NEWSLETTER

From:
Ketia Francois,  Decline in onset of
Secondary puberty in girls
Teacher was observed in
March 6, 2019 the US in the mid-
1990s

 Now the
ADOLESCENCE development of
DEVELOPMENT breast in girls
occurs at younger
ages.
1 Trends in puberty over the last Earlier
sexual
100 years and reasons for these maturation
trends. Precocious puberty
cases are increasing.

These rapid changes can

be caused by:
2
2

 The widespread presence of  The environment

Secular trends in timing endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)  Genetic factors
 Lifestyle
of puberty has caught out attention as contributing
to the trend of 200 earlier onset of
According to Aksgllaede et al. “Age at
menarche, a late pubertal marker puberty” (Oppari & Juul, 2010).
occurring 2 years after onset, has been
declining from 17 years of age years
ago to approximately 13 years of age in
the 1940s and thereafter it appears to
have been stable” (Oppari & Juul,
2010).

There is as high incidence of central

precocious puberty. Pollution from Green-
houses and several samass navy yards in
Geographical
the Viareggio area were suspected to
3
contribute to the problem. Pollution can
cause Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome
variation in timing of
(TDS), testicular cancer, and poor semen
quality.

puberty
 4 5
A generation ago, breast
development started for girls age
11. Now most girls start having
breast development at age 7. In a
few cases, breast development
occurs in 3-year-olds girls. “That
precocious development,
scientists fear, may increase their
risk for cancer or other illnesses
later in life” (Maron, 015) 
JJJJ GGGG
Diphenyl-trichloro-ethane (DDT)

 Found in deeveloping

countries and fish-eating

mothers.

Causes Early puberty , early age at

menarche, and prevents manifes-

tation of central maturation in girls.

 No effect of boys’ puberty.

Endosulfan

 Found in highly contami-

nated areas in India

 Causes pubertal delay in

boys.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

 Found in urban areas

 Causes significant delay in puberty and short penile length

(boys)

 Early pubic hair development and early age at menarche (girls).

Polybrominated biphenyl (PBB)

 Came from cows that were accidentally feed PBB in a farm in

Michigan.

 Causes Early age at menarche

6
 Endocrine disrupting chemicals and changes in
timing of puberty.

Phthalates (used as

plasticizers)

 Present everywhere in a modern society.

 Disrupts the endocrine system in both girls and boys.

Dioxin

 Released in the environment in the Seveso Accident in 1976

 Delayed puberty and shorter penile length (boys)

 Slow breast development to the adult stage

Lead

 Found mostly found in paint in old houses or buildings,

contaminated water, and in cosmetics.

 Causes delayed pubertal development, delayed age at

menarche, and delayed pubic hair (boys).

 The effect of early and late onset of puberty on adolescent physical
development and social/emotional relationships with peers.

Physical
Development of Emotional
Social
Adolescents (cont.) Relationships
Relationships with
Boys Peers with Peers
Pubic hair growth, as
well as armpit, leg, From the extreme
He will begin to
chest, and facial hair, wonder about of hating and
begins in boys at further schooling or ignoring girls, he
a job, about finding will have become
about age 12 and
his own niche in very interested in
reaches adult patterns society. them and much of
at about 17-18 years. his social life will
“The need for revolve around his
approval from the contacts with the
Boys start puberty peer group arises” opposite sex”
(Scriven, Gallagher, (Scriven,
with regular noctural
Calvin, Hanley, Gallagher, Calvin,
emissions (wet McConnell, & Hanley,
dreams starting McGuigan, 1961). McConnell, &
between ages 13 and McGuigan, 1961,
Physical Development of 17. p. 1961).
The attitudes and
Adolescents values of his own
Boys may begin to notice Boys' voices change age group is
that their testicles and important for the
at the same time as boys
scrotum grow as early as age the penis grows.
9. Soon, the penis begins to Nocturnal. Emissions
Boys cope with
lengthen. occur with the peak of relationship
By age 17 or 18, their the height spurt. problems through
genitals are usually at their denial avoidance,
Boys’ growth spurt
adult size and shape. and through self-
Peaks around age 13 distraction.
and ½ and slows
around age 18.
The effect of early and late onset of puberty on adolescent physical
development and social/emotional relationships with peers.

Physical Development
of Adolescents Emotional
Breast start developing Social Relationships Relationships with
with Peers Peers
As early as age 8.

Breast are fully “The need for “From the extreme

Girls approval from the of hating and
developed between age
peer group arises” ignoring girls, he
12 and 18. (Scriven, Gallagher, will have become
Calvin, Hanley, very interested in
McConnell, & them and much of
Pubic hair, armpit, and
McGuigan, 1961). his social life will
leg hair start appearing revolve around his
from age 9. contacts with the
Girls are more likely opposite sex”
(Scriven, Gallagher,
Normal pattern of hair than boys to become Calvin, Hanley,
is established from age depressed because of McConnell, &
14-15. problems with social McGuigan, 1961, p.
1961).
relationships (Dolgin,
Menarche appears two 2011).
years after appearance
of pubic hair and breast

Girls growth spurt

peaks around age 11.5
and slows around age
16.
 How Changes in
Physical
Development Affect
Cognitive Processing 4.

and Decision
Making

Cognitive Processing
Early Adolescence
Late adolescence
“During early adolescence, the use of more
complex thinking is focused on personal decision
making in school and home environments” “During late adolescence, complex
(Packard, n.d.) thinking processes are used to focus on less self-
As their brain is developping, theadolescent will begin to centered concepts as well as personal decision-
show signs of logical operations when they are doing making” (Packard, n.d.)
schoolwork. They aslo start to not want to obey their At this point of their lives, the brain of the
parents and submit to authorities. At this point, they start to late adolescents is more mature and almost fully
articulate organize their thoughts and to articulate them developped. The late adolescents think more and
properly. They start to be able to debate on divers subjects. process more sophiscated thoughts. They
Early adolescents start to question the reason understand subjects such as justice, politics,
why they belong to a group and are able to global concepts, ect. better. They have their own
decide which group they would rather be part of. mind and views about societal concerns and may
As their body is transforming, they start having debate or argues views that differ theirs. They
finding out the personal appearance they desire start thinking about what career path they will
and which one is not attractive to them. They can take and start focusing on the issues that they
also start to tell parents that some of their rules
are not longer acceptable or no longer suitable for will have to deal with or positions they will
their age. assume in society once they become adult.

10
 The Role of Technology on the
Interconnectedness sense of students
and Examples of Some
Technological tools
According to Jacobsen and Forste, “Participation in social
networks can have positive as well as negative outcomes.
For example, engagement with social network sites may
hinder academic performance”; On the other hand,
Manago, Taylor, and Greenfield believe that “having a
greater number of friends online is related to higher self-
esteem and satisfaction with life. Social media usage may
influence other areas of users’lives such as their identity
and perspective of the world” (Lee, Baring, Maria, &
2017, p. 213).
Technology helps students experience the world without
living their classrooms or their house. Students are able to
make friends through chat rooms, social media, spyke, ect.
They will be able to learn different culture without having
to spend money to travel to different culture. Technology
allows student to learn foreign languages and
communicate with students their age from different
countries.
“Technology, including social media, networks, plays an
important role in transmitting news and culture, and
connecting individuals around the world. Such usage may
aid in contributing to the loosening of local and national
borders so that individuals can take a global perspective
and build a global identity” (Lee, Baring, Maria, & 2017,
p. 218).

Some technological tools that can be used

Computers, iPads, virtual reality glasses, cellphones, apps, social media such as Twitter, Facebook,
Instagram, what’s app, Hi5, skype, internet, webTv, ect.

12
 Ways to Ensure the Use of Technology in
Schools and the Classroom is Safe, Ethical, and
Responsible.

Safe Ethical Responsible

Teach student about Give students Have clear and open

not sharing personal instruction on how discussions on how
information online. they should students should
Inform students on appropriately behave communicate online.
cyber victimization online. How students should
and sexting. No harassment of properly handle
Have students practice others. technological devices.
responsible decision- No engagement in Teach student to never
making when it comes anything illegal. share user name or
to working on the No cyberbullying password with anyone.
internet. Teach students respect
Give them information usage agreements.
on how to be cautious
so they can avoid risky
situations
References

Lee, R. B., Baring, R., Maria, M. S., & Reysen, S. (2017). Attitude towards technology, social

media usage and grade-point average as predictors of global citizenship identification in

Filipino University Students. International Journal of Psychology, 52(3), 213–219.

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https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?

direct=true&db=s3h&AN=122835656&site=eds-live&scope=site

Mark, L. K., & Nguyen, T. T. T. (2017). An Invitation to Internet Safety and Ethics: School and

family collaboration. Journal of Invitational Theory & Practice, 23, 62–75. Retrieved

from

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direct=true&db=a9h&AN=130781963&site=eds-live&scope=site

Maron, D. F. (2015, May 1). Scientific American. Retrieved from scientificamerican.com:

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/early-puberty-causes-and-effects/

Medina, K., Pigg, M., & Desler, G. (2001). Teaching generation.com. Phi Delta Kappan, 82(8),

616–619. Retrieved from

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true

&db=ofs&AN=503786816&site=eds-live&scope=site

Oppari, J., & Juul, A. (2010). Review: Trends in puberty timing in humans and environmental

modifiers. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 324, 39–44.

https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.mce.2010.03.011

Packard, L. (n.d.). Stanford Children's Health. Retrieved from stanfordchildrens.org:

https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=cognitive-development-90-

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Scriven, M., Gallagher, J. J., Calvin, A. D., Hanley, C., McConnell, J. V., & McGuigan, F. J.
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MA: Allyn & Bacon. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/13998-006

Services, U. D. (2019, January 28). U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from

medlineplus.gov: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002003.htm

Stice, E., & Hayward, C. (2000). Body-Image and Eating Disturbances Predict Onset of

Depression Among Female Adolescents: A.. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3),

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https://www.downwindersatrisk.org/2012/09/study-dioxin-exposure-can-reach-three-generations-into-the-future/

Image 8 was retrieved from: https://blog.kelsey-seybold.com/kids-and-parenting/beware-of-lead-poisoning-and-its-

serious-health-risks

Image 9 was retrieved from: https://hairstylecamp.com/coolest-teenage-guy-haircuts-to-look-fresh/

Image 10 was retrieved from: https://www.s-models.com/gallery/teens-girl/a-teens-girl/alisa/

Image 11 was retrieved from: https://godshotspot.wordpress.com/2018/04/12/our-interconnectedness/

Image 12 was retrieved from: http://www.burpham.surrey.sch.uk/safeguarding/e-safety

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qh2NnQpDDtn2w6ijIk0n-UjV691kZ1jzCRb4zrZpST4/edit