1

Energy Saving through Promotion of

Cooling Seasonal Efficiency CSPF

Minetoshi Izushi
JRAIA
13 July 2018

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Contents:

1. EER and CSPF (or SEER)

2. Evaluation of inverter unit by CSPF
3. Effect of local load and hour fraction
4. Promotion of CSPF in ASEAN
5. Case study of LCCP (or TEWI)
6. Conclusion

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1. EER and CSPF (or SEER)
1) Definition

EER: Energy Efficiency Ratio

= Cooling capacity ÷ Power input
(usually only at 35℃）

CSPF: Cooling Seasonal Performance Factor

(SEER: Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio)
= Total cooling load ÷ Total power consumption

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1. EER and CSPF (or SEER)
2) Difference

EER: One point efficiency at 35℃ outdoor temperature

■Higher efficiency at medium temperatures is not evaluated.
CSPF: Average efficiency for all operating temperatures
■Reduction of efficiency by on-off operation is considered.
■Advantage of inverter unit which continuously operates at
medium temperatures is evaluated.

Heat Radiation
Outdoor Unit (Condenser)

Expansion Device Compressor

Inverter can continuously
Indoor Unit (Evaporator) change compressor speed
Cooling

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 5
1. EER and CSPF (or SEER)
3) Features of inverter air conditioner

Part load operation

Energy saving: Low power consumption Comfort: Low indoor temperature variation

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 6

1. EER and CSPF (or SEER)

4) History of CSPF

1992: SEER was adopted in USA.

2005: APF (Annual Performance Factor: cooling and heating)
was adopted in japan.
2007: Investigation of CSPF started in ISO TC86/SC6/WG1.
2012: EU-Ecodesign regulation using SEER was published.
2013: ISO 16358-1, 2, 3 were published.
(-1 for cooling, -2 for heating and -3 for annual efficiency)
2014-2016: Japan promoted adoption of CSPF in national
standard and installation to local regulation in ASEAN.
2017: Amendment draft adding T3 high ambient calculation
was released and is under process for approval.

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1. EER and CSPF (or SEER)
5) Conventional EER and CSPF

EER35 is used here to distinguish from operating EERs under 35℃.

Conventional EER cannot evaluate CSPF is a kind of average of actual

efficiency in majority zone. EER for all operating temperatures.
8 8

Good Operating EER

6 6
(calculation)
EER35 EER35
4 4 Reduction
35℃ by on-off Actual EER 35℃
(test) (calculation) (test)
2 2
Bad

Majority zone
300 300
Operating hours Operating hours
200 200
100 100
0 0
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Outdoor temperature (℃) Outdoor temperature (℃)

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 2. Evaluation of inverter unit by CSPF 8

1) Fixed speed and inverter

Fixed speed unit Inverter unit

Load and capacity/ Full capacity at 35℃ 2
Load and capacity/ Full capacity at 35℃
2

Full capacity 29℃ Full capacity 35℃

35℃ 29℃
1.0 1 1.0
1
test Half capacity test
on-off tc
0.5 capacity
ISO load on-off test
0 ISO load change
0
0 0
EER and actual EER/ EER35 EER and actual EER/ EER35
2.0 2.0
Half EER capacity
CD tc change
1.5 1.5
CD Full EER
Actual EER
35℃ Full EER 35℃
1.0 1.0
Actual EER (full)
on-off (full)
on-off
0.5 0.5
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
Outdoor temperature (℃) Outdoor temperature (℃)

Actual EER decreases from full EER Actual EER increases from full EER by capacity change
by on-off under 35℃. from 35℃ to tc, and decreases from half EER under tc.

CD: Degradation coefficient = 0.25 tc: Cross temperature of load and half capacity
(℃)
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2. Evaluation of inverter unit by CSPF
2) CSPF ratio to EER35

Actual EER/EER35 1.8

CSPF/EER35
1.8 (149)
Inverter Inverter 1.579
R1.4 1.6
1.6 Fixed (130) 1.478
on-off 1.376
R1.2 capacity change 1.4
1.4 (100)
on-off 1.2
1.062
1.2
Fixed 1
on-off ISO load and hours
1 0.8
ISO load 35 Fixed 1.2 1.3 1.4
0.8 ℃
Half EER ratio R (inverter)
Load ratio x Hour fraction
(ISO weight factor) R = [Half EER/Full EER] at 35℃
0.06 = usually 1.2 to 1.4
Load ratio 1 at 35℃
0.04
0 at 20℃ Load ratio = Load/ [Full capacity at 35℃]
0.02
0 Hour fraction = Hours/ Total hours
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Outdoor temperature (℃) EER35 = Full EER at 35℃ (conventional EER)

[CSPF/EER35] is a kind of average of [Actual EER/EER35] weighted by [Load ratio x Hour fraction].

CSPF/EER35 of fixed speed unit is constantly 1.062 for ISO load and hours.
CSPF/EER35 of inverter unit changes by half EER ratio. It is usually 30 to 50 % higher than fixed speed.

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2. Evaluation of inverter unit by CSPF 10

3) Global sales and percentage of inverter unit

Global sales in 2017 : 111 M-units

xx% : Residential A/Cs with Inverter
67%
yy% : Commercial A/Cs with Inverter
(without VRF) 94%

91%
100%
20%

100%

2% 99%

41%
100%
6%
10% 26% 99%

Market proportion of inverter unit is about 50 % or less in ASEAN countries except Singapore.
There is no technology other than inverter which is more effective for energy saving.

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3. Effect of local load and hour fraction 11

1) No load temperature

ISO load is 0 at 20℃. Load for Hong Kong, Taiwan and India is 0 at 23℃.

1.2
Load/ Full capacity at 35℃ Relative CSPF vs ISO load
test 1
1.0 0 at 23℃
35℃ Fixed Inverter
0.8
ISO 0.963 0.962 0.963 0.964
0.4 0.95
0 at 23℃
0 0 0 ISO hours

Actual EER/EER35 0.9

1.6 Fixed 1.2 1.3 1.4
Inverter R=1.2 Half EER ratio R (inverter)
1.4
on-off capacity change
1.2 R = [Half EER/Full EER] at 35℃
ISO Fixed
1 = usually 1.2 to 1.4
0 at 23℃ on-off 35℃
0.8 EER35 = Full EER at 35℃ (conventional EER)
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Outdoor temperature (℃)

When no load temperature becomes higher, reduction rate of actual EER in on-off zone becomes greater.
However, reduction rate of CSPF is same for all types of unit.
Relative evaluation of unit efficiency does not change by no load temperature.

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 12
3. Effect of local load and hour fraction
2) Temperature shift hours

0.15
ISO and +2℃ hour fraction Relative CSPF vs ISO hours
1
0.986
ISO +2℃ +2℃
0.1
Fixed 0.957
0.05 0.95 0.947
0.938
Inverter
0 ISO load
Actual EER/EER35
1.6 0.9
Inverter R1.2 Fixed 1.2 1.3 1.4
1.4 Half EER ratio R (inverter)
on-off
capacity change
1.2 Hour fraction = Hours/Total hours
Fixed
21℃
1
on-off R = [Half EER/Full EER] at 35℃
ISO load 37℃
= usually 1.2 to 1.4
0.8
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Outdoor temperature (℃)
EER35 = Full EER at 35℃ (conventional
EER)
CSPF decreases by +2℃ shift, because actual EER at higher temperature side is lower than at lower side.
Reduction of CSPF by +2℃ shift for inverter unit is 3 to 5 % greater than fixed speed.

Reduction of CSPF for ASEAN climate is smaller than this case. This is shown next.

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3. Effect of local load and hour fraction
3) Singapore (Typical ASEAN climate) and India hours

ISO, Singapore and India hour fraction Relative CSPF vs ISO hours
0.2 1.5

Singapore Fixed Inverter

ISO Singapore
0.1
0.989 0.989 0.986 0.983
India 1
0 0.942
Actual EER/EER35 India 0.861 0.839
1.8
0.5
ISO (Singapore) Fixed 1.2 1.3 1.4
1.4 Inverter (R=1.2)
Half EER ratio R (inverter)
on-off capacity change
Fixed
1 Hour fraction = Hours/Total hours
India on-off 35℃ EER35 = Full EER at 35℃ (conventional EER)
0.6
20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42
R = [Half EER/Full EER] at 35℃
= usually 1.2 to 1.4
Outdoor temperature (℃)

Mean temperature for Singapore is higher than ISO. However, reduction of CSPF is small, because hours
are concentrated with no hour over 35℃. For ASEAN, CSPF practically will not change from ISO hours.

Reduction of CSPF for India is much greater. ISO hours may be unsuitable for India.

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3. Effect of local load and hour fraction
4) Proposed ISO T3 calculation (Amendment draft)

ISO T3 load and hours represent Middle East.

Although test points and load are different from T1 climate, characteristics of actual EER is similar.

Fixed speed unit Inverter unit

Load and capacity/ Full capacity at 46℃ Load and capacity/ Full capacity at 46℃
2 2
capacity
Full capacity 29℃ Full capacity 29℃ 35℃ change
35℃ 46℃ (100) 46℃
1
1.0 1 test 1.0
test Half capacity tc test
on-off test
ISO T3 load on-off test (50)
0
0 0 0 ISO T3 load

EER and actual EER/ EER46 EER and actual EER/ EER46
2.5 2.5
CD Half EER capacity
Full EER tc change
CD
1.5 1.5
Actual EER 46℃ Actual EER 46℃
Full EER
on-off (full) on-off (full)
0.5 0.5
20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48
Outdoor temperature (℃) Outdoor temperature (℃)

Actual EER decreases from full EER Actual EER increases from full EER by capacity change
by on-off under 46℃. from 46℃ to tc, and decreases from half EER under tc.

CD: Degradation coefficient = 0.27 tc: Cross temperature of load and half capacity
(℃)
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3. Effect of local load and hour fraction
5) CSPF by T1 and T3 calculation

ISO T3 hours are based on average temperatures of Liyadh, Saudi Arabia and Abu Dhabi, UAE.
ISO T1 and T3 hour fraction CSPF/EER46 (ISO T3 hours)
0.2 2.0
Load 0 at 20℃ Inverter T3 calculation (147)
ISO T1 Load 100 at 1.739
0.1 35℃(T1)/46℃(T3)
Fixed (129) 1.632
ISO T3 1.525
1.5
0 1.327 1.473 1.513 1.550
Actual EER/EER46 1.182 T1 calculation
2
tc Inverter T1 (100)
on-off 1.0
capacity change
R=1.2 Fixed 1.2 1.3 1.4
1.6 Half EER ratio R (inverter)
Fixed T1 tc Inverter T3
on-off full capacity change Hour fraction = Hours/ Total hours
35℃
1.2
Fixed T3 EER46 = Full EER at 46℃ (conventional T3 EER)
46℃
0.8
21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 R = [Half EER/Full EER] at 35℃
Outdoor temperature (℃) = usually 1.2 to 1.4

In T1 calculation, inverter unit cannot increase capacity over 35℃. This will not match actual unit selection.
In T3 calculation, CSPF for inverter unit is 30 to 50 % higher than fixed speed at usual half EER ratio.

Energy saving effect of inverter is almost same for any climate if unit capacity is correctly selected for load.

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4. Promotion of CSPF in ASEAN

■Promotion of new international standard (ISO16358-1) to ASEAN countries

■Training program and round robin tests by JATL (Testing Laboratory)
■Harmonization of standards among ASEAN countries
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
CSPF Standard◆

Thailand MEPS/HEPS EER ▲CSPF Draft ◆ ▲CSPF

Labeling CSPF Study ▲CSPFLabeling Inverter ▲ CSPF Labering for Fixed Cap.

CSPF Standard◆
Malaysia
EER & Weighted EER ▲CSPF Draft ◆ ▲CSPF
CSPFStandard ◆
Philippine
EER CSPF Study ▲CSPF Draft ◆ ▲CSPF
▲CSPF Standard
Indonesia
EER & Weighted EER
CSPFStd◆
Singapore
EER & Weighted EER ◆Label level up CSPF Study ▲CSPF Draft

CSPFStandard ◆
Vietnam
▲CSPF for Inv. ▲CSPF Label and MEPS for all type
▲Initiation　　◆Completion Standardization Regulation

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5. Case study of LCCP (or TEWI)

1) Case of cooling only in summer daytime

LCCP ( CO2-ton % ) Air Conditioners

120
100 Full capacity: 4.0 kW
100 Full EER: 4.0 (fixed), 5.0 (inverter)
30 Half EER ratio: 1.2 (inverter)
80 Direct Refrigerant charge: R22-1.4 kg/
71
emission R410A-1.1 kg/ R32-1.0 kg
60 GWP: R22-1810/ R410A-2090/
Energy 28 GWP 51
R32-675
saving 8 Indirect
40
70 emission
Conditions
20 43 43
Emission factor: 0.49 CO2-kg/kWh
0 Life: 12 years
Fixed speed R22 Inverter R410A Inverter R32 Operation: 1817 hours/year (ISO T1)
ISO T1 hour fraction
LCCP: Life Cycle Climate Performance Leakage: 0 %/year
TEWI: Total Equivalent Warming Impact Refrigerant recycle: 30 %
Direct emission: based on GWP of refrigerant
Indirect emission: based on Power consumption in operation

In order to correctly evaluate power consumption, seasonal efficiency CSPF must be used instead of EER.

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5. Case study of LCCP (or TEWI)
1) Case of all year round cooling

LCCP ( CO2-ton %) Air Conditioners

120
100 Full capacity: 4.0 kW
100 Full EER: 4.0 (fixed), 5.0 (inverter)
11
Half EER ratio: 1.2 (inverter)
80 Direct Refrigerant charge: R22-1.4 kg/
65 emission R410A-1.1 kg/ R32-1.0 kg
60 58
10 GWP: R22-1810/ R410A-2090/
Energy GWP 3
89 Indirect R32-675
40 saving
emmission
55 55
20 Conditions

0 Emission factor: 0.7 CO2-kg/kWh

Fixed speed R22 Inverter R410A Inverter R32 Life: 12 years
Operation: 6570 hours/year (75 %)
LCCP: Life Cycle Climate Performance ISO T1 hour fraction
TEWI: Total Equivalent Warming Impact Leakage: 0 %/year
Direct emission: based on GWP of refrigerant Refrigerant recycle: 0 %
Indirect emission: based on Power consumption in operation

For regions to use cooling all year round, operating power consumption has major effect for total emission.
Higher efficiency may be more effective than lower GWP to reduce total emission in these regions.

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 19

6. Conclusion
1) Conclusions

■Conventional EER evaluates efficiency only at 35℃, but CSPF evaluates

average efficiency for all operating temperatures.
■CSPF for inverter unit is usually 30 to 50 % higher than fixed speed unit.
■For high ambient T3 climate, load and calculation method are different,
but energy saving effect of inverter unit is almost same.
■For the purpose of LCCP study, seasonal efficiency CSPF must be used
instead of EER in order to correctly evaluate power consumption.
■Higher efficiency may be more effective than lower GWP to reduce total
emission in regions to use cooling all year round.

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 20
6. Conclusion
2) Advantages of CSPF

■Consumer: More selection for energy efficient

products in actual use.
■Government: More measures to reduce power
consumption and climate impact in actual use.
■Manufacturer: More opportunity to fairly
demonstrate energy saving products
Thank you!

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