Code No: R5320306 1

III B.Tech II Semester(R05) Regular/Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2009

HEAT TRANSFER
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) What is Fourier‘s law of heat conduction? Explain.

(b) A brick (k=1.2 W/m K) wall 0.15 m thick separates hot combusition gases of a furnace from the outside
ambient air which is at 25 0 C. The outer surface temperature of the brick wall is found to be 100 0 C. If the
natural convection heat heat transfer coefficient on the brick wall is 20 W/m2 K and its emisssivity is 0.8,
calculate the inner surface temperature of the brick wall. [4+12]
2. (a) Derive expression for one dimensional transient heat transfer in a system subjected to periodic variation of
temperature.
(b) The 24 hour range in temperature of the earth’s surface in a given locality is from -100 C to 100 C.
Determine:
i. The amplitude of temperature variation at a depth of 0.1m.
ii. the time lag of the temperature wave at a depth of 0.1m
iii. the temperature at 0.1m, 5 hours after the surface temperature reaches the minimum.
Assume K = 0.349 W/mK, Cp = 1.97 kJ/kg k, ρ = 1000kg/m3 . [8+8]
3. (a) A long 20cm diameter cylindrical shaft made of stainless steel 304 comes out of an oven at a uniform
temperature of 6000 C. The shaft is then allowed to cool slowly in an environment chamber at 2000 C with
an average heat transfer coefficient of h = 80 W/m2 0 C. Determine the temperature at he centre of the
shaft 45 min. after the start of the cooling process. Also, determine the heat transfer per unit length of the
shaft during this time period.
(b) What are Biot number, Fourier number and Heisler charts? [10+6]
4. (a) Define the local and average skin friction (drag) coefficient for a flat smooth plate at zero incidence.
(b) A thin flat plate has been placed longitudinally in a steam of air at 200 C and while flows with undisturbed
velocity of 7.5 m/s. The surface of plate is maintained at a uniform temperature of 1200 C.
i. calculate the heat transfer coefficient 0.8m from the leading edge of the plate,
ii. Also calculate the rate of heat transfer from one side of the plate to the air over the first 0.8 m length.
Assume unit width of the plate. [8+8]
5. How are the principal dimensionless parameters of natural convection determined from the boundary layer
equations concerning continuity, momentum and energy?
[16]
6. Air free saturated steam at 65o C condenses on the outer surface of a 25 mm outer diameter 3m long vertical
tube maintained at a uniform temperature of 35o C by flow of cooling water through the tube. Assuming film
condensation and 20% in excess of Nusselt’s value calculate the average heat transfer coefficient over the entire
length of the tube and the rate of condensate flow at the bottom of the tube. Confirm that the flow is laminar.
[16]
7. (a) What is the limitation of the LMTD method? How is NTU method superior to correction factor LMTD
method?
(b) Show that for counter flow heat exchanger
ε = 1- exp[- NTU (1-R)] / [(1 - R) exp[-NTU(1-R)]]
Where R = Cmin / Cmax . [6+10]
8. A long cylinder having a diameter of 2 cm is maintained at 600o C and has an emissivity of 0.4. Surrounding
the cylinder is another long, thin walled concentric cylinder having a diameter of 6 cm and an emissivity of
0.2 on both the inside and outside surfaces. The assembly is located in a large room having a temperature of
27o C. Calculate the net radiant energy lost by the 2 cm diameter cylinder per meter length. Also calculate the
temperature of the 6 cm diameter cylinder. [16]

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Code No: R5320306 2
III B.Tech II Semester(R05) Regular/Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2009
HEAT TRANSFER
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) Explain the scope of the study of heat transfer.

(b) A cubical tank of water of volume 1 m3 is kept at a steady temperature of 65 0 C by a 1 kW heater. The
heater us switched off. How long does the tank take to cool to 50 0 C if the room temperatue is 15 0 C.[6+10]
2. (a) A plate 20 mm thick and 100 mm wide is used to heat a fluid at 300 C. The heat generation rate inside the
plate is 7 × 106 W/m3 . Determine the heat transfer coefficient to maintain the temperature of the plate
below1800 C. Given K = 26 W/m0 C.
(b) Explain the following:
i. Efficiency of fin.
ii. Effectiveness of fin. [10+6]
3. (a) On a hot summer’s day a concrete high way reach a temperature of 550 C. Suppose that a stream of water
is directed on the high way so that the surface temperature is suddenly lowered to 350 C. How long will it
take to cool the concrete to 450 C at a depth of 5cm from the surface?
(b) A solid steel, 160mm long cylinder with a 80mm diameter initially at 8000 C, is cooled in a medium which
is at a constant temperature of 300 C. The surface heat transfer coefficient is 120 W/m2 k. Determine the
centre line temperature at the midpoint of length 30 minuets after cooling is initiated. Take α= 0.022 m2
/hr, k=23.5 W/mk. [8+8]
4. (a) Air at 200 C and 1 atmosphere flows over a flat plate at 35 m/s. The plate is 75 cm long and is maintained
at 600 C. Calculate the heat transfer from the plate per unit width of the plate. Also calculate the turbulent
boundary layer thickness at the end of the plate assuming it to develop from the leading edge of the plate.
(b) Distinguish between bulk mean temperature and film temperature. [12+4]
5. (a) A vertical hot plate subjected to laminar natural convection, where will be the heat flux higher (top or
bottom). Why?
(b) Avertical plate 20 cm × 60 cm size is at 1100 C in an atmosphere at 300 C. Determine the rate of heat
transfer by free convection from the plate when 20 cm side is kept vertical. [6+10]
6. (a) How does radiation play an important role in boiling heat transfer?
(b) A heated brass plate at 150o C is submerged horizontally in water at a pressure corresponding to a saturation
temperature of 125o C. What is the heat transfer per unit area? Calculate also the heat transfer coefficient
in boiling. [6+10]
7. (a) Write an expression for overall heat transfer coefficient (U) for double pipe heat exchanger. Explain the
significance of various terms in this expression.
(b) A horizontal steel pipe of 5.25 cm ID and 6.03 cm OD is exposed to atmospheric air at 20o C. Hot water at
98o C flows through this pipe with a velocity of 15 meters per minute. Taking the following data calculate
the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outer area of the pipe. Take K for steel = 54 W/mK,
hi = 1961W/m2 K, ho = 7.91W/m2 K. [6+10]
8. (a) Explain the terms absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity.
(b) Fused quartz transmits 90% of the incident thermal radiation between 0.2 and 4 µ. Suppose a certain
heat source is viewed through the quartz window, what heat flux in Watts will be transmitted through the
material from black body radiation sources at
i. 800o C
ii. 550o C
iii. 250o C
iv. 70o C. [6+10]

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Code No: R5320306 3
III B.Tech II Semester(R05) Regular/Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2009
HEAT TRANSFER
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) What is Fourier‘s law of heat conduction? Explain.

(b) A brick (k=1.2 W/m K) wall 0.15 m thick separates hot combusition gases of a furnace from the outside
ambient air which is at 25 0 C. The outer surface temperature of the brick wall is found to be 100 0 C. If the
natural convection heat heat transfer coefficient on the brick wall is 20 W/m2 K and its emisssivity is 0.8,
calculate the inner surface temperature of the brick wall. [4+12]
2. (a) Derive the expression for heat transfer for the case of a straight rectangular fin of uniform cross section
when the tip of the fin is end insulated.
(b) A steel rod (K = 32 W/mk), 12mm in diameter and 60mm long, with an insulated is to be used as a spine.
It is exposed to surroundings with a temperature of 600 C and a heat transfer coefficient of 55 W/mk. The
temperature at the base of fin is 950 C. Determine
i. Efficiency of fin
ii. Heat dissipation of the fin. [8+8]
3. (a) A large slab of aluminum at a uniform temperature of 2000 C is suddenly exposed to a convective surface
environment of 700 C with a heat transfer coefficient of 525 W/m2 k.Estimate time required for a point 4cm
from the surface to come up to a temperature level of 1200 C.
(Take k = 215 W/mk, α = 8.4 ×10−5 m2 /s).
(b) A 40×40 cm copper slab 5mm thick at a uniform temperature of 2500 C. Suddenly has its surface temperature
lowered to 300 C. Find the time at which the slab temperature becomes 900 C, ρ = 9000 kg/m3 , Cp = 0.38
kJ/kg.k, K = 370 W/mk and h = 90 W/m2 k. [8+8]
4. Nitrogen at 300 C flows over a plate maintained at 700 C with a free stream velocity of 10 m/s.
(a) Determine the local and average values of convective heat transfer co-efficient.
(b) Also calculate the values of the boundary layer thickness (velocity, thermal) and momentum and displace-
ment thickness at these locations.
(c) Determine also the location at which the flow turns turbulent, considering critical Reynolds number = 5 x
105 . [16]
5. (a) What is the recommended correlation for natural convection over a vertical plate or cylinder in the turbulent
region?
(b) How is the velocity field developed in front of a vertical plate which is maintained at a temperature?
i. Higher
ii. Lower, than the surrounding fluid. [6+10]
6. Saturated steam at 1.46 bar and 110o C condenses on a 25 mm outer diameter vertical tube which is 50 cm
long. The tube wall is maintained at 100o C. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient and the rate of
condensation. Check that the condensate flow is laminar. The properties of the condensate at 105o C are K=
0.68 W/m K, ρ = 954.7 kg/m3 , µ = 0.271 × 10−3 kg/ms and hf g = 2243.7 kJ/kg. [16]
7. (a) Define heat exchanger effectiveness and explain its significance.
(b) Water at a rate of 7500 kg/h enters a counter flow heat exchanger at 15o C to cool 8000 kg/h of air at
105o C. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 145 W/m2 K and the exchanger area is 20 m2 . Find the exit
temperature of air.
[4+12]
8. (a) What are the factors that influence the radiant heat exchange between two bodies?
(b) Two equal discs of diameter 200 mm each are arranged in two parallel planes 400 m apart. The temperature
of the first disc is 500o C and that of the second disc is 300o C. Determine the radiating heat flux between
them, if these are
i. Black
ii. Gray with emissivities 0.3 and 0.5 respectively. [4+12]

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Code No: R5320306 4
III B.Tech II Semester(R05) Regular/Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2009
HEAT TRANSFER
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) Explain the scope of the study of heat transfer.

(b) A cubical tank of water of volume 1 m3 is kept at a steady temperature of 65 0 C by a 1 kW heater. The
heater us switched off. How long does the tank take to cool to 50 0 C if the room temperatue is 15 0 C.[6+10]
2. (a) A plate 20 mm thick and 100 mm wide is used to heat a fluid at 300 C. The heat generation rate inside the
plate is 7 × 106 W/m3 . Determine the heat transfer coefficient to maintain the temperature of the plate
below1800 C. Given K = 26 W/m0 C.
(b) Explain the following:
i. Efficiency of fin.
ii. Effectiveness of fin. [10+6]
3. (a) A large slab of aluminum at a uniform temperature of 2000 C is suddenly exposed to a convective surface
environment of 700 C with a heat transfer coefficient of 525 W/m2 k.Estimate time required for a point 4cm
from the surface to come up to a temperature level of 1200 C.
(Take k = 215 W/mk, α = 8.4 ×10−5 m2 /s).
(b) A 40×40 cm copper slab 5mm thick at a uniform temperature of 2500 C. Suddenly has its surface temperature
lowered to 300 C. Find the time at which the slab temperature becomes 900 C, ρ = 9000 kg/m3 , Cp = 0.38
kJ/kg.k, K = 370 W/mk and h = 90 W/m2 k. [8+8]
4. (a) Air at 200 C flows over a flat plate with a velocity of 2 m/sec. The size of the plate is 60cm × 30 cm. The
plate is maintained at 1000 C. Calculate the heat transfer rate from the plate if the air is flowing parallel to
60 cm side. What will be the effect on heat transfer if the flow of air is parallel to 30 cm side?
(b) Prove that the momentum equation for the boundary layer over a flat plate is given by [8+8]
u du/dx + v du/dy = γd2 u/dy2
5. (a) The heat transfer coefficient is less in natural convection compared to forced convection. Why?
(b) A square plate 0.5 m × 0.5 m with one surface insulated and the surface is maintained at a uniform
temperature of 385 K, which is placed in quiescent air at atmospheric pressure and 315 K. Calculate the
average heat transfer coefficient for natural convection when the plate is vertical. [4+12]
6. Saturated steam at 1.46 bar and 110o C condenses on a 25 mm outer diameter vertical tube which is 50 cm
long. The tube wall is maintained at 100o C. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient and the rate of
condensation. Check that the condensate flow is laminar. The properties of the condensate at 105o C are K=
0.68 W/m K, ρ = 954.7 kg/m3 , µ = 0.271 × 10−3 kg/ms and hf g = 2243.7 kJ/kg. [16]
7. (a) What do you understand by mixed flow and unmixed flow?
(b) Water is evaporated continuously at 100o C in an evaporator by cooling 500 kg of air per hour from 260o C
to 150o C. Calculate the heat transfer surface area required and the steam evaporation per hour, if the
liquid enters at 100o C. Take Uo = 46 W/m2 K and cp of air 1.005 kJ/kgK. At 100o C, hf g = 2257 kJ/kg.
[4+12]
8. (a) Distinguish between
i. Absorptivity and emissivity of a surface
ii. Total emissivity and equilibrium emissivity.
(b) Assuming the Sun to be a black body at a temperature of 5700o C. Calculate
i. The emissive power of the surface of the Sun
ii. Wavelength for maximum spectral intensity
iii. Heat energy emitted by the Sun per unit time
Assume the Sun diameter as 1.391 ×109 m. [6+10]

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