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Vinegar Analysis Via Titration

Claudee Khiarra R. Directo


Jarett Carlo B. Ferrer
Omar Mukhtar Y. Julkipli
Charlene Q. Rabulan
Clint Aldrin A. Valencia
CPE/1 – B12
Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Engineering (EECE) Department
Mapúa University

Rommel Galvan, BSChE, MSIT, MSChE, PhDChE


Instructor, General Chemistry (CM011L)

August 2018
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
Table of Contents

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………...…….3

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………......4

Methods……………………………………………………………………………………...…….5

Results…………………………………………………………………………..………….....….13

Discussions…………………………………………………………………………..…….....….15

Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………...….16

Appendices………………………………………………………...……………………….....….17

References………………………………………………………...…….………………….....….18

Abstract
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
Acetic acid, CH3COOH is an organic compound that is in form of colorless solution and

it is a weak acid. This acid is the main component of vinegar apart from water. In this experiment

the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar is determined by

using titration with a standardized sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution.

This laboratory experiment was done to investigate the acidity level of vinegar

(CH3COOH), where its acidity is typically reduced by 4% to 5% with water, by using an

analytical method known as titration. Titration is a laboratory technique that is commonly used

to determine the concentration of an unknown solution by using a known concentration. The

vinegar was mixed with two drops of Phenolphthalein (C20H14O4), a colorless substance that

served as an indicator for acid-base titrations, and was considered as the unknown solution. Next,

sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was set as the known concentration as well as the solute and was then

used to analyze the acid content of CH 3COOH. Moreover, the solute of NaOH from the burette

was slowly added into the flask where its contents were the solution of CH 3COOH which

continued on until a reaction had taken place. In addition to this, a definite reaction was only

considered when a light pink color was visibly seen and continued to persist after thirty seconds

of waiting. Furthermore, two trials were done for this lab experiment. Based on the results and

analysis, the acetic acid of CH3COOH reacted with NaOH until all its acidity was neutralized and

the reaction was completed when C20H14O4, the indicator, changed its color to the aforementioned

light pink hue. However, there was a 0.12% difference between the two trials in which the

possible cause of error was not following the correct technique in obtaining precise and accurate

measurement for this lab experiment.

Keywords: Titration, Vinegar Analysis, Acetic Acid, Sodium Hydroxide

Vinegar Analysis Via Titration


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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
Concentration of solution is the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent. A

concentrated solution contains relatively large quantity of solute in a given amount of solvent.

Dilute solutions contain relatively little solute in a given amount of solvent. There are 2 specifics

term to express concentration, which is molarity and percent by mass. Vinegar is a dilute

solution of acetic acid (Azhari, 2015). The molecular formula for acetic acid is CH3COOH. Both

molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in a vinegar solution can be determine by performing

a titration.

Ordinary white vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid which often carries the

notation that the acidity has been reduced to 4% to 5% with water (Rani, 2016). The amount of

acetic acid in vinegar can be found by titrating it with a known concentration of sodium

hydroxide, NaOH, by way of the neutralization reaction (CH3COOH + NaOH NaCH3COO

+ H2O). Products like apple juice vinegar and balsamic vinegar have different ingredients and

seasoning, however even they are basically just acetic acid in water. So as to guarantee that the

acidity is at the preferred level, intermittent routine investigations are run. A common method for

such analyses is titration, in which a strong base of known concentration is used to determine the

concentration of acid by allowing the solutes of two solution to react with each other (Marcus,

2011). In other words, titration is an analytical method used to measure the amounts of

compounds in a solution. A titration solution is added at a controlled rate to known amount of

solution to be analyzed continually until the reaction is complete. An indicator is often used to

determine when all the solute of solution being tested has reacted. It signals that a reaction is

complete by a changing of color. Phenolphthalein, the indicator that will be utilized in this

experiment, is colorless in acidic or neutral solution but turns bright magenta – with the slightest
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
excess of base in the first drop that causes a color to persist that signals until the end titration

(Rani, 2016).

We will set sodium hydroxide as the known concentration, and then use that solution to

analyze the acid content of white vinegar. Once we determine the molar concentration of sodium

hydroxide, we will convert concentration to units of moles of NaOH per gram of solution

because in this experiment both the mass and concentration of the sodium hydroxide titrant are

known as the number of moles of NaOH, and it reacts in a 1:1mol ratio. With this, we can also

determine the number of moles of Acetic acid present in the sample which can then convert to

mass in grams. We carry out two trials for the analysis. The amount of two solution used in each

of the titration will be determined by weighing the burette before and after each of the titrations.

Methods

Materials and Procedures

The following are used in the experiment:

Vinegar

NaOH (aq)

Phenolphthalein indicator

Burette

Beakers

Erlenmeyer flask

Funnel

Preparation of Vinegar Sample


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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
Either obtain 15 mL of a single vinegar or 10 mL of each of two vinegars in separate 10-

mL graduated cylinders. Clean at least two 125- or 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks. Calculate the

volume of vinegar that would be needed for the neutralization of 25 mL of the standardized

NaOH solution. Assume the vinegar has a density of 1 g/mL and a percent acetic acid of 5% by

mass, and the standardized NaOH solution is 0.1 M NaOH.

In preparing the vinegar sample, add the (approximate) calculated volume (from Part

A.1) of one brand of vinegar to a clean dry 125- or 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask with a previously

measured mass (±0.01 g) or a flask that has already been tared on the balance. Record the tared

mass of the vinegar sample. Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein and rinse the wall of the flask with

20 mL of previously boiled, deionized water.

Now, prepare the burette and titration setup. Rinse twice a clean 50-mL buret with ~5 mL

of the standardized NaOH solution, making certain no drops cling to the inside wall. Fill the

buret with the standardized NaOH solution, eliminate all air bubbles in the buret tip, and, after

10–15 seconds, read and record the initial volume. Place a sheet of white paper beneath the flask

containing the vinegar sample.

Analysis of Vinegar Sample

Titrate the vinegar sample. Slowly add the NaOH solution from the burette to the acid,

swirling the flask (with the proper hand) after each addition. Occasionally rinse the wall of the

flask with previously boiled, deionized water from your wash bottle. Continue addition of the

NaOH titrant until the endpoint is reached. After 10–15 seconds, read and record the final

volume of NaOH titrant in the burette.


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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
Repeat with the same vinegar. Refill the burette and repeat the titration at least once more

with another sample of the same vinegar. To determine the average percent by mass of acetic

acid in the vinegar, do the calculations.

Calculations

Pre-laboratory Assignment

1. Assuming that the density of Assuming the density of a 5% acetic acid by mass solution

is 1.0 g/mL, determine the volume of the acetic acid solution.

( 0.1 mol per L ) ( 0.0250 L )=0.00250 moles NaOH

0.00250 mol ( 60.06 g


1 mol )
=0.150 g

0.15 g/0.05 g=3 g

Since density is 1.0g/mL, we need 3.0 mL solution.

2. a) A chemist often uses a white card with a black mark to aid in reading the meniscus of a

clear liquid. How does this technique make the reading more accurate? Explain.

This allows chemist to have a visual indicator of where to stop or to keep going

whenever they dispense the solute from the burette. Furthermore, this will also serve as a

basis for accurate measurements.

b) A chemist should wait 10–15 seconds after dispensing a volume of titrant before a

reading is made. Explain why the wait is good laboratory technique.

This is a good laboratory technique because chemical reactions may take time to

react so waiting for a few seconds will allow the chemist to see if a reaction is taking

place.
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
c) The color change at the endpoint should persist for 30 seconds. Explain why the time

lapse is a good titration technique.

It is a good titration technique because this allows the chemist to make sure if a

reaction is taking place. Furthermore, it also a way to know whether to dispense more

solute from the burette to the solution in the flask in order to have a chemical reaction.

3. Lemon juice has a pH of about 2.5. Assuming that the acidity of lemon juice is due solely

to citric acid, that citric acid is a monoprotic acid, and that the density of lemon juice is

1.0 g/mL, then the citric acid concentration calculates to 0.5% by mass. Estimate the

volume of 0.0100 M NaOH required to neutralize a 3.71-g sample of lemon juice. The

molar mass of citric acid is 190.12 g/mol.

mass citric acid=0.5 ( 3.71


100 )
=0.01855 g

0.01855 g
moles= =9.76 x 10−5
190.12 gmol

9.75 x 10−5
V= =0.00976 L=9.76 mL
0.0100u

4. Explain why it is quantitatively not acceptable to titrate each of the vinegar samples with

the NaOH titrant to the same dark pink endpoint.

The readings of the amount of NaOH used are only valid up to the point when the

color pink appears persistently in the solution. Titrating to the dark pink endpoint would

produce inaccurate value of NaOH volume and molarity of the acetic acid.

5. a) A commercial vinegar is analyzed for the percent acetic acid present. The data for Trial

1 is listed in the table below. Complete the table to determine the percent. Record

calculated values with the correct number of significant figures.

A. Preparation of Vinegar Sample


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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
1. Mass of Vinegar (g) 3.06g

B. Analysis of Vinegar Sample

1. Burst reading, initial (mL) 3.70mL

2. Burst reading, final (mL) 25.40mL

3. Volume of NaOH used (mL) 21.7mL

4. Molar Concentration of NaOH solution (mol/L) 0.0940mol/L

5. Moles of NaOH added (mol) 2.04 x 10−3 mol

6. Moles of CH3COOH in vinegar (mol) 2.04 x 10−3 mol

7. Mass of CH3COOH in vinegar (g) 0.123g

8. Percent by mass of CH3COOH in vinegar (%) 4.02%

Report Sheet

Trial 1 Trial 2

1. Mass of flask (g) 1.53 (.50)


2. Mass of flask + vinegar 31.88 (10.29)

3. Mass of Vinegar (g)

B. Analysis of Vinegar Sample

1. Burette reading of NaOH, initial 25 25

2. Burrette reading of NaOH, final 11.5 12.5

50
3. Volume of NaOH used (mL) 50

4. Molar concentration of NaOH 0.1

5. Moles of NaOH 1.35 x 10−3 1.25 x 10−3

6. Moles of CH3COOH in vinegar 1.35 x 10−3 1.25 x 10−3


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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
7. Mass of CH3COOH in vinegar
0.0811g
8. Percent by mass of CH3COOH

in vinegar 1.62% 1.502 %

9. Average percent by mass of


1.56%
CH3COOH in vinegar

Calculations for Trial 1

0.0135 L NaOH ( 0.111molNaOH


NaOH
)=1.35 x 10−3
mol NaOH

1.35 x 10−3 mol NaOH ( 1 mol1 molCHNaOH


3 COOH
)=1.35 x 10 −3

1.35 x 10−3 ( 60.01 g CH 3 COOH


1 mol CH 3COOH )
=0.0811 g

0.0811 g
x 100=1.622 %
15

Calculations for Trial 2

0.0125 ( 0.11mol
L )
=1.25 x 10 −3

1.25 x 10−3 ( 60.05 g


1mol )
=0.0751 g

0.0751
x 100=1.502%
5

Laboratory Questions

1. Part A.2. A 20-mL volume of water is added to the Erlenmeyer flask to prepare the

sample for titration. Explain why this volume is not critical to the analysis.
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
The volume of water is insignificant, it doesn’t affect the number balance of

hydronium and hydroxide ions. The volume’s usage is just to make the endpoint reading

easier.

2. Part A.2. Previously boiled, deionized water is unavailable. In a hurry to purse the

analysis, deionized water (not boiled) is added. How does this attempt to expedite the

analysis affect the reported percent acidic acid vinegar: too high, too low, or unaffected?

Explain.

When water is boiled, it removes any dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide and

oxygen from the water. It is molecular therefore, if it is not boiled then that acid may still

be in the water during the deionizing process which results that the vinegar to be too

high.

3. Part A.2 and B.1. The 20ml of water to the Erlenmeyer flask is to be previously boiled,

deionized water. Since water does absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and since CO2

dissolved in water cause it to be slightly acidic, will the use of deionized water that has

not been previously boiled cause the mass of acetic acid in the vinegar to be calculated as

too high or too low? Explain.

The deionized water which has not been previously boiled will cause the mass of

the acetic acid in the vinegar to be too high, because not boiled deionized water will

make molecules recline such as CO2 and O2 which will affect the results.

4. Part A.2

a. In determining the percent acetic acid in vinegar, the mass of each vinegar sample

is measured rather than the volume. Explain.


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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
To find the percent of the acetic acid in the vinegar the mass should be

measured instead of the volume.

b. If the vinegar were measured volumetrically (e.g., a pipet), what additional piece

of data would be needed to complete the calculations for the experiment.

The additional piece of data needed to complete the calculations for the

experiment would be the mass of where the vinegar is measured in. Thus,

converting volume (mL) into mass (grams).

5. Part A.3. The buret is filled with the NaOH titrant and the initial volume reading is

immediately recorded without waiting the recommended 10–15 seconds. However in Part

B.1, the 10–15 second time lapse does occur before the reading is made. Does this

technique error result in an increase, a decrease, or have no effect on the reported

percentacetic acid in the vinegar? Explain.

The mistake of not holding up the prescribed 10-15 seconds in the procedure will

result in the underlying examination of NaOH having no impact on the last revealed

acetic acid in the vinegar. The initial data readings of the vinegar without waiting for the

10-15 second ‘holding up period’ between filling the NaOH titrant and recording the

volume will display highly minimal in change, if any change, so the percent by mass will

have almost no change too.

6. Part B.1. The endpoint of the titration is overshot! Does this technique error result in an

increase, a decrease, or have no effect on the reported percent acetic acid in the vinegar?

Explain.

If the endpoint of titration is overshot (which occurs on a frequent bases-in this

case is NaOH), the misstep will have an increase on the recorded percent of acetic acid in
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
vinegar. The NaOH added was more than what was needed to neutralize the acid which is

vinegar or CH3COOH.

7. Part B.1. The wall of the flask is periodically rinsed with the previously boiled, deionized

water from the wash bottle. Does this titrimetric technique result in an increase, a

decrease, or have no effect on the reported percent acetic acid in the vinegar? Explain.

This titrimetric method has no impact on the revealed percent of acetic acid in the

vinegar which rather does the outcomes more precise. The addition of NaOH as base only

acts as the chemical compound that should be able to attract hydrogen ions in a solution,

thus, leading this to ionization of hydrogen(H+) from our given base (NaOH).

CH3COOH is a weak acid and hydrogen ions freely move in a solution because bases are

compounds that uses their neutral molecules into negatively charged ions, so the

hydrogen (H+) ions will transfer. This does not change the number of hydromium and

hydroxide. The titrimetric technique is just a method of making marker-reading

simple(which is the light pink as an indicator of acetic acid concentration).

8. Part B.1. A drop of NaOH titrant, dispensed from the buret, adheres to the wall of the

Erlenmeyer flask but is not washed into the vinegar with the wash bottle. Does this error

in technique result in the reported percent of acetic acid being too high, too low, or

unaffected? Explain.

At the point when the test is done accurately, the NaOH is not being utilized to

stabilize the acetic acid in Vinegar. In any case, if a drop of NaOH isn't washed into the

vinegar, at that point the acetic acid in vinegar will be higher than what should be

recorded.
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
Results

For the calculation of Trial 1, the volume of NaOH used is equal to the difference of the

initial burette reading of NaOH and the final reading (measurement is in mL). In order to get the

moles of NaOH added, we converted milliliters to liters then multiplied it to 0.1 moles of NaOH

per 1 liter of NaOH. From that we got the moles of NaOH added. Following, the moles of

CH3COOH can be computed from the moles of NaOH added then we multiplied to 1 mole of

CH3COOH per 1 mole of NaOH to be able to cancel the mole of NaOH and get the mole of

CH3COOH. For the mass of CH3COOH, we multiplied the mole of CH3COOH by its molecular

weight over 1 mole of CH3COOH then we got its mass in grams. Lastly, computing for percent

by mass of CH3COOH is just the mass of CH3COOH in vinegar over the mass of vinegar. These

calculations were repeated for Trial 2, then comparison of results is done. The average percent

by mass is just the sum of percent by mass of CH3COOH in two trials over two to the average.

Calculations for Trial 1

0.0135 L NaOH ( 0.111molNaOH


NaOH
)=1.35 x 10 −3
mol NaOH

1.35 x 10−3 mol NaOH ( 1 mol1 molCHNaOH


3 COOH
)=1.35 x 10 −3

1.35 x 10−3 ( 60.01 g CH 3 COOH


1 mol CH 3COOH )
=0.0811 g

0.0811 g
s x 100=1.622 %
15

Calculations for Trial 2

0.0125 ( 0.1 mol1 LNaOH )=1.25 x 10 −3

60.05 g
1.25 x 10−3 ( 1mol ) =0.0751 g
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
0.0751
x 100=1.502%
5

Discussions

A titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to determine

the concentration of an unknown solution. Usually known solution is poured into the burette and

titrant to the unknown solution until the reaction is complete. Knowing the volume of titrant

added allows the determination of the concentration of the unknown. Often, an indicator is used

to usually signal the end of the reaction, the endpoint.

In this experiment, a sample of a sole vinegar brand was analyzed via titration with a

standard of 0.0250 mol NaOH. Two trials were carried out to achieve the required difference to

calculate the molar concentration of acetic acid. The two trials were 1.35 x 10−3 mol NaOH and

1.25 x 10−3 mol NaOH , so the percent difference is 0.12%. Only the data obtained from these

trials were used to calculate the average molar concentration of acetic acid of 2.04 x 10−3 mol and

the resulting mass percent of acetic acid in vinegar is 4.02%. One possible cause of error is Trial

2 took 1.5 seconds longer to achieve a light pink/magenta state. This was caused by the slight

overshot at the endpoint of titration. Another possible cause of error is not holding up to the 10-

15 seconds time lapse in the procedure. The initial data readings of the vinegar without waiting

for the 10-15 seconds of “holding up period” between filling the NaOH titrant and recording the

volume will display highly minimal in change and to ensure that a chemical change is taking

place. Thus, correct technique is essential for obtaining good data and accurate and precise

results in this vinegar analysis experiment.

Conclusions
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
From this experimentation, we can conclude that this vinegar analysis experiment utilized

titration to measure the amounts of compounds in a solution. The acetic acid found in the vinegar

reacted with the NaOH until all of the acetic acid is neutralized. This happens when an acid, such

as acetic acid reacts with a base like NaOH. The byproducts of this reaction are sodium acetate

(NaC2H3O2) and water (H2O). The experiment was successfully done as the indicator

(phenolphthalein) changed its color, indicating that the experiment is complete.


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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION

Appendix A

Documentation
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
References

Britain, G. C. (2010). Titration Analysis of Vinegar. Student lab report. p1-3.

Hillerich, J., Peters, J. (2015). Titration Handbook: Theory and Practice of Titration. SI
Analytics: Xylem Brand Publication. p13-16, p23-38.

Lima, M. (2011). Titration of Vinegar. Student lab report. p1-4.

Sandeep, R. (2016). Analysis of Vinegar through Titration. Ranbir College: IJESC Research
Article. Volume 6, Issue 11, p1-3.

Titration.info (2009, September 06). Determination of acetic acid in vinegar by titration.


Retrieved August 21, 2018, from http://www.titrations.info/acid-base-titration-acetic-
acid-in-vinegar

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