Designation: D 1200 – 94 (Reapproved 2005)

Standard Test Method for

Viscosity by Ford Viscosity Cup1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1200; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope 3.1.2 Near-Newtonian liquid, n—a liquid in which the

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the viscos- variation of viscosity with shear rate is small and the effect on
ity of Newtonian or near-Newtonian paints, varnishes, lac- viscosity of mechanical disturbances such as stirring is negli-
quers, and related liquid materials with the Ford-type efflux gible.
viscosity cup. If the material is non-Newtonian, that is, 4. Summary of Test Method
shear-thinning or thixotropic, Test Method D 2196 should be
used. 4.1 The Ford viscosity cup is filled level full with the liquid
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the under test, and the time for the material to flow through one of
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information the standard orifices is measured.
only. 5. Significance and Use
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 5.1 This test method is useful for the determination of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- package and application viscosities of a number of paints and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- other coatings and in the thinning of these materials, but is
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. limited to Newtonian or near-Newtonian liquids.
5.2 There are other types of apparatus for measuring vis-
2. Referenced Documents cosity in the laboratory that produce more accurate results.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 6. Apparatus
D 2196 Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non-
Newtonian Materials by Rotational (Brookfield Type) 6.1 Ford Viscosity Cups—Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 Ford
Viscometer viscosity cups made of corrosion- and solvent-resistant mate-
E 1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers rials assembled as complete units (Note 1), and conforming to
the dimensional requirements shown in Fig. 1. The orifice
3. Terminology dimensions are considered as a guide only as the combination
3.1 Definitions: of cup and orifice dimensions must permit conformance to the
3.1.1 Newtonian liquid, n—a liquid in which the viscosity is flow formula for each cup as listed in the Appendix.
independent of the shear stress or shear rate. If the ratio of NOTE 1—If the orifice is removed from the cup for any reason the cup
shear stress to shear rate is not constant, the liquid is non- should be recalibrated before use as described in the Appendix.
Newtonian. 6.2 Thermometer—Saybolt Viscosity Thermometer con-
forming to the requirements for Thermometer 17C (19 to 27°C)
1
or 17F (66 to 80°F) as prescribed in Specification E 1.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint 6.3 Timing Device—Any timing device may be used pro-
and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints and Paint Materials. viding that the readings can be taken with a discrimination of
Current edition approved May 15, 2005. Published June 2005. Originally 0.2 s or better.
approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 1200 – 94 (1999).
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 7. Test Specimen
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 7.1 The specimen of the material to be tested shall be visibly
the ASTM website. homogeneous and free of any foreign material or air bubbles.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 D 1200 – 94 (2005)
reciprocating shaker in a pint can two-thirds full. Allow to
stand undisturbed for 10 min while adjusting further to the
desired temperature. Make the viscosity determination at the
end of the 10-min period.

11. Procedure
11.1 Make viscosity determinations in a room free of drafts
and rapid changes in temperature. For the highest degree of
precision the room temperature should be between 22 and
28°C (72 and 82°F). Determinations should be made at a
temperature above the dew point of the atmosphere surround-
ing the apparatus.
11.2 Choose the proper cup so that the time of efflux will be
between 20 and 100 s (preferably between 30 and 100 s) for
cup Nos. 3, 4, and 5; between 55 and 100 s for cup No. 1; and
between 40 and 100 s for cup No. 2 (Fig. 2).
11.3 Level the instrument so that a cup may be filled level
full without a meniscus or overflow at one side.
11.4 Determine the time in seconds of efflux as follows:
Close the orifice, for example, by holding a rubber stopper
against it. Fill the cup with the prepared specimen. The
preferred method is to overfill the cup and scrape off the excess
with a straightedge. Pull the stopper away and simultaneously
start the timing device. Measure the time until the first break in
the stream.
11.5 Measure the temperature of the fluid in the efflux
stream.
11.6 If the cup has been established to be nonstandard when
calibrated as described in the Appendix, apply the percent
difference to the measured seconds to get the corrected
viscosity in Ford-cup seconds.

12. Care of Cup

Orifice A, mm Orifice A, mm
No. 1 1.90 No. 3 3.40 12.1 Following each determination, clean the cup by the use
No. 2 2.53 No. 4 4.12 of a suitable solvent and a soft brush. Under no conditions
No. 5 5.20
should metal cleaning tools be brought into contact with the
FIG. 1 Ford Viscosity Cup and Orifices instrument. Particular care must be exercised in cleaning the
orifice to avoid any film deposit or nicks on the inside walls.
8. Temperature of Testing
8.1 All measurements with the Ford viscosity cups shall be 13. Report
made at 25°C (77°F) or a temperature agreed upon between 13.1 Report the following information:
producer and user. Temperature drift during the test should be
kept to a minimum and should not exceed 60.2°C (60.4°F).
NOTE 2— It is impossible to predict the effect of temperature change on
each material with which the apparatus may be used. This factor may be
less than 1 % per degree Celsius for some liquids whereas others may be
as high as 8 to 10 % per degree Celsius.

9. Calibration
9.1 Cups should be calibrated in accordance with the
procedure described in Appendix X1. The frequency of this
calibration check depends upon the amount of use and the care
that the individual cup receives. If the cup varies more than
10 % from standard, it should not be used.
10. Conditioning
10.1 Bring the material to a temperature a few degrees
below that desired and then agitate vigorously for 10 min on a FIG. 2 Approximate Viscosity Curves for Ford Cups

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 D 1200 – 94 (2005)
13.1.1 The efflux time to the nearest 0.2 s for the cup orifice coefficients, the following criteria should be used for judging
combination (for example, viscosity 33.2 s with No. 4 Ford the acceptability of results at the 95 % confidence level:
cup), the temperature of the test specimen (as in the efflux 14.1.1 Repeatability—Two results obtained by the same
stream), and the immediate history of agitation and rest prior to operator on different days should be considered suspect if they
the measurement. differ by more than 8 %.
14.1.2 Reproducibility—Two results obtained by operators
14. Precision and Bias in different laboratories should be considered suspect if they
differ by more than 20 %.
14.1 Precision—On the basis of an interlaboratory test of 14.2 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
this test method in which eight cooperators from four different suitable for determining bias for the procedure in this test
laboratories made measurements on five different paints, the method, bias cannot be determined.
within-laboratory coefficient of variation was found to be
2.8 % with 35 df and the between-laboratory coefficient of 15. Keywords
variation was found to be 6.9 % with 30 df. Based on these 15.1 flow cup; Ford cup; viscometers—Ford

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. Calibration Procedure for Ford Cups

X1.1 The orifice of the Ford cup is commonly made of TABLE X1.1 Viscosity Standards Recommended for Calibrating
brass or some other corrosion-resistant material which is Ford Viscosity Cups
subject to wear with use and cleaning. A small change in Approximate
Designated
diameter of the orifice becomes significant in the results Cup Approximate Cup Standard Oil
Viscosity at
Number Viscosity Range, cSt Designation
obtained with the use of this type of viscosity-measuring 77°F (25°C),
apparatus. cStA
1 10 to 35 S-10 20
X1.2 The viscosity standards3 are available only as 1-pt 2 25 to 120 S-20 35
samples. 3 49 to 220 S-60 120
4 70 to 370 S-60 120
5 200 to 1200 S-200 460
X1.3 Select the appropriate liquid viscosity standard for the A
Exact viscosities are supplied with the oil samples.
cup to be calibrated (see Table X1.1). Bring this cup and the
liquid viscosity standard to a constant temperature as close as
possible to 25.0°C (77.0°F) or to the operating temperature of
V2 = 1.44 (t − 18.0)
the cup. Determine the time of efflux to the nearest 0.2 s using
V3 = 2.31 (t − 6.58)
the procedure detailed in Section 11. Keep the temperature drift
V4 = 3.85 (t − 4.49)
to within 60.2°C (60.4°F). If the temperature is not 77°F, the
V5 = 12.1 (t − 2.00)
actual temperature must be noted and the viscosity of the
standard oil corrected to this temperature. where V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5 = kinematic viscosity using
orifice No. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively, cSt.
X1.4 The following formulas are used to convert the time
of flow in seconds, t, to kinematic viscosity V: X1.5 The difference between the certified viscosity and the
V1 = 0.49 (t − 35.0) determined viscosity, multiplied by 100 and divided by the
certified viscosity, will give the percent variation of the cup
3
from standard. A percent correction can be applied to the
Certified kinematic viscosity standards are available from the Cannon Instru-
seconds flow when the cup is in normal use. If the cup varies
ment Co., P.O. Box 16, State College, Pa. 16801. For particular oils applicable for
use with the Ford Cups refer to Table X1.1. Oils available from other sources, more than 10 % from standard, it is recommended that the
having known kinematic viscosities, may also be used. orifice be replaced and that the cup be recalibrated.

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 D 1200 – 94 (2005)

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