C Language Programming
for the 8051
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Overview
• C for microcontrollers
– Review of C basics
– Compilation flow for SiLabs IDE
– C extensions
– In-line assembly
– Interfacing with C
• Examples
• Arrays and Pointers
• I/O Circuitry
• Functions and Header Files
• Multitasking and multithreading
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
C for Microcontrollers
• Of higher level languages, C is the closest
to assembly languages
– bit manipulation instructions
– pointers (indirect addressing)
• Most microcontrollers have available C
compilers
• Writing in C simplifies code development
for large projects.
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Available C Compilers
• Kiel – integrated with the IDE we have been
using for labs.
• Reads51 – available on web site (http://
www.rigelcorp.com/reads51.htm)
• Freeware: SDCC - Small Device C
Compiler (http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/)
• Other freeware versions …
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Compilation Process (Keil)
program.c
no SRC compile
option
program.LST program.OBJ
build/make
program.M51
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Modular Programming
• Like most high level languages, C is a
modular programming language (but NOT
an object oriented language)
• Each task can be encapsulated as a function.
• Entire program is encapsulated in “main”
function.
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Basic C Program Structure
1. Compiler directives and include files
2. Declarations of global variables and constants
3. Declaration of functions
4. Main function
5. Sub-functions
6. Interrupt service routines
Example: blinky.c
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Back to C Basics
• All C programs consists of:
– Variables
– Functions (one must be “main”)
• Statements
• To define the SFRs as variables:
#include <c8051F020.h>
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Variables
• All variables must be declared at top of program, before
the first statement.
• Declaration includes type and list of variables.
Example: void main (void) {
int var, tmp; must go HERE!
• Types:
– int (16-bits in our compiler)
– char (8-bits)
– short (16-bits)
– long (32-bits)
– sbit (1-bit) not standard C – an 8051 extension
– others that we will discuss later
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Variables
• The following variable types can be signed
or unsigned:
signed char (8 bits) –128 to +127
signed short (16 bits) –32768 to +32767
signed int (16 bits) –32768 to +32767
signed long (32 bits) –2147483648 to +2147483648
unsigned char (8 bits) 0 to + 255
unsigned short (16 bits) 0 to + 65535
unsigned int (16 bits) 0 to + 65535
unsigned long (32 bits) 0 to + 4294967295
NOTE: Default is signed – it is best to specify.
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Statements
• Assignment statement:
variable = constant or expression or variable
examples: upper = 60;
I = I + 5;
J = I;
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Operators
• Arithmetic: +, -, *, /
• Relational comparisons: >, >=, <, <=
• Equality comparisons: ==, !=
• Logical operators: && (and), || (or)
• Increment and decrement: ++, --
• Example:
if (x != y) && (c == b)
{
a=c + d*b;
a++;
}
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Example – Adder program
(add 2 16-bit numbers)
$INCLUDE (C8051F020.inc) #include <c8051f020.h>
XL equ 0x78 void main (void) {
XH equ 0x79 int x, y, z; //16-bit variables
YL equ 0x7A
// disable watchdog timer
YH equ 0x7B
cseg at 0 WDTCN = 0xde;
ljmp Main WDTCN = 0xad;
cseg at 100h z = x + y;
; Disable watchdog timer }
Main: mov 0xFF, #0DEh
mov 0xFF, #0ADh
mov a, XL
add a, YL
mov XL, a mov a, XH The C version
addc a, YH
mov XH, a
nop The assembly version
end
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Compilation Process (Keil)
Use the #pragma CODE
compiler directive to
get assembly code adder.c
generated in SRC file.
compile look here in RAM
when debugging
adder.SRC adder.OBJ
assemble build/make
adder.M51
Map file shows where variables Symbol Table in M51 file:
------ DO
are stored. One map file is D:0008H SYMBOL x
generated per project. D:000AH SYMBOL y
D:000CH SYMBOL z
------- ENDDO
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
x?040: DS 2 adder.SRC
y?041: DS 2
z?042: DS 2
main:
; SOURCE LINE # 12
; int x, y, z;
; WDTCN = 0xde; // disable watchdog timer
; SOURCE LINE # 14
MOV WDTCN,#0DEH
; WDTCN = 0xad;
; SOURCE LINE # 15
MOV WDTCN,#0ADH
; z = x + y;
; SOURCE LINE # 17
MOV A,x?040+01H
ADD A,y?041+01H
MOV z?042+01H,A
MOV A,x?040
ADDC A,y?041
MOV z?042,A
; } ; SOURCE LINE # 18
RET
; END OF main
END
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Bitwise Logic Instructions
Examples:
• AND & n = n & 0xF0;
• OR |
• XOR ^
• left shift n = n & (0xFF << 4)
<<
• right shift >>
• 1’s complement ~ n = n & ~(0xFF >> 4)
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Example – Logic in Assembly and C
Main: void main (void) {
mov WDTCN, #0DEh char x;
mov WDTCN, #0ADh WDTCN = 0xDE;
xrl a, #0xF0 ; invert bits 7-4 WDTCN = 0xAD;
orl a, #0x0C ; set bits 3-2 x = x ^ 0xF0;
anl a, #0xFC ; reset bits 1-0 x = x | 0x0C;
mov P0, a ; send to port0 x = x & 0xFC;
P0 = x;
}
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Loop Statements - While
• While loop:
while (condition) { statements }
while condition is true, execute statements
if there is only one statement, we can lose the {}
Example: while (1) ; // loop forever
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Loop Statements - For
• For statement:
for (initialization; condition; increment) {statements}
initialization done before statement is executed
condition is tested, if true, execute statements
do increment step and go back and test condition again
repeat last two steps until condition is not true
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Example: for loop
for (n = 0; n<1000; n++)
n++ means n = n + 1
Be careful with signed integers!
for (i=0; i < 33000; i++) LED = ~LED;
Why is this an infinite loop?
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Loops: do - while
do
statements
while (expression);
Test made at the bottom of the loop
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Decision – if statement
if (condition1)
{statements1}
else if (condition2)
{statements2}
…
else
{statementsn}
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Decision – switch statement
switch (expression) {
case const-expr: statements
case const-expr: statements
default: statements
}
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Example: switch
Need a statement
switch (unibble) { like “return” or
“break” or execution
case 0x00 : return (0xC0); falls through to the
case 0x01 : return (0xF9); next case (unlike
VHDL)
case 0x02 : return (0xA4);
case 0x03 : return (0xC0);
default : return (0xFF);
}
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Revisit Toggle and Blink5
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
C Extensions: Additional Keywords
For accessing SFRs
Specify where variables go
in memory
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Accessing Specific Memory
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
C Access to 8051 Memory
code: program
memory accessed by
movc @a + dptr data
bdata
idata
xdata
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
C Extensions for 8051 (Cygnal)
• New data types:
Example:
bit bit new_flag; //stored in 20-2F
sbit sbit LED = P1^6;
sfr sfr SP = 0x81; //stack pointer
sfr16 sfr16 DP = 0x82; // data pointer
$INCLUDE (c8051F020.h)
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
C Data Types With Extensions
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Declaring Variables in Memory
char data temp;
char idata varx;
int xdata array[100];
char code text[] = “Enter data”;
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Example: Accessing External Memory
• Program defines two 256 element arrays in
external memory
• First array is filled with values that increase
by 2 each location.
• First array is copied to second array.
• Similar to block move exercise done in
assembly.
• xdata_move.c
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Interrupts – Original 8051
Specify register bank 2
void timer0 (void) interrupt 1 using 2 {
if (++interruptcnt == 4000) { /* count to 4000 */
second++; /* second counter */
interruptcnt = 0; /* clear int counter */
}
}
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Other Interrupt Numbers
Interrupt number is same as “Priority Order” in datasheet
Prof. Cherrice Traver EE/CS-152: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
