on Innovations in Science, Engineering and Technology (ICISET)
27-28 October 2018, Chittagong, Bangladesh
Computational analysis of Microwave Imaging
(MWI) System for Post Stroke Screening Using Unidirectional Antenna Tahsina Islam Hosna Ara Begum Md. Abdur Rahman Dept. of CSE Dept. of CSE Dept. of CSE International Islamic University International Islamic University Dhaka Commerce College Chittagong Chittagong Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh Kumira, Chittagong-4318, Bangladesh Kumira, Chittagong-4318, Bangladesh mardcc@gmail.com tahsinaislam385@gmail.com hosnaara94@gmail.com Touhidul Alam Tanveer Ahsan Mohammed Shamsul Alam Dept. of CSE Dept. of CSE Dept. of CSE International Islamic University International Islamic University International Islamic University Chittagong Chittagong Chittagong Kumira, Chittagong-4318, Bangladesh Kumira, Chittagong-4318, Bangladesh Kumira, Chittagong-4318, Bangladesh & tanveer.ahsan@gmail.com alam_cse@yahoo.com Centre of Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering (PAKET) Md. Samsuzzaman Sobuz Mohammad Tariqul Islam Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Dept. of CCE Centre of Advanced Electronic and Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Patuakhali Science and Technology Communication Engineering (PAKET) touhid13@gmail.com University Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Dumki, Patuakhali, Bangladesh Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia sobuzcse@gmail.com tariqul@ukm.edu.my
Abstract— Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability today’s world, one among six people lose life unexpectedly around the whole world. Currently computed axial tomography because of stroke. 6.7 million people in 2015 lost their lives. (CAT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron 80% stroke [1] can be prevented if necessary steps arranged emission tomography (PET) scan and ultrasound CAT scan, immediately within 4.5 hours [1, 2]. currently using MRI, PET scan) and ultrasound are commonly used to detect technologies are x-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), brain stroke. However, these scan facilities are not available computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), and positron outside the hospital environment due to their large and bulky emission tomography (PET) [3]. A stroke can be happening in structure and beside this MRI is a very expensive diagnose every 40 seconds and in every 4 minutes, the affected person system. In this research, a microwave imaging system utilizing die from stroke. two leading types of stroke are ischemic unidirectional antenna is designed that uses the difference in contrast in the electrical properties between healthy and stroke and haemorrhagic stroke where causes blood clot in the hemorrhaged brain tissues. Two unidirectional patch antennas brain and haemorrhagic results because blood vessel inside the are used in MWI simulation. One is used to transmit signal and brain get burst. Defaults of Currently available techniques another one is for receiving transmitted backscattered signal mainly are they are bulky in size and also not reachable at from various parts of the head. A homogeneous head phantom remote places. Ambulances are also not designed for this kind with the brain is placed between the transmitter and receiver of emergency services. antenna. An elliptical shaped blood clot (having density of 1060 Microwave imaging makes different effects are detecting Kg/m3, thermal conductivity of 0.51 W/K/m) is considered in the the damaged tissue as the normal tissues and damaged tissues simulation system. The received backscattered signals are post- processed to generate a 2D image. have different dielectric properties [4]. Statistics say within 2030 around 13.2 million deaths are expected as a result of the Keywords—antenna, backscattered signal, microwave stroke. 2D image reconstructed using a non-ionizing imaging microwave imaging system to detect breast cancer in [5, 6]. In [7], an image of the phantom generated using a post- I. INTRODUCTION processing confocal algorithm based on delay and sum While today’s world is proceeding too fast with the help method detecting the location of the stroke. Antenna is a major of modern technology, then the life of human comes to sudden component of the microwave imaging and directional death if any destructive failure occurs in human health which radiation is highly desirable for MIS. Several antenna types of is not curable within a short time. like that one of sudden but research have been investigated to design directional antenna frequent occurrence is stroke which makes the blood [8, 9]. circulation blocked towards the brain and as a result, the In this paper, a unidirectional antenna-based microwave affected life comes to an end within a twinkling of an eye. In imaging simulation is designed and investigated antenna
performance for MWI system. Raster scanning method is III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION utilized to scan head phantom and the backscattered signals The reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna depicts are post-processed to generate scanning image. in Fig.2.The antenna exhibits resonance at 2.8384 GHz with II. DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY reflection coefficient value of -16.753 dB. The achieved - 10dB impedance bandwidth of the antenna is about 82 MHz The design of the proposed unidirectional microwave (2.795 to 2.877 GHz). The peak realized gain is also imaging antenna is shown in Fig. 1. The antenna is designed investigated, presented in Fig. 2. The peak gain of 3.2 dB is on FR-4 (Ԑr = 4.6 and h = 1.6 mm) substrate material because shown in Fig. 2. it’s commercially available and cheap in price. The antenna consists of an L-slotted square patch and a square ground plane. The antenna configuration has been presented in different view for better understanding. Commercially available CST microwave simulation software is used to designed and simulated the system. The optimized design parameters value of the antennas is described in Table 1.
Fig 2. Reflection coefficients and peak gain of the proposed
antenna.
(a)
Fig 3. Surface current distribution of the antenna at 2.83 GHz.
(b) Fig. 1. Antenna design layout: (a) top view and (b) bottom view.
TABLE I. DESIGN PARAMETERS OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA
Parameters Value (mm) Parameters Value (mm) L 50 W1 40 L1 40 W2 30 L2 10 W3 15 L3 20 g 1.0 W 50 (a)
448 tissue phantom consists of skin, brain white matter, brain, brain gray matter. The dielectric property of the materials of tissue phantom is different. A blood clot is placed inside the tissue phantom, which acts as stroke or blood clot. The electrical properties of the head phantom are presented in Table II.
TABLE II. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HEAD PHANTOM
Material Name Material properties 1st layer (Skin) Dispersive eps: Nth order model, N=3 (fit) Mu: 1, Rho: 1100 [kg/m^3] Thermal cond.: 0.293 [W/K/m] Heat capacity: 3.5 [kJ/K/kg] Diffusivity: 7.61039e-08 [m^2/s] Blood flow: 9100 [W/K/m^3] (b) Metabolic rate: 1620 [W/m^3] 2nd layer (brain white Dispersive eps: Nth order model, N=3 (fit) Fig 4. (a) polar radiation pattern and (b) 3D radiation pattern at 2.83 matter) Mu: 1, Rho: 1030 [kg/m^3] GHz. Thermal cond.: 0.502 [W/K/m] Heat capacity: 3.6 [kJ/K/kg] Fig. 3 shows the surface-current distribution of the antenna Diffusivity: 1.35383e-07 [m^2/s] at 2.834 GHz. A strong current is observed in the slotted Blood flow: 17280 [W/K/m^3] Metabolic rate: 7100 [W/m^3] structure of the patch, which experienced the directive 3rd layer (brain) Dispersive eps: Nth order model, N=4 (fit) radiation characteristics. The radiation pattern of the antenna Mu: 1, Rho: 1030 [kg/m^3] remains unidirectional over the whole operating band, which Thermal cond.: 1.13 [W/K/m] can be validated by the radiation patterns shown in Fig.4. Heat capacity: 3.675 [kJ/K/kg] Diffusivity: 2.98527e-07 [m^2/s] Blood flow: 40000 [W/K/m^3] Metabolic rate: 7100 [W/m^3] 4th layer (brain gray Dispersive eps: Nth order model, N=3 (fit) matter) Mu: 1 Rho: 1030 [kg/m^3] Thermal cond.: 0.502 [W/K/m] Heat capacity: 3.7 [kJ/K/kg] Diffusivity: 1.31724e-07 [m^2/s] Bloodflow: 40000 [W/K/m^3] Metabolic rate: 7100 [W/m^3]
(a)
(a)
(b) Fig.5. (a) Four layered head tissue phantom and (b) imaging setup.
The microwave imaging simulation was performed using
the designed unidirectional antenna. Fig. 5 shows the simulation configuration of a typical microwave-imaging (b) system to detect brain stroke in a human head tissue phantom, shown in Fig.5(a). A rectangular tissue phantom is placed in Fig.6. Specific absorption rate (SAR) at 2.83 GHz: (a) 1g SAR and (b) 10g SAR. the middle of two antennas. The distance between the head phantom and antenna is maintained at about 50 mm. The
449 Specific absorption rate (SAR) is a very important [4] H. Y. Mesri, "Localization of hemorrhage site in stroke patients parameter for electromagnetic radiation measurement from using multichannel microwave measurements," in Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2012 Annual wireless system. The antenna used in the MWI system must International Conference of the IEEE, 2012, pp. 5927-5930: maintain FCC and ICNIRP guidelines [10-13]. The designed IEEE. antenna shows 1.65 W/Kg and 1.07 W/Kg for 1g and 10g of [5] M. A. Ullah, T. Alam, M. S. Alam, S. Kibria, and M. T. Islam, SAR, respectively. This SAR value satisfies both guidelines. "A unidirectional 3D antenna for biomedical microwave imaging based detection of abnormality in human body," Microsystem Raster scanning method is an efficient method because of Technologies, pp. 1-6, 2018. its simplicity and ability to generate the images in real-time [6] M. Ullah, T. Alam, and M. Islam, "A 3D directive microwave [14]. The images show that the stroke simulants can be easily antenna for biomedical imaging application," Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences, 2018. detected especially at 2.83GHz. According to [14]. to obtain [7] A. Mobashsher, B. Mohammed, S. Mustafa, and A. Abbosh, the calibrated transmission S-parameter, Scal21 for any target, "Ultra wideband antenna for portable brain stroke diagnostic Sback21 is subtracted from transmission S-parameter Smean21 so system," in Microwave Workshop Series on RF and Wireless the image is obtaining from the following equation. Technologies for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications (IMWS-BIO), 2013 IEEE MTT-S International, 2013, pp. 1-3: | 21| = | 21| − | 21| (1) IEEE. [8] M. H. Ullah, M. T. Islam, J. Mandeep, and N. Misran, "A new The image is generated using a simple contour plot. Blind double L-shaped multiband patch antenna on a polymer resin deconvolution method is applied for removing blur. The material substrate," Applied Physics A, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 199- generated 2D image is illustrated in Fig. 7. The tumor is 205, 2013. observed at -5 to 5 position, which is well matched with the [9] M. Islam, M. Ullah, T. Alam, M. Singh, and M. Cho, "Microwave Imaging Sensor Using Low Profile Modified Stacked Type simulation setup. Planar Inverted F Antenna," Sensors, vol. 18, no. 9, p. 2949, 2018. [10] R. E. Fields, "Evaluating compliance with FCC guidelines for human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields," OET bulletin, vol. 65, p. 10, 1997. [11] M. T. Islam, M. R. I. Faruque, and N. Misran, "Specific absorption rate analysis using metal attachment," Informacije MIDEM, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 238-240, 2010. [12] M. T. Islam, M. R. I. Faruque, and N. Misran, "SAR reduction in a muscle cube with metamaterial attachment," Applied Physics A, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 367-372, 2011. [13] I. C. o. N.-I. R. Protection, "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic fields (1 Hz to 100 kHz)," Health physics, vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 818-836, 2010. [14] R. K. Amineh, M. Ravan, A. Trehan, and N. K. Nikolova, "Near- field microwave imaging based on aperture raster scanning with TEM horn antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 928-940, 2011.
Fig. 7. Microwave imaging result using raster scan.
IV. CONCLUSION This research emphasizes on the unidirectional antenna for microwave imaging system for brain stroke detection. An improved directive patch antenna is presented which is designed for proper signal penetration in head phantom. An aperture-raster scanning setup was used to test the system model. The detection of a blood clot inside the head tissue model was also detected and the results were encouraging. A blind de-convolution technique was applied to improve the image quality. Using the proposed unidirectional radiated antenna, an effective MWI system can be established which can localize and find the size of the stroke. REFERENCES [1] A. Mobashsher, P. Nguyen, and A. Abbosh, "Detection and localization of brain strokes in realistic 3-D human head phantom," in Microwave Workshop Series on RF and Wireless Technologies for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications (IMWS-BIO), 2013 IEEE MTT-S International, 2013, pp. 1-3: IEEE. [2] M. Shokry and A. Allam, "UWB antenna for brain stroke and brain tumour detection," in Microwave, Radar and Wireless Communications (MIKON), 2016 21st International Conference on, 2016, pp. 1-3: IEEE. [3] R. Chandra, H. Zhou, I. Balasingham, and R. M. Narayanan, "On the opportunities and challenges in microwave medical sensing and imaging," IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 1667-1682, 2015.
