Vinegar Analysis Via Titration 1
Vinegar Analysis Via Titration 1
Vinegar Analysis Via Titration 1
August 2018
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
Table of Contents
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………...…….3
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………......4
Methods……………………………………………………………………………………...…….5
Results…………………………………………………………………………..………….....….13
Discussions…………………………………………………………………………..…….....….15
Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………...….16
Appendices………………………………………………………...……………………….....….17
References………………………………………………………...…….………………….....….18
Abstract
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
Acetic acid, CH3COOH is an organic compound that is in form of colorless solution and
it is a weak acid. This acid is the main component of vinegar apart from water. In this experiment
the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar is determined by
This laboratory experiment was done to investigate the acidity level of vinegar
analytical method known as titration. Titration is a laboratory technique that is commonly used
vinegar was mixed with two drops of Phenolphthalein (C20H14O4), a colorless substance that
served as an indicator for acid-base titrations, and was considered as the unknown solution. Next,
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was set as the known concentration as well as the solute and was then
used to analyze the acid content of CH 3COOH. Moreover, the solute of NaOH from the burette
was slowly added into the flask where its contents were the solution of CH 3COOH which
continued on until a reaction had taken place. In addition to this, a definite reaction was only
considered when a light pink color was visibly seen and continued to persist after thirty seconds
of waiting. Furthermore, two trials were done for this lab experiment. Based on the results and
analysis, the acetic acid of CH3COOH reacted with NaOH until all its acidity was neutralized and
the reaction was completed when C20H14O4, the indicator, changed its color to the aforementioned
light pink hue. However, there was a 0.12% difference between the two trials in which the
possible cause of error was not following the correct technique in obtaining precise and accurate
concentrated solution contains relatively large quantity of solute in a given amount of solvent.
Dilute solutions contain relatively little solute in a given amount of solvent. There are 2 specifics
term to express concentration, which is molarity and percent by mass. Vinegar is a dilute
solution of acetic acid (Azhari, 2015). The molecular formula for acetic acid is CH3COOH. Both
molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in a vinegar solution can be determine by performing
a titration.
Ordinary white vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid which often carries the
notation that the acidity has been reduced to 4% to 5% with water (Rani, 2016). The amount of
acetic acid in vinegar can be found by titrating it with a known concentration of sodium
+ H2O). Products like apple juice vinegar and balsamic vinegar have different ingredients and
seasoning, however even they are basically just acetic acid in water. So as to guarantee that the
acidity is at the preferred level, intermittent routine investigations are run. A common method for
such analyses is titration, in which a strong base of known concentration is used to determine the
concentration of acid by allowing the solutes of two solution to react with each other (Marcus,
2011). In other words, titration is an analytical method used to measure the amounts of
solution to be analyzed continually until the reaction is complete. An indicator is often used to
determine when all the solute of solution being tested has reacted. It signals that a reaction is
complete by a changing of color. Phenolphthalein, the indicator that will be utilized in this
experiment, is colorless in acidic or neutral solution but turns bright magenta – with the slightest
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
excess of base in the first drop that causes a color to persist that signals until the end titration
(Rani, 2016).
We will set sodium hydroxide as the known concentration, and then use that solution to
analyze the acid content of white vinegar. Once we determine the molar concentration of sodium
hydroxide, we will convert concentration to units of moles of NaOH per gram of solution
because in this experiment both the mass and concentration of the sodium hydroxide titrant are
known as the number of moles of NaOH, and it reacts in a 1:1mol ratio. With this, we can also
determine the number of moles of Acetic acid present in the sample which can then convert to
mass in grams. We carry out two trials for the analysis. The amount of two solution used in each
of the titration will be determined by weighing the burette before and after each of the titrations.
Methods
Vinegar
NaOH (aq)
Phenolphthalein indicator
Burette
Beakers
Erlenmeyer flask
Funnel
mL graduated cylinders. Clean at least two 125- or 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks. Calculate the
volume of vinegar that would be needed for the neutralization of 25 mL of the standardized
NaOH solution. Assume the vinegar has a density of 1 g/mL and a percent acetic acid of 5% by
In preparing the vinegar sample, add the (approximate) calculated volume (from Part
A.1) of one brand of vinegar to a clean dry 125- or 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask with a previously
measured mass (±0.01 g) or a flask that has already been tared on the balance. Record the tared
mass of the vinegar sample. Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein and rinse the wall of the flask with
Now, prepare the burette and titration setup. Rinse twice a clean 50-mL buret with ~5 mL
of the standardized NaOH solution, making certain no drops cling to the inside wall. Fill the
buret with the standardized NaOH solution, eliminate all air bubbles in the buret tip, and, after
10–15 seconds, read and record the initial volume. Place a sheet of white paper beneath the flask
Titrate the vinegar sample. Slowly add the NaOH solution from the burette to the acid,
swirling the flask (with the proper hand) after each addition. Occasionally rinse the wall of the
flask with previously boiled, deionized water from your wash bottle. Continue addition of the
NaOH titrant until the endpoint is reached. After 10–15 seconds, read and record the final
with another sample of the same vinegar. To determine the average percent by mass of acetic
Calculations
Pre-laboratory Assignment
1. Assuming that the density of Assuming the density of a 5% acetic acid by mass solution
2. a) A chemist often uses a white card with a black mark to aid in reading the meniscus of a
clear liquid. How does this technique make the reading more accurate? Explain.
This allows chemist to have a visual indicator of where to stop or to keep going
whenever they dispense the solute from the burette. Furthermore, this will also serve as a
b) A chemist should wait 10–15 seconds after dispensing a volume of titrant before a
This is a good laboratory technique because chemical reactions may take time to
react so waiting for a few seconds will allow the chemist to see if a reaction is taking
place.
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
c) The color change at the endpoint should persist for 30 seconds. Explain why the time
It is a good titration technique because this allows the chemist to make sure if a
reaction is taking place. Furthermore, it also a way to know whether to dispense more
solute from the burette to the solution in the flask in order to have a chemical reaction.
3. Lemon juice has a pH of about 2.5. Assuming that the acidity of lemon juice is due solely
to citric acid, that citric acid is a monoprotic acid, and that the density of lemon juice is
1.0 g/mL, then the citric acid concentration calculates to 0.5% by mass. Estimate the
volume of 0.0100 M NaOH required to neutralize a 3.71-g sample of lemon juice. The
0.01855 g
moles= =9.76 x 10−5
190.12 gmol
9.75 x 10−5
V= =0.00976 L=9.76 mL
0.0100u
4. Explain why it is quantitatively not acceptable to titrate each of the vinegar samples with
The readings of the amount of NaOH used are only valid up to the point when the
color pink appears persistently in the solution. Titrating to the dark pink endpoint would
produce inaccurate value of NaOH volume and molarity of the acetic acid.
5. a) A commercial vinegar is analyzed for the percent acetic acid present. The data for Trial
1 is listed in the table below. Complete the table to determine the percent. Record
Report Sheet
Trial 1 Trial 2
50
3. Volume of NaOH used (mL) 50
0.0811 g
x 100=1.622 %
15
0.0125 ( 0.11mol
L )
=1.25 x 10 −3
0.0751
x 100=1.502%
5
Laboratory Questions
1. Part A.2. A 20-mL volume of water is added to the Erlenmeyer flask to prepare the
sample for titration. Explain why this volume is not critical to the analysis.
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
The volume of water is insignificant, it doesn’t affect the number balance of
hydronium and hydroxide ions. The volume’s usage is just to make the endpoint reading
easier.
2. Part A.2. Previously boiled, deionized water is unavailable. In a hurry to purse the
analysis, deionized water (not boiled) is added. How does this attempt to expedite the
analysis affect the reported percent acidic acid vinegar: too high, too low, or unaffected?
Explain.
When water is boiled, it removes any dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide and
oxygen from the water. It is molecular therefore, if it is not boiled then that acid may still
be in the water during the deionizing process which results that the vinegar to be too
high.
3. Part A.2 and B.1. The 20ml of water to the Erlenmeyer flask is to be previously boiled,
deionized water. Since water does absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and since CO2
dissolved in water cause it to be slightly acidic, will the use of deionized water that has
not been previously boiled cause the mass of acetic acid in the vinegar to be calculated as
The deionized water which has not been previously boiled will cause the mass of
the acetic acid in the vinegar to be too high, because not boiled deionized water will
make molecules recline such as CO2 and O2 which will affect the results.
4. Part A.2
a. In determining the percent acetic acid in vinegar, the mass of each vinegar sample
b. If the vinegar were measured volumetrically (e.g., a pipet), what additional piece
The additional piece of data needed to complete the calculations for the
experiment would be the mass of where the vinegar is measured in. Thus,
5. Part A.3. The buret is filled with the NaOH titrant and the initial volume reading is
immediately recorded without waiting the recommended 10–15 seconds. However in Part
B.1, the 10–15 second time lapse does occur before the reading is made. Does this
The mistake of not holding up the prescribed 10-15 seconds in the procedure will
result in the underlying examination of NaOH having no impact on the last revealed
acetic acid in the vinegar. The initial data readings of the vinegar without waiting for the
10-15 second ‘holding up period’ between filling the NaOH titrant and recording the
volume will display highly minimal in change, if any change, so the percent by mass will
6. Part B.1. The endpoint of the titration is overshot! Does this technique error result in an
increase, a decrease, or have no effect on the reported percent acetic acid in the vinegar?
Explain.
case is NaOH), the misstep will have an increase on the recorded percent of acetic acid in
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
vinegar. The NaOH added was more than what was needed to neutralize the acid which is
vinegar or CH3COOH.
7. Part B.1. The wall of the flask is periodically rinsed with the previously boiled, deionized
water from the wash bottle. Does this titrimetric technique result in an increase, a
decrease, or have no effect on the reported percent acetic acid in the vinegar? Explain.
This titrimetric method has no impact on the revealed percent of acetic acid in the
vinegar which rather does the outcomes more precise. The addition of NaOH as base only
acts as the chemical compound that should be able to attract hydrogen ions in a solution,
thus, leading this to ionization of hydrogen(H+) from our given base (NaOH).
CH3COOH is a weak acid and hydrogen ions freely move in a solution because bases are
compounds that uses their neutral molecules into negatively charged ions, so the
hydrogen (H+) ions will transfer. This does not change the number of hydromium and
8. Part B.1. A drop of NaOH titrant, dispensed from the buret, adheres to the wall of the
Erlenmeyer flask but is not washed into the vinegar with the wash bottle. Does this error
in technique result in the reported percent of acetic acid being too high, too low, or
unaffected? Explain.
At the point when the test is done accurately, the NaOH is not being utilized to
stabilize the acetic acid in Vinegar. In any case, if a drop of NaOH isn't washed into the
vinegar, at that point the acetic acid in vinegar will be higher than what should be
recorded.
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
Results
For the calculation of Trial 1, the volume of NaOH used is equal to the difference of the
initial burette reading of NaOH and the final reading (measurement is in mL). In order to get the
moles of NaOH added, we converted milliliters to liters then multiplied it to 0.1 moles of NaOH
per 1 liter of NaOH. From that we got the moles of NaOH added. Following, the moles of
CH3COOH can be computed from the moles of NaOH added then we multiplied to 1 mole of
CH3COOH per 1 mole of NaOH to be able to cancel the mole of NaOH and get the mole of
CH3COOH. For the mass of CH3COOH, we multiplied the mole of CH3COOH by its molecular
weight over 1 mole of CH3COOH then we got its mass in grams. Lastly, computing for percent
by mass of CH3COOH is just the mass of CH3COOH in vinegar over the mass of vinegar. These
calculations were repeated for Trial 2, then comparison of results is done. The average percent
by mass is just the sum of percent by mass of CH3COOH in two trials over two to the average.
0.0811 g
s x 100=1.622 %
15
60.05 g
1.25 x 10−3 ( 1mol ) =0.0751 g
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
0.0751
x 100=1.502%
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Discussions
the concentration of an unknown solution. Usually known solution is poured into the burette and
titrant to the unknown solution until the reaction is complete. Knowing the volume of titrant
added allows the determination of the concentration of the unknown. Often, an indicator is used
In this experiment, a sample of a sole vinegar brand was analyzed via titration with a
standard of 0.0250 mol NaOH. Two trials were carried out to achieve the required difference to
calculate the molar concentration of acetic acid. The two trials were 1.35 x 10−3 mol NaOH and
1.25 x 10−3 mol NaOH , so the percent difference is 0.12%. Only the data obtained from these
trials were used to calculate the average molar concentration of acetic acid of 2.04 x 10−3 mol and
the resulting mass percent of acetic acid in vinegar is 4.02%. One possible cause of error is Trial
2 took 1.5 seconds longer to achieve a light pink/magenta state. This was caused by the slight
overshot at the endpoint of titration. Another possible cause of error is not holding up to the 10-
15 seconds time lapse in the procedure. The initial data readings of the vinegar without waiting
for the 10-15 seconds of “holding up period” between filling the NaOH titrant and recording the
volume will display highly minimal in change and to ensure that a chemical change is taking
place. Thus, correct technique is essential for obtaining good data and accurate and precise
Conclusions
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
From this experimentation, we can conclude that this vinegar analysis experiment utilized
titration to measure the amounts of compounds in a solution. The acetic acid found in the vinegar
reacted with the NaOH until all of the acetic acid is neutralized. This happens when an acid, such
as acetic acid reacts with a base like NaOH. The byproducts of this reaction are sodium acetate
(NaC2H3O2) and water (H2O). The experiment was successfully done as the indicator
Appendix A
Documentation
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VINEGAR ANALYSIS VIA TITRATION
References
Hillerich, J., Peters, J. (2015). Titration Handbook: Theory and Practice of Titration. SI
Analytics: Xylem Brand Publication. p13-16, p23-38.
Sandeep, R. (2016). Analysis of Vinegar through Titration. Ranbir College: IJESC Research
Article. Volume 6, Issue 11, p1-3.