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Professional
Practice
and Valuation
 Introduction
 Building Estimate
 Specification
 Market Survey
 Rate Analysis
 Abstract and Billing
 Tenders and Contract
 Book Keeping
 Valuation
ESTIMATION
ESTIMATION
Estimation is the scientific way of working out the approximate cost of
an engineering project before execution of the work.
 It is totally different from calculation of the exact cost after completion

of the project.
 Estimation requires a thorough Knowledge of the construction procedures

and cost of materials & labour in addition to the skill , experience,
foresight and good judgment.
ESTIMATE
An estimate of the cost of a construction job is
the probable cost of that job as computed from
plans and specifications.
 For a good estimate the, actual cost of the

proposed work after completion should not differ
by more then 5 to 10 % from its approximate cost
estimate, provided there are no unusual,
unforeseen circumstances.
NEED FOR ESTIMATE
1. It help to work out the approximate cost of the project in order to decide
its feasibility with respect to the cost and to ensure the financial resources,
it the proposal is approved.
2. Requirements of controlled materials, such as cement and steel can be

estimated for making applications to the controlling authorities.
NEED FOR ESTIMATE
3. It is used for framing the tenders for the works and to check contractor’s
work during and after the its execution for the purpose of making
payments to the contractor.
4. From quantities of different items of work calculated in detailed estimation,

resources are allocated to different activities of the project and ultimately
their durations and whole planning and scheduling of the project is carried
out.
SITE CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE OVERALL COST
1 Each type of work requires a different method of construction. Construction

may be of an ordinary house or office and it may also be of a Dam, Tunnel,
Multistory building, Airport, Bridge, or a Road, already in operation. Each of
these works requires totally different construction techniques, type of
machinery, and formwork.
2 Quality of labour and labour output varies in different localities.
3 Weather conditions greatly affect the output and, hence, the overall cost.
4. Ground conditions vary and change the method of

construction. For example, excavation may be dry,
wet, hard, soft, shallow or deep requiring different
efforts.
5. The work may be in open ground such as fields or it

may be in congested areas such as near or on the
public roads, necessitating extensive watching,
lightening, and controlling efforts, etc.
6. The source of availability of a

sufficient supply of materials of good
quality is also a factor.
7. The availability of construction

machinery also affects the method of
construction.
8. Access to the site must be reasonable.

If the access is poor, temporary roads
may be constructed.
ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD ESTIMATOR
• In preparing an estimate, the Estimator must have good knowledge regarding

the important rules of quantity surveying.
• He must thoroughly understand the drawings of the structure, for which he is

going to prepare an estimate.
• He must also be clearly informed about the specifications showing nature and
classes of works and the materials to be used because the rates at which
various types of works can be executed depend upon its specifications.
A good estimator of construction costs should possess the following
capabilities, also:-
1 = A knowledge of the details of construction work.
2 = Experience in construction work.
3 = Having information regarding the materials required, machinery
needed, overhead problems, and costs of all kinds.
4 = Good judgment with regard to different localities, different jobs
and different workmen.
5 = Selection of a good method for preparing an estimate.
6 = Ability to be careful, thorough, hard working and accurate.
7 = Ability to collect, classify and evaluate data relating to
estimation.
8 = Ability to visualize all the steps during the process of construction.
 Before preparing the estimate, the estimator should visit the site and make a
study of conditions, there. For example, if the construction of a large building
is planned, the estimator or his representative should visit the site and:
 Note the location of the proposed building.
 Get all data available regarding the soil.
 Make a sketch of the site showing all important details.
 Obtain information concerning light, power, and water.
 Secure information concerning banking facilities.
 Note conditions of streets leading to railway yards and to material dealers,

and
 Investigate general efficiency of local workman.

TYPES OF ESTIMATES
 There are two main types of estimates:-

1 = Rough cost estimate.
2 = Detailed estimate.
 Depending upon the purpose of estimate, some

types of detailed estimate are as follows:-
a) Contractor's estimate
b) Engineer's estimate
c) Progress estimate
I = Rough cost estimate
• Estimation of cost before construction from plans or architectural
drawings of the project scheme, when even detailed or structural design
has not been carried out, is called Rough cost estimate.
• These estimates are used for obtaining Administrative Approval from the
concerning Authorities.
• Sometimes, on the basis of rough cost estimates, a proposal may be

dropped altogether.
Rough cost estimate
• Unit cost is worked out for projects similar to
the project under consideration carried out

recently in nearly the same site conditions.
• Unit cost means cost of execution of a unit
quantity of the work.

Rough cost estimate
• To find rough cost of any project, this worked average unit cost is multiplied
with total quantity of the present work in the same units.
• For example, in case of a building, plinth area (sq. ft.) of the proposed building
is worked out, which is then multiplied by the cost per unit area (Rs. /ft2) of
similar building actually constructed in the near past in nearly the same site
conditions, to find out the rough cost estimate of the building.
• This cost is sometimes adjusted by the average percentage rise in the cost of
materials and wages.
Rough cost estimate
 The rough cost estimate may be prepared on the following basis for
different types of projects:
1. Cost per square foot of covered area (plinth area) is the most
commonly adopted criterion for preparing rough cost estimate for most of
the residential buildings.
2. For public buildings, cost. Per person (cost per capita) is used. For
example,
Students hostel———————-—cost per student
Hospitals———————————Cost per bed
Hotel—————————————Cost per Guest

Rough cost estimate
3. Cost per cubic foot is particularly suitable for commercial offices,
shopping centers, and factory buildings, etc.
4. For water tank/reservoir, cost may be worked out on the basis of

capacity in gallons of water stored.
5. For roads and railways, cost may be found out per mile/kilometer of
length.
6. For streets, cost may be per hundred feet/meters of length.
7. In case of bridges, cost per foot/meter of clear span may be

calculated.
DETAILED ESTIMATE
• Detailed estimates are prepared by carefully and separately calculating in

detail the costs of various items of the work that constitute the whole
project from the detailed working drawings after the design has been
finalized.
• The mistakes, if any, in the rough cost estimate are eliminated in the
detailed estimate.
• Detailed estimates are submitted to the competent authorities for obtaining

technical sanction.
DETAILED ESTIMATE
 The whole project is sub-divided into different items of work or activities.

The quantity for each item is then calculated separately from the drawings
as accurately as possible. The procedure is known as "taking out of
quantities".
 The quantities for each item may be estimated and shown in the pattern
which is called "Bill of quantities."
 The unit, in which each item of the wok is to be calculated, should be

according to the prevailing practice as followed in various departments of
the country.
BILL OF QUANTITIES
Description No Measurements Quantity Total Remarks
Sr. No
of item Quantity
Length Breadth Height

PRICED BILL OF QUANTITIES
Sr. No. Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate Cost Remarks

DETAILED ESTIMATE
 Each item of the work is then multiplied by its estimated current rate calculated
by a fixed procedure to find out cost of the item.
 At the end, a total of all items of the work are made to get the total estimated
cost.
 The rates are usually as per Schedule of Rates for the locality plus a premium to
allow for rise in labor and material rates over and above the schedule of rates.
 A percentage, usually 5% is also provided on the total estimated cost for the work
to allow for the possible contingencies due to unforeseen items or expenditure
or other causes, besides 2% establishment charges.
DETAILED ESTIMATE
 Besides drawings and details of measurements and calculation of

quantities (Bill of Quantities), the following documents are also usually
submitted with the detailed estimate for obtaining Technical Sanction:
1. A report explaining History, necessity, scope and main features of the

project, its design, and estimate, etc.
2. Specifications lying down the nature and class of work and material to
be used in various parts of the work.
DETAILED ESTIMATE
3. The abstract of cost (priced Bill of Quantities) showing the total

quantities under each sub-head, rate per unit of measurement, and
cost.
4. Calculation sheets showing calculations for important parts of the

structure. In fact, in estimating the art and skill lies only in the
computation of details without any omissions, of all parts of the
building or work.
CLASSIFICATION DEPENDING UPON PURPOSE OF DETAILED
ESTIMATE
1- CONTRACTOR ESTIMATE
It is made by the contractor for determining the price o
It is usually a carefully prepared detailed estimate.
2- ENGINEER’S ESTIMATE
This type of estimate is made by the Engineer

(Consultant) usually for the purposes of financing the
work and for checking bids and running bills submitted
by contractors.
3- PROGRESS ESTIMATES
• These are made by the Engineer at regular intervals
for the completed parts of the project during the

progress of the work for determining the amounts of
partial payments to be made to the contractor.
• On large contracts, such estimates are commonly
made each month and, hence, are frequently called

monthly estimates.
UNFORESEEN ITEMS IN DETAILED ESTIMATE
• While preparing a detailed estimate, one had to be very careful to see that all
items of the work are incorporated.
• It is likely that a few Items, though unimportant in nature, might have been
overlooked and which may result in raising the estimate of the project.
• There may be also certain unforeseen circumstances affecting the project.
• Hence, a certain allowance usually 5 to 10% of the total cost, is made in the
estimation which will take care of all these items that are unforeseen or are
overlooked and are known as "Contingencies".
THANK YOU

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Professional

 It is totally different from calculation of the exact cost after completion

 Estimation requires a thorough Knowledge of the construction procedures

 For a good estimate the, actual cost of the

2. Requirements of controlled materials, such as cement and steel can be

4. From quantities of different items of work calculated in detailed estimation,

1 Each type of work requires a different method of construction. Construction

2 Quality of labour and labour output varies in different localities.

4. Ground conditions vary and change the method of

5. The work may be in open ground such as fields or it

6. The source of availability of a

7. The availability of construction

8. Access to the site must be reasonable.

• In preparing an estimate, the Estimator must have good knowledge regarding

• He must thoroughly understand the drawings of the structure, for which he is

 Note the location of the proposed building.

 Get all data available regarding the soil.

 Make a sketch of the site showing all important details.

 Obtain information concerning light, power, and water.

 Secure information concerning banking facilities.

 Note conditions of streets leading to railway yards and to material dealers,

 Investigate general efficiency of local workman.

 There are two main types of estimates:-

 Depending upon the purpose of estimate, some

• Sometimes, on the basis of rough cost estimates, a proposal may be

the project under consideration carried out

• Unit cost means cost of execution of a unit

quantity of the work.

Students hostel———————-—cost per student

Hospitals———————————Cost per bed

Hotel—————————————Cost per Guest

4. For water tank/reservoir, cost may be worked out on the basis of

6. For streets, cost may be per hundred feet/meters of length.

7. In case of bridges, cost per foot/meter of clear span may be

• Detailed estimates are prepared by carefully and separately calculating in

• Detailed estimates are submitted to the competent authorities for obtaining

 The whole project is sub-divided into different items of work or activities.

 The unit, in which each item of the wok is to be calculated, should be

Length Breadth Height

Sr. No. Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate Cost Remarks

 Besides drawings and details of measurements and calculation of

1. A report explaining History, necessity, scope and main features of the

3. The abstract of cost (priced Bill of Quantities) showing the total

4. Calculation sheets showing calculations for important parts of the

It is made by the contractor for determining the price o

It is usually a carefully prepared detailed estimate.

This type of estimate is made by the Engineer

• These are made by the Engineer at regular intervals

for the completed parts of the project during the

• On large contracts, such estimates are commonly

made each month and, hence, are frequently called

• There may be also certain unforeseen circumstances affecting the project.

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