2322UN Women Analysis On Women and SDGs

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
DEVELOPMENT GOALS 1
With many thanks to the following for the analysis;
UN Women HQ Communications and Advocacy Section
UN Women ESAR Multi/ Country Offices
Simone ellis Oluoch-Olunya-Deputy Regional Director, UN Women ESAR
Florence Butegwa- Consultant on SDGs, UN Women ESAR
Jack Abebe-Knowledge Management and Research Specialist, UN Women ESAR
Martha Wanjala-Communications Assistant, UN Women ESAR

2 DEVELOPMENT GOALS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
On 25 September on 25 September2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development as the agreed framework for international development.
It is the successor to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However, unlike the MDGs,
the 2030 Agenda presents a much wider scope by deliberately and more fully incorporating
economic and environmental sustainability, as well as the aspiration of many countries for
peaceful and inclusive societies. The agenda also applies to all countries rather than just the
developing countries. In this regard, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is more
ambitious envisaging the eradication of poverty, the systematic tack-ling of climate change and
building peaceful, resilient, equitable and inclusive societies. The Agenda, unlike the MDGs, has
a stand-alone Goal on gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls. In addition,
there are gender equality targets in other Goals, and a more consistent call for sex disaggregation
of data across many indicators.
UN Women Communications and Advocacy Section in New York conducted an analysis of what
the 17 SDGs adopted mean to women in order to inform strategic interventions building on
the e orts of localization at country and regional levels. This analysis has been collated in this
publication and linked to UN Women Eastern and Southern Africa Regional and Country Office
priorities. Concrete examples programming interventions by UN Women country offices in the
region are pro led in relation to specific SDGs and how those streams of interventions could lead
to localization e orts. This has been done through an analysis of all annual reports submitted
by regional/ multi/country offices to identify work streams feeding into the localization of
sustainable development goals. The team comprising UN Women’s consultant on SDGs,
Knowledge Management and Research Specialist and UN Women’s Regional Communications
Assistant, under the leadership of the Deputy Regional Director, linked to existing analysis
provided by UN Women on Women and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The publication showcases how women are affected by each of the 17 proposed SDGs, as well as
how women and girls can — and will — be key to achieving each of these goals. Data and stories
of the impact of each SDG on women and girls is illustrated. UN Women Eastern and Southern
Africa region’s efforts and interventions as they relate to SDGs are also discussed under each
SDG, including our programmes, intergovernmental work and advocacy for policy change.
This publication is intended to help countries in Eastern and Southern Africa understand and
appreciate the linkages between SDGs and women and girls in their localization e orts and in
establishing various partnerships and networks that feed into the vision of localizing SDGs at
the country and regional levels.

DEVELOPMENT GOALS 3
17 GOALS TO TRANSFORM OUR WORLD

4 DEVELOPMENT GOALS
SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Photo: World Bank/Shehzad Noorani

The end of poverty can only be achieved with childhood as
the end of gender-based discrimination. All over those who
the world, gender inequality makes and keeps are wealthy.
women poor, depriving them of basic rights and They then face
opportunities for well-being. potentially life-
threatening
Women make significant contributions every risks from early
day from bringing an income to her household p r e g n a n c y,
as an employed wage earner, to creating jobs as and often lost hopes for an education and a better
an entrepreneur, to taking care of her family and income.
elders. However, a woman farmer, for instance, may
not be able to make her crops thrive like a man can Women have a right to equal access to all avenues
because she doesn’t have the same access to seeds, to end poverty, from social protection safety nets
credit, technology and extension services. She is to use of the latest technology. Fully realizing that
very unlikely to own her land—only 20 per cent right will be key to achieving the first SDG.
of landowners globally are women. If she hopes
to someday inherit family property, the law may UN Women acts to end poverty through programmes
deprive her of an equal share, or social convention to provide training, loans and practical skills to
may simply favor her male relatives. empower poor women economically, give them
a voice, strengthen social services and increase
Poverty comes with many risks; discrimination awareness of women’s rights. We also work to
leaves women less resilient to these. In an economic ensure women’s access to basic services, control
downturn, poor women are less likely to have over land and other forms of property, inheritance,
savings and abilities to make up for lost income. natural resources, appropriate new technology and
Poor girls are more than twice as likely to marry in financial services.
UN Women Country Initiatives on SDG 1 on Ending Poverty in All its Forms

UN Women Ethiopia is supporting the Government of Ethiopia to accelerate rural women’s economic
empowerment. The Rural Women Economic Empowerment program which was launched in 2012 at
global level and 2014 in Ethiopia, aims to secure rural women’s livelihoods and rights in the context
of sustainable development and the post MDGs. The programme is being implemented in Guatemala,
Kyrgyzstan, Liberia, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda and now in Ethiopia. Each country has defined its specific
detail programe implementation plan based on the local context, in partnership with government
and other national stakeholders in line with government priorities. The Joint Programme on Rural
Women’s Economic Empowerment aims at accelerating rural women economic empowerment in the
context of the country national policy priorities, as defined by Ethiopia’s Growth and Transformation
Plan 2011-2015, and in contributing to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), as well as, to the
emerging Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

DEVELOPMENT GOALS 5
SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition
and promote sustainable agriculture
Photo: UN Women/Janarbek Amankulov
Women prepare up to 90 per cent of meals in discrimination,

households around the world, yet when times are can contribute
tough, women and girls may be the first to eat less. to greater global
Households headed by women may not eat enough food security.
simply because women earn at lower levels, and are
less prepared to cope with sudden crisis. UN Women acts
to stop hunger
Nourishment is not just about the quantity of food, by supporting
but its quality. In poor households, women can be women’s role in
less likely to get the nutrients they need, including food security, as
to manage the physical demands of pregnancy the cornerstones
and breastfeeding. Gender inequality intersects of food production
with inadequate health care, insufficient education and utilization. We Credit: Farming First and FAO.
and limited income to drive these deprivations. provide training
Inequities in food consumption stand in contrast to for women farmers and access to information and
women’s significant role in agricultural production. technology, to help women can achieve significantly
They comprise on average 43 per cent of the higher agricultural productivity. UN Women also
agricultural labour force in developing countries, raises awareness among rural women and decision-
and over 50 per cent in parts of Asia and Africa. makers alike, on the need for legal changes to allow
Yet their potential contribution to food security more equitable distribution of assets, such as land
remains constrained by unequal access to land and and credit. The entity also steers the online global
other productive assets. knowledge hub Empower.org, where women can
share practical knowledge around food production
Ending hunger means that all women can and technology.
consume enough food with adequate nutrients. All
women working in agriculture, if unshackled from
6 DEVELOPMENT GOALS
UN Women Eastern and Southern Africa Country Initiatives on SDG 2 on Ending
Hunger, Achieving Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promoting Sustainable
Agriculture
To accelerate rural women’s access to agricultural technologies, UN Women, in partnership with
the African Union (AU), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Fund for
Agricultural Development (IFAD), and the World Food Programme (WFP) hosted a regional Sharefair
for Rural Women’s Technologies in ESA coinciding with the International Day of Rural Women and
World Food Day 2014.
The Sharefair gathered more than 100 innovators from 14 countries showcasing their technologies
displaying affordable ways to accelerate productivity, enhance value addition and income, improve
nutrition, save women’s time, and reduce postharvest losses. In addition, more than 300 registered
participants attended the event. The Sharefair promoted technologies and innovations that support
rural female smallholder farmers in the ESA region and brought together rural women farmers/
innovators, policymakers, academics, food producers, investors, financial service providers, and other
technology innovators.
Specific results included creation of a permanent technology repository comprising a menu of

technology options that meet the needs of female farmers that is being finalized; establishment of a
Technologies Promotion Group to devise a strategy for upscaling the technologies demonstrated at
the Sharefair, with expected reach up to 2 million beneficiaries; through four high-level policy dialogues
enabling farming women and innovators to convey their voice and concerns to influence high-level
policy-makers; and youth innovators were awarded for innovations in agricultural technologies, hence
mobilizing young men and women for profitable engagement in agriculture. In 2015, ESARO scaled
its efforts from the results of the Sharefair in 2014 and focused on upscaling innovative technologies
for rural women through the establishment of African Women in Technology (AWIT) initiative, and
an Edutainment initiative with several partners (Kenya CO, FAO and IFAD) targeting about 6 million
viewers primarily in Kenya, but also in Uganda and Tanzania on issues such as post-harvest losses,
women’s land rights, women’s economic empowerment.
The African/Alliance Women in Technology (AWIT) initiative was launched at the World Economic
Forum in Cape Town in June 2015. Initially a website has been developed and hosted by UN Women and
it gathers all the information associated with and emerging from this initiative www.empowerwomen.
org/cop/awit.
Through this initiative, UN Women is establishing a global alliance to promote upscaling of rural
technologies for women. The initiative expands on the Sharefair on Rural Women’s Technologies held
in October 2014 in Nairobi and builds on the shared intent to upscale some of the great innovations to
meet robustly identified critical needs of rural women in line with the sustainable development goals.

DEVELOPMENT GOALS 7
SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all
at all ages
Photo: UNICEF/Sokol
The highest attainable standard of health is a

fundamental right of every person. Gender-based
discrimination, however, undercuts this right. It can
render women more susceptible to sickness and
less likely to obtain care, for reasons ranging from
affordability to social conventions keeping them at
home.
Among women of reproductive age worldwide,

AIDS is now the leading cause of death. Not only
are women biologically more susceptible to HIV
transmission, but their unequal social and economic
status undercuts abilities to protect themselves and
make empowered choices.
health and well-being—among them, all forms of
Countries have committed to universal access to gender-based violence.
sexual and reproductive health care services, but
many gaps have slowed progress so far. More UN Women advances women’s well-being and
than 225 million women have an unmet need for health by working with governments to improve the
contraceptive methods. In developing regions, provision of health services for women and girls,
where maternal mortality rates are 14 times higher including survivors of violence, and backing non-
than in developed ones, only half of pregnant governmental partners in filling gaps. The entity
women receive the minimum standard for antenatal strives to end practices that endanger women and
care. girls, such as child marriage, female genital cutting,
dietary restrictions and others. The programmes
Fulfilling the right to health requires health systems help meet women’s health needs during medical
to become fully responsive to women and girls, humanitarian crises, restoring confidence in
offering higher quality, more comprehensive and maternal and child health services in the wake of
readily accessible services. Societies at large must Ebola virus disease in West Africa. We also support
end practices that critically endanger women’s and empower women living with HIV and AIDS.
8 DEVELOPMENT GOALS
UN Women Country initiatives to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for
all at all ages
In August 2014, UN Women ESARO in partnership with its regional partner “LVCT Health” and other
capacity building institutions working in the health sector, collaborated in the development of training
materials and in the facilitation of a training programme which utilized capacity-building, peer-to-
peer and mentorship models and tools, towards strengthening the leadership, management and
advocacy skills of networks and associations of WLHIV and HIV/AIDS Caregivers. The training materials
borrowed from existing training models and tools, and the in-puts of experts within the region. The
training also borrowed from the lessons the successes of the global HIV and AIDS movement which
successfully advocated for the development of national HIV/AIDS policies and strategies, and HIV-
responsive business practices. The overarching aim was to build the capacities of women leaders
within these networks and associations to influence national and regional frameworks and policies to
respond to gender issues within the context of efforts to control and manage HIV and AIDS. Currently,
the module is undergoing review and revision to align it with the SDG 3 on ensuring healthy lives and
promotion of wellbeing for all at all ages.

DEVELOPMENT GOALS 9
SDG 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education
and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
Photo: UNICEF/LeMoyne
All developing regions of the world have achieved

— or almost achieved — equal enrolment of boys
and girls in primary school. This is an historic
accomplishment, but far from complete. In sub-
Saharan Africa, only 23 per cent of poor rural
girls finish primary school. Gender gaps widen
significantly in many countries in secondary and
tertiary schools.
Education is a right. It empowers individuals to

increase their well-being and contributes to broader
social and economic gains. Improved education
accounts for about 50 per cent of economic growth
in Organization of Economic Co-operation and schooling can build. Ongoing learning for adults
Development countries over the past five decades. broadens choices for productive and fulfilling lives.
About half is due to more women entering higher UN Women acts to promote education — a core
levels of education, and greater equality as to the pre-requisite for gender equality and women’s
years men and women spend in school. rights – through the revision of school curricula
and policies to counteract gender discrimination,
For education to deliver, it must be inclusive improving access to information technologies, and
and high-quality. Active efforts to end gender training for teachers, students and parents. Along
stereotypes must tackle those that limit schooling with the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl
or channel women and girls into ‘acceptable’ areas Scouts, UN Women has developed a non-formal
of study or work. educational curriculum to prevent violence against
women and girls, which educators and youth
For all girls and boys, men and women, education leaders are being trained to deliver in more than a
must be available across their lifetimes. Pre-primary dozen countries.
education establishes a foundation on which all later

10 DEVELOPMENT GOALS
UN Women Eastern and Southern Africa Country Office Selected Initiatives on ensuring
inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities
for all
Malawi Country Office is working with the Ministry of Education in Malawi and Girls and not Brides to
influence the implementation of the girls’ education strategy in Malawi. UN Women also supported the
National Girls Education Network in implementing the National Girls Education Strategy in the country.
UN Women helped develop an advocacy plan focusing on ending child marriage and early pregnancies
in Malawi which will then contribute to access, retention and completion of schooling by girls in Malawi.
Traditional and religious leaders have been consulted, trained and lobbied to implement and monitor
action plans to engage traditional leaders in support of girls’ education as well. Best practices in the
support of the development and implementation of bylaws promoting girls’ education have been
documented, shared and disseminated with communities for future replication. A National Girls’
Education Conference was also held in 2015. Advocacy activities included the organization of a film
premier, Mercy’s Blessing, and that touched issues of inequality between girls and boys, especially in
education. Overall, the advocacy activities focused on empowering children and youth to enable their
voices to be heard and to promote a more participatory approach to find solutions and address the
root causes of violence while addressing inequalities evident in the education system in Malawi and
contributing to the implementation of sustainable development goal 4 on Education.

DEVELOPMENT GOALS 11
SDG 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and
girls
Photo: UNPhoto/Sylvain Lietchti
The sustainable development goals seek to change per cent of

the course of the 21st century, addressing key women have
challenges such as poverty, inequality, and violence experienced
against women. either physical
and/or sexual
Women’s empowerment is a pre-condition for this i n t i m a t e
p a r t n e r
Women have a critical role to play in all of the SDGs, violence or
with many targets specifically recognizing women’s non-partner
equality and empowerment as both the objective, sexual violence.
and as part of the solution. Goal 5 is known as the UN Women
stand-alone gender goal because it is dedicated to joined the voices of many global actors in pointing
achieving these ends. out that violence was absent from the Millennium
Development Goals.
Deep legal and legislative changes are needed to
ensure women’s rights around the world. While a Women have a right to equality in all areas. It must
record 143 countries guaranteed equality between be embedded across legal systems, upheld in
men and women in their Constitutions by 2014, both laws and legal practices, including proactive
another 52 had not taken this step. In many nations, measures such as quotas. Since all areas of life
gender discrimination is still woven through legal relate to gender equality, efforts must be made to
and social norms.
Stark gender disparities remain in economic

and political realms. While there has been some
progress over the decades, on average women in
the labour market still earn 24 per cent less than
men globally. As of August 2015, only 22 per cent
of all national parliamentarians were female, a slow
rise from 11.3 per cent in 1995.
Meanwhile, violence against women is a pandemic

affecting all countries, even those that have made
laudable progress in other areas. Worldwide, 35
12
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
cut the roots of gender discrimination wherever women for unpaid care. We promote women’s role
they appear. and leadership in humanitarian action, including in
conflict-prevention and efforts to ensure peace and
UN Women works to empower women and girls security. We advocate for ending violence, raise
in all of its programmes. Advancing women’s awareness of its causes and consequences and
political participation and leadership and economic boost efforts to prevent and respond, including
empowerment are two of the entity’s central ensuring the rights of women living with HIV. We
goals. UN Women supports more women to get also work to ensure that governments reflect the
on ballots, attain political office and go to polls needs of women and girls in their planning and
to vote. We assist women to secure decent jobs, budgeting, and engage men and boys, urging them
accumulate assets, and influence institutions to become champions of gender equality, including
and public policies, while underlining the need to through our HeForShe initiative.
recognize, reduce and redistribute the burden on
UN Women Eastern and Southern Africa Country Office Selected Initiatives on

Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment
This directly falls within our ambit. UN Women is grounded in the vision of equality enshrined in the
Charter of the United Nations, works for the elimination of discrimination against women and girls;
the empowerment of women and girls; and the achievement of equality between women and men as
partners and beneficiaries of development, human rights, humanitarian action and peace and security.
UN Women’s Regional focus varies in different countries depending on country specific needs but are
not limited to (i) expanding women’s leadership and participation; (ii) enhancing women’s economic
empowerment; and (iii) ending violence against women. In addition, UN Women in Eastern and
Southern Africa also actively participates and contributes to various UN inter-agency processes and
collaborates with UN organizations around specific programme areas and governments within the
UNCT frameworks to support and build development interventions feeding into the localization of
SDGs at country and regional levels. In 2015, for example, UN Women in Kenya supported the National
Gender and Equality Commission (NGEC) in improving the ability of the Commission to carry out
its mandated role to allow a transformative gender equality in Kenya to take place, UN Women and
NGEC entered into a partnership to work together on a programme for public and private sector.
The cooperation yielded many diverse and complimentary results. For example, a tool to measure
inclusivity at the county level and capacity development on gender responsive budgeting (GRB)
at the counties in Kenya was developed. The capacity of NGEC was also strengthened to lead the
monitoring of compliance on planned inclusivity in the final national budget in Kenya. UN Women’s
analysis showed that the financial year 2015/16 budget was prepared with a focus on pro-poor growth
and sustainable development and the emphasis was on strategic intervention areas.

SDG 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management
of water and sanitation for all
Photo: UN Photo/Martine Perret
A drink of water sustains human life, but only if it is

safe and affordable. From 1990 to 2015, 2.6 billion
people gained access to improved drinking water,
but 663 million still rely on unimproved sources
like unprotected wells and springs. Water quality
has deteriorated through pollution, and worsening
scarcity pressures over 40 per cent of the global
population.
For women, inadequate water supplies pose

additional burdens. In a single day in 25 sub-
Saharan African countries, women spend 16 million
hours collecting water, often to the detriment of Ensuring water and sanitation for all is the goal;
schooling or paid work, and with potential health
achieving it must take all dimensions specific
risks from repeatedly carrying heavy burdens over
to women and girls on board, and involve them
long distances.
directly in the process.
Poor quality sanitation—including open defecation—
UN Women acts to provide water and sanitation
can pollute water and spread disease. Sanitation
to all by helping governments craft policies and
has improved for 2.1 billion people between 1990
programmes that respond to women’s needs and
and 2015, and open defecation has fallen by nearly
underpin sustainable services. Gender-responsive
half, yet 2.4 billion people still rely on unimproved
budgeting, for instance, can channel funds towards
sanitation facilities. In schools, a lack of separate
measures to improve easy access to safe drinking
facilities for girls can be a major reason for parents
water so that women have more time to earn an
keeping them at home.
income, girls are more likely to attend school, and
family health and hygiene improve.

SDG 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable
and modern energy for all
WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL SECRETARIES
Photo: UN Women/Gaganjit Singh
Sustainable modern energy fuels development, from the

light that allows a child to do her homework to streetlamps
allowing women to travel safely home at night. Universal
access requires energy to be affordable and reliable.
Generating it must not irreversibly harm the environment.
Women 18%
In households, women are often the primary energy Men 82%
managers. When modern sources are not available, they
spend hours each day collecting fuel to cook and heat
their homes. Many suffer poor health through indoor air
pollution generated, for example, by a rudimentary stove
that smokes heavily as it burns wood or animal dung. WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL CHAIRS
Some indications suggest that women are more likely than

men to conserve energy—using up to 22 per cent less,
including through a greater willingness to alter everyday
behaviours. However, women are largely absent in the
industries that produce modern sources of renewable
energy, comprising only 20 per cent of the workforce. Women 4%
Men 96%
As primary energy managers in households, women could (24 men to 1 woman)
play powerful roles in extending sustainable modern energy.
All elements of energy planning and policy-making need to
factor in gender dimensions and actively advance women’s
leadership. Within the energy industry itself, barriers to
women executives, entrepreneurs and employees must fall.

And their representation on national and global efficient household cooking devices. In Ghana, UN
energy council must grow. Women’s Fund for Gender Equality has introduced
green cook stoves. And since 2011, UN Women has
UN Women’s efforts extend energy access and sponsored the Gender Equality Award granted
enable women to electrify their communities. by the SEED Initiative, a global partnership for
Through the Barefoot College in India, the entity action on sustainable development and the green
has helped train illiterate older women from rural economy, which has prized many clean energy
communities in various geographic regions as initiatives involving women. And new green energy
solar engineers. UN Women is also part of the programmes are in the pipeline.
Global Alliance for Clean Cook Stoves, which
advocates for a global market for clean and
UN Women Eastern and Southern Africa country office selected initiatives on

ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
In partnership with the UN Foundation, WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA, UN Women Uganda country
office systematically engaged the media in raising awareness of policy makers on women’s health
and energy service provision in health institutions. The project was aimed at bringing to light the
challenges that women face in accessing health services, especially maternal and child health services
in light of inadequate power and energy supply to health centres in Uganda. The media with support
from UN Women visited health centres in selected districts and produced many moving challenges
experienced by women especially during pregnancy.
The documented challenges have continued running in different media, with the result that Government
has adopted several resolutions to improve energy services in health centres for the benefit of women
and children. A multi-stakeholder consultation workshop was also held which helped in forming
thematic networks for collaboration, partnerships and advocacy for action. UN Women organized
consultations were meant to mobilize and advocate to gender, health and energy stakeholders in the
public and private sectors, CSOs, the UN system, and other partners to ensure electricity provision to
health facilities through sustainable energy improves health outcomes for women and girls, and also
for men and boys.
It was also used to identify and share best practices on health facility electrification, including through
renewable and efficient energy options, and ones that specifically address women’s and children’s
health by emphasizing gender concerns and involving gender stakeholders. It explored the extent
to which the policy environment is gender-responsive and supportive to providing energy access
across the health system and ways to induce progress and discussed means for inclusion of health
facility electrification in national energy and health planning and programming, especially low-carbon,
climate-resilient options. UN Women also used the consultations to identify funding opportunities –
in national budgets, via regional cooperation mechanisms, private financing or donor funding – that
could support expanded and reliable sustainable energy provision for health facilities that integrate
gender dimensions. UN Women Tanzania and South Sudan country offices have also been involved in
interventions around solar energy targeting women and contributing to the implementation of SDG 7
on ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all as well.

SDG 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic
growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
Photo: AFP/Luis Acosta
An inclusive, sustainable economy fosters

growth with benefits for all. It does not harm the
environment, and uses resources judiciously so
they will remain for generations to come. For
many people, employment is the entry point for
economic well-being. In an inclusive economy,
decent work means a living wage, workplace safety
and protection against discrimination.
There has been some progress. Twenty years ago

40 per cent of women were engaged in wage and
salaried employment; today 48 per cent of women
are being paid wages. Yet, globally, women still work
at lower rates than men. Gender stereotypes often
define what ‘women’s work’ is, and can channel
women’s rights and gender equality, the benefits,
women into some of the worst jobs. Among 143
such as fairer societies and greater economic
countries, at least 90 per cent have some legal
dynamism, accrue to everyone. Women must have
restriction on women’s employment.
equal access to decent work, productive resources
and financial services, as well as an equal voice in
When economies are geared towards achieving
economic decisions.

UN Women prioritizes economic rights and growth development. It seeks to measure and redistribute
for all. women’s unpaid care work, and to take actions
This includes advocating for legislation on equal so women and men can more readily combine it
pay for equal work, better access to employment with paid employment. UN Women also engages
opportunities, safety from sexual harassment in the the private sector to create equal opportunities
workplace, and other critical rights. The organization for women at work, in the marketplace, and in the
promotes women’s ability to secure decent jobs, board rooms, through the Women’s Empowerment
accumulate assets, and influence institutions Principles.
and public policies determining growth and
UN Women Eastern and Southern Africa country office selected initiatives on

decent work and economic growth for women
Since 2012, UN Women has invested heavily in building the capacity of women entrepreneurs in the
area of public procurement so that they have the practical skills and knowledge to submit winning bids
for government tenders. In 2015, UN Women in Kenya continued working in this area with a deeper
focus at the county level. Redirecting capacity building forums to the county level was needed due
to lower awareness levels than in Nairobi. In addition to working with MSE suppliers, UN Women also
supported dialogue platforms that brought together the buyers (i.e. Procurement Officers from Public
entities) in order to sensitize them on their role in the implementation of Preference and Reservations
Scheme (2011 and subsequent amendment regulations) as well as Financial Institutions to discuss the
critical issue of access to trade finance. Trade finance continues to be a big barrier for disadvantaged
groups who need access to affordable capital in order for them to service government contracts
within the stipulated time. This unique three pronged approach was effective and contributed towards
achieving UN Women’s goals of decent and economic growth for women which subsequently leads
to the implementation of SDG 8 on promoting sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth,
full and productive employment and decent work for all. Several countries in the region are working
on gender responsive budgeting as well.

SDG 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
Photo: World Bank/Lakshman Nadaraja
Economic development builds on infrastructure

— the roads, bridges and facilities that allow
businesses to operate and people to obtain essential
services. Infrastructure needs to be sustainable
in its construction and use — including through
environmentally sound technologies — and resilient
to future risks.
All elements of planning, building and financing

must take gender dimensions into account, so that
women have facilities and services essential to their
needs and rights.
For many countries, particularly those less

developed, shifting from agriculture and towards
industry is the route to better-paying jobs and
higher standards of living. New and existing
industries must pursue sustainable paths, including
through innovation and upgraded technology.
Investments in research and development will be

key, but most researchers are still men — women women employees and decision-makers, fall far
account for only 25 per cent in more advanced short of gender balance. From the factory floor
Organization for Economic Co-operation and to the high-tech lab, women must have equal
Development countries. Similarly, the construction, opportunities in building a shared, sustainable
manufacturing and energy businesses, with few future.

SDG 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries
Photo: UN Women/Fatma Elzahraa Yassin
Inequalities have widened across and within many

countries, even amid high rates of economic growth.
Disparities, caused by practices within countries
and in the global economy, are unjust and weaken
the social fabric.
Today, more women are in the workforce, in

politics, in leadership roles, breaking stereotypes
and societal taboos. Yet, gender discrimination
makes women prone to deeper disparities. Globally
women earn 24 per cent less than men, with varied
gaps between countries. They are also more likely
than men to be in vulnerable employment, with up
to 75 per cent of women’s jobs being informal or
unprotected in developing countries. Worldwide, Whether the issue is fiscal policy or safe migration
83 per cent of domestic workers are women—most or improved regulation of global financial markets,
are not legally entitled to a minimum wage. different and potentially unequal outcomes for
women and men must be recognized. Only then
Further, gender discrimination can intersect with can deliberate actions be taken to correct them,
other types, such as regarding age, disability within and across countries.
ethnicity, economic status and so on, multiplying
the burden of inequalities many times over. Social UN Women works to reduce inequality within and
norms that treat women as second-class citizens among countries through advocacy for decent
in many cases translate into structural obstacles work, social protection and gender-sensitive
to progress, such as laws that fail to punish economic policies around the world. The entity’s
perpetrators of gender-based violence. Or budgets mandate is focused on empowering women and
that do not fund the services women need most. reducing gender inequality in all spheres, whether

by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and conditions and advance decent work for women, as
practices or promoting appropriate legislation, well as making sure domestic workers can migrate
policies and actions. UN Women advocates for safely and receive social protection.
employment policies that improve labour market
UN Women Eastern and Southern Africa Country Office/ Regional Initiatives on

Reducing Inequalities among Countries
In 2015, UN Women Eastern and Southern Africa significantly contributed to generating credible
evidence and knowledge on the positive impacts of investing in gender equality and women’s
empowerment and to building capacity for development impact. This led to successful advocacy that
influenced the development discourse, policies and actions in the region specifically, in agriculture
and extractive industries (EI).
UN Women has been able to demonstrate with evidence and data the substantive losses from
inequality through its study in the ‘Cost of the Gender Gap in Agriculture in Malawi, Tanzania and
Uganda’. The study documented that the gap between male and female farmers is large: 28-31% and
represents a significant amount of money: $67-105 million which can only be closed through smart(er)
interventions and subsequently take up to 400,000 people out of poverty in Malawi, Tanzania and
Uganda. Africa needs to close the gap premised on the fact that for Africa to achieve its 2063 vision
and SDGs, it is important to bring women to the heart of Africa’s development and transformation
and address inequalities affecting women in diverse sectors of the economy.
Three countries participated in the Cost of the Gender Gap in Agricultural Productivity Study including
Malawi, Uganda and Tanzania. The evidence documented on the loss in GDP due to the inequalities
documented shall form a basis for diverse interventions contributing to reduction of inequalities
among countries in Africa.

SDG 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient and sustainable
Photo: UN Women/Fatma Elzahraa Yassin
The world today is urbanizing at rates unprecedented

in history. For many men and women, the chance to
move to a city is a chance for a better life—a larger
income, more interesting employment, a more
comfortable residence and ready access to modern
amenities.
Yet cities are also places of deep inequality and

despair. New migrants, many of them women, can
end up in overbuilt slums, poorly connected to
public transport or essential services such as clean
water. Life becomes dangerous and unhealthy, with
many obstacles to gaining a secure foothold in the
urban economy.
For women, gender discrimination magnifies and

adds to the risks. Not being able to take a bus to
a clinic to deliver a child can result in permanent
disability or death. In general, natural disasters kill
more women than men and kill women at a younger
age than men. If she survives a disaster such as a
flood or earthquake, a woman will likely have fewer
options to recover.
Cities and human settlements can be safe,

prosperous, equitable and pleasant places to live. gender equality measures. And women deserve
But not without including every citizen in their equal roles in making decisions about an ever more
development. All elements of urban governance, urban world.
planning and finance need to actively embed

UN Women’s efforts ensure urban public spaces the number of women impacted by disasters,
are safe and that women and girls can enjoy them the entity also promotes disaster-risk reduction
without being assaulted or harassed. UN Women’s planning and training to help women become
Safe Cities Global Initiative has generated a number more resilient and to mitigate the effects of climate
of innovative results through partnerships with change.
mayors’ offices, national Governments, women’s
groups and other community partners. To reduce
UN Women Country Office Initiative on Safe Cities
In line with the implementation of the Kigali Safe Cities programme, UN Women Rwanda and the
City of Kigali municipality has identified and implemented priority physical improvements on 14 mini-
markets. This activity which aimed at boosting employment in the informal sector allowed access
of women hawkers to safer and more productive markets. In general, women dominate the informal
street vending activities and are more prone to sexual and gender based violence and harassment in
public spaces. In collaboration with the City of Kigali, UN Women Rwanda has also contributed to the
construction of a mini market for City of Kigali hawkers.
The construction is at its initial stage and the layout and architectural designs indicate that the mini
market will have infrastructure and services such as storage facilities, running water, electricity, refuse
collection, sanitary and storage facilities, display space, toilets, and rubbish bays including exterior
fencing, car park for the clients and day care center for children for breastfeeding mothers. Street
women hawkers are optimistic that their livelihoods will improve and their safety will be guaranteed.
The approach of constructing safe mini markets for women and girls taken by the City of Kigali will
solve the problem of Illegal Street hawking, and serves the city’s hygienic and environmental purposes,
as well as the problem of tax evasion.
UN Women also sponsored the participation of five delegates to the Safe Cities Global Leaders’ Forum
held in New Delhi, India from 10 to 12 June 2015. The global meeting shared and discussed evidence-
based approaches, practices, tools, and learnings to advance the international knowledge base on
safe cities for women and girls. Participants from Rwanda were able to provide up-to-date knowledge
and good practices from the implementation of Kigali Safe city Programme that aims to prevent and
respond to sexual harassment and other forms of sexual violence against women and girls in public
spaces. Delegates were also able to discuss priority areas for safe city policy and programme actions
focusing on sustainability and national accountability which links to SDG 11 on Safe Cities.

SDG 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production
patterns
Photo: UNDP/Dilip Lokre
Unsustainable consumption and production extremes. Women in consumption and production

patterns, historically concentrated in countries and must have equal access to means such as land and
groups with the highest standards of living, have technology that can boost their standard of living.
pushed the world against its planetary boundaries. Women at large must assume equal leadership
Surpassing these limits poses the risk of resources in striking a better balance—in parliaments and
being lost forever. Climate change, impacted by boardrooms, in their communities and families.
greenhouse gas emissions, poses escalating threats.
At the high end of consumption and production, UN Women acts to redress imbalanced consumption
patterns can be wasteful. Food losses occur at and production by advocating for policy reforms
every stage, from field to table. Forests are cut that back equitable ownership and use of property
down and minerals mined for products used one and resources. Property titles are one area of focus,
year and thrown away the next. since these remain out of reach for many women,
due to legal or social barriers. Without them,
The world of waste coexists with a world of want. women typically lose access to the technologies
There, people consume barely enough to survive. and resources they need to achieve sustainable
A safe and sustainable future depends on reducing levels of consumption and production.
UN Women Selected Country Initiatives on sustainable consumption and production

patterns
UN Women in collaboration with key partners – held a Regional Sharefair on Gender Equality in
the Extractive Industries from 13–15 October 2015 at the United Nations Complex in Nairobi, Kenya.
Focusing on the overarching theme of Building on Good Practices, the three-day Sharefair served as
an inspiring platform for sharing knowledge and experience, establishing partnerships, and developing
solutions to stimulate interest and collaborative efforts in engendering the extractive industries in
Africa. Over 400 participants – including researchers, policymakers, development agencies, United
Nations agencies, regional economic commissions, the African Union, civil society organizations,
women in the extractive industries, business leaders, investors, private sector representatives and
practitioners – gathered at the Sharefair to discuss innovations, best practices, evidence from research
and documented data, and legal frameworks and policies. The Sharefair also provided opportunities
for networking, advocacy and capacity-building in support of women in the extractive sector. Through
a series of plenary and interactive group discussions, challenges, solutions and opportunities were
identified for gender equality and women’s empowerment and active participation in the extractive
industries. Trends in the sector were discussed, and feasible interventions to amplify the impact of
gender equality in the extractive industries were identified. Through the proposed regional programme
on extractive industries, women shall have improved livelihoods and their production patterns through
the extractive industries shall increase. Throughout the Sharefair, special attention was given to the
role of women in the extractive industries in the post-2015 development agenda.
SDG 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its
impacts
Photo: UNDP/Mohammad Rakibul Hasan
Climate change poses growing risks. Catastrophic

WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN
storms destroy lives and homes. Droughts pressure THE RIO CONVENTIONS
rural livelihoods. Sea level rise threatens low-lying
areas.
38% 26% 36% 45% 15% 27% 47% 48% 45%
Slowing a dangerous rise in global temperatures
depends on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Since
some level of climate change is now inexorable, other
actions must help people adapt and become more
resilient. Adequate education and employment, for
example, help build safety nets against disaster.
The most vulnerable people are most at risk from

climate change, including many poor women. For
them, the impacts are already a daily reality. Many Government Bureau Members NGO
spend increasingly long hours hunting for food, fuel Delegates Representatives
and water, or struggling to grow crops. When disasters
CBD COP12 (2014) % of Women
strike, women are far more likely to perish.
UNCCD COP11 (2013)
UNFCCC COP20 (2014)
Through their experiences and traditional knowledge
Credit: IUCN, EGI and UN Women

as stewards of many natural resources, women can climate change, against the backdrop of achieving
offer valuable insights into better managing the equitable and inclusive sustainable development.
climate and its risks. They also have a right to all The organization calls for women to be heard at
capacities needed to protect themselves, and to all levels of decision-making, from households
participate in decisions with profound implications to political arenas. In global climate change
for people and the planet. negotiations, UN Women actively promotes
commitments to gender equality and women’s
UN Women works to combat climate change rights as well as women’s contributions to all
by advocating for gender equality and women’s aspects of mitigation and adaptation.
empowerment in mitigating and adapting to
UN Women Eastern and Southern Africa Initiatives on Climate Change
UN Women has recognized that more knowledge is needed on successful ways to enhance women’s
resilience in the region, and on how to integrate a gender perspective in the resilience agenda and
work. To redress this gap, UN Women, in partnership with a wide variety of other actors, propose to
hold a Sharefair on ‘Gender and Resilience’ in 2016. The event will facilitate a long-term collaboration
amongst the regional stakeholders. Key institutions and stakeholders will be gathered together with
the aim of identifying problems, using data and predictive methods, and mobilizing support and
resources to incubate, accelerate, and scale effective solutions. A strong networks will be created in
order to amplify resilience solutions beyond the Resilience Sharefair, sustaining change in policy and
practice while also contributing to the implementation of SDGs at regional and country levels.

SDG 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and
marine resources for sustainable development
Photo: UN Photo/Christopher Herwig
The world’s oceans—spreading over 70 per cent

of the planet—are in crisis. Destructive fishing
has decimated fish stocks and thrown marine
ecosystems out of balance, as have pollution and
ocean acidification. As temperatures warm from
climate change, melting ice caps are raising sea
levels, threatening homes everywhere.
Over the longer term, oceanic changes can result in

globally significant climate shifts. For now, the most
immediate impacts are felt in coastal communities
and among those who depend on oceans for
livelihoods.

Women make up 47 per cent of the world’s 120 million Women face the risks of ocean degradation with
people working in fisheries and outnumber men in fewer assets and alternatives for livelihoods, and
both large-scale marine fisheries (66 per cent) and less resilience against the loss of natural resources.
small-scale inland fisheries (54 per cent). And yet, All strategies for conservation and sustainable use
women are largely concentrated in low-skilled, low- need to respond to these vulnerabilities. Women’s
paid jobs with irregular, seasonal employment in limited representation in marine science must be
processing, packaging and marketing. They often corrected towards tapping all perspectives for fair
work without contracts or health, safety and labour and durable solutions.
rights protections. Women also earn approximately
64 per cent of men’s wages for the same work in
aquaculture.

SDG 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of
terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss
Photo: UN Photo/Logan Abassi
Globally, forests have been cut at devastatingly

fast rates, often for profits that bypass local FOCAL POINTS TO THE UN FORUM
communities. The felling of trees reduces carbon ON FORESTS (UNFF)
dioxide absorption and biodiversity, cutting links in
the intricate web of life. Land use practices have
led to land degradation and desertification, as have
droughts, including those linked to climate change.
All of these patterns undercut resources that

sustain environmental health and human well-
being. Women can be among the first and most
affected, often charged with making up shortfalls
in food and fuel. Their limited ownership of land
reduces their capacity to adapt to losses or make Women 24%
decisions about how land is used—for the benefit of Men 76%
themselves and the environment.
Credit: IUCN, EGI and UN Women
Despite these constraints, women play a critical role This is a loss in terms of prospects for sustainable
as stewards of the land, comprising much of the ecosystem use, which also depends on gender
agricultural labour force in developing countries. equality in all other dimensions—access to land,
They may be primary collectors of resources such livelihoods and natural resources, and a say in how
as wood for fuel, as well as wild foods and herbs they are shared. Women, and indigenous women in
for medicines. Their knowledge about traditional particular, need to be included in decision-making
practices that are inherently sustainable, however, on ecosystem use at all levels, as essential players
is often excluded from decisions about sustainable in preserving our planet.
ecosystems.

SDG 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for
sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and
build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all
levels
Photo: UN Women/Ina Riaskov
Peaceful and inclusive societies uphold the rule

of law and ensure equal access to justice. They
protect people from all forms of violence, including
gender-based violence, and control corruption
and organized crime. Decision-making at all levels
is inclusive and responsive, and fundamental
freedoms are upheld. Laws and policies apply
without discrimination. During wars or conflict,
women often have fewer resources to protect
themselves and, with children, frequently make up
the majority of displaced and refugee populations.
War tactics such as sexual violence specifically
target them.
comprise 98 per cent of the estimated 4.5 million
Women have made strides in representation in people forced into sexual exploitation, for instance.
decision-making, in some peace processes as well Gender discrimination in legal systems includes
as governance more broadly. Still, the numbers the failure to punish perpetrators of gender-based
reflect persistent inequality. From 1992 to 2011, violence.
only 9 per cent of negotiators at peace tables were
women, despite the landmark UN Security Council By fully protecting all of women’s rights, without
resolution 1325 in 2000, which recognized that exception, in all laws and practices, peaceful and
women must play central roles. Only 22 per cent inclusive societies will be within reach.
of all national parliamentarians were female as of
August 2015. UN Women advances peace and inclusion by
backing the engagement of women in all aspects
For women in many societies, prospects for peace of peace negotiations, peacebuilding and
are undermined by gender-based violence. Women reconstruction for inclusive societies. The entity

trains peacekeepers to detect, address and stop the introduction or implementation of laws against
conflict-related sexual violence. Other efforts violence against women, and provision of public
support the gender-responsive reform of justice services that fully meet women’s needs.
and security institutions, universal access to justice,
UN Women Initiatives on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
UN Women in Zimbabwe, under Gender, Peace and Security program, partnered with Peace-Building
and Capacity Development Foundation (PACDEF), a CSO, which successfully established a women led
community early warning system for EVAW, electoral processes and other peace building initiatives
in rural areas.
This will be utilized to influence gender sensitive electoral processes in preparation for elections in
2018. Furthermore collaboration with the partner enabled UN Women to increase awareness among
rural communities on gender, peace and security issues and this has led in creation of safe spaces for
women to come together and discuss peacebuilding issues without fear and hesitation.
UN Women sought to increase spaces of dialogue and peaceful exchanges between security sector
actors and women’s organizations at national level and this is the first output under outcome through
the support provided to Women’s Coalition of Zimbabwe. Community dialogues were held among
the six Women for Peace Committees established in three provinces of Manicaland (Tsvingwe,
Penhalonga), Masvingo (urban and rural communities) and Mashonaland West (Chinhoyi), Bindura
and security sector actors.
UN Women in Zimbabwe also carried out an assessment of the curricula of the security sector state
institutions and private church-owned institutions for gender-sensitivity. The findings were used to
develop gender-sensitive modules for each respective institution that is applied by security sector,
peacebuilding and governance academic institutions as compulsory and examinable curricula,
accompanied by a Training of Trainers user guide for personnel of academic security sector institutions.
The revised curricula have so far been accepted by 3 institutions which are Africa University, Institute
of Correctional Services, Solusi University and Bindura University. On a different note, UN Women
ESAR has positioned a gender expert within the office of the special envoy of the great lakes region
to support with various gender issues in regard to peace and security in the region and contribute to
building effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels in this regard.

SDG 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and
revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development
Photo: UN Women/Fernando Bocanegra
The SDGs will mean little without the means to

implement them. Finance, technology, capacities,
partnerships and data are among the primary tools.
Success also depends on a stable global economy
and the ability of each country to make policy
choices aimed at achieving all of the goals.
Gender equality is central to all of the SDGs, but

often, women end up on the short end of the
means of implementation, in whatever form. While
governments increasingly use gender-responsive
budgeting to direct funds to programmes that
benefit women, these exercises have revealed
huge funding gaps in what women need—up to UN Women’s efforts put women at the centre of the
90 per cent. Only 5 per cent of foreign aid funds means of implementation through global leadership
had gender equality as a principle objective in of the drive to adopt gender-responsive budgeting,
2012-2013. Just around a third of countries have a tool to realize commitments to women’s rights.
an office for gender statistics, even though data Globally, regionally and nationally, the organization
distinguished according to gender is critical to backs innovations extending the collection of data
defining the best ways to achieve gender equality. that make women’s issues visible and influence
Many countries simply do not know, for instance, policies delivering on gender equality. UN Women
how many women lack clean water or face abuse helps women access technology, including to
within their homes. achieve the double dividend of empowerment and
environmental sustainability.
Women have the right to equal access to and benefits
from each of the means of implementation. They At country office level, UN Women works with the
also need to lead decisions being made — whether resident coordinator system to host and coordinates
in ministries of finance, companies that produce the donor coordination group on gender in Ethiopia
technologies, statistical offices or institutions and Rwanda.
charged with global economic oversight.
UN Women, grounded in the vision of equality as enshrined in the Charter of the United
Nations, works for the elimination of discrimination against women and girls; the
empowerment of women; and the achievement of equality between women and men
as partners and beneficiaries of development, human rights, humanitarian action, and
peace and security. Placing women’s rights at the centre of all its efforts, UN Women
leads and coordinates United Nations system efforts to ensure that commitments on
gender equality and gender mainstreaming translate into action throughout the world.
It provides strong and coherent leadership in support of Member States’ priorities and
efforts, building effective partnership with civil society and other relevant actors.
UN Women Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office

UN Gigiri Complex, Block M, Ground Floor
P.O. Box 30218-00100
Nairobi, Kenya
http://africa.unwomen.org
www.unwomen.org
www.facebook/unwomenafrica
www.twitter.com/unwomenafrica

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WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

Photo: World Bank/Shehzad Noorani

UN Women Country Initiatives on SDG 1 on Ending Poverty in All its Forms

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

Photo: UN Women/Janarbek Amankulov

Women prepare up to 90 per cent of meals in discrimination,

Specific results included creation of a permanent technology repository comprising a menu of

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

The highest attainable standard of health is a

Among women of reproductive age worldwide,

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

All developing regions of the world have achieved

Education is a right. It empowers individuals to

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

Photo: UNPhoto/Sylvain Lietchti

The sustainable development goals seek to change per cent of

Stark gender disparities remain in economic

Meanwhile, violence against women is a pandemic

UN Women Eastern and Southern Africa Country Office Selected Initiatives on

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

Photo: UN Photo/Martine Perret

A drink of water sustains human life, but only if it is

For women, inadequate water supplies pose

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL SECRETARIES

Photo: UN Women/Gaganjit Singh

Sustainable modern energy fuels development, from the

Some indications suggest that women are more likely than

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

UN Women Eastern and Southern Africa country office selected initiatives on

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

Photo: AFP/Luis Acosta

An inclusive, sustainable economy fosters

There has been some progress. Twenty years ago

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

UN Women Eastern and Southern Africa country office selected initiatives on

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

Photo: World Bank/Lakshman Nadaraja

Economic development builds on infrastructure

All elements of planning, building and financing

For many countries, particularly those less

Investments in research and development will be

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

Photo: UN Women/Fatma Elzahraa Yassin

Inequalities have widened across and within many

Today, more women are in the workforce, in

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

UN Women Eastern and Southern Africa Country Office/ Regional Initiatives on

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE

Photo: UN Women/Fatma Elzahraa Yassin

The world today is urbanizing at rates unprecedented

Yet cities are also places of deep inequality and

For women, gender discrimination magnifies and

Cities and human settlements can be safe,

WOMEN AND SUSTAINABLE