The research design refers to accurately describe and assess meaning Reliability: If a research is conducted on

the overall strategy that you choose related to an observable phenomenon. a regular basis, the researcher involved
expects similar results to be calculated
to integrate the different The length and complexity of describing every time. Research design should
components of the study in a research designs in your paper can vary indicate how the research questions can
coherent and logical way, thereby, considerably, but any well-developed be formed to ensure the standard of
ensuring you will effectively design will achieve the following: obtained results and this can happen only
address the research problem; it when the research design is reliable.
constitutes the blueprint for the 1. Identify the research problem clearly
collection, measurement, and and justify its selection, particularly
in relation to any valid alternative Validity: There are multiple measuring
analysis of data. Note that the tools available for research design but
research problem determines the type designs that could have been used,
2. Review and synthesize previously valid measuring tools are those which help
of design you should use, not the other a researcher in gauging results according
published literature associated with
way around! to the objective of research and nothing
the research problem,
3. Clearly and explicitly specify else. The questionnaire developed from
-a framework of methods and
hypotheses [i.e., research questions] this research design will be then valid.
techniques chosen by a researcher
to combine various components of central to the problem,
4. Effectively describe the data which Generalization: The outcome of
research in a reasonably logical
will be necessary for an adequate research design should be applicable to a
manner so that the research
testing of the hypotheses and explain population and not just a restricted
problem is efficiently handled. It how such data will be obtained, and sample. Generalization is one of the key
provides insights about “how” to 5. Describe the methods of analysis to characteristics of research design.
conduct research using a particular be applied to the data in determining
methodology. Every researcher has whether or not the hypotheses are Types of Research Design
a list of research questions which true or false.
need to be assessed – this can be A researcher must have a clear
done with research design. Research Design Characteristics understanding of the various types of
The function of a research design is to research design to select which type of
There are four key characteristics of research design to implement for a study.
ensure that the evidence obtained research design:
enables you to effectively address the Research design can be broadly classified
research problem logically and as into quantitative and qualitative research
unambiguously as possible. In social Neutrality: The results projected in design.
sciences research, obtaining research design should be free from bias
information relevant to the research and neutral. Understand opinions about Qualitative Research
problem generally entails specifying the the final evaluated scores and conclusion Design: Qualitative research is
type of evidence needed to test a from multiple individuals and consider implemented in cases where a relationship
theory, to evaluate a program, or to those who agree with the derived results. between collected data and observation is
established on the basis of mathematical 2. Experimental Research the variables and -1 indicates a negative
calculations. Theories related to a Design: Experimental research design is relationship between the two variables.
naturally existing phenomenon can be used to establish a relationship between
proved or disproved using mathematical the cause and effect of a situation. It is a 4. Diagnostic Research Design: In the
calculations. Researchers rely on causal research design where the effect diagnostic research design, a researcher is
qualitative research design where they are caused by the independent variable on the inclined towards evaluating the root cause
expected to conclude “why” a particular dependent variable is observed. For of a specific topic. Elements that
theory exists along with “what” example, the effect of an independent contribute towards a troublesome
respondents have to say about it. variable such as price on a dependent situation are evaluated in this research
variable such as customer satisfaction or design method.
Quantitative Research brand loyalty is monitored. It is a highly
Design: Quantitative research is practical research design method as it
contributes towards solving a problem at There are three parts of diagnostic
implemented in cases where it is research design:
important for a researcher to have hand. The independent variables are
statistical conclusions to collect actionable manipulated to monitor the change it has
insights. Numbers provide a better on the dependent variable. It is often used  Inception of the issue
perspective to make important business in social sciences to observe human  Diagnosis of the issue
decisions. Quantitative research design is behavior by analyzing two groups – affect  Solution for the issue
important for the growth of any of one group on the other.
organization because any conclusion 5. Explanatory Research Design: In
drawn on the basis of numbers and 3. Correlational Research exploratory research design, the
analysis will only prove to be effective for Design: Correlational research is a non- researcher’s ideas and thoughts are key
the business. experimental research design technique as it is primarily dependent on their
which helps researchers to establish a personal inclination about a particular
relationship between two closely topic. Explanation about unexplored
Further, research design can be aspects of a subject is provided along with
divided into five types – connected variables. Two different groups
are required to conduct this research details about what, how and why related
design method. There is no assumption to the research questions.
1. Descriptive Research Design: In a while evaluating a relationship between
descriptive research design, a researcher two different variables and statistical
is solely interested in describing the analysis techniques are used to calculate
situation or case under his/her research the relationship between them.
study. It is a theory-based research
design which is created by gather, analyze
and presents collected data. By Correlation between two variables is
implementing an in-depth research design concluded using a correlation coefficient,
such as this, a researcher can provide whose value ranges between -1 and +1. If
insights into the why and how of the correlation coefficient is towards +1, it
research. indicates a positive relationship between
 decision can help derive conclusion in 2. Focus groups: A focus group is also
market research. one of the commonly used qualitative
Qualitative research is research methods, used in data collection.
defined as a market research method that A focus group usually includes a limited
focuses on obtaining data through open- The following are the qualitative number of respondents (6-10) from within
ended and conversational communication. research methods that are frequently your target market.
used:
This method is not only about “what” The main aim of the focus group is to find
people think but also “why” they think so. 1. One-on-One Interview: Conducting answers to the why what and how
For example, consider a convenience store in-depth interviews is one of the most questions. One advantage of focus groups
looking to improve its patronage. A common qualitative research methods. It is, you don’t necessarily need to interact
systematic observation concludes that the is a personal interview that is carried out with the group in person. Nowadays focus
number of men visiting this store are with one respondent at a time. This is groups can be sent an online survey on
more. One good method to determine why purely a conversational method and various devices and responses can be
women were not visiting the store is to invites opportunities to get details in depth collected at the click of a button.
conduct an in-depth interview of potential from the respondent.
customers in the category. Focus groups are an expensive method as
One of the advantages of this method compared to the other qualitative research
On successfully interviewing female provides a great opportunity to gather methods. Typically they are used to
customers, visiting the nearby stores and precise data about what people believe explain complex processes. This method is
malls, and selecting them through random and what their motivations are. If the very useful when it comes to market
sampling, it was known that the store researcher is well experienced asking the research on new products and testing new
doesn’t have enough items for women and right questions can help him/her collect concepts.
so there were fewer women visiting the meaningful data. If they should need more
store, which was understood only by information the researchers should ask 3. Ethnographic
personally interacting with them and such follow up questions that will help research: Ethnographic research is the
understanding why they didn’t visit the them collect more information. most in-depth observational method that
store, because there were more male studies people in their naturally occurring
products than female ones. environment.
These interviews can be performed face-
to-face or on phone and usually can last
Therefore, the qualitative research between half an hour to two hours or even This method requires the researchers to
methods allow for in-depth and further more. When the in-depth interview is adapt to the target audiences’
probing and questioning of respondents conducted face to face it gives a better environments which could be anywhere
based on their responses, where the opportunity to read the body language of from an organization to a city or any
interviewer/researcher also tries to the respondents and match the responses. remote location. Here geographical
understand their motivation and feelings. constraints can be an issue while
Understanding how your audience takes collecting data.
This research design aims to understand go over books and other reference 1. Whatever method a researcher chooses
the cultures, challenges, motivations, and material to collect relevant data that can for collecting qualitative data, one aspect
settings that occur. Instead of relying on likely be used in the research. is very clear the process will generate a
interviews and discussions, you large amount of data. In addition to the
experience the natural settings first hand. 6. Process of observation: Qualitative variety of methods available, there are
Observation is a process of research that also different methods of collecting and
This type of research method can last from uses subjective methodologies to gather recording the data.
a few days to a few years, as it involves systematic information or data. Since, the
in-depth observation and collecting data focus on qualitative observation is the For example, if the qualitative data is
on those grounds. It’s a challenging and a research process of using subjective collected through focus group or one-to-
time-consuming method and solely methodologies to gather information or one discussion, there will be handwritten
depends on the expertise of the data. The qualitative observation is notes or video recorded tapes. If there are
researcher to be able to analyze, observe primarily used to equate quality recording they should be transcribed and
and infer the data. differences. before the process of data analysis can
begin.
4. Case study research: The case study Qualitative observation deals with the
method has evolved over the past few 5 major sensory organs and their 2. As a rough guide, it can take a seasoned
years and developed as into a valuable functioning – sight, smell, touch, researcher 8-10 hours to transcribe the
qualitative research method. As the name taste, and hearing. This doesn’t recordings of an interview, which can
suggests it is used for explaining an involve measurements or numbers generate roughly 20-30 pages of
organization or an entity. but instead characteristics. dialogues. Many researchers also like to
maintain separate folders to maintain the
This type of research method is used recording collected from the different
within a number of areas like education, focus group. This helps them
social sciences and similar. This method Qualitative Research: Data Collection compartmentalize the data collected.
may look difficult to operate, however, it and Analysis
is one of the simplest ways of conducting 3. In case there are running notes taken,
research as it involves a deep dive and A. Qualitative Data Collection which are also known as field notes, they
thorough understanding of the data are helpful in maintaining comments,
collection methods and inferring the data. environmental contexts, nonverbal cues
Qualitative data collection allows
etc. These filed notes are helpful and can
collecting data that is non-numeric and
5. Record keeping: This method makes be compared while transcribing audio
helps us to explore how decisions are
use of the already existing reliable recorded data. Such notes are usually
made and provide us with detailed insight.
documents and similar sources of informal but should be secured in a similar
For reaching such conclusions the data
information as the data source. This data manner as the video recordings or the
that is collected should be holistic, rich
can be used in a new research. This is audio tapes.
and nuanced and findings to emerge
similar to going to a library. There one can through careful analysis.
B. Qualitative Data Analysis observations, and documents, rather than focuses on on describing
rely on a single data source. to describe the
Qualitative data analysis such as notes, individual characteristics
videos, audio recordings images, and text 3. This type of research method works experiences of a population.
documents. One of the most used towards solving complex issues by and beliefs.
methods for qualitative data analysis is breaking down into meaningful inferences,
Types of
text analysis. that is easily readable and understood by Open ended Closed ended
questions
all. questions questions
asked
Text analysis is a data analysis method
that is distinctly different from all other 4. Since its a more communicative Use semi-
qualitative research methods, where method, people can build their trust on the structured Use highly
researchers analyze the social life of the researcher and the information thus methods structured
participants in the research study and obtained is raw and unadulterated. Data such as in- methods such
decode the words, actions etc. collection depth as structured
Instrumen interviews, observation
Qualitative Research Methods Vs t focus using questionn
There are images also that are used in this Quantitative Research Methods groups, and aires and
research study and the researchers participant surveys
analyze the context in which the images The basic differences of qualitative observation
are used and draw inferences from them. research methods and quantitative
In the last decade, text analysis through research methods are simple are Form of
Descriptive
what is shared on social media platform straightforward. They differ in: data Numerical data
data
has gained supreme popularity. produced
 Their analytical objectives Participant
Participant
Characteristics of Qualitative  Types of questions asked responses do
responses
Research Methods  Types of data collection not influence or
affect how
instruments Degree of determine how
and which
1. Qualitative research methods usually  Forms of data they produce flexibility and which
questions
collect data at the sight, where the  Degree of flexibility questions
researchers
participants are experiencing issues or researchers ask
ask next
problems. These are real-time data and next
rarely bring the participants out of the
geographic locations to collect Qualitative Quantitative
Attribute
information. Research Research
s
Methods Methods

2. Qualitative researchers typically gather This Quantitative

Analytical
multiple forms of data, such as interviews, research research
objectives
method method focuses
Quantitative research is Quantitative research templates are step towards collecting data for any
objective, elaborate, and many times, research.
defined as a systematic investigation of
even investigational. The results achieved
phenomena by gathering quantifiable data
from this research method are logical, This type of research can be conducted
and performing statistical, mathematical,
statistical, and unbiased. Data with a specific target audience group and
or computational techniques. Quantitative
collection happened using a structured also can be conducted across multiple
research collects information from existing
method and conducted on larger samples groups along with comparative analysis. A
and potential customers using sampling
that represent the entire population. prerequisite for this type of research is
methods and sending out online
surveys, online polls, questionnaires, etc., that the sample of respondents must have
the results of which can be depicted in the A. Techniques and Types of Studies randomly selected members. This way, a
form of numerical. After careful researcher can easily maintain the
understanding of these numbers to predict There are multiple types of primary accuracy of the obtained results as a huge
the future of a product or service and quantitative research. They can be variety of respondents will be addressed
make changes accordingly. distinguished into the four following using random selection. Traditionally,
distinctive methods, which are: survey research was conducted face-to-
face or via phone calls but with the
An example of quantitative research is the
progress made by online mediums such as
survey conducted to understand the 1. Survey Research: email or social media, survey research has
amount of time a doctor takes to tend to Survey Research is the most fundamental spread to online mediums as well.
a patient when the patient walks into the tool for all quantitative research
hospital. A patient satisfaction survey methodologies and studies. Surveys used
template can be administered to ask to ask questions to a sample of Traditionally, survey research was
questions like how much time did a doctor respondents, using various types such conducted face-to-face or via phone calls
take to see a patient, how often does a as online polls, online surveys, but with the progress made by online
patient walk into a hospital, and other paper questionnaires, web-intercept mediums such as email or social media,
such questions. surveys, etc. Every small and big survey research has spread to online
organization intends to understand what mediums as well.
Quantitative research is mostly conducted their customers think about their products
in the social sciences using the statistical and services, how well are new features There are two types of surveys, either of
methods used above to faring in the market and other such which can be chosen based on the time in-
collect quantitative data from the details. hand and the kind of data required:
research study. In this research method,
researchers and statisticians deploy By conducting survey research, an Cross-sectional surveys: Cross-
mathematical frameworks and theories organization can ask multiple survey sectional surveys are observational
that pertain to the quantity under questions, collect data from a pool of surveys conducted in situations where the
question. customers, and analyze this collected data researcher intends to collect data from
to produce numerical results. It is the first a sample of the target population at a
given point in time. Researchers can
 evaluate various variables at a particular  In cross-sectional surveys, the same Patterns, relationships, and trends
time. Data gathered using this type of variables were evaluated at a given between variables are concluded as they
survey is from people who depict similarity point in time, and in longitudinal exist in their original set up. The impact of
in all variables except the variables which surveys, different variables can be one of these variables on the other is
is considered for research. Throughout the analyzed at different intervals of time. observed along with how it changes the
survey, this one variable will stay  Longitudinal surveys are extensively relationship between the two variables.
constant. used in the field of medicine and applied Researchers tend to manipulate one of the
sciences. Apart from these two fields, variables to attain the desired results.
 Cross-sectional surveys are popular they are also used to observe a change
with retail, SMEs, healthcare industries. in the market trend, analyze customer Ideally, it is advised not to make
Information is garnered without satisfaction, or gain feedback on conclusions merely based on correlational
modifying any parameters in the products/services. research. This is because it is not
variable ecosystem.  In situations where the sequence of mandatory that if two variables are in sync
 Using cross-sectional survey research events is highly essential, longitudinal that they are interrelated.
method, multiple samples can be surveys are used.
analyzed and compared.  Researchers say that when there
are research subjects that need to be Example of Correlational Research
 Multiple variables can be evaluated Questions:
using this type of survey research. thoroughly inspected before concluding,
 The only disadvantage of cross- they rely on longitudinal surveys.
sectional surveys is that the cause- 2. Correlational Research:
effect relationship of variables cannot A comparison between two entities is  The relationship between stress and
be established as it usually evaluates invariable. Correlation research is depression.
variables at a particular time and not conducted to establish a relationship  The equation between fame and
across a continuous time frame. between two closely-knit entities and how money.
one impacts the other and what are the  The relation between activities in a
Longitudinal surveys: Longitudinal changes that are eventually observed. third-grade class and its students.
surveys are also observational surveys This research method is carried out to give
but, unlike cross-sectional surveys, value to naturally occurring relationships, 3. Causal-Comparative Research:
longitudinal surveys are conducted across and a minimum of two different groups are This research method mainly depends on
various time durations to observe a required to conduct this quantitative the factor of comparison. Also called the
change in respondent behavior and research method successfully. Without quasi-experimental research, this
thought-processes. This time can be days, assuming various aspects, a relationship quantitative research method is used by
months, years, or even decades. For between two groups or entities must be researchers to conclude cause-effect
instance, a researcher planning to analyze established. equation between two or more variables,
the change in buying habits of teenagers where one variable is dependent on the
over 5 years will conduct longitudinal Researchers use this quantitative research other independent variable. The
surveys. method to correlate two or more variables independent variable is established but
using mathematical analysis methods. not manipulated, and its impact on the
 dependent variable is observed. These supposition. In experimental research, There are two main sampling methods for
variables or groups must be formed as an analysis is done around proving or quantitative
they exist in the natural set up. As the disproving the statement. This research research: Probability and Non-probability
dependent and independent variables will method is used in natural sciences. sampling.
always exist in a group, it is advised that There can be multiple theories in
the conclusions are carefully established experimental research. A theory is a Probability sampling: A theory of
by keeping all the factors in mind. statement that can be verified or refuted. probability is used to filter individuals from
a population and create samples in
Causal-comparative research is not After establishing the statement, efforts probability sampling. Participants of a
restricted to the statistical analysis of two are made to understand whether it is valid sample are chosen random selection
variables but extends to analyzing how or invalid. This type of quantitative processes. Each member of the
various variables or groups change under research method is mainly used in natural target audience has an equal opportunity
the influence of the same changes. This or social sciences as there are various to be selected in the sample.
research is conducted irrespective of the statements which need to be proved right
type of relation that exists between two or or wrong. There are four main types of
more variables. Statistical analysis is used probability sampling-
to distinctly present the outcome of
obtained using this quantitative research
method.  Traditional research methods are  Simple random sampling: As the
more effective than modern name indicates, simple random
techniques. sampling is nothing but a random
Example of Causal-Comparative Research  Systematic teaching schedules help selection of elements for a sample. This
Questions: children who find it hard to cope up sampling technique is implemented
with the course. where the target population is
  It is a boon to have responsible considerably large.
 The impact of drugs on a teenager. nursing staff for ailing parents.  Stratified random sampling: In
 The effect of good education on a the stratified random sampling method,
freshman. B. Data Collection Methodologies a large population is divided into groups
 The effect of substantial food (strata), and members of a sample are
provision in the villages of Africa. The second major step in primary chosen randomly from these strata. The
quantitative research is data collection. various segregated strata should ideally
4. Experimental Research: Also known Data collection can be divided into not overlap one another.
as true experimentation, this research sampling methods and data collection with  Cluster sampling: Cluster sampling is
method is reliant on a the use of surveys and polls. a probability sampling method using
theory. Experimental research, as the which the main segment is divided into
name suggests, is usually based on one clusters, usually
Step 1: Sampling Methods
or more theories. This theory has not using geographic and demographic
been proven in the past and is merely a segmentation parameters.
 Systematic sampling: Systematic  Quota Sampling: Using quota most important aspects of conducting
sampling is a technique where the sampling, researchers can select quantitative research.
starting point of the sample is chosen elements using their knowledge of
randomly, and all the other elements target traits and personalities to form Fundamental Levels of Measurement –
are chosen using a fixed interval. This strata. Members of various strata can Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio
interval is calculated by dividing the then be chosen to be a part of the Scales
population size by the target sample sample as per the researcher’s
size. understanding.
 Snowball Sampling: Snowball There are four measurement scales that
Non-probability sampling: Non- sampling is conducted with target are fundamental to creating a multiple-
probability sampling is where the audiences, which are difficult to contact choice question in a survey. They
researcher’s knowledge and experience and get information. It is popular in are nominal, ordinal, interval, and
are used to create samples. Because of cases where the target audience for ratio measurement scales without the
the involvement of the researcher, not all research is rare to put together. fundamentals of which, no multiple-choice
the members of a target population have  Judgmental Sampling: Judgmental questions can be created. Hence, it is
an equal probability of being selected to sampling is a non-probability sampling crucial to understand these levels of
be a part of a sample. method where samples are created only measurement to be able to develop a
based on the researcher’s experience robust survey.

There are five non-probability and skill.

sampling models: Use of Different Question Types
Step 2: Using Surveys & Polls

 Convenience To conduct quantitative research, close-

Sampling: In convenience sampling, Once the sample is determined, then ended questions have to be used in a
elements of a sample are chosen only either surveys or polls can be distributed survey. They can be a mix of
due to one prime reason: their to collect the data for quantitative multiple question
proximity to the researcher. These research. types including multiple-choice
samples are quick and easy to questions like semantic differential scale
implement as there is no other  Using Surveys for Primary Quantitative questions, rating scale questions, etc.
parameter of selection involved. Research
 Consecutive Sampling: Consecutive Survey Distribution and Survey Data
sampling is quite similar to convenience A Survey is defined as a research method Collection
sampling, except for the fact that used for collecting data from a pre-
researchers can chose a single element defined group of respondents to gain In the above, we have seen the process of
or a group of samples and conduct information and insights on various topics building a survey along with the survey
research consecutively over a significant of interest. The ease of survey distribution design to conduct primary quantitative
period and then perform the same and the wide number of people it can be research. Survey distribution to collect
process with other samples. reached depending on the research time data is the other important aspect of the
and research objective make it one of the survey process. There are different ways
 of survey distribution. Some of the most collect a high number of responses is and Threat analysis. Organizations use
commonly used methods are: the SMS survey. this statistical analysis technique to
 QuestionPro app: The QuestionPro evaluate their performance internally
 Email: Sending a survey via email is App allows to circulate surveys quickly, and externally to develop effective
the most widely used and most effective and the responses can be collected both strategies for improvement.
methods of survey distribution. The online and offline.  Conjoint Analysis: Conjoint
response rate is high in this method  API integration: You can use the API Analysis is a market analysis method to
because the respondents are aware of integration of the QuestionPro platform learn how individuals make complicated
your brand. You can use for potential respondents to take your purchasing decisions. Trade-offs are
the QuestionPro email survey. involved in the daily activities of an
management feature to send out and Survey Example individual, and these reflect their ability
collect survey responses. to decide from a complex list of
 Buy respondents: Another effective C. Data Analysis Techniques product/service options.
way to distribute a survey and conduct  Cross-tabulation: Cross-tabulation is
primary quantitative research is to use The third aspect of primary quantitative one of the preliminary statistical market
a sample. Since the respondents are research is data analysis. After the analysis methods which establishes
knowledgeable and are on the panel by collection of raw data, there has to be an relationships, patterns, and trends
their own will, responses are much analysis of this data to derive statistical within the various parameters of the
higher. inferences from this research. It is research study.
 Embed survey in a important to relate the results to the  TURF Analysis: TURF Analysis, an
website: Embedding a survey in a objective of research and establish the acronym for Totally Unduplicated Reach
website increases a high number of statistical relevance of results. and Frequency Analysis, is executed in
responses as the respondent is already situations where the reach of a
in close proximity to the brand when the favorable communication source is to be
It is important to consider aspects of analyzed along with the frequency of
survey pops up. research which were not considered for
 Social distribution: Using social this communication. It is used for
the data collection process and report the understanding the potential of a target
media to distribute the survey aids in difference between what was planned vs.
collecting higher number of responses market.
what was actually executed.
from the people that are aware of the
brand.
 QR code: QuestionPro QR codes store It is then required to select precise
the URL for the survey. You statistical analysis method such Inferential statistics methods such as
can print/publish this code in as SWOT, Conjoint, Cross-tabulation, etc. confidence interval, margin of error, etc.
magazines, on signs, business cards, or to analyze the quantitative data.
on just about any object/medium. Following are five popularly used
 SMS survey: A quick and time-  SWOT Analysis: SWOT secondary quantitative research methods:
effective way of conducting a survey to Analysis stands for the acronym of
Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities,
1. Data available on the internet: With secondary quantitative research. These makes it easy to understand the data
the high penetration of internet and commercial information sources have that has been collected as well as prove
mobile devices, it has become in-depth, first-hand information on the validity of the market research.
increasingly easy to conduct economic developments, political  Generalization of results: Results of
quantitative research using the internet. agenda, market research, demographic this research method can be generalized
Information about most research topics segmentation, and similar subjects. to an entire population to take
is available online, and this aids in appropriate actions for improvement.
boosting the validity of Quantitative Research Characteristics https://www.questionpro.com/blog/research-
primary quantitative data as well as design/
proving the relevance on previously Some distinctive characteristics of
collected data. quantitative research are:
2. Government and non-government
sources: Secondary quantitative
 Structured tools: Structured tools
research can also be conducted with the
such as surveys, polls,
help of government and non-
or questionnaires are used to gather
government sources that deal
quantitative data. Using such structure
with market research reports. This data
methods helps in collecting in-depth and
is highly reliable and in-depth and
actionable data from the survey
hence, can be used to increase the
respondents.
validity of quantitative research.
 Sample size: Quantitative research is
3. Public libraries: Now a sparingly used
conducted on a significant sample
method of conducting quantitative
size that represents the target market.
research, it is still a reliable source of
Appropriate sampling methods have to
information though. Public libraries
be used when deriving the sample to
have copies of important research that
fortify the research objective
were conducted earlier. They are a
 Close-ended questions: Closed-
storehouse of valuable information and
ended questions are created per the
documents from which information can
objective of the research. These
be extracted.
questions help collect quantitative
4. Educational institutions: Educational
data and hence, are extensively used in
institutions conduct in-
quantitative research.
depth research on multiple topics, and
 Prior studies: Various factors related
hence, the reports that they publish are
to the research topic are studied before
an important source of validation in
collecting feedback from respondents.
quantitative research.
 Quantitative
5. Commercial information
data: Usually, quantitative data is
sources: Local newspapers, journals,
represented by tables, charts, graphs,
magazines, radio, and TV stations are a
or any other non-numerical form. This
great source to obtain data for