7.PRMG 010 - Line of Balance
7.PRMG 010 - Line of Balance
7.PRMG 010 - Line of Balance
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PRMG 010: Project Planning & Control Techniques
Dr. Tarek Sakr
Line of Balance
LINE OF BALANCE
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A B C
Figure 3.1 Logic Diagram for Sequence
BUFFER INCREASES DUE TO
BUFFER
A B
DIFFERENT RATES OF ACTIVITIES
C A B C
NUMBER NUMBER
OF UNITS OF UNITS
OVERALL DURATION OVERALL DURATION
DURATION DURATION
MINIMUM BUFFER MINIMUM BUFFER
Activity A is Proceeding at a Faster Activities A,B & C are Proceeding
Rate than Activity B is
Rate than Activity B is at the same Rate of Construction
at the same Rate of Construction
and
Activity C is Proceeding at a Slower Ideal Relationships
Rate than Activity B is.
B
A D
Figure 3.4 Logic Diagram for Sequence
g g g q
A B C D A B‐C D
NUMBER NUMBER
OF UNITS OF UNITS
OVERALL DURATION OVERALL DURATION
DURATION DURATION
ACTIVITY B & C START TOGETHER , ACTIVITY B & C FINISH TOGETHER ,
C PROCEEDS AT A SLOWER RATE B PROCEEDS AT A SLOWER RATE
THAN B. THAN C.
LINE OF BALANCE PLANNING TECHNIQUES
PROCEDURE WHEN PREPARING A LINE OF BALANCE 3. Selection of Buffer ‘buffer times’.
SCHEDULE
The buffer times is the time period between the finish
When preparing a line of balance schedule the following
of an operation and the commencement of the
stages should be systematically undertaken.
succeeding one in the sequence. The buffer period
1. Preparation of Logic diagram allows flexibility to be built into the planning process
The logic diagram illustrates the sequence of and is intended to prevent operations overlapping.
undertaking the construction operations relative to
the finish and start of related activities. A number Where related operations proceed at different rates, the
of logic diagrams for a range of repetitive buffer time between units will tend to increase as work
operations are shown in figure 3.7 A to D. progresses from unit to (Cf. figs. 3.2 & 3.3).
2. Assessment of man‐hours per operation
Thi
This may be based on an analysis of the man‐hours
b b d l i f th h 4. Assessment of the rate of construction for three
allocated at the tender or planning stage – or related operations for the foundation project (Fig.
simply based on practical experience.
3.7 A)
Operation:
p Foundation
Gang size: 2 Laborers Rate of construction: 2 units per week
Man‐hours allocated per unit: 64 man‐hours No. of units to be constructed: 10 units
Buffer Time: 2 days
Duration for one unit based on an 8‐hour working day
Duration for one unit based on an 8‐hour working day
Operation 1 (Site strip): 32 hours/unit
man‐hours allocated Operation 2 (Foundations): 120 hours/unit
Duration = gang size X 8 hours/day
Operation 3 (External Brickwork): 160 hours/unit
= = 4 gang days
64 hours
2 X 8 hours
OPERATION 1 (Site Strip)
Man‐hours required for 2 units = 2 X 32 hours = 64 man‐hours
Planned no. of men to achieve 2 units per week
64 hours
= = 1.6 men
40 hours per week
p
Optimum no. of men in gang = 2 men
No. of gangs to be used is = 1 gang
Actual rate of construction =
A t l t f t ti
Actual no. of men
= X Required rate of construction
Planned no. of men
2
Actual construction rate = X 2 = 2.5 units/week
1.6
Actual Rate of Construction is faster than the required
rate of Construction.
The duration of the site strip for each unit will be:
32
32 man‐hours
h 32
= = 2 days
2 men X 8 hours 16
A‐ Foundation Sequence
Site strip Foundations Ext. Bwk.
1st Fix Electric
C‐ Column Sequence
Fabricate FWK
D‐ Steel Framed Factory Building External
Brickwork
Piling Pile Caps Ground Erect Steel
Beams
Roof Cladding
As the rate of construction for the foundation is slower
than the site strip operation, the balance line for the
foundations construction will be at a lower gradient
than foundation works will be.
Commencement of first unit
= Completion of site strip to unit 1 + buffer
= 2+ 2 = day 4
Completion of first unit = day 4 + 5 day duration
Completion of first unit = day 4 + 5 day duration
= day 9
= Start of first unit + (No. of units ‐1) x duration
No. of gangs
( 10 – 1) x 5
= Day 4 + = day 26 ½
2
Completion of last unit= Day 26 ½ + 5 day duration
= day 31 1/2
1 26 1/2 31 1/2
2
10
SITE STRIP
FOUNDATION
9
7
HOUSE UNITS NUMBER
6 1 GANG ON
SITE STRIP 2 GANGS ON
FOUNDATION
5
4 GANG 1 UNITS 1,3,5,7,9,
GANG 2 UNITS 2,4,6,8,10
3
1 2 4 10 20 30 40 50
Figure3.8 LINE OF BALANCE SCHEDULE – SITE STRIP & FOUNDATION DURATION ( DAYS )
Completion of last unit = Day 26 ½ + 5 day duration As the rate of construction for the external brick‐work is faster
= day 31 1/2 than the foundations operation the balance line will be at a
Start of last unit = steeper gradient. The external brick‐work balance will therefore
relate to the completion of the last house unit on foundations in
relate to the completion of the last house unit on foundations in
Summary Foundation; order to prevent operation over‐lapping.
House unit 1 – Starts day 4 finishes day 9
House unit 10 – Starts day 26 1/2 finishes day 31 1/2 Commencement of last unit house – unit 10
The balance line for the foundation has been plotted as shown in Completion of foundation unit 10 = day 31 ½ + 2 day buffer
fi
figure 3.8.
38
Commencement of external brick‐work unit 10 = 33 ½
EXTERNAL BRICKWORK – OPERATION 3 Completion of external brick‐work for unit 10
Man hours required for 2 units = 2 x 160 hours = 320 mh = 33 ½ + 7 day duration
Planned no. of men to achieve 2 units/ week = day 40 ½
320 mh Commencement of unit 1 for external brick‐work
= (No of units ‐1 ) x duration
40 house/week Commencement of ext. bwk to unit 10 ‐
= 8 men No. of gangs
(10 ‐1 ) x 7
(10 ‐1 ) x 7
Optimum gang size = 3 men = day 33 ½ ‐ = day 12 ½
No. of gangs to be used = 3 no. 3
9 Commencement of ext. bwk unit 1 – day 12 ½
Actual rate of construction = x 2 = 2.25 house / week Completion of bwk unit 1 = day 12 ½ + duration ( 7 days)
8 = day 19 ½
d 19 ½
Rate of construction required = 2 houses/ week Summary: External brick‐work
Using 3 gangs of 3 men the rate of construction will be faster than House unit 1 – starts day 12 ½ , finishes day 19 ½
the required rate. House unit 10 – starts day 33 ½ finishes day 40 ½
160 mh 160
Duration of 1 unit = = The relationship between the balance lines for the three
3 men x 8 hours 24 mh operations are shown in figure 3.9, similar calculation principles
= 6.7 days = say 7 days are applied to all operations.
The line of balance chart indicates the rates of working from
one operation to the other. The objective is to keep all balance
one operation to the other. The objective is to keep all balance
lines parallel & as close as possible to the required rate of
construction. Out of balance manning levels can be readily
observed by comparing slopes of balance lines.