°C
4 0.3
25°C – 55°C
– 55°C
0.2
2
100°C 0.1
– 55°C
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
0.5 0.5
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V
0.4 ID = 1.2 A 0.4 ID = 1.2 A
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
4 7 10 13 16 19 – 50 0 50 100 150
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
1.0
D = 0.5
r(t), EFFECTIVE THERMAL RESISTANCE
0.2
0.1
0.1
(NORMALIZED)
The Commutating Safe Operating Area (CSOA) of Figure 10 defines the limits of safe operation for commutated source–drain
current versus re–applied drain voltage when the source–drain diode has undergone forward bias. The curve shows the limita-
tions of IFM and peak VDS for a given rate of change of source current. It is applicable when waveforms similar to those of Figure
9 are present. Full or half–bridge PWM DC motor controllers are common applications requiring CSOA data.
Device stresses increase with increasing rate of change of source current so dIS/dt is specified with a maximum value. Higher
values of dIS/dt require an appropriate derating of IFM, peak VDS or both. Ultimately dIS/dt is limited primarily by device, package,
and circuit impedances. Maximum device stress occurs during trr as the diode goes from conduction to reverse blocking.
VDS(pk) is the peak drain–to–source voltage that the device must sustain during commutation; IFM is the maximum forward
source–drain diode current just prior to the onset of commutation.
VR is specified at 80% rated BVDSS to ensure that the CSOA stress is maximized as IS decays from IRM to zero.
RGS should be minimized during commutation. TJ has only a second order effect on CSOA.
Stray inductances in Motorola’s test circuit are assumed to be practical minimums. dV DS /dt in excess of 10 V/ns was at-
tained with dI S /dt of 400 A/µs.
ton IRM
0.25 IRM
tfrr
VDS(pk)
VR
VDS
Vf VdsL
MAX. CSOA
STRESS AREA
6
RGS
dIS/dt ≤ 400 A/µs DUT
5
IS , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
4 –
VR
3 + IFM IS Li
+ VDS
2
20 V
1 –
VGS
Figure 10. Commutating Safe Operating Figure 11. Commutating Safe Operating Area
Area (CSOA) Test Circuit
BVDSS
VDS
IL IL(t)
VDD
t RG
VDD
tP t, (TIME)
Figure 12. Unclamped Inductive Switching Figure 13. Unclamped Inductive Switching
Test Circuit Waveforms
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1200
1000
800
600 Ciss
400 Coss
200 Crss
0
15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20
VGS VDS
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
10
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
9
8
7
6 TJ = 25°C
VDS = 48 V
5 ID = 1.2 A
4
3
2
1
0
0 3 7.5 13 20
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
+18 V VDD
SAME
1 mA 10 V 100 k DEVICE TYPE
47 k
AS DUT
Vin 15 V
2N3904 0.1 µF
2N3904
100 k FERRITE
100 BEAD DUT
47 k
REV 3
4 4
VGS = 10 7 V 5V TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
4.7 V
4.5 V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
0.4
0.4
0.3
VGS = 4.5
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1 10 V
0 0.1
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2.0 100
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 2 A
1.5
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
TJ = 125°C
1.0 10
0.5 100°C
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 4 8 12 16 20
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
by current from the generator.
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)]
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
the drive circuit so that culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
on–state when calculating td(off).
t = Q/IG(AV)
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
be approximated by the following: common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
where The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
RG = the gate drive resistance driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. sure and, consequently, is not specified.
1000
VDS
600
6 8
Q1 Q2
400 Crss Ciss
Coss 3 4
200 Q3
ID = 2 A
Crss
TJ = 25°C
0 0 0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
VGS VDS Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) Figure 8. Gate–to–Source and
Figure 7. Capacitance Variation Drain–to–Source Voltage versus Total Charge
100 2
VDD = 10 V TJ = 25°C
ID = 2 A VGS = 0 V
VGS = 10 V 1.6
IS, SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
TJ = 25°C
1.2
t, TIME (ns)
td(off) 0.8
tr
tf 0.4
td(on)
10 0
1 10 100 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS) VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 9. Resistive Switching Time Variation Figure 10. Diode Forward Voltage
versus Gate Resistance versus Current
0.1
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
t, TIME VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 11. Reverse Recovery Time (trr) Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased
Safe Operating Area
250
ID = 6 A
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
200
AVALANCHE ENERGY (mJ)
150
100
50
0
25 50 75 100 125 150
TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain– rating must be derated for temperature as shown in the ac-
to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current companying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at currents
(IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur- below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to equal
rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy the values indicated.
10
Rthja(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0022 Ω 0.0210 Ω 0.2587 Ω 0.7023 Ω 0.6863 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0020 F 0.0207 F 0.3517 F 3.1413 F 108.44 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 4
6 6
VGS = 10 V 3.5 V 3.3 V TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
5 3.7 V 5
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
3 3
2.9 V
2 2 TJ = 100°C
2.7 V
25°C
1 1
2.5 V – 55°C
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.07
0.2
0.06 10 V
0 0.05
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
1.20 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 3.0 A
1.10
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
TJ = 125°C
1.00 100
0.90
0.80 10
– 50 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 4 8 12 16 20
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
3500
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
3000
Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
2500
2000
1500
Crss Ciss
1000
Coss
500 Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
td(off)
6 ID = 3 A 12 100
Q1 Q2 TJ = 25°C
tf
4 8
tr
2 4
VDS td(on)
Q3
0 0 10
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 15. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
3
VGS = 0 V
2.5 TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
1.5
0.5
0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 600
VGS = 20 V ID = 9 A
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
SINGLE PULSE
100 µs
TC = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10 1 ms 450
10 ms
1 dc 300
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
0.1 150
PACKAGE LIMIT
Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06”
thick single sided), 10s max.
0.01 0
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
10
Rthja(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0163 Ω 0.0652 Ω 0.1988 Ω 0.6411 Ω 0.9502 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0307 F 0.1668 F 0.5541 F 1.9437 F 72.416 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
Figure 14. Thermal Response
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
REV 1
6 6
VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
3.3 V TJ = 25°C
4.5 V
5 5
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
4 3.1 V
4
3 3
2.9 V
2 2 TJ = –55°C
2.7 V 25°C
1 1 100°C
2.4 V
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
10 V
0.2 0.04
0.1 0.02
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2.0 1000
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 1.5 A
1.5
TJ = 125°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
100
1.0
100°C
10
0.5
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 5 10 15 20
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
2500
TJ = 25°C
VGS = 0 V
2000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1500
Ciss
1000 Coss
500 Crss
0
0 5 10 15 20
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
t, TIME (ns)
VDS VGS
6 8 tr
Q1 Q2
100 td(on)
3 4
Q3 ID = 3 A
TJ = 25°C
0 0 10
0 10 20 30 40 1 10 100
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 11. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
3
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
2.5
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
1.5
0.5
0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 600
VGS = 15 V
ID = 9 A
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN-TO-SOURCE
SINGLE PULSE
TC = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10 400
1 ms
10 ms
1 200
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT dc
0.1 0
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
10
Rthja(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0163 Ω 0.0652 Ω 0.1988 Ω 0.6411 Ω 0.9502 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0307 F 0.1668 F 0.5541 F 1.9437 F 72.416 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
Figure 14. Thermal Response
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 4
6 6
VGS = 10 V TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
5 4.5 V
5
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2 2.7 V 2 TJ = 100°C
25°C
1 1
2.4 V – 55°C
0 0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.5 0.09
0.4
0.085 VGS = 4.5 V
0.3
0.08 10 V
0.2
0.075
0.1
0 0.07
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
3.0 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 0 V
VGS = 4.5 V
2.5 ID = 1.5 A
TJ = 125°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
2.0 100
(NORMALIZED)
1.5
1.0 10 100°C
0.5
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
3500
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
3000
Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
2500
2000
1500
Crss Ciss
1000
Coss
500 Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
6 12 100 td(off)
ID = 3 A tf
4 Q1 Q2 TJ = 25°C 8
tr
2 Q3 4
td(on)
0 0 10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 15. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
3
VGS = 0 V
2.5 TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
1.5
0.5
0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 600
VGS = 20 V ID = 9 A
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
10 µs
SINGLE PULSE 100 µs 500
TC = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
1 ms
AVALANCHE ENERGY (mJ)
10
10 ms
400
1 dc 300
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0163 Ω 0.0652 Ω 0.1988 Ω 0.6411 Ω 0.9502 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0307 F 0.1668 F 0.5541 F 1.9437 F 72.416 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
Figure 14. Thermal Response
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Top View
MAXIMUM RATINGS (TJ = 25°C unless otherwise noted)(1)
Rating Symbol Value Unit
Drain–to–Source Voltage VDSS 12 Vdc
Drain–to–Gate Voltage (RGS = 1.0 MΩ) VDGR 12 Vdc
Gate–to–Source Voltage — Continuous VGS ± 8.0 Vdc
Drain Current — Continuous @ TA = 25°C ID 5.1 Adc
Drain Current — Continuous @ TA = 100°C ID 3.3
Drain Current — Single Pulse (tp ≤ 10 µs) IDM 26 Apk
Total Power Dissipation @ TA = 25°C (2) PD 2.5 Watts
Operating and Storage Temperature Range – 55 to 150 °C
Thermal Resistance — Junction to Ambient (2) RθJA 50 °C/W
Maximum Lead Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 1/8″ from case for 10 seconds TL 260 °C
DEVICE MARKING
S4P01
(1) Negative sign for P–Channel device omitted for clarity.
(2) Mounted on 2” square FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06” thick single sided), 10 sec. max.
ORDERING INFORMATION
Device Reel Size Tape Width Quantity
MMSF4P01HDR2 13″ 12 mm embossed tape 2500 units
Designer’s Data for “Worst Case” Conditions — The Designer’s Data Sheet permits the design of most circuits entirely from the information presented. SOA Limit
curves — representing boundaries on device characteristics — are given to facilitate “worst case” design.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 4
8 8
VGS = 8 V 2.5 V TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
2.3 V
4.5 V
6 6
2.7 V
2.1 V
4 4
1.9 V
TJ = 100°C 25°C
2 2
1.7 V – 55°C
1.5 V
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.16 0.1
TJ = 25°C TJ = 25°C
ID = 2 A
0.12 0.09
VGS = 2.7 V
0.08 0.08
0 0.06
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2 1000
R DS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 0 V
VGS = 4.5 V
ID = 4 A TJ = 125°C
1.5
I DSS, LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1 100
100°C
0.5
0 10
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 3 6 9 12
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
4800
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
4000 Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
3200
2400
Crss
1600 Ciss
800 Coss
Crss
0
8 4 0 4 8 12
VGS VDS
3 6 tf
t, TIME (ns)
Q1 Q2 100
td(off)
2 4 tr
ID = 4 A
TJ = 25°C
1 Q3 2
td(on)
0 0 10
0 5 10 15 20 25 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 14. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
4
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and (TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC).
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli-
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
eral Data and Its Use.” rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra- constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition perature.
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power
100
VGS = 10 V
SINGLE PULSE
TC = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10 1 ms
10 ms
1 dc
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
0.1
PACKAGE LIMIT
Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06”
thick single sided), 10s max.
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
10
Rthja(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0163 Ω 0.0652 Ω 0.1988 Ω 0.6411 Ω 0.9502 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0307 F 0.1668 F 0.5541 F 1.9437 F 72.416 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
REV 1
8 8
VGS = 8 V 2.7 V TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
4.5 V 2.4 V
2V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
4 1.8 V 4
TJ = –55°C 25°C
2 2
1.6 V
100°C
0 0
0 0.4 0.6 1.2 1.6 2 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.2
0.03
0.1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2.0 1000
VGS = 4.5 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 2 A TJ = 125°C
1.5
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
100
100°C
1.0
10
0.5
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 3 6 9 12
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
3500
TJ = 25°C
VGS = 0 V
2800
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
2100
Ciss
1400
Coss
700 Crss
0
0 4 8 12
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
t, TIME (ns)
3 6
Q1 Q2
2 4 td(on)
100
1 2
ID = 4 A
Q3 TJ = 25°C
0 0 10
0 5 10 15 20 25 1 10 100
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 11. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
4
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen- increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
eral Data and Its Use.” perature.
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra- Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature. Maximum energy at
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). currents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used equal the values indicated.
100
VGS = 8 V
SINGLE PULSE
TC = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10 100 µs
1 ms
10 ms
1
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.1 dc
0.1 1 10 100
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
10
Rthja(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0163 Ω 0.0652 Ω 0.1988 Ω 0.6411 Ω 0.9502 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0307 F 0.1668 F 0.5541 F 1.9437 F 72.416 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
REV 4
10 10
VGS = 10 V TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
3.1 V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
4 4
TJ = 100°C
25°C
2 2
– 55°C
2.4 V
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.2 0.023
ID = 2.5 A TJ = 25°C VGS = 4.5 V
0.16
0.021
0.12
0.08
0.019
10 V
0.04
0 0.017
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
1.6 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 0 V
VGS = 10 V
ID = 2.5 A TJ = 125°C
1.4
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
100
(NORMALIZED)
1.2
100°C
1
25°C
10
0.8
0.6 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 4 8 12 16 20
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
3500
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
3000
Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
2500
2000
1500
Crss Ciss
1000
Coss
500 Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
6 ID = 5 A 12
Q1 Q2 TJ = 25°C td(on)
4 8 10
2 4
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 15. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
5
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
4
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 675
VGS = 10 V ID = 15 A
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
1 ms
AVALANCHE ENERGY (mJ)
10
10 ms 475
375
1 dc
275
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT 175
0.1
PACKAGE LIMIT
75
Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06”
thick single sided), 10s max.
0.01 – 25
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0163 Ω 0.0652 Ω 0.1988 Ω 0.6411 Ω 0.9502 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0307 F 0.1668 F 0.5541 F 1.9437 F 72.416 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 4
10 10
VGS = 10 V TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
6 6
3.8 V
4 4
3.1 V
TJ = 100°C
2 2 25°C
– 55°C
2.4 V
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.12 0.0375
0.08 0.035
10 V
0.04 0.0325
0 0.03
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
1.6 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 5 A
1.4 TJ = 125°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
100
(NORMALIZED)
1.2
1
10 100°C
0.8
25°C
0.6 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 10 20 30
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
3500
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
3000
Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
2500
2000
1500 Ciss
Crss
1000
Coss
500
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
15
6 ID = 5 A 100 tr
TJ = 25°C 10
4
td(off)
tf
2 5
td(on)
Q3 VDS
0 0 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 15. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
5
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
4
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 450
VGS = 10 V
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
ID = 15 A
SINGLE PULSE
TC = 25°C 100 µs
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10 1 ms
10 ms 300
1
dc
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
10
Rthja(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0163 Ω 0.0652 Ω 0.1988 Ω 0.6411 Ω 0.9502 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0307 F 0.1668 F 0.5541 F 1.9437 F 72.416 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
Figure 14. Thermal Response
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
REV 1
10 10
TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
3.5 V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
4 4
100°C
3.1 V
25°C
2 2
2.7 V TJ = –55°C
0 0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 1.8 2.2 2.6 3 3.4 3.8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
VGS = 4.5
0.06 0.03
10 V
0.04 0.02
0.02 0.01
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2.0 1000
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 2.5 A
1.5
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
100 TJ = 125°C
1.0
100°C
10
0.5
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
2500
TJ = 25°C
VGS = 0 V
2000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1500 Ciss
1000
500 Coss
Crss
0
0 6 12 18 24 30
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 7. Capacitance Variation
t, TIME (ns)
6 12 100 tr
Q1 Q2
4 8
td(on)
ID = 5 A
2 TJ = 25°C 4
Q3
0 0 10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 10 100
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 11. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
5
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
4
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 500
VGS = 15 V
ID = 15 A
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN-TO-SOURCE
SINGLE PULSE
TC = 25°C 400
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10
100 µs
1 ms 300
1 10 ms
200
0.1
RDS(on) LIMIT dc 100
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
10
Rthja(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0163 Ω 0.0652 Ω 0.1988 Ω 0.6411 Ω 0.9502 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0307 F 0.1668 F 0.5541 F 1.9437 F 72.416 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
Figure 14. Thermal Response
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 2
7 7
VGS = 10 V TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
6 4.5 V 6 TJ = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
0 0.01
2 4 6 8 10 0 5 10 15
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2 10000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 0 V
VGS = 10 V TJ = 125°C
ID = 3.5 A
1000
1.5
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
100
1
100°C
10
0.5 25°C
1
0 0.1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 5 10 15 20 25 30
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
4000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
3500
Ciss
3000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
2500
2000 Crss
1500
Ciss
1000
Coss
500 Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
6 ID = 5 A 12
Q1 Q2 TJ = 25°C td(on)
4 8 10
2 4
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 15. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
8
VGS = 0 V
7 TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 480
ID = 9 A
VGS = 10 V 440
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
10µs I pk = 9 A
SINGLE PULSE 400
TC = 25°C 100 µs L = 4 mH
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10 1 ms 360
10 ms 320
280
1 dc 240
200
RDS(on) LIMIT 160
THERMAL LIMIT 120
0.1
PACKAGE LIMIT
80
Mounted on 2” sq. FR4 board (1” sq. 2 oz. Cu 0.06” 40
thick single sided), 10s max.
0.01 0
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
10
Rthja(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
THERMAL RESISTANCE
1 D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 Normalized to θja at 10s.
0.02 Chip 0.0163 Ω 0.0652 Ω 0.1988 Ω 0.6411 Ω 0.9502 Ω
0.01
0.01
0.0307 F 0.1668 F 0.5541 F 1.9437 F 72.416 F
Ambient
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
Figure 14. Thermal Response
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
PIN CONNECTIONS
(TOP VIEW)
VCC 1 8 VB VCC 1 8 VB
IN 2 7 HO IN 2 7 HO
COM 3 6 VS COM 3 6 VS
LO 4 5 LO 4 5
This document contains information on a new product. Specifications and information herein are subject
to change without notice.
REV 1
VB
UV
DEAD HV DETECT
R Q
TIME LEVEL
PULSE R HO
SHIFT
FILTER S
PULSE VS
GEN
IN UV
DETECT VCC
LO
DEAD
TIME
COM
TYPICAL CONNECTION
10 TO 600 V
VCC
VCC VB
IN IN HO
COM VS TO
LOAD
LO
IN (LO)
IN
50% 50%
IN (HO)
HO tr tf
ton toff
90% 90%
LO LO
HO 10% 10%
50% 50%
IN
90%
HO 10%
DT
LO 90%
10%
• dV/dt Immune
• Gate Drive Supply Range from 10 to 20 V 16
PRODUCT SUMMARY
VOFFSET 600 V MAX
IO+/– 200 mA/400 mA
VOUT 10 – 20 V
ton/off (typical) 125 & 105 ns
Delay Matching 30 ns
PIN CONNECTIONS
(TOP VIEW)
9 HO 8
8 HO 7
10 VB 7
9 VDD VB 6
11 VDD VS 6
10 HIN VS 5
12 HIN 5
11 SD 4
13 SD 4
12 LIN VCC 3
14 LIN VCC 3
13 VSS COM 2
15 VSS COM 2
14 LO 1
16 LO 1
14 LEADS PDIP MPIC2112P
16 LEADS SOIC (WIDE BODY)
MPIC2112DW
VB
UV
VDD HV DETECT
R Q
R Q LEVEL
PULSE R HO
S SHIFT
VDD/VCC FILTER S
HIN LEVEL
SHIFT PULSE VS
GEN
SD VCC
UV
VDD/VCC DETECT
LIN LEVEL LO
S SHIFT
R Q DELAY
VSS COM
TYPICAL CONNECTION
10 TO 600 V
HO
VDD VDD VB
HIN HIN VS
TO
SD SD LOAD
LIN LIN VCC
VSS VSS COM
VCC LO
HIN
LIN HIN 50% 50%
LIN
tr tf
ton toff
SD 90% 90%
HO
LO 10% 10%
HO
LO
SD
LO HO
tsd
10%
HO 90%
MT MT
LO
90%
LO HO
• dV/dt Immune
•
1
Gate Drive Supply Range from 10 to 20 V
• Undervoltage Lockout for Both Channels
DW SUFFIX
PLASTIC PACKAGE
• Separate Logic Supply CASE 751G–02
• Operating Supply Range from 5 to 20 V
SOIC – WIDE
• Logic and Power Ground Operating Offset Range from –5 to +5 V ORDERING INFORMATION
• CMOS Schmitt–triggered Inputs with Pull–down Device Package
• Cycle by Cycle Edge–triggered Shutdown Logic MPIC2113DW SOIC WIDE
• Matched Propagation Delay for Both Channels
MPIC2113P PDIP
• Outputs In Phase with Inputs
PRODUCT SUMMARY
VOFFSET 600 V MAX
IO+/– 2 A/2 A
VOUT 10 – 20 V
ton/off (typical) 120 & 94 ns
Delay Matching 10 ns
PIN CONNECTIONS
(TOP VIEW)
9 HO 8
8 HO 7
10 VB 7
9 VDD VB 6
11 VDD VS 6
10 HIN VS 5
12 HIN 5
11 SD 4
13 SD 4
12 LIN VCC 3
14 LIN VCC 3
13 VSS COM 2
15 VSS COM 2
14 LO 1
16 LO 1
14 LEADS PDIP MPIC2113P
16 LEADS SOIC (WIDE BODY)
MPIC2113DW
This document contains information on a new product. Specifications and information herein are subject
to change without notice.
VB
UV
VDD HV DETECT
R Q
R Q LEVEL
PULSE R HO
S SHIFT
VDD/VCC FILTER S
HIN LEVEL
SHIFT PULSE VS
GEN
SD VCC
UV
VDD/VCC DETECT
LIN LEVEL LO
S SHIFT
R Q DELAY
VSS COM
TYPICAL CONNECTION
10 TO 600 V
HO
VDD VDD VB
HIN HIN VS
TO
SD SD LOAD
LIN LIN VCC
VSS VSS COM
VCC LO
HIN
LIN HIN 50% 50%
LIN
tr tf
ton toff
SD 90% 90%
HO
LO 10% 10%
HO
LO
SD
LO HO
tsd
10%
HO 90%
MT MT
LO
90%
LO HO
PRODUCT SUMMARY
VOFFSET 600 V MAX 8
ORDERING INFORMATION
Device Package
MPIC2117D SOIC
MPIC2117P PDIP
PIN CONNECTIONS
(TOP VIEW)
VCC 1 8 VB VCC 1 8 VB
IN 2 7 HO IN 2 7 HO
COM 3 6 VS COM 3 6 VS
4 5 4 5
This document contains information on a new product. Specifications and information herein are subject
to change without notice.
REV 1
VCC
VB
UV
HV DETECT
R Q
LEVEL
PULSE R HO
SHIFT
FILTER S
IN VS
PULSE
GEN
UV
DETECT
COM
TYPICAL CONNECTION
VCC VCC VB
IN IN HO
COM VS
IN 50% 50%
IN
tr tf
ton toff
90% 90%
HO HO 10% 10%
3 HIN2 VS1 26
10 CAO HO3 19
11 CA– VS3 18
12 VSS 17
13 VSO LO1 16
14 LO3 LO2 15
(TOP VIEW)
ORDERING INFORMATION
Device Package
This document contains information on a new product. Specifications and information herein are subject MPIC2130P PDIP
to change without notice.
REV 1
VB1
H1 PULSE SET LATCH
HIN1 INPUT
SIGNAL GENERATOR
L1 DRIVER HO1
HIN2 GENERATOR LEVEL UV
SHIFTER RESET DETECTOR
VS1
HIN3
LIN1 VB2
H2 PULSE SET LATCH
INPUT
LIN2 SIGNAL GENERATOR
L2 DRIVER HO2
GENERATOR LEVEL UV
LIN3 SHIFTER RESET DETECTOR
VS2
FAULT VB3
H3 PULSE SET LATCH
FAULT INPUT
CLEAR LOGIC SIGNAL GENERATOR
L3 DRIVER HO3
LOGIC C S GENERATOR LEVEL UV
SHIFTER RESET DETECTOR
VS3
VCC
DRIVER LO1
ITRIP UNDER–
VOLTAGE
0.5 V CURRENT DETECTOR
CAO COMPARATOR
CURRENT DRIVER LO2
AMP
– +
CA–
DRIVER LO3
VSS
VSO
Amplifier High Level Output Voltage @ CA– = 0 V, VSO = 1 V VOH,Amp 5.0 – 5.4 V
Amplifier Low Level Output Voltage @ CA– = 1 V, VSO = 0 V VOL,Amp – – 20 mV
Amplifier Output Source Current @ CA– = 0 V, VSO = 1 V, CAO = 4 V ISRC,Amp 2.3 4.0 – mA
Amplifier Output Sink Current @ CA– = 1 V, VSO = 0 V, CAO = 2 V ISNK,Amp 1.0 2.1 – mA
Amplifier Output High Short Circuit Current
@ CA– = 1 V, VSO = 5 V, CAO = 0 V IO+,Amp – 4.5 6.5 mA
TYPICAL CONNECTION
10 TO 600 V
COM
HIN
HIN
LIN LIN 50% 50%
ITRIP
tr tf
ton toff
FAULT 90% 90%
HO
HO1–3
LO 10% 10%
LO1–3
tflt tfltclr
DT DT
titrip
5 LIN1 VB2 24
PRODUCT SUMMARY 6 LIN2 HO2 23
VOFFSET 600 V MAX
7 LIN3 VS2 22
IO+/– 200 mA/420 mA
8 FAULT 21
VOUT 10 – 20 V
9 ITRIP VB3 20
ton/off (typical) 1.4 & 0.7 ms
Delay Matching 700 ns 10 FLT+CLR HO3 19
11 SD VS3 18
12 VSS 17
13 COM LO1 16
14 LO3 LO2 15
(TOP VIEW)
ORDERING INFORMATION
Device Package
This document contains information on a new product. Specifications and information herein are subject MPIC2131P PDIP
to change without notice.
REV 1
VB1
H1 PULSE SET LATCH
HIN1 INPUT
SIGNAL GENERATOR
L1 DRIVER HO1
HIN2 GENERATOR LEVEL UV
SHIFTER RESET DETECTOR
VS1
HIN3
LIN1 VB2
H2 PULSE SET LATCH
INPUT
LIN2 SIGNAL GENERATOR
L2 DRIVER HO2
GENERATOR LEVEL UV
LIN3 SHIFTER RESET DETECTOR
VS2
FLT–CLR VB3
H3 PULSE SET LATCH
SD INPUT
SIGNAL GENERATOR
L3 DRIVER HO3
GENERATOR LEVEL UV
FAULT SHIFTER RESET DETECTOR
VS3
FAULT
VCC
LOGIC
DRIVER LO1
UNDER–
VSS
VOLTAGE
DETECTOR
DRIVER LO2
ITRIP
CURRENT
COMPARATOR
0.5 V DRIVER LO3
VSS
COM
TYPICAL CONNECTION
10 TO 600 V
VCC VB1,2,3
HIN1,2,3 HO1,2,3
LIN1,2,3 VS1,2,3
FAULT TO
ITRIP LOAD
FLT–CLR
SD
VSS LO1,2,3
COM
LEAD DEFINITIONS
Symbol Lead Description
HIN1,2,3 Logic Inputs for High Side Gate Driver Outputs (HO1,2,3), Out of Phase
LIN1,2,3 Logic Inputs for Low Side Gate Driver Outputs (LO1,2,3), Out of Phase
FLT–CLR Logic Inputs for Fault Clear
SD Logic Input for Shut Down
FAULT Indicates Over–current, Shut Down or Low Side Undervoltage Condition, Negative Logic
ITRIP Input for Over–current Shut Down
VSS Logic Ground
VB1,2,3 High Side Floating Supplies
HO1,2,3 High Side Gate Drive Outputs
VS1,2,3 High Side Floating Supply Returns
VCC Logic and Low Side Fixed Supply
LO1,2,3 Low Side Gate Drive Outputs
COM Low Side Return
SD
tr tf
ton toff
FLT–CLR
90% 90%
FAULT
HO
HO LO 10% 10%
LO
LIN2
HIN
50% 50% 50%
ITRIP
LIN
SD 50%
FLT–CLR 50%
LO
50% 50% FAULT 50% 50%
HO
LO2 50% 50%
tflt
DT DT titrip tfltclr tsd
1
• Floating Channel Designed for Bootstrap Operation
• Fully Operational to +600 V P SUFFIX
• Tolerant to Negative Transient Voltage
PLASTIC PACKAGE
CASE 626–05
• dV/dt Immune
• Undervoltage Lockout
• Programmable Oscillator Frequency:
f + 1.4 (RT )1 75W) CT 8
RT 2 7 HO
CT 3 6 VS
COM 4 5 LO
(TOP VIEW)
ORDERING INFORMATION
Device Package
MPIC2151D SOIC
This document contains information on a new product. Specifications and information herein are subject MPIC2151P PDIP
to change without notice.
REV 1
VB
R HV Q
RT LEVEL
PULSE R HO
SHIFT
FILTER S
–
R Q DEAD PULSE VS
+
TIME GEN
R S Q
VCC
+
CT – 15.6 V
DEAD LO
UV DELAY
TIME
R DETECT
COM
VCC VB
RT HO TO
LOAD
CT VS
COM LO
LEAD DEFINITIONS
Symbol Lead Description
RT Oscillator timing resistor input; a resistor is connected from RT to CT. RT is in phase with LO for normal IC operation.
CT Oscillator timing capacitor input; a capacitor is connected from CT to COM in order to program the oscillator frequency
according to the following equation:
f + 1.4 (RT ) 75W) CT
1
where 75Ω is the effective impedance of the RT output stage.
VB High Side Floating Supply
HO High Side Gate Drive Output
VS High Side Floating Supply Return
VCC Logic and Low Side Fixed Supply
LO Low Side Gate Drive Output
COM Logic and Low Side Return
VCCUV+
VCC VCLAMP
RT(HO)
50% 50%
RT RT(LO)
CT
tr tf
HO 90% 90%
LO
HO 10% 10%
LO
Figure 1. Input / Output Timing Diagram Figure 2. Switching Time Waveform Definitions
RT
50% 50%
90%
HO 10%
DT
LO 90%
10%
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTB1N100E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
REV 2
2.0 2.0
1.8 TJ = 25°C 1.8 VDS ≥ 10 V
VGS = 10 V
100°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.8 10000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V TJ = 125°C
2.4 ID = 0.5 A 1000
100°C
2.0
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
100
(NORMALIZED)
1.6
10
1.2
1.0 25°C
0.8
0.4 0.1
VGS = 0 V
0 0.01
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
1200 1000
Ciss VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
Ciss
1000 VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
800 100
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
Ciss
600 Coss
Crss
400 10
Crss
200 Coss
Crss
0 1
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
VGS VDS VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 7b. High Voltage Capacitance
Figure 7a. Capacitance Variation Variation
t, TIME (ns)
Q1 Q2 tf
6 240 tr
td(off)
4 ID = 1 A 160 10 td(on)
TJ = 25°C
2 80
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
1.0
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–Gener-
temperature.
al Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
10 50
VGS = 20 V ID = 1 A
TC = 25°C 40
100 µs
1 ms 20
0.1
10 ms
RDS(on) LIMIT dc 10
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 P(pk)
0.05 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.02 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
0.01
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
SINGLE PULSE
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
3
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS)
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
1
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Data Sheet
Designer's
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
4 4
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
ID , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
8V
2.4
2
1.6 6V
1
0.8
5V TJ = 100°C 25°C
–55°C
0 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
4.5
6
100°C
4.0
4 TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V
3.5
15 V
2 –55°C
3.0
0 2.5
0 1 2 3 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.5 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 1 A
2
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
TJ = 125°C
(NORMALIZED)
1.5
100
1
0.5
0 10
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 100 200 300 400
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
500 1000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C TJ = 25°C
VGS = 0
Ciss
400
Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
100
300
Ciss
Crss Coss
200
10
Crss
100 Coss
Crss
0 1
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
VGS VDS
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 7a. Capacitance Variation Figure 7b. High Voltage Capacitance Variation
t, TIME (ns)
td(off)
6 200 10 tf
Q1 Q2
tr td(on)
4
TJ = 25°C 100
2 ID = 2 A
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
0.5
0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–Gener-
temperature.
al Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
10 45
1 100 µs 30
1 ms
25
10 ms
20
0.1 dc 15
RDS(on) LIMIT 10
THERMAL LIMIT
5
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
r (t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
D = 0.5
0.2
0.1
(NORMALIZED)
0.05
0.1 P(pk)
0.02 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.01 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
SINGLE PULSE PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
t, TIME (SECONDS)
Figure 13. Thermal Response
3
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
Mounted on the minimum recommended footprint
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS)
2.5
Collector/Drain Pad Size ≈ 450 mils x 350 mils
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
1
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Data Sheet
Designer's
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
4 8
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V
7V VDS ≥ 10 V
ID , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
6V
2 4
5.5 V TJ = 100°C
1 2
–55°C
5V 25°C
0 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 0 2 4 6 8 10
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
2.9
2.7
0
0 1.5 3 4.5 6 2.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.5 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 1 A
2 TJ = 125°C
100
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.5 100°C
1
10
0.5
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
800 1000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
700 Ciss Ciss
600 100
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
300
Crss
200 Coss 1
Crss TJ = 25°C
100
VGS = 0
0 0.1
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
VGS VDS
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 7b. High Voltage Capacitance
Figure 7a. Capacitance Variation Variation
t, TIME (ns)
9 300
VDS = 250 V
VDS = 400 V
Q1 td(on)
6 200
Q2 10
3 100
VGS
Q3
00 0 1
4 8 12 16 20
1 10 100 1000
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
2.0
VGS = 0 V
1.8
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–Gener-
temperature.
al Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
10 200
0.1 dc 50
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT 0
0.01 25 50 75 100 125 150
0.1 1 10 100 1000 TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
r (t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
D = 0.5
0.2
(NORMALIZED)
0.1
0.1 0.05 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.01 t1 READ TIME AT t1
SINGLE PULSE t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
t, TIME (SECONDS)
Figure 13. Thermal Response
3
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
Mounted on the minimum recommended footprint
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS)
2.5
Collector/Drain Pad Size ≈ 450 mils x 350 mils
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
1
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTB2P50E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
REV 1
4 4
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
3.5 7V 3.5
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2 2
1.5 1.5
5V
1 1
0.5 0.5
4V
0 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
6 5.25
25°C VGS = 10 V
5
4 4.75 15 V
– 55°C
4.5
2
4.25
0 4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 0 V
VGS = 10 V
ID = 1 A TJ = 125°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
1.5 100
(NORMALIZED)
100°C
1 10
25°C
0.5 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
1800 1000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
1600 VGS = 0 V Ciss
Ciss TJ = 25°C
1400
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1200 100
Coss
1000 Ciss
800
Crss
600 Crss 10
400
200 Coss
Crss
0 1
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
VGS VDS VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 7b. High Voltage Capacitance
Figure 7a. Capacitance Variation Variation
t, TIME (ns)
Q1 Q2
6 150 100
ID = 2 A td(off)
tf
TJ = 25°C
4 100
tr
2 50 td(on)
Q3 VDS
0 0 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
2
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
1.6
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
10 80
VGS = 20 V
ID = 2 A
TC = 25°C
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
3
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
2.5 Mounted on the minimum recommended footprint
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS)
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
1
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTB3N100E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 2
6 6
TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
100°C
5 VGS = 10 V 5
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2 2 TJ = –55°C
1 1
4V
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.2 5.6 6.0
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
4 3.4
25°C
3 3.2 15 V
2 3.0
– 55°C
1 2.8
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.4 100000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 1.5 A TJ = 125°C
2.0 10000
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
100°C
(NORMALIZED)
1.6 1000
1.2 100
25°C
0.8 10
0.4 1
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
2800 10000
Ciss VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
2400
Ciss
1000
2000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1600 Ciss
Crss 100
Coss
1200
800 10 Crss
Coss
400 Crss
0 1
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
VGS VDS VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
t, TIME (ns)
10 250
6 Q1 Q2 150
ID = 3 A
4 TJ = 25°C 100 td(off)
tf
2 50 tr
Q3 VDS td(on)
0 0 10
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 30 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
3.0
VGS = 0 V
2.5 TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.80
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 250
VGS = 20 V ID = 3 A
TC = 25°C 200
150
10 µs
1.0
100 µs
1 ms 100
0.1 10 ms
RDS(on) LIMIT dc 50
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.05
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.02 t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
0.01 DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
SINGLE PULSE
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (ms)
3.0
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
Mounted on the minimum recommended footprint
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS)
2.5
Collector/Drain Pad Size ≈ 450 mils x 350 mils
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
1.0
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTB3N120E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Maximum Lead Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 1/8″ from case for 10 seconds TL 260 °C
(1) When surface mounted to an FR4 board using the minimum recommended pad size.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
6 6
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
5 5
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
3 3
2 5V 2
25°C
1 1
4V TJ = – 55°C
0 0
0 6 12 18 24 30 3 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.2
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
6 5.0
VGS = 10 V
4 4.6
25°C
15 V
2 4.2
– 55°C
0 3.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.5 10,000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 0 V
VGS = 10 V
2.0 ID = 1.5 A TJ = 125°C
1,000
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.5 100°C
100
1.0
25°C
10
0.5
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
2800 10,000
Ciss VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C VGS = 0 V
2400 TJ = 25°C
Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
2000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1,000
1600 Crss
Ciss
1200
100 Coss
800
Coss
400 Crss
Crss
0 10
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
VGS VDS
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 7b. High Voltage Capacitance
Figure 7a. Capacitance Variation Variation
t, TIME (ns)
10 250
8 200 td(off)
VGS
Q1 Q2 tf
6 150 td(on)
10
ID = 3 A tr
4 100
TJ = 25°C
2 50
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 1 10 10
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
3.0
VGS = 0 V
2.4 TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
1.8
1.2
0.6
0
0.55 0.59 0.63 0.67 0.71 0.75 0.79
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 120
TC = 25°C
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r (t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 P(pk)
0.05 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.02 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
0.01 t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
SINGLE PULSE DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
H1 L1 D1 – D4
1N4007s
90VAC– C1 C4
0.1 L1 0.1 +Vin
600VAC
1 kV 1 kV 470 k
R4
C6 + 1/2 W
H2 100 mF
450 V 470 k
C3 C2 R3 1/2 W
0.0047 0.0047
3 kV 3 kV
EARTH 470 k
R2
GND C5 + 1/2 W
100 mF
450 V 470 k
R1 1/2 W
INPUT GND
D9 100 mF
MUR430 20 V
T1 +12 V
+ +
100 mF
D8 C11 C12
+Vin MBR370 10 V
+5 V
Vaux R16 + + R20
R9
120 W
82 k, 1/2 W 1 nF C13 C14
100 k C9
10 mF 3 kV R19
1/2 W U2
R8 R7 R6 R5 25 V C15 32.4 k
D10 + MUR130 MOC8102
1.5 nF
Vaux
R11 C10 LL MUR1100 D6
1.3 mF 7.5 k
D7 C17
1.8 k
7 2.2 nF
INPUT GND
Data Sheet
Designer's
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 2
8 8
TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
7 VGS = 10 V 7
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2 2
TJ = –55°C
1 4V 1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.2 5.6
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
3.0 2.3
2.2
25°C VGS = 10 V
2.2 2.1
2.0 15 V
1.4
– 55°C 1.9
0.6 1.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.2 10000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 2 A TJ = 125°C
1.8
1000 100°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.4
100
1.0
25°C
10
0.6
0.2 1
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
2800 10000
Ciss VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
2400 Ciss
1000
2000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1600 Ciss
100
Crss Coss
1200
800 10 Crss
Coss
400
Crss
1
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
VGS VDS VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 7b. High Voltage Capacitance
Figure 7a. Capacitance Variation Variation
t, TIME (ns)
6 Q1 Q2 300
100
4 tf
200
ID = 4 A
TJ = 25°C td(off) tr
2 100
Q3 VDS td(on)
0 0 10
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
4.0
3.6 VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
3.2
2.8
2.4
2.0
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.82
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–Gener-
temperature.
al Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 350
VGS = 20 V ID = 4 A
TC = 25°C
100 µs 200
1.0
1 ms 150
10 ms
dc 100
0.1
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT 50
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
P(pk)
0.1 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.05
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.02 t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
0.01 DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
SINGLE PULSE
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
3
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
Mounted on the minimum recommended footprint
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS)
2.5
Collector/Drain Pad Size ≈ 450 mils x 350 mils
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
1
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Data Sheet
Designer's
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
12 12
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
6V
10 10
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
6 6
5V
4 4
100°C
2 2 25°C
4V TJ = – 55°C
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0 0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.5 10000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 3 A
2 TJ = 125°C
1000
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
100°C
1.5
100
1
25°C
10
0.5
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
3200 10000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C TJ = 25°C
VGS = 0 V
Ciss Ciss
2400 1000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
Ciss Coss
1600 Crss 100
Crss
800 10
Coss
Crss
0 1
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
VGS VDS
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 7a. Capacitance Variation Figure 7b. High Voltage Capacitance Variation
t, TIME (ns)
Q1 Q2 10 td(off)
6
tf
tr
4 100 td(on)
ID = 6 A
TJ = 25°C
2
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
6
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
5
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–Gener-
temperature.
al Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 450
TC = 25°C 350
250
100 µs
1 ms 200
1.0 10 ms 150
100
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT 50
PACKAGE LIMIT dc
0.1 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
D = 0.5
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 P(pk)
0.05
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
0.01 t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
SINGLE PULSE DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
t, TIME (SECONDS)
Figure 13. Thermal Response
3
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
Mounted on the minimum recommended footprint
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS)
2.5
Collector/Drain Pad Size ≈ 450 mils x 350 mils
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
1
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
Data Sheet
Designer's
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
18 18
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V 8V VDS ≥ 10 V TJ = –55°C
15 9V 15
7V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
3 5V 3
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.8 0.5
TJ = 100°C
0.6
VGS = 10 V
25°C
0.4 0.4
15 V
0.2 – 55°C
0 0.3
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 0 3 6 9 12 15 18
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.5 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 4.5 A TJ = 125°C
2.0
100
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
100°C
(NORMALIZED)
1.5
10
1.0 25°C
1
0.5
0 0.1
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 50 100 150 200 250
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
1200 Ciss
Crss
800
400 Coss
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
8 VGS 120 tr
td(off) tf
Q1 Q2
ID = 9 A 10 td(on)
4 TJ = 25°C 60
Q3
VDS
0 0 1
0 6 12 18 24 30 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
9.0
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
7.5
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
6.0
4.5
3.0
1.5
0
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–Gener-
temperature.
al Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 125
VGS = 20 V
100
100 µs
50
1
1 ms
RDS(on) LIMIT 10 ms 25
THERMAL LIMIT dc
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.1 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 P(pk)
0.02 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.01 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
SINGLE PULSE t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10
t, TIME (s)
3
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
Mounted on the minimum recommended footprint
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS)
2.5
Collector/Drain Pad Size ≈ 450 mils x 350 mils
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
1
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTB10N40E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
ON CHARACTERISTICS (1)
Gate Threshold Voltage VGS(th)
(VDS = VGS, ID = 250 µAdc) 2.0 2.8 4.0 Vdc
Temperature Coefficient (Negative) — 6.3 — mV/°C
Static Drain–Source On–Resistance (VGS = 10 Vdc, ID = 5.0 Adc) RDS(on) — 0.4 0.55 Ohm
Drain–Source On–Voltage (VGS = 10 Vdc) VDS(on) Vdc
(ID = 10 Adc) — 5.61 6.6
(ID = 5.0 Adc, TJ = 125°C) — — 5.5
Forward Transconductance (VDS = 15 Vdc, ID = 5.0 Adc) gFS 4.0 — — mhos
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Input Capacitance Ciss — 1570 2200 pF
Output Capacitance (VDS = 25 Vdc,
Vd VGS = 0 Vdc,
Vd
Coss — 230 325
f = 1.0 MHz)
Reverse Transfer Capacitance Crss — 55 110
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS (2)
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 25 50 ns
Rise Time (VDD = 200 Vdc, ID = 10 Adc, tr — 37 75
VGS = 10 Vdc
Vdc,
Turn–Off Delay Time RG = 10 Ω) td(off) — 75 150
Fall Time tf — 31 65
Gate Charge QT — 46 63 nC
(S Fi
(See Figure 8)
((VDS = 320 Vdc, ID = 10 Adc, Q1 — 10 —
VGS = 10 Vdc) Q2 — 23 —
Q3 — — —
20 25
TJ = 25°C
10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
7V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
12 15
8 VGS = 6 V 10
TJ = 25°C
4 5 – 55°C
100°C
5V
0 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
1 0.45
0.5 0.35 15 V
– 55°C
0.3
0 0.25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
3 100
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 5 A 40 TJ = 125°C
20
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
2 10
(NORMALIZED)
100°C
4
2
1 1
25°C
0.4
0.2
0 0.1
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
3500
TJ = 25°C VGS = 0 V
3000
2500
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
2000 Crss
Ciss
1500
1000
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
t, TIME (ns)
320 V tr
400 td(on)
8
200
100
4
40
20
0 10
0 20 40 60 80 1 10 100 1000
Qg, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
8 TJ = 25°C
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–Gener-
temperature.
al Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 600
VGS = 20 V
20 TC = 25°C
4
1 ms 300
2
1 10 ms
RDS(on) LIMIT 150
0.4 THERMAL LIMIT dc
0.2 PACKAGE LIMIT
0.1 0
1 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1
0.7 D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
0.5
r(t) , NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
P(pk) RθJC = 1°C/W MAX
0.07 0.05
t1 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.05 t2
0.02 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.03 DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2 READ TIME AT t1
0.02 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
0.01 SINGLE PULSE
0.01
0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
t,TIME (ms)
3
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS)
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
1
ta tb
TIME
0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Data Sheet
MTB15N06V
Designer's
TMOS V
Power Field Effect Transistor
D2PAK for Surface Mount TMOS POWER FET
N–Channel Enhancement–Mode Silicon Gate 15 AMPERES
60 VOLTS
TMOS V is a new technology designed to achieve an on–resistance RDS(on) = 0.12 OHM
area product about one–half that of standard MOSFETs. This new
technology more than doubles the present cell density of our 50
and 60 volt TMOS devices. Just as with our TMOS E–FET designs,
TMOS V is designed to withstand high energy in the avalanche and
commutation modes. Designed for low voltage, high speed TM
switching applications in power supplies, converters and power
motor controls, these devices are particularly well suited for bridge
D
circuits where diode speed and commutating safe operating areas
are critical and offer additional safety margin against unexpected
voltage transients.
New Features of TMOS V
G
• On–resistance Area Product about One–half that of Standard
MOSFETs with New Low Voltage, Low RDS(on) Technology CASE 418B–02, Style 2
• Faster Switching than E–FET Predecessors S D2PAK
Features Common to TMOS V and TMOS E–FETs
• Avalanche Energy Specified
• IDSS and VDS(on) Specified at Elevated Temperature
• Static Parameters are the Same for both TMOS V and TMOS E–FET
• Surface Mount Package Available in 16 mm 13–inch/2500 Unit Tape & Reel,
Add T4 Suffix to Part Number
REV 2
30 30
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
9V 8V
25 25
15 15 TJ = – 55°C
6V
10 10
5V
5 5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 4 6 8 10
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.11
0.14 TJ = 100°C
0.09 VGS = 10 V
25°C
0.08
15 V
0.07
– 55°C
(o )
0.02 0.05
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2 100
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 7.5 A
1.6
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.2 TJ = 125°C
0.8
0.4 10
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are determined culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged by on–state when calculating td(off).
current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies complicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is source lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input which is common to both the drain and gate current paths,
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of produces a voltage at the source which reduces the gate
the drive circuit so that drive current. The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since
di/dt is a function of drain current, the mathematical solution
t = Q/IG(AV) is complex. The MOSFET output capacitance also compli-
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis- cates the mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as internal gate resistance which effectively adds to the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may resistance of the driving source, but the internal resistance is
be approximated by the following: difficult to measure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
where were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
RG = the gate drive resistance inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val- taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are: operated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
switching losses.
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)]
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
1500
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
Ciss
1200
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
900
Crss
600 Ciss
300 Coss
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
Q1 Q2 tr
6 30 tf
td(off)
ID = 15 A
4 TJ = 25°C 20 10 td(on)
2 10
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 3 6 9 12 15 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
15
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
12
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define reliable operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and dissipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is than the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions
forward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
junction temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
Peak repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
the thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may
traverse any load line provided neither rated peak current drain–to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed
(IDM) nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition current (I DM ), the energy rating is specified at rated
time (tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power continuous current (ID), in accordance with industry custom.
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed The energy rating must be derated for temperature as shown
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). in the accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used currents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For equal the values indicated.
100 120
VGS = 10 V
10 µs
100 µs
60
1 ms
10 ms
1.0 dc 40
RDS(on) LIMIT
20
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.1 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.05 P(pk)
0.1 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.01 t1 READ TIME AT t1
SINGLE PULSE t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
3
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
2.5 Mounted on the minimum recommended footprint
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS)
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
1
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTB16N25E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
32 32
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
8V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
16 6V 16
8 8 100°C
5V
TJ = –55°C
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.3 0.18
15 V
0.2 25°C
0.14
0.1 – 55°C
0 0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 8 16 24 32 40
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
3.0 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 8 A TJ = 125°C
2.5
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
2.0 100
(NORMALIZED)
100°C
1.5
1.0 10
25°C
0.5
0 1
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are determined culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged by on–state when calculating td(off).
current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies complicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is source lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input which is common to both the drain and gate current paths,
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of produces a voltage at the source which reduces the gate
the drive circuit so that drive current. The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since
di/dt is a function of drain current, the mathematical solution
t = Q/IG(AV) is complex. The MOSFET output capacitance also compli-
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis- cates the mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as internal gate resistance which effectively adds to the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may resistance of the driving source, but the internal resistance is
be approximated by the following: difficult to measure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
where were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
RG = the gate drive resistance inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val- taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are: operated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
switching losses.
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)]
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
4000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
Ciss
3000
2000 Ciss
Crss
1000
Coss
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
Q1 Q2 tr
td(off) tf
6 100
td(on)
ID = 16 A 10
3 TJ = 25°C 50
Q3
VDS
0 0 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
16
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
12
0
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define reliable operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and dissipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is than the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions
forward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
junction temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
Peak repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
the thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may
traverse any load line provided neither rated peak current drain–to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed
(IDM) nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition current (I DM ), the energy rating is specified at rated
time (tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power continuous current (ID), in accordance with industry custom.
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed The energy rating must be derated for temperature as shown
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). in the accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used currents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For equal the values indicated.
100 400
VGS = 20 V
ID = 16 A
200
1 ms
1 10 ms
dc 100
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.1 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.01 t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
SINGLE PULSE DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10
t, TIME (s)
3
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
2.5 Mounted on the minimum recommended footprint
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS)
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
1
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTB20N20E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 2
40 40
TJ = 25°C 8V VDS ≥ 10 V
VGS = 10 V 35 TJ = –55°C
9V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
25
100°C
20 20
6V
15
10 10
5V
5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.15
0.25 TJ = 100°C
0.14
VGS = 10 V
0.20
0.13
0.15 25°C
0.12
15 V
0.10 0.11
– 55°C
0.05 0.10
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.4 10000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 10 A
2.0 TJ = 125°C
1000
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
100°C
(NORMALIZED)
1.6
100 25°C
1.2
10
0.8
0.4 1
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 50 100 150 200
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
5000
Ciss VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
4000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
3000
Crss
Ciss
2000
1000 Coss
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
6 90 100
tr
4 ID = 20 A 60 tf
TJ = 25°C td(off)
2 30
Q3 VDS td(on)
0 0 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
20
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
16
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
12
0
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1.0
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–Gener-
temperature.
al Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 600
VGS = 20 V
TC = 25°C
0.01 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.05
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.02 t1 READ TIME AT t1
0.01 t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
SINGLE PULSE
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (ms)
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr 1.0
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Data Sheet
Designer's
TMOS V MTB23P06V
Power Field Effect Transistor
Motorola Preferred Device
REV 1
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Input Capacitance Ciss — 1160 1620 pF
Output Capacitance (VDS = 25 Vdc,
Vd VGS = 0 Vdc,
Vd
Coss — 380 530
f = 1.0 MHz)
Transfer Capacitance Crss — 105 210
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS (2)
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 13.8 30 ns
Rise Time (VDD = 30 Vdc, ID = 23 Adc, tr — 98.3 200
VGS = 10 Vdc
Vdc,
Turn–Off Delay Time RG = 9.1 Ω) td(off) — 41 80
Fall Time tf — 62 120
Gate Charge QT — 38 50 nC
(See Fig
Figure
re 8)
((VDS = 48 Vdc, ID = 23 Adc, Q1 — 7.0 —
VGS = 10 Vdc) Q2 — 18 —
Q3 — 14 —
50 40
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10V VDS ≥ 10 V TJ = –55°C
8V
35
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
20
6V
20 15
10
10 5V
5
4V
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.12 0.11
25°C 0.105
0.1 VGS = 10 V
0.1
0.08
– 55°C 0.095
0.06 15 V
0.09
0.04 0.085
0.02 0.08
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
1.8 100
R DS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 0 V
1.6 VGS = 10 V
ID = 11.5 A
1.4
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
1.2
(NORMALIZED)
1 TJ = 125°C
10
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 1
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
4000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
Ciss
3000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
Crss
2000
Ciss
1000
Coss
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
6 18 tf
5 15 td(off)
4 12 td(on)
10
3 9
2 TJ = 25°C 6
1 Q3 VDS ID = 23 A 3
0 0 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1 10 100
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
25
TJ = 25°C
VGS = 0 V
20
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
15
10
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
perature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 800
VGS = 20 V ID = 23 A
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.00
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.10 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.05 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.02 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
0.01 t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
SINGLE PULSE DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
3
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
2.5 Mounted on the minimum recommended footprint
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS)
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
1
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Data Sheet
Designer's
TMOS V MTB30N06VL
Power Field Effect Transistor
Motorola Preferred Device
REV 3
60 60
VGS = 10 V TJ = 25°C TJ = –55°C
VDS ≥ 10 V
8V
50 50
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
30 4V 30
20 20
3V
10 10
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.03
0.02
0.02
– 55°C
0.01
0.01
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2 1000
R DS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
100
(NORMALIZED)
1.2
1 100°C
0.8
10
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are determined culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged by on–state when calculating td(off).
current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies complicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is source lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input which is common to both the drain and gate current paths,
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of produces a voltage at the source which reduces the gate
the drive circuit so that drive current. The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since
di/dt is a function of drain current, the mathematical solution
t = Q/IG(AV) is complex. The MOSFET output capacitance also compli-
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis- cates the mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as internal gate resistance which effectively adds to the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may resistance of the driving source, but the internal resistance is
be approximated by the following: difficult to measure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
where were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
RG = the gate drive resistance inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val- taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are: operated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
switching losses.
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)]
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
5000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
4500 C
iss
4000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
3500
Crss
3000
2500
2000
1500 Ciss
1000
500 Coss
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
3 Q1 Q2 18
td(off)
2.5 15
2 12 td(on)
10
1.5 TJ = 25°C 9
Q3
1 ID = 30 A 6
0.5 3
VDS
0 0 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
30
TJ = 25°C
VGS = 0 V
25
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
20
15
10
0
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define reliable operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and dissipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is than the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions
forward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
junction temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
Peak repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
the thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may
traverse any load line provided neither rated peak current drain–to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed
(IDM) nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition current (I DM ), the energy rating is specified at rated
time (tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power continuous current (ID), in accordance with industry custom.
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed The energy rating must be derated for temperature as shown
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). in the accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used currents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For equal the values indicated.
1000 160
VGS = 20 V RDS(on) LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
80
60
10 100 µs
1 ms 40
10 ms
20
1 dc
0
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.00
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
3
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
2.5 Mounted on the minimum recommended footprint
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS)
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
1
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Data Sheet
Designer's
TMOS V MTB30P06V
Power Field Effect Transistor
Motorola Preferred Device
REV 1
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Input Capacitance Ciss — 1562 2190 pF
Output Capacitance (VDS = 25 Vdc,
Vd VGS = 0 Vdc,
Vd
Coss — 524 730
f = 1.0 MHz)
Transfer Capacitance Crss — 154 310
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS (2)
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 14.7 30 ns
Rise Time (VDD = 30 Vdc, ID = 30 Adc, tr — 25.9 50
VGS = 10 Vdc
Vdc,
Turn–Off Delay Time RG = 9.1 Ω) td(off) — 98 200
Fall Time tf — 52.4 100
Gate Charge QT — 54 80 nC
(See Fig
Figure
re 8)
((VDS = 48 Vdc, ID = 30 Adc, Q1 — 9.0 —
VGS = 10 Vdc) Q2 — 26 —
Q3 — 20 —
60 60
TJ = 25°C 8V VDS ≥ 10 V 100°C
50 VGS = 10V 9V 7V 50
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
40 40
30 6V 30 TJ = –55°C
20 20
5V
10 10
4V
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0 0.04
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
1.8 100
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 0 V
1.6 VGS = 10 V
ID = 15 A TJ = 125°C
1.4
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
1.2
(NORMALIZED)
1
10
0.8 100°C
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 1
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
6000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
Ciss
5000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
4000
Crss
3000
Ciss
2000
Coss
1000
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
td(off)
6 18
tf
5 15
tr
4 12 td(on)
10
3 9
2 Q3 TJ = 25°C 6
1 VDS ID = 30 A 3
0 0 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 10 100
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
30
TJ = 25°C
25 VGS = 0 V
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
20
15
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
perature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
1000 450
VGS = 20 V RDS(on) LIMIT ID = 30 A
10 100 µs 150
1 ms 10 ms 100
dc
50
1 0
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.00
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.10 P(pk)
0.05 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.01 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
SINGLE PULSE
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
3
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
2.5 Mounted on the minimum recommended footprint
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS)
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
1
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTB33N10E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 2
90 90
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
80 80 TJ = –55°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
20 6V 20
10 5V 10
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.02 0.037
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 5 11 17 23 29 35 41 47 53 59 65
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.0 10000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
1.8 ID = 16.5 A
1.6
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
1000 TJ = 125°C
(NORMALIZED)
1.4
1.2 100°C
100
1.0
25°C
0.8
0.6 10
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
5000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
4500 Ciss
4000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
3500
Crss
3000
2500
Ciss
2000
1500
1000 Coss
500
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
tr
8 Q1 80
100
6 60 tf
ID = 33 A
4 TJ = 25°C 40 td(off)
2 Q3 20
VDS td(on)
0 0 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
33
30 VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
27
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
24
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1.0 1.05
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
1000 550
VGS = 20 V
100 TC = 25°C
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.05
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.02 t1 READ TIME AT t1
0.01 t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
SINGLE PULSE DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (ms)
3.0
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
Mounted on the minimum recommended footprint
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS)
2.5
Collector/Drain Pad Size ≈ 450 mils x 350 mils
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
ta tb 1.0
TIME
0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Product Preview
MTB35N06ZL
HDTMOS E-FET.
High Energy Power FET
D2PAK for Surface Mount TMOS POWER FET
N–Channel Enhancement–Mode Silicon Gate 35 AMPERES
60 VOLTS
This advanced high voltage TMOS E–FET is designed to RDS(on) = 26 mΩ
withstand high energy in the avalanche mode and switch efficiently.
This new high energy device also offers a drain–to–source diode
with fast recovery time. Designed for high voltage, high speed
switching applications in power supplies, PWM motor controls and
other inductive loads, the avalanche energy capability is specified
to eliminate the guesswork in designs where inductive loads are
switched and offer additional safety margin against unexpected
voltage transients.
D
• Avalanche Energy Capability Specified at Elevated
Temperature
• Source–to–Drain Diode Recovery Time Comparable to a
Discrete Fast Recovery Diode G
• Low Stored Gate Charge for Efficient Switching CASE 418B–02, Style 2
• Internal Source–to–Drain Diode Designed to Replace External D2PAK
Zener Transient Suppressor–Absorbs High Energy in the S
Avalanche Mode
• ESD Protected. 400 V Machine Model Level and 4000 V
Human Body Model Level.
This document contains information on a product under development. Motorola reserves the right to change or discontinue this product without notice.
Data Sheet
MTB36N06V
Designer's
TMOS V
Power Field Effect Transistor Motorola Preferred Device
REV 2
72 72
VGS = 10 V TJ = 100°C
TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
7V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
6V
36 36
5V
18 18
4V –55°C
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.08
TJ = 100°C 0.044
0.06
VGS = 10 V
25°C
0.04
0.036 15 V
– 55°C
0.02
0 0.028
0 18 36 54 72 0 18 36 54 72
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
1.8 1000
R DS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
1.6 ID = 16 A
TJ = 125°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
1.4 100
(NORMALIZED)
100°C
1.2
1 10 25°C
0.8
0.6 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are determined culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged by on–state when calculating td(off).
current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies complicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is source lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input which is common to both the drain and gate current paths,
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of produces a voltage at the source which reduces the gate
the drive circuit so that drive current. The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since
di/dt is a function of drain current, the mathematical solution
t = Q/IG(AV) is complex. The MOSFET output capacitance also compli-
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis- cates the mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as internal gate resistance which effectively adds to the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may resistance of the driving source, but the internal resistance is
be approximated by the following: difficult to measure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
where were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
RG = the gate drive resistance inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val- taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are: operated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
switching losses.
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)]
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
4000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
3000 Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
2000
Crss Ciss
1000
Coss
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
Q2 tf
Q1
6 15 td(off)
td(on)
4 10 10
TJ = 25°C
Q3 ID = 32 A
2 5
VDS
0 0 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
32
TJ = 25°C
VGS = 0 V
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
24
16
0
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define reliable operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and dissipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is than the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions
forward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
junction temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
Peak repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
the thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may
traverse any load line provided neither rated peak current drain–to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed
(IDM) nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition current (I DM ), the energy rating is specified at rated
time (tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power continuous current (ID), in accordance with industry custom.
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed The energy rating must be derated for temperature as shown
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). in the accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used currents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For equal the values indicated.
1000 225
VGS = 20 V RDS(on) LIMIT
10 100 µs 75
1 ms 50
10 ms
25
1 dc
0
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.00
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
2.0
di/dt
1.5
IS
trr 1
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
25 50 75 100 125 150 175
IS
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTB50P03HDL
HDTMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
REV 1
ON CHARACTERISTICS (1)
Gate Threshold Voltage (Cpk ≥ 3.0) (3) VGS(th) Vdc
(VDS = VGS, ID = 250 µAdc) 1.0 1.5 2.0
Threshold Temperature Coefficient (Negative) — 4.0 — mV/°C
Static Drain–Source On–Resistance (Cpk ≥ 3.0) (3) RDS(on) mOhm
(VGS = 5.0 Vdc, ID = 25 Adc) — 20.9 25
Drain–Source On–Voltage (VGS = 5.0 Vdc) VDS(on) Vdc
(ID = 50 Adc) — 0.83 1.5
(ID = 25 Adc, TJ =125°C) — — 1.3
Forward Transconductance gFS mhos
(VDS = 5.0 Vdc, ID = 25 Adc) 15 20 —
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Input Capacitance Ciss — 3500 4900 pF
Output Capacitance Vd VGS = 0 Vdc,
(VDS = 25 Vdc, Vd
Coss — 1550 2170
f = 1.0 MHz)
Transfer Capacitance Crss — 550 770
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS (2)
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 22 30 ns
Rise Time (VDD= 15 Vdc, ID = 50 Adc, tr — 340 466
VGS = 5.0
5 0 Vdc,
Vdc
Turn–Off Delay Time RG = 2.3 Ω) td(off) — 90 117
Fall Time tf — 218 300
Gate Charge QT — 74 100 nC
(S Fi
(See Figure 8)
((VDS = 24 Vdc, ID = 50 Adc, Q1 — 13.6 —
VGS = 5.0 Vdc) Q2 — 44.8 —
Q3 — 35 —
SOURCE–DRAIN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
Forward On–Voltage VSD Vdc
(IS = 50 Adc, VGS = 0 Vdc)
— 2.39 3.0
(IS = 50 Adc, VGS = 0 Vdc, TJ = 125°C)
— 1.84 —
Reverse Recovery Time trr — 106 — ns
(S Figure
(See Fi 15)
((IS = 50 Adc, VGS = 0 Vdc, ta — 58 —
dIS/dt = 100 A/µs) tb — 48 —
Reverse Recovery Stored Charge QRR — 0.246 — µC
INTERNAL PACKAGE INDUCTANCE
Internal Drain Inductance LD — 3.5 — nH
(Measured from the drain lead 0.25″ from package to center of die)
Internal Source Inductance LS — 7.5 — nH
(Measured from the source lead 0.25″ from package to source bond pad)
(1) Pulse Test: Pulse Width ≤ 300 µs, Duty Cycle ≤ 2%.
(2) Switching characteristics are independent of operating junction temperature.
(3) Reflects typical values. Max limit – Typ
Cpk =
3 x SIGMA
100 100
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V 5V VDS ≥ 5 V TJ = – 55°C
8V 25°C 100°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
4V
4.5 V
60 60
3.5 V
40 40
3V
20 20
2.5 V
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.3
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.025 0.020
TJ = 100°C
0.023 0.019
25°C
0.021 0.018
0.019 0.017
10 V
0.017 – 55°C 0.016
0.015 0.015
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
1.35 1000
R DS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 5 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 25 A
1.25
I DSS, LEAKAGE (nA)
TJ = 125°C
(NORMALIZED)
1.15
100
1.05
0.95
100°C
0.85 10
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
14000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
C
12000 iss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
10000
8000
Crss
6000
Ciss
4000
Coss
2000
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
Q1 Q2 tf
4 20
td(off)
t, TIME (ns)
3 15 100
ID = 50 A
2 10
TJ = 25°C
td(on)
1 5
Q3 VDS
0 0 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1 10
QT, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (Ohms)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 12. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
50
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
40
30
20
10
0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
1000 1400
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
VGS = 20 V ID = 50 A
SINGLE PULSE 1200
AVALANCHE ENERGY (mJ)
TC = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
1000
100
100 µs
800
1 ms 600
10 10 ms 400
RDS(on) LIMIT dc
THERMAL LIMIT 200
PACKAGE LIMIT
1 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
0.2
(NORMALIZED)
0.1
0.1 P(pk)
0.05 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.02 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
0.01
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
SINGLE PULSE DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
3
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS) 2.5 Mounted on the minimum recommended footprint
Collector/Drain Pad Size ≈ 450 mils x 350 mils
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
1
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 15. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 16. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Product Preview
TMOS V MTB52N06V
Power Field Effect Transistor
Motorola Preferred Device
Product Preview
TMOS E-FET. MTB55N06Z
High Energy Power FET
D2PAK for Surface Mount TMOS POWER FET
N–Channel Enhancement–Mode Silicon Gate 55 AMPERES
60 VOLTS
This advanced high voltage TMOS E–FET is designed to RDS(on) = 16 mΩ
withstand high energy in the avalanche mode and switch efficiently.
This new high energy device also offers a drain–to–source diode
with fast recovery time. Designed for high voltage, high speed
switching applications in power supplies, PWM motor controls and
other inductive loads, the avalanche energy capability is specified
to eliminate the guesswork in designs where inductive loads are
switched and offer additional safety margin against unexpected
voltage transients.
• Avalanche Energy Capability Specified at Elevated D
Temperature
• Source–to–Drain Diode Recovery Time Comparable to a
Discrete Fast Recovery Diode G
• Low Stored Gate Charge for Efficient Switching CASE 418B–02, Style 2
• Internal Source–to–Drain Diode Designed to Replace External D2PAK
Zener Transient Suppressor–Absorbs High Energy in the S
Avalanche Mode
• ESD Protected. 400 V Machine Model Level and 4000 V
Human Body Model Level.
This document contains information on a product under development. Motorola reserves the right to change or discontinue this product without notice.
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTB60N06HD
HDTMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
REV 2
ON CHARACTERISTICS (1)
Gate Threshold Voltage (Cpk ≥ 3.0) (3) VGS(th) Vdc
(VDS = VGS, ID = 250 µAdc) 2.0 3.0 4.0
Threshold Temperature Coefficient (Negative) — 7.0 — mV/°C
Static Drain–Source On–Resistance (Cpk ≥ 3.0) (3) RDS(on) Ohm
(VGS = 10 Vdc, ID = 30 Adc) — 0.011 0.014
Drain–Source On–Voltage (VGS = 10 Vdc) VDS(on) Vdc
(ID = 60 Adc) — — 1.0
(ID = 30 Adc, TJ =125°C) — — 0.9
Forward Transconductance gFS mhos
(VDS = 4.0 Vdc, ID = 30 Adc) 15 20 —
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Input Capacitance Ciss — 1950 2800 pF
Output Capacitance Vd VGS = 0 Vdc,
(VDS = 25 Vdc, Vd
Coss — 660 920
f = 1.0 MHz)
Transfer Capacitance Crss — 147 300
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS (2)
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 14 26 ns
Rise Time (VDD= 30 Vdc, ID = 60 Adc, tr — 197 394
VGS = 10 Vdc
Vdc,
Turn–Off Delay Time RG = 9.1 Ω) td(off) — 50 102
Fall Time tf — 124 246
Gate Charge QT — 51 71 nC
(S Fi
(See Figure 8)
((VDS = 48 Vdc, ID = 60 Adc, Q1 — 12 —
VGS = 10 Vdc) Q2 — 24 —
Q3 — 21 —
SOURCE–DRAIN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
Forward On–Voltage VSD Vdc
(IS = 60 Adc, VGS = 0 Vdc)
— 0.99 1.0
(IS = 60 Adc, VGS = 0 Vdc, TJ = 125°C)
— 0.89 —
Reverse Recovery Time trr — 60 — ns
(S Figure
(See Fi 15)
((IS = 60 Adc, VGS = 0 Vdc, ta — 36 —
dIS/dt = 100 A/µs) tb — 24 —
Reverse Recovery Stored Charge QRR — 0.143 — µC
INTERNAL PACKAGE INDUCTANCE
Internal Drain Inductance LD — 4.5 — nH
(Measured from the drain lead 0.25″ from package to center of die)
Internal Source Inductance LS — 7.5 — nH
(Measured from the source lead 0.25″ from package to source bond pad)
(1) Pulse Test: Pulse Width ≤ 300 µs, Duty Cycle ≤ 2%.
(2) Switching characteristics are independent of operating junction temperature.
(3) Reflects typical values. Max limit – Typ
Cpk =
3 x SIGMA
120 120
8V 7V
VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
100 100
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
60 6V 60
40 40
100°C
5V 25°C
20 20
TJ = – 55°C
0 0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 2.0 2.8 3.6 4.4 5.2 6.0 6.8 7.6
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.006 0.0100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
1.8 1000
R DS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
1.6 ID = 30 A
TJ = 125°C
I DSS, LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.4 100
1.2 100°C
25°C
1.0 10
0.8
0.6 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
5000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V
Ciss TJ = 25°C
4000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
3000
Crss
Ciss
2000
Coss
1000
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
tf
6 30 100
4 ID = 60 A 20 td(off)
TJ = 25°C
2 10
Q3
VDS td(on)
0 0 10
0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (Ohms)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 12. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
60
VGS = 0 V
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
50 TJ = 25°C
40
30
20
10
0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
1000 600
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
VGS = 20 V ID = 60 A
SINGLE PULSE
500
AVALANCHE ENERGY (mJ)
TC = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
100 10 µs 400
300
100 µs
10 200
1 ms
RDS(on) LIMIT 10 ms
THERMAL LIMIT 100
PACKAGE LIMIT dc
1 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
0.2
(NORMALIZED)
0.1
0.1 P(pk)
0.05 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.02 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
0.01
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
SINGLE PULSE DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
3
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
2.5 Mounted on the minimum recommended footprint
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS)
Collector/Drain Pad Size ≈ 450 mils x 350 mils
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
1
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 15. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 16. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 2
((IS = 75 Adc, ta — 27 —
dIS/dt = 100 A/µs) tb — 30 —
Reverse Recovery Stored Charge QRR — 0.088 — µC
(1) Pulse Test: Pulse Width ≤ 300 µs, Duty Cycle ≤ 2%.
(2) Switching characteristics are independent of operating junction temperature.
(3) Reflects typical values. Max limit – Typ
Cpk =
3 x SIGMA
150 150
VGS = 10 V 5V 4.5 V TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
8V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
90 90
3.5 V
60 60
100°C 25°C
30 3V 30
TJ = –55°C
2.5 V
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.007
25°C VGS = 5 V
0.006
0.006
– 55°C
10 V
0.004
0.005
0.002 0.004
0 30 60 90 120 150 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2 10000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
TJ = 125°C
VGS = 10 V
1.6 ID = 37.5 A
1000 100°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.2
100
0.8
10
0.4 25°C
VGS = 0 V
0 1
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
15000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
12000 Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
9000
Crss
6000 Ciss
Coss
3000
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
Q1 Q2
4 16
3 12 tf
td(off)
TJ = 25°C 100
2 8 td(on)
ID = 75 A
1 4
Q3 VDS
0 0 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 12. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
75
TJ = 25°C
60 VGS = 0 V
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
45
30
15
0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
1000 280
VGS = 20 V
TC = 25°C
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
0.2
(NORMALIZED)
0.1
0.1 P(pk)
0.05 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.02
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.01 t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
SINGLE PULSE
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
Figure 13. Thermal Response
3
RθJA = 50°C/W
Board material = 0.065 mil FR–4
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS) 2.5 Mounted on the minimum recommended footprint
Collector/Drain Pad Size ≈ 450 mils x 350 mils
2.0
di/dt
IS 1.5
trr
1
ta tb
TIME 0.5
tp 0.25 IS
0
IS 25 50 75 100 125 150
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 14. Diode Reverse Recovery Waveform Figure 15. D2PAK Power Derating Curve
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTB75N05HD
HDTMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 2
ON CHARACTERISTICS (1)
Gate Threshold Voltage (Cpk ≥ 1.5)(2) VGS(th)
(VDS = VGS, ID = 250 µAdc) 2.0 — 4.0 Vdc
Threshold Temperature Coefficient (Negative) — 6.3 — mV/°C
Static Drain–to–Source On–Resistance(3) (Cpk ≥ 3.0)(2) RDS(on) mΩ
(VGS = 10 Vdc, ID = 20 Adc) — 7.0 9.5
((VDS = 40 V, ID = 75 A, Q1 — 13 —
VGS = 10 V) Q2 — 33 —
Q3 — 26 —
SOURCE–DRAIN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
Forward On–Voltage (IS = 75 A, VGS = 0) (Cpk ≥ 10)(2) VSD 0.97 — Vdc
(IS = 20 A, VGS = 0) — 0.80 1.00
(IS = 20 A, VGS = 0, TJ = 125°C) — 0.68 —
Reverse Recovery Time trr — 57 — ns
160 160
VGS = 10 V 7V TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 6V 80
60 60
40 40 100°C TJ = – 55°C
20 5V 20
25°C
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.002 0.005
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2 10000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 37.5 A
1.5 1000 TJ = 125°C
I DSS, LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1 100 100°C
0.5 10
25°C
0 0
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board–mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in a RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
8000
VDS = 0 VGS = 0
7000 TJ = 25°C
Ciss
6000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
5000
4000
Ciss
3000 Crss
Coss
2000
1000 Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
Q1 Q2
6 30
TJ = 25°C td(on)
4 ID = 75 A 20 10
2 10
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 25 50 75 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 12. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
80 40
TJ = 25°C di/dt = 300 A/µs STANDARD CELL DENSITY
70 VGS = 0 V 30 trr
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
30 – 10
20 – 20
10 – 30
0 – 40
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 – 120 – 100 – 80 – 60 – 40 – 20 0 20 40 60 80
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS) t, TIME (ns)
Figure 10. Diode Forward Voltage versus Current Figure 11. Reverse Recovery Time (trr)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
1000 500
VGS = 20 V ID = 75 A
TC = 25°C 400
dc 150
1 RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT 100
PACKAGE LIMIT 50
0.1 0
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
r(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
1
D = 0.5
0.2
(NORMALIZED)
2.0
1.5
0.5
0
25 50 75 100 125 150
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTD1N50E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
1.25 1.25
1.0 1.0
0.75 0.75
5.0
6 VGS = 10 V
25°C 4.5
4 15 V
4.0
– 55°C
2
3.5
0 3.0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.0
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.5 10000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 0.5 A
2.0 TJ = 125°C
1000
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.5 100°C
100
1.0
10 25°C
0.5
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 100 200 300 400 500
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
500 1000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C VGS = 0 V
450
TJ = 25°C Ciss
400
350 Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
100
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
300
250 Ciss
Coss
200
10
150
Crss
100 Crss
Coss
50 Crss
0 1
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
VGS VDS VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
t, TIME (ns)
td(off)
6 180 10
td(on)
tr
4 120
ID = 1 A
TJ = 25°C
2 60
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
1.0
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.5 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.82
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define the reliable operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance
maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and drain dissipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less
current that a transistor can handle safely when it is forward than the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions
biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junction differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may
traverse any load line provided neither rated peak current drain–to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed
(IDM) nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition current (I DM ), the energy rating is specified at rated
time (tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power av- continuous current (ID), in accordance with industry custom.
eraged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed The energy rating must be derated for temperature as shown
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). in the accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used currents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For equal the values indicated.
10 50
VGS = 20 V ID = 1 A
40
RDS(on) LIMIT 10
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTD1N60E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
2 2
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
1.8 7V 6V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
0.2 TJ = – 55°C
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4 4.4 4.8 5.2 5.6 6 6.4 6.8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
12 TJ = 100°C 8
10 7.5
8 7
25°C VGS = 10 V
6 6.5
15 V
4 – 55°C 6
2 5.5
0 5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.4 1000
R DS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 0 V
VGS = 10 V
2 ID = 0.5 A TJ = 125°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
1.2
0.8 10
25°C
0.4
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
500 1000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C VGS = 0 V
450
Ciss TJ = 25°C
Ciss
400
350
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
100
300
250 Ciss
Crss
200 Coss
10
150
100 Crss
Coss
50
Crss
0 1
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
VGS VDS VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 7b. High Voltage Capacitance
Figure 7a. Capacitance Variation Variation
t, TIME (ns)
Q1 Q2
td(off)
6 300 10 td(on)
ID = 1 A
TJ = 25°C
4 200 tr
2 100
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
1
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
0.8
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.5 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.7 0.74 0.78 0.82
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
10 50
TC = 25°C 40
100 µs 30
0.1
1 ms dc
20
10 ms
0.01
RDS(on) LIMIT 10
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.001 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 P(pk)
0.05 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.01
t1 READ TIME AT t1
SINGLE PULSE t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t,TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTD1N80E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
6V
1.2 8V 1.2
0.8 0.8
5V
TJ = 100°C
0.4 0.4 25°C
4V
–55°C
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
14
12
TJ = 25°C 13
9
12 VGS = 10 V
6
–55°C 11
15 V
3
10
0 9
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.0 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.5 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 0.5 A
2 TJ = 125°C
100 100°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.5
10
1
25°C
1
0.5
0 0.1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
700 1000
TJ = 25°C TJ = 25°C
VGS = 0 V VGS = 0 Ciss
600
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
500
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
100
400
Ciss
Coss
300
10
200
Coss Crss
100
Crss
0 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 7a. Capacitance Variation Figure 7b. High Voltage Capacitance Variation
t, TIME (ns)
td(off)
6 200 10 td(on)
tr
Q1 Q2
4
ID = 1 A 100
2 TJ = 25°C
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
1.0
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–Gener-
temperature.
al Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
10 20
TC = 25°C
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
r (t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
D = 0.5
0.2
(NORMALIZED)
0.1
0.1 0.05 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.01 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
SINGLE PULSE t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
t, TIME (SECONDS)
Figure 13. Thermal Response
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Thermal Resistance — Junction to Case RθJC 2.5 °C/W
Thermal Resistance — Junction to Ambient RθJA 100
Thermal Resistance — Junction to Ambient (1) RθJA 71.4
Maximum Lead Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 1/8″ from case for 5 seconds TL 260 °C
(1) When surface mounted to an FR4 board using the minimum recommended pad size.
This document contains information on a product under development. Motorola reserves the right to change or discontinue this product without notice.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS*
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — TBD TBD ns
Rise Time (VDS = 250 Vdc, ID = 1.0 Adc, tr — TBD TBD
VGS = 10 Vdc
Vdc,
Turn–Off Delay Time RG = 9.1 Ω) td(off) — TBD TBD
Fall Time tf — TBD TBD
Gate Charge QT — TBD TBD nC
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTD2N40E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
4 4
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
ID , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
8V
2.4
2
1.6 6V
1
0.8
5V TJ = 100°C 25°C
–55°C
0 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
4.5
6
100°C
4.0
4 TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V
3.5
15 V
2 –55°C
3.0
0 2.5
0 1 2 3 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.5 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 1 A
2
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
TJ = 125°C
(NORMALIZED)
1.5
100
1
0.5
0 10
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 100 200 300 400
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 5. On–Resistance Variation with Figure 6. Drain–To–Source Leakage
Temperature Current versus Voltage
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
500 1000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C TJ = 25°C
VGS = 0 V
Ciss
400
Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
100
300
Ciss
Crss Coss
200
10
Crss
100 Coss
Crss
0 1
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
VGS VDS
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 7a. Capacitance Variation Figure 7b. High Voltage Capacitance Variation
t, TIME (ns)
td(off)
6 200 10 tf
Q1 Q2
tr td(on)
4
TJ = 25°C 100
2 ID = 2 A
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
0.5
0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define the reliable operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance
maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and drain dissipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less
current that a transistor can handle safely when it is forward than the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions
biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junction differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may
traverse any load line provided neither rated peak current drain–to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed
(IDM) nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition current (I DM ), the energy rating is specified at rated
time (tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power av- continuous current (ID), in accordance with industry custom.
eraged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed The energy rating must be derated for temperature as shown
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). in the accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used currents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For equal the values indicated.
10 45
1 100 µs 30
1 ms
25
10 ms
20
0.1 dc 15
RDS(on) LIMIT 10
THERMAL LIMIT
5
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 0.05 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.01 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
SINGLE PULSE t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
t, TIME (SECONDS)
Figure 13. Thermal Response
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
4 4.0
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
3.5 25°C
6V TJ = –55°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2 2.0
1.5
5V
1 1.0
0.5
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
6 TJ = 100°C 3.8
4 3.4
25°C
VGS = 10 V
3
2 – 55°C 3.0
15 V
1
0 2.6
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.0 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 1 A
TJ = 125°C
1.6
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
100
(NORMALIZED)
100°C
1.2
25°C
10
0.8
0.4 1
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
700 1000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C VGS = 0 V
Ciss Ciss
600
500
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
100
400
Ciss Coss
Crss
300
10
200 Crss
100 Coss
Crss
0 1
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
VGS VDS VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) Figure 7b. High Voltage Capacitance
Figure 7a. Capacitance Variation Variation
t, TIME (ns)
QT
td(off)
10 250
VGS 10 tf
8 200 td(on)
Q1 Q2
6 150 tr
4 100
2 50
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
2.0
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
1.6
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–Gener-
temperature.
al Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
10 100
VGS = 20 V
TC = 25°C 80
1 ms
40
0.1 10 ms
dc
RDS(on) LIMIT 20
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.05 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.02 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
0.01
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
SINGLE PULSE DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 2
6 6
TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V TJ = – 55°C
VGS = 10 V
5 5
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2 2
5V
1 1
4V
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
2.4 1.5
2.0 TJ = 100°C
1.4
1.6 1.3
25°C
1.2 1.2 VGS = 10 V
0.8 1.1
– 55°C 15 V
0.4 1.0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.0 100
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 0 V TJ = 125°C
VGS = 10 V
ID = 1.5 A
1.6 100°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.2 10
25°C
0.8
0.4 1.0
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 50 100 150 200 250
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
800
VDS = 0 VGS = 0 TJ = 25°C
Ciss
700
600
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
500
Crss
400 Ciss
300
200 Coss
100 Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
Q1 Q2 td(off)
6 120 10
tf td(on)
4 TJ = 25°C 80 tr
ID = 3 A
2 40
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
3.0
VGS = 0 V
2.5 TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–Gener-
temperature.
al Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
10 45
10 µs
35
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.05 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.02
t1 READ TIME AT t1
0.01 t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
SINGLE PULSE DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTD4N20E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
REV 1
8 8
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V TJ = – 55°C
7 8V 7
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
4 4
3 6V 3
2 2
1 5V 1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
4.5 2.8
VGS = 10 V TJ = 25°C
4.0 2.4
3.5
2.0
3.0
2.5 1.6
VGS = 10 V
2.0 TJ = 100°C 1.2
1.5 15 V
0.8
1.0
25°C
0.5 0.4
– 55°C
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
100
R DS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
2.5
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 125°C
ID = 4 A
2.0 100°C
I DSS, LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.5
10
1.0
25°C
0.5
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 50 100 150 200 250
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
800
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
600 Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
400
Crss Ciss
200
Coss
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
t, TIME (ns)
10 VGS 100 td(off)
Q1 Q2 10 td(on)
8 80
6 60 tf
ID = 4 A
4 TJ = 25°C 40
2 20 tr
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
2.4
1.6
0.8
0
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
100 80
100 µs
1.0 40
1 ms
10 ms
dc
0.1 20
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.1 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.01 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
SINGLE PULSE t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
Figure 13. Thermal Response
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTD5N25E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
REV 1
10 10
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V TJ = –55°C
9V 8V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
6 6 25°C
100°C
6V
4 4
2 2
5V
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
1.3
2.0
TJ = 100°C VGS = 10 V
1.5 1.1
25°C
1.0 15 V
– 55°C 0.9
0.5
0 0.7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.5 100
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 2.5 A TJ = 125°C
2.0
100°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.5
10
1.0
25°C
0.5
0 1
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 50 100 150 200 250
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
800 Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
600
Ciss
400 Crss
200
Coss
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
Q1 Q2 tr
6 150 10 td(on)
4 ID = 5 A 100
TJ = 25°C
2 50
Q3
VDS
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
5
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
100 120
VGS = 20 V
80
100 µs
40
1
1 ms
RDS(on) LIMIT 10 ms 20
THERMAL LIMIT dc
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.1 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 0.05
P(pk)
0.02 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.01 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
SINGLE PULSE t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Input Capacitance Ciss — 367 510 pF
Output Capacitance (VDS = 25 Vdc,
Vd VGS = 0 Vdc,
Vd
Coss — 140 200
f = 1.0 MHz)
Transfer Capacitance Crss — 29 60
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS (2)
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 11 20 ns
Rise Time (VDD = 30 Vdc, ID = 5 Adc, tr — 26 50
VGS = 10 Vdc
Vdc,
Turn–Off Delay Time RG = 9.1 Ω) td(off) — 17 30
Fall Time tf — 19 40
Gate Charge QT — 12 20 nC
(See Fig
Figure
re 8)
((VDS = 48 Vdc, ID = 5 Adc, Q1 — 3.0 —
VGS = 10 Vdc) Q2 — 5.0 —
Q3 — 5.0 —
10 10
VGS = 10V 8V VDS ≥ 10 V TJ = –55°C
9V 7V 9
25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
0.45
0.4 0.3 15 V
25°C
0.35
0.3 0.25
0.25 – 55°C
0.2 0.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
1.8 100
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
1.6 ID = 2.5 A
1.4
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.2
1 10 TJ = 125°C
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 1
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
1000
VDS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
900 Ciss
800
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
700
600 Crss
500
400 Ciss
300 Coss
200
100 Crss
VGS = 0 V
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
6 td(off)
36
tf
5 30 10 td(on)
4 24
3 18
2 Q3 TJ = 25°C 12
1 VDS ID = 5 A 6
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 10 100
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
5
4.5 TJ = 25°C
VGS = 0 V
4
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
perature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 140
VGS = 20 V ID = 5 A
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.05
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.02 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.01 t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
SINGLE PULSE DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTD6N10E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
12 12
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V TJ = – 55°C
9V
10 10
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
8 8V 8 100°C
6 6
7V
4 4
6V
2 2
5V
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.55 0.40
TJ = 100°C
0.45 VGS = 10 V
0.35
15 V
0.25 0.25
– 55°C
0.15 0.20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
1.8 100
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
1.4
(NORMALIZED)
1.2 10
25°C
1.0
0.8
0.6 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis- mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
800
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
600 Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
400
Ciss
Crss
200
Coss
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
6 60 tr
td(off)
4 ID = 6 A 40 10 tf
TJ = 25°C td(on)
2 20
Q3
VDS
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
6
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
5
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–Gener-
temperature.
al Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 50
VGS = 20 V ID = 6 A
40
100 µs 25
1 ms 20
1.0 10 ms 15
RDS(on) LIMIT 10
dc
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT 5
0.1 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 0.05 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.01 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
SINGLE PULSE t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MAXIMUM RATINGS S
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Thermal Resistance — Junction to Case RθJC 6.25 °C/W
Thermal Resistance — Junction to Ambient RθJA 100
Thermal Resistance — Junction to Ambient (1) RθJA 71.4
Static Drain–Source On–Resistance (VGS = 10 Vdc, ID = 3.0 Adc) RDS(on) — 0.3 Ohm
Drain–Source On–Voltage (VGS = 10 Vdc) VDS(on) Vdc
(ID = 6.0 Adc) — 1.8
(ID = 3.0 Adc, TJ = 100°C) — 1.5
Forward Transconductance (VDS = 15 Vdc, ID = 3.0 Adc) gFS 2.5 — mhos
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Input Capacitance Ciss — 1200 pF
(VDS = 25 Vdc, VGS = 0 Vdc,
Output Capacitance f = 1.0 MHz) Coss — 500
S Fi
See Figure 11
Reverse Transfer Capacitance Crss — 120
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS* (TJ = 100°C)
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 50 ns
Rise Time (VDD = 25 Vdc, ID = 3.0 Adc, tr — 180
RG = 50 Ω)
Turn–Off Delay Time See Figures 13 and 14 td(off) — 200
Fall Time tf — 100
Total Gate Charge Qg 15 (Typ) 30 nC
(VDS = 0.8 Rated VDSS,
Gate–Source Charge ID = Rated ID, VGS = 10 Vdc) Qgs 8.0 (Typ) —
S Figure
See Fi 12
Gate–Drain Charge Qgd 7.0 (Typ) —
TA TC
2.5 25
PD, POWER DISSIPATION (WATTS)
2 20
1.5 15 TC
1 10
0.5 5
0 0
25 50 75 100 125 150
T, TEMPERATURE (°C)
24 3.6
3.2
TJ = 25°C ID = 1 mA
16
8V 2.8
12
2.4
8 7V
6V 2
4
5V
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 – 50 0 50 100 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
1.6
10
(NORMALIZED)
8 1.2
6
0.8
4 100°C
– 55°C 0.4
2
0 0
4 6 8 10 – 50 0 50 100 150 200
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
0.30 2
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 10 V
TJ = 100°C
0.25 ID = 3 A
1.6
0.20
(NORMALIZED)
25°C 1.2
0.15
– 55°C 0.8
0.10
0.4
0.05
0 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 – 50 0 50 100 150 200
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
20
20
100 µs 10 µs
10
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2
10 ms
1 10 TJ ≤ 150°C
0.5 RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
0.2 PACKAGE LIMIT dc
5
0.1 TC = 25°C
0.05 VGS = 20 V SINGLE PULSE
0.03 0
0.3 0.5 0.7 1 2 3 5 7 10 20 30 50 70 100 200 300 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.7 D = 0.5
0.5
r(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT
0.3 0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1 0.05 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.07 RθJC(t) = 6.25°C/W MAX
0.02
0.05 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
t1 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.03
0.01 SINGLE PULSE t2 READ TIME AT t1
0.02 DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
0.01
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1 2 3 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
t, TIME OR PULSE WIDTH (ms)
Figure 10. Thermal Response
75 V 120 V
1200
VDS = 50 V
8
800
VDS = 0 Ciss 4
400
Coss
Crss
0 0
15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 3525 30 0 4 8 12 16 20
VGS VDS Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 11. Capacitance Variation Figure 12. Gate Charge versus
Gate–To–Source Voltage
RESISTIVE SWITCHING
VDD
ton toff
RL td(on) tr td(off) tf
Vout 90% 90%
OUTPUT, Vout
Vin INVERTED
PULSE GENERATOR DUT
z = 50 Ω 10%
Rgen
50 Ω 90%
50 Ω
50% 50%
INPUT, Vin
10%
PULSE WIDTH
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTD6N20E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
8 7V 8 100°C
6 6
4 6V 4
2 5V 2
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.6 0.55
25°C VGS = 10 V
0.4 0.50
– 55°C
0.2 0.45 15 V
0 0.40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.5 100
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
100°C
(NORMALIZED)
1.5
10
1.0
25°C
0.5
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 50 100 150 200
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
900
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
750 Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
600
450 Ciss
Crss
300
Coss
150
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
6 45 tr
td(off) tf
4 30 10
ID = 6 A td(on)
TJ = 25°C
2 15
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
6
VGS = 0 V
5 TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define the reliable operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance
maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and drain dissipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less
current that a transistor can handle safely when it is forward than the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions
biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junction differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may
traverse any load line provided neither rated peak current drain–to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed
(IDM) nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition current (I DM ), the energy rating is specified at rated
time (tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power av- continuous current (ID), in accordance with industry custom.
eraged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed The energy rating must be derated for temperature as shown
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). in the accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used currents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For equal the values indicated.
100 60
VGS = 20 V ID = 6 A
30
100 µs
1.0 1 ms 20
RDS(on) LIMIT 10 ms
10
THERMAL LIMIT dc
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.1 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 0.05 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.01 t1 READ TIME AT t1
SINGLE PULSE t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTD6P10E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
6 6
7V
4 4
2 6V 2
5V
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
1.8 100
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
1.6 ID = 3 A
1.4
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.2
TJ = 125°C
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4 10
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 – 120 – 100 – 80 – 60 – 40 – 20 0
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
1600
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
1400
Ciss
1200
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1000
800
Crss Ciss
600
400
Coss
200 Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
6 45
tr
td(off)
4 30 10 td(on)
ID = 6 A
tf
TJ = 25°C
2 15
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
6
VGS = 0 V
5 TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.0
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define the reliable operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance
maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and drain dissipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less
current that a transistor can handle safely when it is forward than the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions
biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junction differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may
traverse any load line provided neither rated peak current drain–to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed
(IDM) nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition current (I DM ), the energy rating is specified at rated
time (tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power av- continuous current (ID), in accordance with industry custom.
eraged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed The energy rating must be derated for temperature as shown
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). in the accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used currents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For equal the values indicated.
100 200
VGS = 10 V ID = 6 A
TC = 25°C 160
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 0.05 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.01 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
SINGLE PULSE t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
Designer’s Data for “Worst Case” Conditions — The Designer’s Data Sheet permits the design of most circuits entirely from the information presented. SOA Limit
curves — representing boundaries on device characteristics — are given to facilitate “worst case” design.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 2
18 18
VGS = 10 V TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V TJ = – 55°C
16 16
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
0.25
0.19 VGS = 10 V
0.20 25°C
0.17
0.15
– 55°C 15 V
0.10 0.15
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
1.9 100
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
1.7 ID = 4.5 A
1.5 TJ = 125°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
10
(NORMALIZED)
1.3 100°C
1.1
1.0
0.9
25°C
0.7
0.5 0.1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calcu- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
lating rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
is used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
input current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary anal- voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
ysis of the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
may be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
values from the capacitance curves in a standard equation
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
for voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
1200
VDS = 0 VGS = 0 TJ = 25°C
1000 Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
800
Ciss
600 Crss
400 Coss
200
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
Q1 td(off)
6 60 10
td(on)
4 ID = 9 A 40
TJ = 25°C tf
2 20
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
9
VGS = 0 V
8
TJ = 25°C
7
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1.0
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–Gener-
temperature.
al Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 40
VGS = 20 V
PULSE 10 µs 32
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
P(pk)
0.1 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.05 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.02 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
0.01
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
SINGLE PULSE DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTD10N10EL
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
20 7V 20
VGS = 10 V
TJ = 25°C
5V VDS ≥ 5 V
ID , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10 10
3.5 V
5 5
3V
2V
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
100°C
0.25 0.2 VGS = 5 V
TJ = 25°C
10 V
0.15 0.15
–55°C
0.05 0.1
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2 100
R DS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 5 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 5 A TJ = 125°C
1.5
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1 10 100°C
0.5
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 20 40 60 80 100
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at a
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when calcu-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- lating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the on–
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies great- plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
ly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is used. lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input current common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
(IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of the drive voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resistive mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as the
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may be
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is not
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate values
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for voltage
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
1800
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
1600 C
iss
1400
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1200
1000
Crss Ciss
800
600
400
Coss
200
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
t, TIME (ns)
tr
45 tf
Q1 Q2 td(off)
4 30 10
TJ = 25°C td(on)
ID = 10 A
15
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
10
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–Gener-
temperature.
al Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 50
TC = 25°C
10
30
100 µs
1 ms
20
1 10 ms
dc
RDS(on) LIMIT 10
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.1 0
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 0.05 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.01 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
SINGLE PULSE t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10
t, TIME (ms)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTD12N06EZL
TMOS E-FET.
High Energy Power FET
DPAK for Surface Mount or TMOS POWER FET
Insertion Mount 12 AMPERES
60 VOLTS
N–Channel Enhancement–Mode Silicon Gate RDS(on) = 0.180 OHM
This advanced TMOS power FET is designed to withstand high
energy in the avalanche and mode and switch efficiently. This new
high energy device also offers a gate–to–source zener diode
designed for 4 kV ESD protection (human body model).
• ESD Protected
• 4 kV Human Body Model
• 400 V Machine Model
• Avalanche Energy Capability D
• Internal Source–To–Drain Diode Designed to Replace External
Zener Transient Suppressor–Absorbs High Energy in the
Avalanche Mode
G
CASE 369A–13, Style 2
DPAK Surface Mount
S
MAXIMUM RATINGS (TC = 25°C unless otherwise noted)
Rating Symbol Value Unit
Drain–Source Voltage VDSS 60 Vdc
Drain–Gate Voltage (RGS = 1.0 MΩ) VDGR 60 Vdc
Gate–Source Voltage — Continuous VGS ± 15 Vdc
Gate–Source Voltage — Non–Repetitive (tp ± 50 ms) VGSM ± 20 Vpk
Drain Current — Continuous ID 12 Adc
Drain Current — Continuous @ 100°C ID 7.1
Drain Current — Single Pulse (tp ≤ 10 µs) IDM 36 Apk
Total Power Dissipation @ TC = 25°C PD 45 Watts
Derate above 25°C 0.36 W/°C
Total Power Dissipation @ TA = 25°C, when mounted to minimum recommended pad size 1.75 Watts
Operating and Storage Temperature Range TJ, Tstg – 55 to 150 °C
Single Pulse Drain–to–Source Avalanche Energy — Starting TJ = 25°C EAS 72 mJ
(VDD = 25 Vdc, VGS = 5.0 Vdc, IL = 12 Apk, L = 1.0 mH, RG = 25 Ω)
Thermal Resistance — Junction to Case RθJC 2.78 °C/W
Thermal Resistance — Junction to Ambient RθJA 100
Thermal Resistance — Junction to Ambient (1) RθJA 71.4
Maximum Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 1/8″ from case for 10 seconds TL 260 °C
(1) When surface mounted to an FR4 board using the minimum recommended pad size.
Designer’s Data for “Worst Case” Conditions — The Designer’s Data Sheet permits the design of most circuits entirely from the information presented. SOA Limit
curves — representing boundaries on device characteristics — are given to facilitate “worst case” design.
ON CHARACTERISTICS (1)
Gate Threshold Voltage VGS(th)
(VDS = VGS, ID = 250 µAdc) 1.0 1.5 2.0 Vdc
Temperature Coefficient (Negative) — 4.0 — mV/°C
Static Drain–Source On–Resistance (VGS = 5.0 Vdc, ID = 6.0 Adc) RDS(on) — — 0.18 Ohm
Drain–Source On–Voltage (VGS = 5.0 Vdc) VDS(on) Vdc
(ID = 12 Adc) — — 2.6
(ID = 6.0 Adc, TJ = 125°C) — — 2.3
Forward Transconductance (VDS = 8.0 Vdc, ID = 6.0 Adc) gFS 3.0 6.8 — mhos
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Input Capacitance Ciss — 430 600 pF
Output Capacitance (VDS = 25 Vdc,
Vd VGS = 0 Vdc,
Vd
Coss — 224 310
f = 1.0 MHz)
Reverse Transfer Capacitance Crss — 51 100
24 24
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V
7V VDS ≥ 10 V
5V
8V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
6 6
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.15 0.096
VGS = 5 V TJ = 25°C
0.13
TJ = 100°C 0.092
0.11 VGS = 10 V
0.088
25°C
0.09
0.084 15 V
0.07
– 55°C
0.05 0.08
0 6 12 18 24 0 6 12 18 24
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
1.8 100
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
1.2
(NORMALIZED)
1
10 100°C
0.8
0.6
0.4
25°C
0.2
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
1200
VDS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
1000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
800
600
Ciss
400
Coss
200
Crss
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
t, TIME (ns)
Q2 td(off)
Q1
3 30 100
td(on)
2 ID = 12 A 20
TJ = 25°C
1 10
Q3 VDS
0 0 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
12
VGS = 0 V
10 TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 75
VGS = 20 V
10 µs
TC = 25°C 60
30
1
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
15
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.1 0
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 2
15 6V 15
10 10
5V
5 5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 4 6 8 10
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
– 55°C 15 V
0.05 0.07
0 0.05
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2 100
VGS = 0 V
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V
ID = 7.5 A
1.6
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
TJ = 125°C
1.2
0.8
0.4 10
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
1500
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
1200
Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
900
300 Coss
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
tr
Q1 Q2
6 30 tf
td(off)
4 20 10 td(on)
ID = 15 A
TJ = 25°C
2 10
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 3 6 9 12 15 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
15
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
12
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 120
VGS = 10 V
100 µs
60
1 ms
10 ms
1.0 dc 40
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT 20
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.1 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 0.05 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.01 t1 READ TIME AT t1
SINGLE PULSE t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTD20N03HDL
HDTMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
ON CHARACTERISTICS (1)
Gate Threshold Voltage (Cpk ≥ 2.0) (3) VGS(th) Vdc
(VDS = VGS, ID = 250 µAdc) 1.0 1.5 2.0
Threshold Temperature Coefficient (Negative) — 5.0 — mV/°C
Static Drain–to–Source On–Resistance (Cpk ≥ 2.0) (3) RDS(on) Ohm
(VGS = 4.0 Vdc, ID = 10 Adc) — 0.034 0.040
(VGS = 5.0 Vdc, ID = 10 Adc) 0.030 0.035
Drain–to–Source On–Voltage (VGS = 5.0 Vdc) VDS(on) Vdc
(ID = 20 Adc) — 0.55 0.8
(ID = 10 Adc, TJ = 125°C) — — 0.7
Forward Transconductance gFS mhos
(VDS = 5.0 Vdc, ID = 10 Adc) 10 13 —
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Input Capacitance Ciss — 880 1260 pF
Output Capacitance (VDS = 25 Vdc,
Vd VGS = 0 Vdc,
Vd
Coss — 300 420
f = 1.0 MHz)
Transfer Capacitance Crss — 80 112
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS (2)
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 13 15.8 ns
Rise Time (VDD = 15 Vdc, ID = 20 Adc, tr — 212 238
VGS = 5.0
5 0 Vdc,
Vdc
Turn–Off Delay Time RG = 9.1 Ω) td(off) — 37 30
Fall Time tf — 84 96
Gate Charge QT — 13.4 18.9 nC
(S Fi
(See Figure 8)
((VDS = 24 Vdc, ID = 20 Adc, Q1 — 3.0 —
VGS = 5.0 Vdc) Q2 — 7.3 —
Q3 — 6.0 —
8V
30 6V 30
20 20
3.5 V
10 10
3V 100°C 25°C
2.5 V TJ = – 55°C
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.0
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (Volts) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (Volts)
0.036 0.028
25°C
0.028 0.024 10 V
– 55°C
0.020 0.020
0 8 16 24 32 40 0 8 16 24 32 40
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (Amps) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (Amps)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
1.8 1000
R DS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 5 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 10 A
1.6 TJ = 125°C
I DSS, LEAKAGE (nA)
1.4 100
(NORMALIZED)
100°C
1.2
1.0 10
25°C
0.8
0.6 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 6 12 18 24 30
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (Volts)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
2800
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
2400
Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
2000
1600
Crss
1200
Ciss
800
Coss
400 Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
tr
t, TIME (ns)
8 VGS 16
100
6 12 tf
Q1 Q2
4 8
ID = 20 A
2 TJ = 25°C 4 td(off)
Q3 VDS td(on)
0 0 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (Ohms)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 12. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
20
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
16
12
0
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (Volts)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 200
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
VGS = 20 V ID = 20 A
SINGLE PULSE
TC = 25°C 160
AVALANCHE ENERGY (mJ)
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
100 µs
120
10
1 ms
80
10 ms
RDS(on) LIMIT dc 40
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
1 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
0.2
(NORMALIZED)
0.1
0.05 P(pk)
0.1 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.01
t1 READ TIME AT t1
SINGLE PULSE t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTD20N06HD
HDTMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 2
ON CHARACTERISTICS (1)
Gate Threshold Voltage (Cpk ≥ 2.0) (3) VGS(th) Vdc
(VDS = VGS, ID = 250 µAdc) 2.0 — 4.0
Threshold Temperature Coefficient (Negative) — 7.0 — mV/°C
Static Drain–to–Source On–Resistance (Cpk ≥ 2.0) (3) RDS(on) Ohm
(VGS = 10 Vdc, ID = 10 Adc) — 0.035 0.045
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Input Capacitance Ciss — 607 840 pF
Output Capacitance Vd VGS = 0 Vdc,
(VDS = 25 Vdc, Vd
Coss — 218 290
f = 1.0 MHz)
Transfer Capacitance Crss — 55 110
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS (2)
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 9.2 18 ns
Rise Time (VDD = 30 Vdc, ID = 20 Adc, tr — 61.2 122
VGS = 10 Vdc
Vdc,
Turn–Off Delay Time RG = 9.1 Ω) td(off) — 19 38
Fall Time tf — 36 72
Gate Charge QT — 17 24 nC
(See Fig
Figure
re 7)
((VDS = 48 Vdc, ID = 20 Adc, Q1 — 3.4 —
VGS = 10 Vdc) Q2 — 7.75 —
Q3 — 7.46 —
SOURCE–DRAIN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
Forward On–Voltage VSD Vdc
(IS = 20 Adc, VGS = 0 Vdc)
— 0.95 1.0
(IS = 20 Adc, VGS = 0 Vdc, TJ = 125°C)
(Cpk ≥ 8.0) (3) — 0.88 —
Reverse Recovery Time trr — 35.7 — ns
(See Figure
Fig re 14)
((IS = 20 Adc, VGS = 0 Vdc, ta — 24 —
dIS/dt = 100 A/µs) tb — 11.7 —
Reverse Recovery Stored Charge QRR — 0.055 — µC
INTERNAL PACKAGE INDUCTANCE
Internal Drain Inductance LD nH
(Measured from the drain lead 0.25″ from package to center of die) — 4.5 —
40 40
9V VDS ≥ 10 V
VGS = 10 V 7V
8V
32
TJ = 25°C
24
6V 20
16
10
8 5V 25°C
100°C
TJ = – 55°C
0 0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (Volts) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (Volts)
0.032
0.032 15 V
0.028
– 55°C 0.030
0.024
0.020 0.028
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (Amps) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (Amps)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
1.6
R DS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V
1.4 ID = 10 A
(NORMALIZED)
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 8) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
1600
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
1400
Ciss
1200
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1000
800 Crss
Ciss
600
400 Coss
200 Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
6 30 tf
ID = 20 A td(off)
4 TJ = 25°C 20 10
td(on)
2 10
Q3
VDS
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (Ohms)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
device, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
to the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in
snappy.
the typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 10. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a recovery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
20
18 VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.50 0.58 0.66 0.74 0.82 0.90 0.98
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (Volts)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
forward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed rating must be derated for temperature as shown in the ac-
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). companying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at currents
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to equal
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- the values indicated.
100 60
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
VGS = 20 V ID = 20 A
SINGLE PULSE
10 µs 50
TC = 25°C
AVALANCHE ENERGY (mJ)
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10 100 µs 40
1 ms
10 ms 30
dc
1.0 20
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT 10
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.1 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
0.2
(NORMALIZED)
0.1
0.05 P(pk)
0.1 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.01
t1 READ TIME AT t1
SINGLE PULSE t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
Figure 13. Thermal Response
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Insertion Mount
LOGIC LEVEL
20 AMPERES
60 VOLTS
N–Channel Enhancement–Mode Silicon Gate RDS(on) = 0.045 OHM
This advanced high–cell density HDTMOS E–FET is designed to
withstand high energy in the avalanche and commutation modes.
The new energy efficient design also offers a drain–to–source
diode with a fast recovery time. Designed for low–voltage,
high–speed switching applications in power supplies, converters
and PWM motor controls, these devices are particularly well suited
for bridge circuits, and inductive loads. The avalanche energy D
capability is specified to eliminate the guesswork in designs where
inductive loads are switched, and to offer additional safety margin
against unexpected voltage transients.
• Avalanche Energy Specified G
• Source–to–Drain Diode Recovery Time Comparable to a Discrete CASE 369A–13, Style 2
Fast Recovery Diode DPAK
• Diode is Characterized for Use in Bridge Circuits S
• IDSS and VDS(on) Specified at Elevated Temperature
• Surface Mount Package Available in 16 mm, 13–inch/2500
Unit Tape & Reel, Add T4 Suffix to Part Number
• Available in Insertion Mount, Add –1 or 1 to Part Number
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
((IS = 20 Adc, ta — 12 —
dIS/dt = 100 A/µs) tb — 34 —
Reverse Recovery Stored Charge QRR — 0.049 — µC
40 40
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
8V
4V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
6V
3V 100°C
10 10
25°C
2.5 V
TJ = – 55°C
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (Volts)
25°C 0.04 5V
0.04
0.03 – 55°C
0.035
VGS = 10 V
0.02
0.03
0.01
0 0.025
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (Amps) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (Amps)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
1.6 1000
R DS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 5 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 10 A
1.4
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
100 TJ = 125°C
(NORMALIZED)
1.2
100°C
1.0
10 25°C
0.8
0.6 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 8) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
3000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
2500 Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
2000
1500 C
rss
1000 Ciss
Coss
500
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
6 30
td(off)
Q1 Q2 ID = 20 A
4 TJ = 25°C 20 10 td(on)
2 10
Q3
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (Ohms)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 10. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
20
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
16
12
0
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.9 0.95
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (Volts)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 200
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
VGS = 20 V ID = 20 A
SINGLE PULSE
10 µs
TC = 25°C
AVALANCHE ENERGY (mJ)
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
150
100 µs
10 1 ms 100
10 ms
50
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT dc
PACKAGE LIMIT
1.0 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
0.2
(NORMALIZED)
0.1
0.05 P(pk)
0.1 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.01
t1 READ TIME AT t1
SINGLE PULSE t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10
t, TIME (s)
Figure 14. Thermal Response
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTD20P03HDL
HDTMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 2
ON CHARACTERISTICS (1)
Gate Threshold Voltage (Cpk ≥ 2.0) (3) VGS(th) Vdc
(VDS = VGS, ID = 250 µAdc) 1.0 1.5 2.0
Threshold Temperature Coefficient (Negative) — 4.0 — mV/°C
Static Drain–to–Source On–Resistance (Cpk ≥ 2.0) (3) RDS(on) mΩ
(VGS = 4.0 Vdc, ID = 10 Adc) — 120 —
(VGS = 5.0 Vdc, ID = 9.5 Adc) 90 99
Drain–to–Source On–Voltage (VGS = 5.0 Vdc) VDS(on) Vdc
(ID = 19 Adc) — 0.94 2.2
(ID = 9.5 Adc, TJ = 125°C) — — 1.9
Forward Transconductance gFS mhos
(VDS = 8.0 Vdc, ID = 9.5 Adc) 5.0 6.0 —
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Input Capacitance Ciss — 770 1064 pF
Output Capacitance (VDS = 25 Vdc,
Vd VGS = 0 Vdc,
Vd
Coss — 360 504
f = 1.0 MHz)
Transfer Capacitance Crss — 130 182
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS (2)
Turn–On Delay Time td(on) — 18 25.2 ns
Rise Time (VDD = 15 Vdc, ID = 19 Adc, tr — 178 246.4
VGS = 5.0
5 0 Vdc,
Vdc
Turn–Off Delay Time RG = 1.3 Ω) td(off) — 21 26.6
Fall Time tf — 72 98
Gate Charge QT — 15 22.4 nC
(See Fig
Figure
re 8)
((VDS = 24 Vdc, ID =19 Adc, Q1 — 3.0 —
VGS = 5.0 Vdc) Q2 — 11 —
Q3 — 8.2 —
40 40
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V 6V VDS ≥ 5 V TJ = – 55°C
8V 5V 25°C
32
100°C
4.5 V
24 24
4V
16 16
3.5 V
8 8
3V
2.5 V
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.16 0.16
VGS = 5 V TJ = 25°C
0.14 0.14
TJ = 100°C
0.12 0.12
10 V
0.06 0.06
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
1.3 100
R DS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 5 V VGS = 0 V
TJ = 125°C
ID = 10 A
1.2
I DSS, LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.1
10
1.0
100°C
0.9
0.8 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
2800
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
2400
Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
2000
1600
1200 C
rss
Ciss
800
Coss
400
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
4 20
100 tf
3 15
ID = 19 A
2 TJ = 25°C 10 td(off)
1 5
Q3 VDS td(on)
0 0 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1 10
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 12. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
20
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
16
12
0
0.3 0.7 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.7 3.1
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 200
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
VGS = 20 V ID = 19 A
SINGLE PULSE
TC = 25°C 100 µs 160
AVALANCHE ENERGY (mJ)
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10 1 ms
10 ms 120
dc
80
1.0
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT 40
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.1 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
0.2
(NORMALIZED)
0.1
0.05 P(pk)
0.1 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.01
t1 READ TIME AT t1
SINGLE PULSE t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
Figure 14. Thermal Response
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTD20P06HDL
HDTMOS E-FET Motorola Preferred Device
Designer’s Data for “Worst Case” Conditions — The Designer’s Data Sheet permits the design of most circuits entirely from the information presented. SOA Limit
curves — representing boundaries on device characteristics — are given to facilitate “worst case” design.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
30 30
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V 9V VDS ≥ 5 V
8V
25 25
20 7V 20
100°C
15 15
6V
10 10
5V
5 5
4V
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.40 0.275
VGS = 5 V TJ = 25°C
0.250
0.32
0.225
0.24 0.200
TJ = 100°C
25°C 0.175
0.16
VGS = 5 V
– 55°C 0.150
0.08
0.125 10 V
0 0.100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
100
R DS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
1.8
VGS = 5 V VGS = 0 V
1.6 ID = 7.5 A
1.4
I DSS, LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.2
TJ = 125°C
1
10 100°C
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
2500
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
Ciss
2000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1500
Crss
1000 Ciss
500
Coss
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
3 25 td(off)
Q1 Q2 20 td(on)
ID = 15 A
2 TJ = 25°C 10
15
10
1 Q3
5
0 0 1
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (Ohms)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 12. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
15
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
12
0
0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (Volts)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance – Gen-
perature.
eral Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 300
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN–TO–SOURCE
VGS = 20 V
ID = 15 A
SINGLE PULSE
TC = 25°C 240
AVALANCHE ENERGY (mJ)
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10 100 µs
180
1 ms
10 ms
120
1.0 dc
RDS(on) LIMIT 60
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.1 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
0.2
(NORMALIZED)
0.1
P(pk)
0.1 0.05 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.01 t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
SINGLE PULSE DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Product Preview
TMOS V MTD2955V
Power Field Effect Transistor
DPAK for Surface Mount TMOS POWER FET
P–Channel Enhancement–Mode Silicon Gate 12 AMPERES
60 VOLTS
TMOS V is a new technology designed to achieve an on–resis- RDS(on) = 0.200 OHM
tance area product about one–half that of standard MOSFETs. This
new technology more than doubles the present cell density of our
50 and 60 volt TMOS devices. Just as with our TMOS E–FET TM
designs, TMOS V is designed to withstand high energy in the
avalanche and commutation modes. Designed for low voltage, high
speed switching applications in power supplies, converters and
power motor controls, these devices are particularly well suited for D
bridge circuits where diode speed and commutating safe operating
areas are critical and offer additional safety margin against
unexpected voltage transients.
G
New Features of TMOS V
• On–resistance Area Product about One–half that of Standard
CASE 369A–13, Style 2
MOSFETs with New Low Voltage, Low RDS(on) Technology S
DPAK Surface Mount
• Faster Switching than E–FET Predecessors
REV 2
24 24
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V 8V VDS ≥ 10 V TJ = – 55°C
9V
20 20 100°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
12 6V 12
8 8
5V
4 4
4V
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.25 0.14
0.13
0.2
TJ = 100°C
0.12
0.15 VGS = 10 V
25°C 0.11
0.1
0.1
– 55°C 15 V
0.05
0.09
0 0.08
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
1.6 100
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 0 V
VGS = 10 V
ID = 6 A
1.4
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.2
10
1.0
TJ = 125°C
0.8
0.6 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
1200
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
1000
Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
800
600
Crss Ciss
400
Coss
200
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
6 30 tr
td(off)
4 20 10 tf
ID = 12 A td(on)
TJ = 25°C
2 10
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
12
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
10
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1.0
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 75
VGS = 20 V 10 µs ID = 12 A
TC = 25°C
1.0 10 ms 25
dc
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.1 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
REV 2
12 12
3.5 V
8 8
3V
4 4
2.5 V
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.26
0.22
0.20 TJ = 100°C
0.17
0.14 25°C
– 55°C 0.12 5V
0.08
VGS = 10 V
0.02 0.07
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.0 100
R DS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 5 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 6 A
1.5
10 TJ = 125°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.0
1.0 100°C
0.5
0 0.1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
1400
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
1200 Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
1000
800
600
Crss Ciss
400
Coss
200
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
VGS
tf
30
Q1 Q2 td(off)
2 20 10 td(on)
ID = 12 A
TJ = 25°C
10
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 1 10 100
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
12
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
10
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 75
VGS = 5 V
ID = 12 A
1 ms
1.0 10 ms 25
dc
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.1 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.1 0.05 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.01 t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
SINGLE PULSE
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
REV 1
4 4
TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
VGS = 10 V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
1 1.5 V 1 25°C
TJ = –55°C
0 0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.4
0.11
VGS = 4.5 V
0.3
0.09
0.2
0.1 0.07
0 0.05
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 1 2 3 4
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2.0 1000
VGS = 4.5 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 1.7 A TJ = 125°C
1.6
100
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
100°C
1.2
10
0.8
25°C
1
0.4
0 0.1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 5 10 15 20
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
800
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
Ciss
600
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
Crss
400
200 Coss
Ciss
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
3 9 10
Q1 Q2 td(on)
2 6
1 ID = 1.7 A 3
Q3 TJ = 25°C
0 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 1 10 100
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 11. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
2.0
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
1.6
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curve (Figure – General Data and Its Use.”
12) defines the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source vol- Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
tage and drain current that a transistor can handle safely verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM)
when it is forward biased. Curves are based upon maximum nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition
peak junction temperature and a case temperature (TC) of time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power
25°C. Peak repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed
using the thermal response data in conjunction with the pro- (TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC).
cedures discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance
100
VGS = 8 V
SINGLE PULSE
TC = 25°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
10
100 µs
1 ms
10 ms
1
dc
0.1
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
D = 0.5
THERMAL RESISTANCE
100
0.2
0.1
0.05
10
0.02 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.01 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
1 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
SINGLE PULSE t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.1
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Micro8
Dimensions are shown in millimeters (inches)
SECTION B–B
NOTES:
1. CONFORMS TO EIA–481–1.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
18.4 (.724)
MAX.
NOTE 3
13.2 (.52)
12.8 (.50)
330.0 50.0
(13.20) (1.97)
MAX. MIN.
14.4 (.57)
12.4 (.49)
NOTE 4
NOTES:
1. CONFORMS TO EIA–481–1.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
3. INCLUDES FLANGE DISTORTION AT OUTER EDGE.
4. DIMENSION MEASURED AT INNER HUB.
REV 1
4 4
VGS = 10 V 6V TJ = 25°C
3.5 V VDS ≥ 10 V
4.5 V
3.9 V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2 3.1 V 2
2.9 V
1 1 100°C
2.7 V
25°C
2.5 V
2.3 V TJ = –55°C
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.12
0.2
10 V
0.1 0.1
0 0.08
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 1 2 3 4
VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
2.5 100
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 0.85 A TJ = 125°C
2.0
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
10
1.5 100°C
1.0
1
25°C
0.5
0 0.1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
500
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
Ciss
400
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
300 Crss
200
Ciss
100 Coss
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
6 15 10 tr
td(on)
4 Q1 Q2 10
2 ID = 1.7 A 5
Q3 TJ = 25°C
0 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 10 100
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The switching characteristics of a MOSFET body diode di/dts. The diode’s negative di/dt during ta is directly con-
are very important in systems using it as a freewheeling or trolled by the device clearing the stored charge. However,
commutating diode. Of particular interest are the reverse re- the positive di/dt during tb is an uncontrollable diode charac-
covery characteristics which play a major role in determining teristic and is usually the culprit that induces current ringing.
switching losses, radiated noise, EMI and RFI. Therefore, when comparing diodes, the ratio of tb/ta serves
System switching losses are largely due to the nature of as a good indicator of recovery abruptness and thus gives a
the body diode itself. The body diode is a minority carrier de- comparative estimate of probable noise generated. A ratio of
vice, therefore it has a finite reverse recovery time, trr, due to 1 is considered ideal and values less than 0.5 are considered
the storage of minority carrier charge, QRR, as shown in the
snappy.
typical reverse recovery wave form of Figure 11. It is this
Compared to Motorola standard cell density low voltage
stored charge that, when cleared from the diode, passes
MOSFETs, high cell density MOSFET diodes are faster
through a potential and defines an energy loss. Obviously,
repeatedly forcing the diode through reverse recovery further (shorter trr), have less stored charge and a softer reverse re-
increases switching losses. Therefore, one would like a covery characteristic. The softness advantage of the high
diode with short trr and low QRR specifications to minimize cell density diode means they can be forced through reverse
these losses. recovery at a higher di/dt than a standard cell MOSFET
The abruptness of diode reverse recovery effects the diode without increasing the current ringing or the noise gen-
amount of radiated noise, voltage spikes, and current ring- erated. In addition, power dissipation incurred from switching
ing. The mechanisms at work are finite irremovable circuit the diode will be less due to the shorter recovery time and
parasitic inductances and capacitances acted upon by high lower switching losses.
2
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
1.5
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0.5
0
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
I S , SOURCE CURRENT
trr
tb
ta
t, TIME
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curve (Figure able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
12) defines the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source vol- sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
tage and drain current that a transistor can handle safely the rated limit and must be adjusted for operating conditions
when it is forward biased. Curves are based upon maximum differing from those specified. Although industry practice is to
peak junction temperature and a case temperature (TC) of rate in terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a
25°C. Peak repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by constant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an
using the thermal response data in conjunction with the pro- increase of peak current in avalanche and peak junction tem-
cedures discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance
perature.
– General Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded, and that the transition (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
time (tr, tf) does not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
averaged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 13). Maximum energy at cur-
A power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
100 200
VGS = 20 V VDD = 30 V
EAS, SINGLE PULSE DRAIN-TO-SOURCE
10 µs IL = 2.4 A
AVALANCHE ENERGY (mJ)
10
L = 69 mH
100 µs 120
1 1 ms
10 ms 80
0.1
RDS(on) LIMIT 40
THERMAL LIMIT
dc
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
D = 0.5
THERMAL RESISTANCE
100
0.2
0.1
0.05
10
0.02 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.01 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
1 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
SINGLE PULSE t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.1
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Micro8
Dimensions are shown in millimeters (inches)
SECTION B–B
NOTES:
1. CONFORMS TO EIA–481–1.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
18.4 (.724)
MAX.
NOTE 3
13.2 (.52)
12.8 (.50)
330.0 50.0
(13.20) (1.97)
MAX. MIN.
14.4 (.57)
12.4 (.49)
NOTE 4
NOTES:
1. CONFORMS TO EIA–481–1.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER.
3. INCLUDES FLANGE DISTORTION AT OUTER EDGE.
4. DIMENSION MEASURED AT INNER HUB.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
60 60
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
50 50
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
40 6V 40
30 5V 30
20 20 100°C
10 10 25°C
4V
TJ = – 55°C
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.15
0.2
25°C VGS = 10 V
0.15 0.14
0.1 15 V
– 55°C
0.13
0.5
0 0.12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.5 10000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 15 A TJ = 125°C
2
1000
I DSS, LEAKAGE (nA)
100°C
(NORMALIZED)
1.5
100
1
25°C
10
0.5
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 100 200 300 400 500
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
24000 100000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
20000
Ciss 10000 Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
16000
t, TIME (ns)
6 Q1 Q2
300
td(off)
tf
4 200 100
tr
ID = 30 A
2 TJ = 25°C td(on)
100
Q3 VDS
0 0 10
0 50 100 150 200 250 1 10 100
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and (TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC).
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli-
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
Data and Its Use.” terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra- stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time temperature.
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver-
9 30
dlS/dt = 100 A/µs VGS = 0 V
8 VDD = 50 V TJ = 25°C
QRR, STORED CHARGE (µ C)
TJ = 25°C
7
20
6
5
10
4
2 0
0 6 12 18 24 30 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95
IS, SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS) VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 10. Stored Charge Figure 11. Diode Forward Voltage versus Current
100 3000
TC = 25°C
10 100 µs 2000
1 ms
10 ms 1500
dc
1 1000
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT 500
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.1 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 13. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
r(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT THERMAL
D = 0.5
RESISTANCE (NORMALIZED)
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.02
0.01
SINGLE PULSE
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTE53N50E
ISOTOP TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
120 120
VGS = 10 V
TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
100 8V 100
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
60 5V 60 100°C
40 40
25°C
20 20
4V TJ = – 55°C
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
VGS = 10 V TJ = 25°C
TJ = 100°C
0.08
0.12
0.075
0.08 25°C VGS = 10 V
0.07
0.04 – 55°C 15 V
0.065
0 0.06
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.5 100000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 26.5 A TJ = 125°C
2 10000
I DSS, LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
100°C
1.5 1000
1 100
25°C
0.5 10
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 100 200 300 400 500
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
60000 100000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
50000 Ciss
Ciss
10000
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
40000
Coss
30000 Crss 1000
20000 Ciss
Crss
100
10000 Coss
Crss
0 10
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
VGS VDS DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
t, TIME (ns)
tr
6 210 tf
Q1 Q2
td(on)
ID = 53 A
4 TJ = 25°C 140 100
2 70
Q3 VDS
0 0 10
0 100 200 300 400 500 1 10 100
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and (TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC).
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli-
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
Data and Its Use.” terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra- stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time temperature.
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver-
60
VGS = 0 V
50 TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
40
30
20
10
0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
1000 400
TC = 25°C 100 µs
100 300
1 ms 250
10 10 ms 200
dc 150
1 100
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT 50
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.1 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1
D = 0.5
r(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT THERMAL
0.2
RESISTANCE (NORMALIZED)
0.1 0.1
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.01 CHIP 0.0315 Ω 0.1856 Ω 0.0629 Ω
JUNCTION
0.0318 F 0.1239 F 0.9536 F
0.001
SINGLE PULSE AMBIENT
0.0001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTE125N20E
ISOTOP TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
210 160
VGS = 10 V
TJ = 25°C 7V VDS ≥ 10 V
8V
9V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
80
70 5V 100°C
40 25°C
4V TJ = – 55°C
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6 7
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.012 15 V
– 55°C 0.014
0.008
0.004 0.012
0 40 80 120 160 200 0 40 80 120 160 200
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.2 100000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
1.8 ID = 62.5 A 10000 TJ = 125°C
I DSS, LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
100°C
1.4 1000
1 100
25°C
0.6 10
0.2 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 50 100 150 200
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
60000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
40000
Crss
20000 Ciss
Coss
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
6 Q1 Q2 60 100
td(on)
ID = 62.5 A
4 TJ = 25°C 40
2 20
Q3 VDS
0 0 10
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 1 10 100
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and (TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC).
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli-
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
Data and Its Use.” terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra- stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time temperature.
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver-
125
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
100
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
75
50
25
0
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
1000 400
150
10 10 ms
100
RDS(on) LIMIT
THERMAL LIMIT dc 50
PACKAGE LIMIT
1 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1
r(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT THERMAL
D = 0.5
RESISTANCE (NORMALIZED)
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05
AMBIENT
SINGLE PULSE
0.001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTE215N10E
ISOTOP TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
220 240
VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 5 V
7V
9V 8V 200
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
5V
80
55
40 TJ = – 55°C
4V
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
0.012 0.012
TJ = 100°C
0.01 0.01
25°C
0.008
VGS = 10 V
0.008
0.006 – 55°C 15 V
0.004 0.006
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
1.6 100000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
1.4 ID = 107.5 A 10000 TJ = 125°C
I DSS, LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1 100
25°C
0.8 10
0.6 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 20 40 60 80 100
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
60000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
50000
Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
40000
30000 Crss
20000 Ciss
Coss
10000
Crss
0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25
VGS VDS
t, TIME (ns)
Q1 VGS
Q2
6 60 100
td(on)
4 40
VDD = 50 V
ID = 215 A ID = 215 A
2 20 VGS = 10 V
TJ = 25°C
VDS TJ = 25°C
Q3
0 0 10
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1 10 100
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and (TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC).
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli-
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
Data and Its Use.” terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra- stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time temperature.
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver-
220
200 VGS = 0 V
180 TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
1000 400
TC = 25°C
300
100 1 ms
250
200
10 ms
150
10
RDS(on) LIMIT dc 100
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT 50
1 0
0.1 1 10 100 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1
D = 0.5
r(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT THERMAL
0.2
RESISTANCE (NORMALIZED)
0.1 0.1
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.01 CHIP 0.0307 Ω 0.1127 Ω 0.1366 Ω
JUNCTION
0.0325 F 0.1065 F 0.6663 F
0.001
SINGLE PULSE AMBIENT
0.0001
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTP1N50E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
2.0 2.0
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V 7V VDS ≥ 10 V
1.75 1.75
8V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
1.25 1.25
1.0 1.0
0.75 0.75
5.0
6 VGS = 10 V
25°C 4.5
4 15 V
4.0
– 55°C
2
3.5
0 3.0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.0
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.5 10000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 0.5 A
2.0
1000 TJ = 125°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.5
100°C
100
1.0
10 25°C
0.5
0 1
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 100 200 300 400 500
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
500 1000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C VGS = 0 V
450
TJ = 25°C
400 Ciss
350 Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
100
300
250 Ciss Coss
200
10
150
Crss
100 Crss
50 Crss Coss
0 1
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
VGS VDS VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) Figure 7b. High Voltage Capacitance
Figure 7a. Capacitance Variation Variation
t, TIME (ns)
tf
td(off)
6 180 10 td(on)
tr
4 120
ID = 1 A
TJ = 25°C
2 60
Q3
VDS
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
1.0
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.82
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
10 50
VGS = 20 V
40
1 ms
10 ms 20
0.1
dc
RDS(on) LIMIT 10
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
0.05 P(pk)
0.1
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.01 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
SINGLE PULSE
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t,TIME (ms)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTP1N60E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
G
CASE 221A–06, Style 5
TO–220AB
S
MAXIMUM RATINGS (TC = 25°C unless otherwise noted)
Rating Symbol Value Unit
Drain–Source Voltage VDSS 600 Vdc
Drain–Gate Voltage (RGS = 1.0 MΩ) VDGR 600 Vdc
Gate–Source Voltage — Continuous VGS ± 20 Vdc
Gate–Source Voltage — Non–Repetitive (tp ≤ 10 ms) VGSM ± 40 Vpk
Maximum Lead Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 1/8″ from case for 10 seconds TL 260 °C
Designer’s Data for “Worst Case” Conditions — The Designer’s Data Sheet permits the design of most circuits entirely from the information presented. SOA Limit
curves — representing boundaries on device characteristics — are given to facilitate “worst case” design.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 1
2 2
TJ = 25°C VGS = 10 V VDS ≥ 10 V
1.8 7V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
12 TJ = 100°C 8
10 7.5
8 7
25°C VGS = 10 V
6 6.5
4 15 V
– 55°C 6
2 5.5
0 5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.4 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 0 V
VGS = 10 V TJ = 125°C
2 ID = 0.5 A
100°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
1.6 100
(NORMALIZED)
1.2
0.8 10
25°C
0.4
0 1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
500 1000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
VGS = 0 V
450
Ciss TJ = 25°C Ciss
400
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
350
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
100
300
250 Ciss
Crss
200 Coss
10
150
100 Crss
Coss
50
Crss
0 1
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
VGS VDS VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 7b. High Voltage Capacitance
Figure 7a. Capacitance Variation Variation
t, TIME (ns)
tf
Q1 Q2 td(off)
6 ID = 1 A 300 10 td(on)
TJ = 25°C
4 200 tr
2 100
Q3
VDS
0 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
1
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
0.8
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.5 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.7 0.74 0.78 0.82
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
10 50
VGS = 20 V
TC = 25°C 40
100 µs 30
0.1 1 ms
dc
10 ms 20
0.01
RDS(on) LIMIT 10
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.001 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
P(pk)
0.1 0.05 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.01 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
SINGLE PULSE t1 READ TIME AT t1
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTP1N80E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
6V
1.2 8V 1.2
0.8 0.8
5V
TJ = 100°C
0.4 0.4 25°C
4V
–55°C
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
14
12
TJ = 25°C 13
9
12 VGS = 10 V
6
–55°C 11
15 V
3
10
0 9
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.0 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.5 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V VGS = 0 V
ID = 0.5 A
2 TJ = 125°C
100 100°C
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
(NORMALIZED)
1.5
10
1
25°C
1
0.5
0 0.1
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
700 1000
TJ = 25°C TJ = 25°C
VGS = 0 V VGS = 0 Ciss
600
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
500
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
100
400
Ciss
Coss
300
10
200
Coss Crss
100
Crss
0 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 7a. Capacitance Variation Figure 7b. High Voltage Capacitance Variation
t, TIME (ns)
td(off)
6 200 10 td(on)
tr
Q1 Q2
4
ID = 1 A 100
2 TJ = 25°C
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
1.0
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–Gener-
temperature.
al Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
10 20
TC = 25°C
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
r (t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
D = 0.5
0.2
(NORMALIZED)
0.1
0.1 0.05 P(pk)
RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.02 D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
0.01 t1 READ TIME AT t1
SINGLE PULSE t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
t, TIME (SECONDS)
Figure 13. Thermal Response
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTP1N100E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
REV 2
2.0 2.0
1.8 TJ = 25°C 1.8 VDS ≥ 10 V
VGS = 10 V
100°C
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.8 10000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 10 V TJ = 125°C
2.4 ID = 0.5 A 1000
100°C
2.0
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
100
(NORMALIZED)
1.6
10
1.2
1.0 25°C
0.8
0.4 0.1
VGS = 0 V
0 0.01
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
t = Q/IG(AV) tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis-
mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as
resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may
driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following:
sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP tance (Figure 9) shows how typical switching performance is
where affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
RG = the gate drive resistance used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is
power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val-
taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for
snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are:
erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)] switching losses.
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
1200 1000
Ciss VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C
VGS = 0 V Ciss
1000 TJ = 25°C
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
800 100
Ciss
Coss
600 Crss
400 10
Crss
Coss
200
Crss
0 1
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
VGS VDS VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
GATE–TO–SOURCE OR DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Figure 7b. High Voltage Capacitance
Figure 7a. Capacitance Variation Variation
t, TIME (ns)
Q1 Q2 tf
6 240
td(off) tr
4 ID = 1 A 160 10 td(on)
TJ = 25°C
2 80
Q3 VDS
0 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 10 100
QG, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
1.0
VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
0.8
I S , SOURCE CURRENT (AMPS)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for- the rated limit and adjusted for operating conditions differing
ward biased. Curves are based upon maximum peak junc- from those specified. Although industry practice is to rate in
tion temperature and a case temperature (TC) of 25°C. Peak terms of energy, avalanche energy capability is not a con-
repetitive pulsed power limits are determined by using the stant. The energy rating decreases non–linearly with an in-
thermal response data in conjunction with the procedures crease of peak current in avalanche and peak junction
discussed in AN569, “Transient Thermal Resistance–General
temperature.
Data and Its Use.”
Although many E–FETs can withstand the stress of drain–
Switching between the off–state and the on–state may tra-
verse any load line provided neither rated peak current (IDM) to–source avalanche at currents up to rated pulsed current
nor rated voltage (VDSS) is exceeded and the transition time (IDM), the energy rating is specified at rated continuous cur-
(tr,tf) do not exceed 10 µs. In addition the total power aver- rent (ID), in accordance with industry custom. The energy rat-
aged over a complete switching cycle must not exceed ing must be derated for temperature as shown in the
(TJ(MAX) – TC)/(RθJC). accompanying graph (Figure 12). Maximum energy at cur-
A Power MOSFET designated E–FET can be safely used rents below rated continuous ID can safely be assumed to
in switching circuits with unclamped inductive loads. For reli- equal the values indicated.
10 50
VGS = 20 V ID = 1 A
TC = 25°C 40
1 ms 20
0.1 10 ms
RDS(on) LIMIT dc 10
THERMAL LIMIT
PACKAGE LIMIT
0.01 0
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 25 50 75 100 125 150
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TJ, STARTING JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Maximum Rated Forward Biased Figure 12. Maximum Avalanche Energy versus
Safe Operating Area Starting Junction Temperature
1.0
D = 0.5
TRANSIENT THERMAL RESISTANCE
r(t), NORMALIZED EFFECTIVE
0.2
0.1
P(pk)
0.1 RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
0.05
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
0.02 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t1 READ TIME AT t1
0.01
t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
SINGLE PULSE
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1/t2
0.01
1.0E–05 1.0E–04 1.0E–03 1.0E–02 1.0E–01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01
t, TIME (s)
di/dt
IS
trr
ta tb
TIME
tp 0.25 IS
IS
Data Sheet
Designer's
MTP2N40E
TMOS E-FET. Motorola Preferred Device
G
CASE 221A–06, Style 5
TO–220AB
S
MAXIMUM RATINGS (TC = 25°C unless otherwise noted)
Rating Symbol Value Unit
Drain–Source Voltage VDSS 400 Vdc
Drain–Gate Voltage (RGS = 1.0 MΩ) VDGR 400 Vdc
Gate–Source Voltage — Continuous VGS ± 20 Vdc
Gate–Source Voltage — Non–Repetitive (tp ≤ 10 ms) VGSM ± 40 Vpk
Maximum Lead Temperature for Soldering Purposes, 1/8″ from case for 10 seconds TL 260 °C
Designer’s Data for “Worst Case” Conditions — The Designer’s Data Sheet permits the design of most circuits entirely from the information presented. SOA Limit
curves — representing boundaries on device characteristics — are given to facilitate “worst case” design.
Preferred devices are Motorola recommended choices for future use and best overall value.
4 4
TJ = 25°C VDS ≥ 10 V
VGS = 10 V
I D , DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
1
0.8 25°C
100°C
5V
TJ = – 55°C
0 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VGS, GATE–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
8 5
VGS = 10 V TJ = 25°C
TJ = 100°C 4.5
6
4
4 25°C VGS = 10 V
3.5
15 V
2 – 55°C
3
0 2.5
0 1 2 3 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS) ID, DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)
Figure 3. On–Resistance versus Drain Current Figure 4. On–Resistance versus Drain Current
and Temperature and Gate Voltage
2.5 1000
RDS(on) , DRAIN–TO–SOURCE RESISTANCE
VGS = 0 V
VGS = 10 V
2 ID = 1 A
I DSS , LEAKAGE (nA)
TJ = 125°C
(NORMALIZED)
1.5
100
1
0.5
0 10
– 50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 100 200 300 400
TJ, JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Switching behavior is most easily modeled and predicted The capacitance (Ciss) is read from the capacitance curve at
by recognizing that the power MOSFET is charge controlled. a voltage corresponding to the off–state condition when cal-
The lengths of various switching intervals (∆t) are deter- culating td(on) and is read at a voltage corresponding to the
mined by how fast the FET input capacitance can be charged on–state when calculating td(off).
by current from the generator.
The published capacitance data is difficult to use for calculat- At high switching speeds, parasitic circuit elements com-
ing rise and fall because drain–gate capacitance varies plicate the analysis. The inductance of the MOSFET source
greatly with applied voltage. Accordingly, gate charge data is lead, inside the package and in the circuit wiring which is
used. In most cases, a satisfactory estimate of average input common to both the drain and gate current paths, produces a
current (IG(AV)) can be made from a rudimentary analysis of voltage at the source which reduces the gate drive current.
the drive circuit so that The voltage is determined by Ldi/dt, but since di/dt is a func-
tion of drain current, the mathematical solution is complex.
t = Q/IG(AV) The MOSFET output capacitance also complicates the
During the rise and fall time interval when switching a resis- mathematics. And finally, MOSFETs have finite internal gate
tive load, VGS remains virtually constant at a level known as resistance which effectively adds to the resistance of the
the plateau voltage, VSGP. Therefore, rise and fall times may driving source, but the internal resistance is difficult to mea-
be approximated by the following: sure and, consequently, is not specified.
tr = Q2 x RG/(VGG – VGSP) The resistive switching time variation versus gate resis-
tance (Figure 9. ) shows how typical switching performance
tf = Q2 x RG/VGSP is affected by the parasitic circuit elements. If the parasitics
where were not present, the slope of the curves would maintain a
VGG = the gate drive voltage, which varies from zero to VGG value of unity regardless of the switching speed. The circuit
used to obtain the data is constructed to minimize common
RG = the gate drive resistance inductance in the drain and gate circuit loops and is believed
and Q2 and VGSP are read from the gate charge curve. readily achievable with board mounted components. Most
During the turn–on and turn–off delay times, gate current is power electronic loads are inductive; the data in the figure is
not constant. The simplest calculation uses appropriate val- taken with a resistive load, which approximates an optimally
ues from the capacitance curves in a standard equation for snubbed inductive load. Power MOSFETs may be safely op-
voltage change in an RC network. The equations are: erated into an inductive load; however, snubbing reduces
switching losses.
td(on) = RG Ciss In [VGG/(VGG – VGSP)]
td(off) = RG Ciss In (VGG/VGSP)
500 1000
VDS = 0 V VGS = 0 V TJ = 25°C VGS = 0 V
TJ = 25°C
Ciss
400
Ciss
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
100
300
Ciss
Coss
200 Crss
10
Crss
100 Coss
Crss
0 1
–10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000
VGS VDS VDS, DRAIN–TO–SOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
t, TIME (ns)
td(off)
6 200 10 tf
Q1 Q2
ID = 2 A tr td(on)
4 TJ = 25°C
100
2
VDS
0 Q3 1
0
0 2 4 6 8 1 10 100
QT, TOTAL CHARGE (nC) RG, GATE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
1.5
0.5
0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
VSD, SOURCE–TO–DRAIN VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
The Forward Biased Safe Operating Area curves define able operation, the stored energy from circuit inductance dis-
the maximum simultaneous drain–to–source voltage and sipated in the transistor while in avalanche must be less than
drain current that a transistor can handle safely when it is for-