Circuit Breaker: Testing Guide

Circuit
Breaker
testing guide
CONTENTS
Introduction Bulk oil 15
Why test circuit breakers 6 Minimum oil 15
Standards 7 Important CB parts

A vital part of the power network Interrupter unit 16
The circuit breaker 8 Main contacts 16
Disconnectors and load switches 8 Arcing contacts 16

Nozzle 16
General CB function
Absorbing material 16
Main and arcing contacts 9
Operating mechanism 17
Solutions to handle the arc 9
General functionality 17
Resistor contacts 10
Diverse operating mechanisms 17
PIR 10
Failure modes
Opening resistors 10
Capacitors 10 Definition of failure – according to Cigré 18
Grading capacitor 10 Cigré CB survey 1981,1985 18
Parallel capacitor 10 Main results 18

Cigré CB survey 2005 18
Application areas for CB
Mechanical aspects 19
Generator CB 11
Maintenance aspects 19
Transformer CB 11
Conclusions 19
Capacitor bank CB 11
Maintenance strategy
Reactor CB 11
High Voltage DC breaker 12 Maintenance approaches 20
Distribution circuit breakers 12 Testing guide 21
Switch disconnector 12 How to test

Traction CB 12
Utilities and instrument manufacturers practice 22
Industrial CB 12
Step by step routines 22
Main types of CB DualGround testing 22
DCB 13 Timing with both sides grounded 24
Live-tank 13 Items to be tested / inspected 25

Dead-tank 13 Test methods and parameters 25
Low voltage CB 13 First trip test 25
Contact timing 26
CB technologies
Primary injection test 26
Air / Gas 14
Otion 27
Air circuit breakers (ACB) 14
Static resistance measurement (SRM) 27
Air blast 14 Dynamic resistance measurement (DRM) 28
SF6 15 Synchronized (Controlled) switching 28
Vacuum 15
Coil test 29
Oil 15
Minimum voltage test 30
2 Circuit Breaker Test Guide www.megger.com

Minimum voltage required to operate breaker 30 DLRO200 41
Vibration testing 30 DLRO 247000 Series 41
Vibration testing on circuit breaker 30 Primary injection test sets 42
Vacuum bottle test 31 ODEN A and ODEN AT 42
SF6 leakage 31 INGVAR 43
Humidity test 31 CSU600A and CSU600AT 43
Air pressure test 32
Abbreviations and terms 36
Mounting of motion transducer 32
Test equipment Index 48
Product selection guide 33 References 50

Good to know about error sources
Capacitive coupling 34
Inductive coupling 34
Disturbances 34
Temperature 34
Voltage supply 35
Connections, leads and clamps 35
Transducer and flex coupling tolerances 35
Sampling frequency 35
Inaccuracy 35
Interpretation of the test results
Failure mode analysis 36
FAQ 36
Megger CB testing products – overview
Circuit breaker analyzers 38

TM1800 38
TM1700-series 38
EGIL 38
Breaker Analyzer Program CABA Win 39
VIDAR 39
Auxiliary equipment 39
B10E 39
SDRM202 39
Micro-ohmmeters 40
MJÖLNER 200 and MJÖLNER 600 40
MOM2 40
MOM200A and MOM600A 40
www.megger.com 3
Introduction
Circuit breakers are some of the most important components in modern electric power systems. The circuit breaker has to operate
within extremely tight tolerances when a disturbance is detected in the network to protect sensitive and costly components such as
transformers. They have to operate after months or in some cases years of inactivity. To ensure proper function and optimize network
reliability, reliable and efficient test instruments and methods are needed. New developments have made it possible to improve and
re-evaluate conventional methods that sometimes involves time consuming and cumbersome process steps.
The aim of this publication is to increase the understanding of circuit breaker testing.
Why test circuit breakers

Some of the most important of the many reasons for testing circuit breakers are to ensure they:
■■ Provide protection for expensive equipment
■■ Prevent outages that lead to loss of income
■■ Ensure reliability of the electricity supply
■■ Prevent downtime and darkness
■■ Verify breaker performance
Substation breaker testing is an important task for any power imperative that losses are kept to a minimum, and acceptable
utility. The breakers are there to facilitate the flow of current levels of power quality and safety are maintained. All of this must
during normal operation and to interrupt current flow in the be done in an environmentally friendly manner. Breakers play
event of a fault. However, all electrically operated devices are, an important part in making this happen. High voltage circuit
sooner or later, likely to experience some kind of failure. That breakers are extremely important for the function of modern
failure can be caused by many factors, including ageing and electric power supply systems. The breaker is the active link that
external faults. The power utility operator has to be prepared and ultimately has the role of quickly opening the primary circuit
have a plan in place to handle every situation. when a fault occurs. Often, the breaker has to perform its duty
within some tens of milliseconds, after months, perhaps years of
This document will help readers to understand what is involved idly being in circuit. Since RCM (reliability centered maintenance)
with keeping circuit breakers operating at peak performance. and condition based maintenance have become the established
Breakers are mechanically sophisticated devices requiring periodic strategies for most owners and operators of electric power delivery
adjustments. The need for some of these adjustments can be systems, the need for reliable and accurate test instruments for
determined visually and they can be given the attention needed field use is clear.
without testing. However, in most cases, it will be necessary to
carry out electrical testing to find out what is the cause of out- Protection systems are put in place to detect all electrical faults or
of-tolerance conditions. This guide primarily deals with electrical other abnormal operating conditions and they are coordinated to
testing. disconnect the smallest possible part of a power network in the
event of a fault. With good system design, it should be possible
HV Circuit Breakers in a transmission scheme can be viewed as to quickly restore normal operation. When a fault is detected by a
forming a tree starting with the generating station, fanning out protective relay and a trip impulse is sent to the breaker operating
to the transmission grid, to the distribution grid, and finally to the mechanism, the breaker has to function as specified and interrupt
point of consumption. the current as soon as possible or severe damage may occur. The
cost of damage caused by a malfunctioning circuit breaker can
The task for the utility is to generate power, transmit it and
sometimes reach large sums.
distribute it with maximum availability. While doing this, it is

Proper functioning of a breaker is reliant on a number of individual components that have
to be calibrated and tested at regular intervals. The trigger for maintenance intervals
differs greatly between power utilities but the intervals are often based on time since
last test, number of operations, or severity of fault current operations. Environmental
considerations such as humidity and temperature, whether the breaker is located in a
desert or coastal region, also play into the maintenance scheme.
Mechanical wear and lubrication often affects the performance of breakers, so being
able to trend mission critical parameters and compare these with factory thresholds
helps to verify proper breaker function.
New standard for disconnecting circuit breakers
Standards
High voltage circuit breaker design and operation as well
as type and routine tests are defined by international
standards such as:
■■ IEC 62271-SER ed1.0 - High-voltage

switchgear and controlgear.
■■ ANSI/IEEE C37 - Guides and Standards

for Circuit Breakers, Switchgear, Relays,
Substations, and Fuses.
■■ IEC/TR 62063 ed1.0 (1999-08) TC/SC

17A - High-voltage switchgear and
controlgear - The use of electronic
and associated technologies
in auxiliary equipment of
switchgear and controlgear.
www.megger.com 5
A vital part of the
power network
Power transmission networks mostly use three-phase AC. High-voltage direct-current (HVDC) technology is used only for very long
distances, submarine power cables or for connecting two AC networks that are not synchronized.
Electricity is transmitted at high voltages, 72 kV or above, to reduce the energy loss. Usually power is transmitted through overhead
lines. Underground power transmission has a significantly higher cost and operational limitations but is sometimes used in urban areas
or sensitive locations.
The circuit breaker

The general function of the circuit breaker (CB) is to close and open the circuit to be able to remove faults and connect/disconnect
objects and parts of electricity network.
The circuit breaker is a part of the protection of the main components in the network, transformers and lines. The majority of the
switching operations of a CB are normal-load operations.
When a fault is detected by a protective relay and a trip impulse is sent to the CB’s operating mechanism, the CB has to function as
specified and interrupt the current as soon as possible or severe damage may occur. The damage caused by a malfunctioning breaker
can often reach millions of dollars.
Disconnectors
and load switches
Disconnectors are used for physical isolation of the switchgear
from the power system during maintenance work. They switch
during no load conditions or only small currents. Disconnectors
can carry load and fault current but not break a load. The
function of a disconnector is to disconnect the network
from objects in the substation and to change the switching
arrangement. When a disconnector is open the disconnected
object is accessible for service. The opening and closing of
disconnectors are slow compared with CB.
Load switch (switch disconnector) is a type of switch that can

break a normal load but not break a fault current. Load switches
are only used on low and medium voltage and up to 245 kV for
special applications.
An overview of the components in a power grid system.

General CB function
Besides conducting and interrupting operating currents, the CB is The arc created when the arcing contact system separates is
designed to break fault currents, e.g. short-circuit currents, that extinguished at one of the next zero crossings of current. The
can be 5 to 20 times the value of the rated current, within about convective and radiative heat from the arc causes a sudden rise
50 milliseconds. There are big challenges for the CB designers, in pressure in the ‘heating volume’ between the arcing contact
some circuit breakers must be able to break currents up to 100 system and the piston . It is from here that hot gas is blasted to
kA and others to handle voltages up to 1150 kV. extinguish the arc at the zero crossing.
Main and arcing contacts Solutions to handle the arc

It is usual that SF6 circuit breakers have two contact systems, the Although the arcing contacts are made to withstand the heat
main contact system and the arcing contact system. The main from the arc they are exposed to high stress. To handle this, there
contacts conducts the normal operating currents and the arcing are different solutions:
contacts are used to take the load off the main contacts when
the CB opens and closes. This will protect the main contacts from ■■ Synchronized / controlled functionality
getting burned.
■■ Multiple breaks per phase to divide the high
voltage
CB Closed position Opening of the main Opening of the arcing CB in open position
Current flows through contacts contacts The arc is quenched; the lower
the main contacts The moving part goes down thus The current keeps flowing due to chamber reaches its minimum volume
separating the main contacts. There the arc generated between the and its maximum pressure level, kept
is no arc striking as the current keeps fixed and moving contacts. The by the valve locked by the supersonic
flowing from the upper terminal to gas can not leak from the nozzle wave. As the self-generated pressure
the moving parts through the arcing as the hole is blocked by the of the dead volume decreases, due to
contacts. fixed contact or from the inside the outflow of the gas through the
of the moving contact because moving contact, the valve re-opens.
During the downstroke, the moving of the arc clogging effect. From now on, a new jet of fresh gas
part exerts a pressure on the gas flows in and makes the temperature
housed in the lower chamber; the of the contacts fall. At the same time,
pressure increase generated in the the gas flows through the nozzle, free
lower chamber opens the connection from the fixed arcing contact. The
valve of the upper chamber. The “cleaning” of the arcing chamber by
compressed gas flows from the lower means of fresh gas makes the device
to the upper chamber thus equalising suitable for another reclosing and
the pressures. the interruption up to the maximum
breaking capacity.
Synchronized / controlled function Capacitors
Modern control systems attempt to exploit the ability to precisely
and repetitively control the instant at which the breaker contacts Grading capacitor
operate. Most commonly controlled or synchronized switching is
Grading capacitors are sometimes used on circuit breakers with
applied to capacitor banks and shunt reactors as well as power
two or more interrupters in series to obtain uniform distribution
transformers and transmission lines. Since the behavior of loads
of the voltage stresses across the open gaps.
is different (capacitive and inductive) switching them requires
adapted solutions. The grading capacitor is connected in parallel with each interrupter
unit and has a standard value in the range of a few nF/capacitor.
Under ideal circumstances when switching in a capacitor bank
The total capacitance across open gap is calculated as follows:
there will be no current transients created if the breaker poles
close at the instant of zero voltage. The optimal switching Ctot=Cgr/n Cgr is the capacitance of each grading capacitor.
of a reactor on the other hand is different and is managed by
switching two phases at the maximum voltage and third phase n is number of making/breaking units connected in series.
90 degrees later, thus creating symmetrical energization currents.
Optimal disconnection of the reactor is performed in a manner Parallel capacitor
which eliminates the reignition of the arc in interrupter chamber.
Parallel capacitors are used to increase the short-circuit capability
All these operations require precise timing and control of the
of circuit breakers.
three individual poles.
The additional capacitance increases the time delay for the initial
Controlled switching of circuit breaker where each breaker
transient recovery voltage and has therefore an impact mainly on
pole is synchronously actuated by a control unit based on the
the short-line fault performance.
instantaneous values of the current or the phase to earth voltage
are becoming increasingly important. For single-pole operated Line-to-ground capacitors have a similar effect as parallel
circuit breakers this is accomplished by sending individual control capacitors but are mainly used on dead tank circuit breakers.
commands to each pole. In case of three-pole operated circuit
breakers, with one common operating mechanism, the circuit
breaker has built-in mechanical delays between the poles. The
controller then sends the control command to the master pole
and the other poles are delayed mechanically to realize the
correct phase order
Multiple breaks per phase

To be able to break Extra High Voltage, EHV, many interrupters are
connected in series, up to twelve for air blast breakers and up to
four for modern breakers.
There were air blast breakers from the 1950s still in use in the
2009 with 8 breakpoints and 10 disconnecting points in series.
Resistor contacts
PIR
Preinsertion resistor (PIR) contacts are mainly used at higher
voltages (362 kV and above). The main purpose of PIR contacts
is to limit the transients on the network when reconnecting lines
with no load. They are only used during close and are connected
in parallel with the main contacts. The PIR contacts close about
8-12 ms before main contacts.
The pre-insertion resistor provides inrush limiting by the

momentary insertion of a resistive device into the circuit before
full energizing.
Opening resistors
Opening resistors, or damper resistors are used to dampen the
restriking voltage which can appear during opening operations.
They are mainly used on older types of CB, such as air-blast
breakers.

Application areas for CB
Depending on its application in the network the CB’s service life Reactor CB
differs. For instance, line circuit breakers operate seldom and have
a longer service life than e.g. capacitor bank circuit breakers that De-energization of the reactor results in very severe transient
operates normally twice a day. recovery voltages across the contacts of the high voltage circuit
breaker . The severe transient recovery voltages are caused by the
■■ Generator CB high frequency oscillation between the inductance of the reactor
and its equivalent terminal-to-ground capacitance. Because of
■■ Transformer CB the relatively small reactive currents involved, circuit breakers
tend to interrupt the reactive load currents at very small contact
■■ HV circuit breakers gaps, and usually while chopping the current. (Current chopping
occurs when the current is prematurely forced to zero by the
■■ Capacitor bank CB aggressive interrupting action of the circuit breaker). When
the dielectric strength of the interrupting medium in the small
■■ Reactor CB contact gap is exceeded by the severe transient recovery voltage,
the circuit breaker will reignite and interrupt at the next current
■■ High Voltage DC CB
zero, usually at a current-chopping level higher than that at initial
interruption. Overvoltages across the reactor, and the severity of
■■ Distribution circuit breakers
the transient recovery voltages across the circuit breaker contacts,
increase as the current-chopping level increases. Thus, conditions
■■ Switch disconnector
are created that could result in insulation failure in the reactors,
■■ Traction CB and a failure of the circuit breaker to interrupt.
Controlled opening of shunt reactors is mainly aimed to

■■ Industrial CB
avoid the reignition of arc in breaker interrupter and is
widely used. The application is rather straightforward
Generator CB and there are obvious economic benefits of having
controlled switching equipment to reduce expenses for
A generator circuit-breaker’s performance needs to be far better
maintenance and possible failures.
than that of a line CB. The positioning of the generator circuit
breaker between the generator and the step-up transformer,
where its performance directly influences the plant output, places
very high demands on its reliability.
Transformer CB
In a substation there is a circuit breaker located on each side of
the transformers.
HV circuit breakers
Electrical power transmission networks are protected and
controlled by high-voltage circuit breakers. The definition of high
voltage varies but in power transmission context it is usually said
to be voltage over 72 kV. High-voltage breakers are operated
via protective relays with sensing through current and voltage
transformers are operated via protective relays with sensing
through current and voltage transformers.
Capacitor bank CB
Capacitor bank circuit breakers are under more stress than a
normally incoming circuit breakers. They operates more frequently
and switch with higher transient voltages.
www.megger.com 9
High Voltage DC breaker
High voltage circuit breakers used for alternating current
extinguishes the arc at the zero crossing of the current when
opening, and thereby opens the circuit. However, with HVDC
(High Voltage Direct Current) there is no zero crossing which
means that the use of conventional circuit breakers for line
protection is not applicable. Line faults can be cleared by, instead
of tripping a breaker, controlling the voltage to zero from the HVDC
converter station. For substation maintenance purposes, breakers
are used as disconnectors, but only after reducing the current to zero.
For example, on a 500 kV DC line, three 245 kV breakers put in series
is only capable of breaking currents of approximately 50 A.
Distribution circuit breakers

Circuit breakers in distributing network up to a voltage level to about 70 kV.
Switch disconnector
A switch disconnector is a device capable of making, carrying and breaking rated
current under normal service conditions. It is also able to carry the rated short
circuit current and related peak current for limited time. A switch disconnector
also satisfies requirement for an insulation distance specified for a disconnector in
the open position.
Traction CB
Nominal voltage varies from 600 to 25 kV and some with low frequency. Breakers
operate frequently and have to extinguish longer-burning arcs when in 16 2/3 Hz
networks. This influences the service life and maintenance intervals.
Industrial CB
High voltage breakers are used for different industrial purposes e.g. big motors, ovens and
melting furnaces.
Primary distribution vacuum circuit-breaker

(15 kV) with integrated sensors and
protection control unit.

Main types of CB
DCB
A Disconnecting Circuit Breaker (DCB), replaces the conventional
combination of circuit breaker and separate disconnectors. The
disconnecting function is integrated in the breaking chamber. That means
that the circuit breaker fulfills all requirements for a circuit breaker as well
as for a disconnector.
The design of a DCB is usually the same as to a standard circuit breaker

except for that a higher voltage class is used and that there is a device to
mechanically lock the DCB in open position. The advantage with the DCB
is that it eliminates a separate disconnector switch, which also reduces the
size of the substation. One disadvantage with the DCB is that the whole
bus bar has to be taken out of service when performing maintenance on
the DCB, since one side of the DCB will always remain energized.
Live-tank
On live-tank circuit-breakers, the interrupter chamber is isolated from the Disconnecting circuit-breaker. Same contacts for
switching and disconnecting functions.
ground by an insulator which can be either of porcelain or of a composite
material, and is at high potential. The voltage level determines the length of
the insulators for the interrupter chamber and the insulator column. In live-
tank circuit breakers no fault currents can occur between the interrupter
unit and the housing, therefore only one current transformer per pole
assembly is necessary. A further feature of live-tank circuit breakers are
the comparatively small gas compartments. The advantage of the low gas
volume is that there is a reduction in the amount of gas maintenance work.
Dead-tank
The distinguishing feature of dead-tank technology is that the interrupter
chamber is accommodated in an earthed metal housing. With this design
the SF6 gas filling the tank insulates the high voltage live parts of the contact
assembly from the housing. Outdoor bushings connect the interrupter
chamber with the high-voltage terminals.
This construction means an increased risk of internal earth fault or short

circuit within the tank and the risk cannot be neglected. To handle those
situations the bushings on both sides of the tank are normally equipped Live tank circuit breaker
with current transformer further connected to protective relays.
The dead tank circuit breaker has an advantage in case of earth-quakes.
Low voltage CB
Low voltage circuit breakers types are common in domestic, commercial
and industrial applications up to 1000 V AC.
A Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) can be rated up to 2500 A. They

are thermal or thermal-magnetic operated. These CBs are often installed
in draw-out enclosures that allow removal and interchange without
dismantling the switchgear. Some large MCCBs are remotely operated by
electrical motors, often part of an automatic transfer switch system for
standby power.
Dead tank circuit breaker
www.megger.com 11
CB technologies
Circuit breakers can mainly be divided into three groups depending Air blast
on medium that encloses (insulates) the breaker contacts. In one
group, it is air or other gas, in the second vacuum and in the
third oil. The air blast circuit breakers came into use in the 1930s and
became be the common circuit breaker on high voltage and very
■■ Air / Gas ■■ Oil high voltage applications. The robust designs were reliable and
robust but noisy. Many breaks are needed for high voltages and
■■ ACB ■■ Bulk oil they are commonly found with opening resistors.
■■ Air blast ■■ Minimum oil
Air is compressed in a reservoir up to 14 bar. The contacts are
■■ SF6 opened by air blast produced by opening a valve. The compressed
air is released and directed towards the arc at high velocity. The
■■ Vacuum
air blast cools the arc and sweeps the arcing products away. This
increases the dielectric strength of the medium between contacts
and prevents re-establishing the arc. The arc is extinguished and
The SF6 insulated circuit breakers are more or less the only installed the current is interrupted. The short arcing time, compared with
type within transmission networks today, mainly due to its relative oil CB, gives low impact on the main contacts.
high total rating and characteristic in relation to its price. However,
with new improvements with vacuum breaker design they are
also becoming more common at the lower voltage ranges of the
transmission networks. Today they can handle voltages up to 252
kV but are still very expensive. The vacuum breakers are more
commonly installed at system voltage levels of 70 kV and below.
Both the SF6 and vacuum circuit breakers are very common in
today’s distribution networks.
Substations are often built as air-insulated switchgear (AIS), using

open air as insulating medium between the different phases and
devices.
Gas-insulated switchgears (GIS) are designed and assembled by

a combination of standardized function modules such as circuit MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker) is one example of
ACB 500 A / 600 V
breakers, disconnectors, earth-switches, current and voltage
transformers, and supplementary modules. The major advantage
with a GIS installation is the reduction of space required compared
to the air-insulated substations. The maintenance and test interval
for circuit breakers installed in a GIS is also longer compared to
AIS.
Air / Gas
Air circuit breakers (ACB)
ACBs can be used both as circuit breakers of low voltage electrical

distribution systems and for protection of electrical equipment in
facilities and industries.
A common breaking principle is to use the magnetic field,

created by the current through the ACB, to force the arc towards
insulating lamells. As the arc goes further in between the lamells
eventually the distance to maintain the arc is exceeded and it is
extinguished.
Vacuum circuit breaker cut-away

SF6
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert, heavy gas having good about 11-17 mm between plates. Normally there is one break
dielectric and arc extinguishing properties. The dielectric strength per phase but there can be two interrupters in series.
of the gas increases with pressure. It is an electro-negative gas
The contact plates are formed to conduct the current in a
which means that the free electrons are attracted to the gas and
way that creates a magnetic field that causes the arc to rotate
are not free to move. The consequence of this characteristic is a
and extinguish. A benefit with a rotating arc is uniform heat
high dielectric strength. Arcing can produce a number of more or
distribution and that the contacts get more evenly eroded.
less toxic decomposition by-products that places high demands
Other advantages with vacuum breakers are their relatively long
on recycling and disposal of the gas.
operational life time and their relatively limited impact on the
SF6 circuit breakers suffer less wear on the main contact than air environment since they are designed without poisonous gases
and oil circuit breakers. The breaking principle is to cool down and relative few components. Vacuum circuit breakers also suffer
the arc by blowing gas with high pressure towards the arcing less wear on the main contact than air and oil circuit breakers.
contacts.
There are two main types; puffer and self-blast. The puffer type
Oil
creates the gas pressure using a piston pump whereas the self-
blast takes advantage of the pressure created by the heat from Bulk oil
the arc. The advantage of the puffer type is that it has good
breaking properties for all current levels. The disadvantage is
that it requires more mechanical force to operate, requiring a The current interruption takes place in oil tank. The oil cools and
bigger operating mechanism. The advantage of the self-blast is quenches the arc and is also insulating. This type has mainly been
that it requires up to 50% less energy than the puffer breaker to used at the distribution level and demands a lot of maintenance
operate but it has less good breaking properties. on the main contacts.
Vacuum Minimum oil

Vacuum breakers are used up to 70 kV. Because there is no gas
to ionize to form the arc, the insulating gap is smaller than an It is used in transmission and substation and require small
in other circuit breakers. An arc does form from the vaporized amount of oil and it operates very fast.
contact material. The insulation distance in a vacuum breaker is
Circuit breaker, 1000 kV

Important CB parts
Interrupter unit Old design New design
Main contacts
The main contact in a circuit breaker is the current carrying
element between the stationary- and the moving part of the
interrupter, and thus, a big surface with very low resistance (less
than 100 mΩ) is vital for a long service lifetime.
Silver-coated copper is the most common material used for main

contacts.
Example of simplified design. Current conducting parts of

Arcing contacts HV interrupter with integrated contact fingers
The arcing contact is a contact in parallel with the main contact
and takes care of the arcing during separation. This type of
contact is common on many types of circuit breakers. The arcing
contact releases later then the main contact .
1
2
A circuit breaker suffers arcing contact wear during normal

operation as well as when breaking short-circuit currents. If the 3
arcing contact is too short or otherwise in bad condition, the
breaker becomes unreliable. The main contact surfaces can be 4 5
degraded by arcing, resulting in increased resistance, excessive
6
heating and in worst case explosion.
8
The arcing contacts are partly made of harder materials such as. 7
tungsten or graphite, to make them stronger
2
Nozzle
The nozzle is a part in a SF6 circuit breaker separating the main
contact from the arc as well as guiding the gas the correct way 1 Cap with bursting
through the chamber in order to obtain an efficient quenching valve
of the arc. 2 Terminal
3 Insulating enclosure
4 Fixed main contact
Absorbing material
5 Fixed arcing contact
When severe arcing occurs in the breaker, the SF6 decomposes
9 6 Blasting nozzle
and by-products such as sulfur dioxide and sulfur fluorides are
7 Moving main
created. These by-products combine with any moisture in the
contact
gas resulting in sulfuric acid which is highly corrosive and can
8 Moving arcing
damage the inside of the breaker. By using desiccants, which
contact
absorbs these by-products and any moisture, the breaker can be
9 Insulating tie-rod
protected.
Cross section of a CB.

Operating mechanism Spring loaded
A large majority of operating mechanisms are designed to be trip- The spring operated mechanism is a mechanic actuating system
free. This means that the circuit breaker can perform a complete using a spring as energy storage . The spring is tensioned with an
opening operation, even if the trip command is activated during electric motor and held by a latch system. When the breaker trips
a closing operation and with the closing command maintained. the latch is released by magnetic force. The spring energy moves
the contacts by mechanic power transmission. Commonly there
A problem is that circuit breakers are not operated often are separate springs for the open and close functions.
enough. It may remain closed for days, weeks or even years on
end. The static loading on bearings causes the lubrication to be Hydraulic / Gas pressure
displaced so that the bearing ultimately reaches a state of zero The hydraulic operating mechanism has a nitrogen accumulator
lubrication. So friction will then be very high during the initial for storing the actuation energy. The hydraulic fluid is pressurized
movement. Greases and oils also tend to increase in viscosity at by a compressed cushion of nitrogen. A hydraulic piston transmits
low temperature and they can also solidify by time and lack of the power to actuate the breaker contacts.
movement.
Hydraulic / Spring
General functionality This mechanism is a combination of hydraulics and springs.
Energy is stored in a spring set which is tensioned hydraulically.
Power is transmitted hydraulically to operate the CB contacts.
Auxiliary contacts and coil
Electromagnetic coils are used to control the operation of most
Pneumatic
types of circuit breakers. They are fast and reliable but a common
There are a number of different designs of pneumatic operating
cause of trouble of the circuit breaker as they can burn or get
mechanisms. Common for most types are that the energy is stored
stuck in position.
as compressed air in an air receiver (reservoir) and that the air
The auxiliary contacts are contacts that follow or have an pressure is converted to mechanical movement via a piston. Some
opposite position to the main contact. One important task for an types use a combination of spring and air pressure where the
auxiliary contact is to disconnect the coil when it has operated. spring usually manages the closing operation and the air pressure
The coil is disconnected to prevent damage as it is designed to be the open operation. In these configurations it is common that the
temporarily energized. closing spring is charged during the open operation. In SF6 and
oil circuit breakers the mechanical power is transferred from the
piston or spring to the moving contacts via a link system whereas
Diverse operating mechanisms on air blast circuit breakers the piston and the moving contact, as
well as the closing spring and air blast ports, are integrated in the
interrupting unit resulting in very few moving parts.
Piston shaft Motor

Auxiliary On command, the required operations are executed according
contacts
to the stored contact travel program and the motor is controlled
Spring
compressor to move the circuit breaker primary contacts accordingly. Energy
motor charging, buffering, release and transmission are essentially
electrical and as such the mechanical system is reduced to a
minimum of moving parts.
Thermal / Magnetic
Current flowing through the circuit heats the bimetal current
Hydraulics sensor, causing it to bend, this releases the armature and a spring
forces the contacts to open. The load current also flows through
a coil which creates a magnetic field that will trip the armature
faster than the bimetal strip can respond when very large currents
flow.
Disc spring
Hydraulic / spring loaded mechanism
www.megger.com 15
Failure modes
Definition of failure – according to Cigré
Failure Rated voltages 63-800 kV

Lack of performance by an item of its required function or Mechanism type Failures per 100 cb-years
functions.
Major failures Minor failures
Note: The occurrence of a failure does not necessarily imply the Hydraulic 0.31 2.89
presence of a defect if the stress or the stresses are beyond those Pneumatic 0.27 0.80
specified. Spring 0.27 0.40
Different types of operating mechanism have about the same major failure
Major failure rate.
Most of the minor failures of operating mechanisms are either
hydraulic oil or air leakages. The relationship between the minor
Failure of a switchgear or controlgear which causes the cessation failure rates of spring, pneumatic and hydraulic drive systems is
of one or more of its fundamental functions. A major failure will 1:2:7 respectively.
result in an immediate change in the system operating conditions,
e.g. the backup protective equipment being required to remove
the fault, or will result in mandatory removal from service within Cigré CB survey 2005
30 minutes for unscheduled maintenance.
Note: Or will result in unavailability for required service. Major failures sorted by originating component
1988 - 91 2004 - 05
Minor failure Component at service voltage 21% 26%
Electrical control and auxiliary circuits 29% 22%
Operating mechanism, including

50% 52%
Failure of an equipment other than a major failure or any failure, kinematic chain
even complete, of a constructional element or a sub-assembly
Common faults
which does not cause a major failure of the equipment.
Does not close on command 34%
Does not open on command 14%
Breakdowns (poles, ground) 8%
Cigré CB survey 1981,1985 Operates without command 7%
Results from a Cigré survey published in Electra No 79, 1981 and Others <5%
additional Cigré studies from 1985 covers the time interval 1974- Faults in components
77. All types of circuit breakers with service voltage above 63 kV
Operating mechanism 70%
are included.
Interrupters 14%
Insulation 6%
Main results Frame/foundation 6%
Others 5%
■■ 70% of Major Failures (MF) were of mechanical
origin Major failures segmented by failure mode
■■ 19% of MF were of electrical origin concerning the

auxiliary and control circuits
■■ 11% of MF were of electrical origin concerning the

main circuit
■■ 48% of MF were classified as “Does not open or

close on command”
The operating mechanism was the part of the circuit breaker
responsible for the highest number of failures (37% of MF). CB year of
manufacture

Major failures segmented by failing sub-component Maintenance aspects
The average interval between scheduled overhaul is 8.3 years.
This could in many cases be extended.
The number of failures caused by incorrect maintenance has

decreased compared to the first enquiry (85% decrease for
major failures, 26% for minor failures), but there is still room for
improvement
About a quarter of the failures are caused by inadequate

instructions and incorrect erection, operation and maintenance.
The three important issues for breaker maintenance are:
■■ Lubrication
CB year of
manufacture ■■ Contact adjustment
■■ Neglect or lack of maintenance

The operating mechanism remains the most unreliable part of Briefly, the most important thing for breaker maintenance is
the breaker. grease. All breakers use grease as lubricant, and grease tends to
dry out over time due to the heat produced in the breaker parts
“Does not close/open on command” and “Locked in open or carrying the load.
closed position” remain the most frequently occurring failure
modes.
Conclusions
The overall circuit breaker major failure rate appears to be The results from the latest survey is preliminar and the final
substantially lower than in the previous survey. report is soon going to be released. However, one can see that
the reliability surveys show positive trends; the HV circuit breakers
Mechanical aspects are getting better.
A large part of the major failures have mechanical origin. The The reliability surveys have:
operating mechanism and the electrical control and auxiliary
circuits are the components responsible for the majority of both ■■ Helped users to choose optimal equipment and
major and minor failures. The dominant major failure modes are
maintenance procedures
“Does not open or close on command”and “Locked in open or
closed position”. These modes add up to almost 70% of the ■■ Helped manufacturers to improve their products
major failures.
■■ Contributed to improvement of international
standards
Generator circuit breaker failure A distribution circuit breaker pole totally damaged by explosion.
Maintenance strategy
Maintenance approaches
Various power utilities, people and organizations have different
viewpoints on and approaches to maintenance strategies.
Testing and maintenance methodologies have changed over the
years and in all likelihood they will continue to evolve as new
technologies become available. This section is only intended to
create awareness about some of the possible approaches. There
are no correct or incorrect strategies, but there is sometimes a
better way of doing things.
Approaches to maintenance include but are not limited to the

following:
■■ Reliability centered maintenance

predictive maintenance but with value/importance priorities
taken into consideration. The primary aim here is to preserve
Connection of cables and clamps on a distribution CB. system functions by determining the criticality of individual
components, etc.
Whatever form of maintenance approach is selected, the most
important goal is to achieve maximum reliability at the lowest ■■ Corrective maintenance
possible life cycle cost. when something has already happened. If a maintenance
strategy that is strictly corrective is adopted, no attempts are
Since breaker testing many times is based on comparison
made to deal with a developing circuit breaker fault before
and trend analysis it is important to strive to have the same
it becomes fatal. This does not, however, ensure the reliable
conditions from test to test. High precision signal acquisition is
supply of electric power that consumers are entitled to expect.
also necessary, together with high measurement accuracy and a
Short-term savings in maintenance costs will soon be eaten
reliable means of storage for data.
up by the cost of the damage and the cost of correcting a
If the set up work required can be minimized and the connection fault.
from the test instrument to the apparatus can be simplified,
faster testing and evaluation of results can be achieved. ■■ Preventative maintenance
Testing can be done at various stages in the life of a CB including: based on time or number of operations. It includes
inspection, testing, overhauls and modifications. This strategy
■■ Development is encountered more frequently.
■■ Production ■■ Periodic / time interval based maintenance

carried out at regular intervals. In time interval-based
■■ Commissioning
maintenance, a number of specific measures are taken at
■■ Maintenance/fault tracing predetermined times, regardless of the conditions under
which a circuit breaker operates. If this method is applied
■■ After service (re-commissioning) too strictly, however, it may lead to needless intervention.
Disassembling a circuit breaker that has no faults entails
needless expense, and it does not improve reliability.
■■ Condition based maintenance

a maintenance flag is set. The breaker’s need for maintenance
is based less on time than on the conditions to which it is
exposed, how frequently it operates and its environment.
Condition-based maintenance provides excellent
opportunities to improve reliability and cut costs, but it
requires effective diagnostic methods. Many circuit breakers
provide longer service lives than expected.

■■ On-line testing
Condition check w/o taking CB out of service. Gives valuable ■■ Main contact timing through sensing of CT
information in relatively short time. Test methods that are secondary current
available for on-line testing are:
■■ Auxiliary contact timing
■■ First trip / first close test with analysis of coil
currents ■■ Control voltage measurement
■■ Vibration test ■■ Motion measurement (under certain conditions)
Testing guide
Type of CB Vacuum Oil Minimum Oil SF6 Air-blast GIS

Voltage levels
(kV) 1 – 36 Any 6 – 145 145 – 400 6 – 40 72 – 245 >245 6 – 40 40 – 130 >130 Any
Application
Timing x x x x x x x x x x (x)1)
Motion (x)2) x x x x x x (x)3) (x)3) (x)3) x
Coil current x x x x x x x (x)2) (x)2) (x)2) x
DRM n/a (x)2) (x)2) (x)2) x x x (x)2) (x)2) (x)2) (x)6)
SRM x x x x x x x x x x (x)1)
Vibration (x)2) (x)2) (x)2) x (x)2) x x (x)2) (x)2) (x)2) x
DCM (x)2) x x x x x x x x x (x)1)
Motor current x x (x)4) (x)4) (x)4) (x)4) (x)4) n/a n/a n/a (x)4)
Min. voltage to operate CB x x x x x x x x x x x
Minimum voltage x x x x x x x x x x x
Station voltage x x x x x x x x x x x
Gas density n/a n/a n/a x x x n/a n/a n/a n/a
Voltage integrity x n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Air pressure/flow n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a x x x n/a
PIR contacts n/a x (x)5) (x)5) (x)5) (x)5) (x)5) (x)5) (x)5) (x)5) (x)5)
Grading capacitors n/a n/a n/a (x)5) (x)5) (x)5) (x)5) (x)5) (x)5) (x)5) (x)5)
Legend
x Applicable
(x)1) If accessible
(x)2) Possible
(x)3) Optional – if disconnector knife/contact is included in CB design.
(x)4) Motor current is only applicable on spring drives.
Applicability and presence of grading capacitors as well as PIR contacts are depending on network design and
(x)5) not related to CB design.
(x)6 If accessible and if not vacuum CB
n/a Not applicable
Comments
Motor current There are three different types of operating mechanisms; Spring, hydraulic and pneumatic. Motor current is
only applicable on spring drives.
PIR contacts Applicability and presence of grading capacitors as well as PIR contacts are depending on network design and
Grading capacitors not related to CB design. Usually not used in distribution networks.
Oil CBs Well defined travel trace and transducer attachment points. At higher voltages serial contacts per phase but
those cannot be accessed, thus only timed as single contacts per phase. If PIR contact those are often sliding
contacts in the main tank. No separation possible. Has to be timed as parallel contacts. PIR values can be down
to 10 Ω. Coil current traces are essential. Always single operation mechanism if single tank design.
Minimum Oil CBs Coil currents are essential, as well as operating
1 contact / phase, single operating mechanism.
6 – 145 kV mechanism damping dash-pots. Travel is essential and
Minimum Oil CBs 2-6 contacts / phase. 400 kV always separate (3) it is usually relatively easy to find documentation on
145 – 400 kV operating mechanisms. transducer attachment points etc.
www.megger.com 19
How to test
Safety
The best way to improve personnel safety when working in a
substation is to increase the distance between personal and
devices with voltage. Regulations and laws require all objects
to be grounded on both sides before any maintenance work.
For circuit breaker maintenance the most basic and important
test, main contact timing, is performed without this basic safety
prerequisite. Conventional technology does quite simply not
permit a safe way of timing a circuit breaker but now it is possible
to test much safer using the DualGround (DCM) technology, see
next pages.
Power utilities and instrument

manufacturers practice
Before connecting the instrument to mains outlet, connect the
separate ground lead to test/work ground and when disconnecting
the instrument, disconnect the instrument from mains outlet and last
disconnect the test/work ground.
Most substations have a common ground system and no

additional actions need to be taken. In substations having
separate ground systems, two alternatives are possible:
Circuit breaker grounded during preparation for timing test

■■ Temporary connect the two ground systems (E.g.
ESA 99)
Tests shall be made according to applicable standards, local
regulations and best practice. The instruction material and the
■■ Use an isolating transformer powering the test
name plate for the circuit breaker can also be useful to assist the
instrument (E.g. 1910.269(i)(2)(ii)C)
test. The safety aspect is of high importance – be careful to follow
all safety instructions and regulations. If none of these actions are performed the instrument protective
ground act as connection between the two ground systems. This
Before testing make a visual inspection to see if there are any can lead to a high current through the systems protective ground
signs of damage. leads that the system is not designed for and is a risk for personal
safety.
An important requirement for the CB is reliability. After a long
time without being operated it shall function perfectly when
needed. To test this you have only one chance to make a “first Step by step routines
trip test”, described later in this chapter.
■■ Both sides grounded when connecting and if
The rated operating sequence (also known as standard operating possible when measuring (DualGround).
duty or standard duty cycle) is the specified operating sequence,
■■ Ground instrument.
which the circuit breaker shall be able to perform at specified
ratings. Breaker manufacturer normally specifies these sequences ■■ Short ground leads.
and corresponding rated times, which are defined as per IEC
62271-100. ■■ Don’t leave circuit breaker open when grounded
on one side.
The main topics covered in this chapter are:
■■ Remove connections in correct order.
■■ Safety
■■ Items to be tested / inspected
■■ Test methods and parameters
■■ Mounting of motion transducer

DualGround testing
■■ Increased safety for field personnel
■■ Suitable for all kinds of circuit breakers
■■ Non-intrusive and does not require any beforehand

information With only one side grounded the capacitive coupled current can
reach values high enough to be harmful or lethal for humans.
■■ Interpretation and way of working is not changed.
Only made faster and easier
A technology from 2006 that makes main contact timing of a

circuit breaker possible with both sides grounded. Therefore
dangerous voltage can be kept at distance. A safe area around
the circuit breaker can be created and clearly marked with
security fencing. Accidents with electric arc and electrocution
can be avoided. The result of a main contact timing based on
this new technology is in no way different for an interpreter
and fully compatible with the conventional main contact timing
measurement. For the field personnel the way of working
becomes somewhat faster but otherwise remains familiar.
Timing of main contacts can today be performed using the

DualGround method. This is a revolutionary method that allows
for testing the circuit breaker accurately, more safely and efficiently Testing is much safer using DualGround.
compared to conventional timing Safety procedures dictate that
both sides of a breaker should be grounded when working on Conventional vs. DualGround
the breaker in field tests. Conventional timing methods require Site preparation (isolate work Site preparation (isolate work
ground to be lifted on one side of the breaker to allow for the area, apply safety ground, issue area, apply safety ground, issue
instrument to sense the change in contact status. This procedure permit to work) permit to work)
makes the test cables and the instrument a part of the induced Hook up test equipment. Issue Hook up test equipment. Issue
sanction for test sanction for test
current path while the test is performed. The DualGround
Authorised person removes the Risky step left out
method allows for reliable measurements with both sides of the
ground
circuit breaker grounded thus making the test faster and easier.
Perform testing Safe testing with both sides
This technique also makes it possible to test circuit breakers in grounded
configurations such as GIS applications, generator breakers, and Authorised person applies Risky step left out
transformer applications where conventional timing methods ground
requires removal of jumpers and bus-bar connections which is Cancel sanction for test. Cancel sanction for test.
difficult and cumbersome. Disconnect test equipment Disconnect test equipment
Site closing (cancel permit to Site closing (cancel permit to
work, disconnect ground) work, disconnect ground)
www.megger.com 21
Timing with both sides grounded
Timing measurements are difficult to make with both sides of a values approaching 10 ms. A copper grounding cable 2 x 10 m
circuit breaker grounded. However, the Megger DualGround™ with 95 mm2 cross section area has a resistance of about 3.6 mΩ
timing (DCM – Dynamic Capacitance Measurement), patented, (not counting transitional resistances in connector devices). An
is outstanding when ground loop resistance is low. The solution arcing contact is usually also in the milliohm range, from a couple
has no lower limit in ground loop resistance. The ground loop can of milliohms up to about 10 mΩ depending on the type of breaker
even have lower resistance than the main contact/arcing contact but also on the condition of the arcing contact. All this together
path and it still works. This is particularly crucial when testing GIS makes it an arbitrary task to adjust thresholds as you don’t know
breakers and generator breakers but also for AIS breakers having what value to use. You will have to try different values until you
decent grounding appliances. The reason for the superiority of get a reasonable result.
using DualGround with the DCM method is that it uses high
frequency to achieve resonance in the test circuit. The fact that Furthermore, if you cannot view the resistance graph, because it is
the resonance frequency varies when the circuit breaker changes not recorded by the used test instrument, the threshold adjusting
state can easily be used for close/open detection. task becomes even more difficult.
There are other methods that use dynamic resistance measurement Finally, a method built on evaluation against thresholds is more
(DRM) as a means of timing a CB with both sides grounded. A sensitive for induced AC currents through the test object. When
current is injected and the voltage drop across the CB is recorded, grounding the circuit breaker in both sides a loop is formed
then the resistance can be calculated. The determination of with big area exposed to magnetic fields from surrounding live
breaker state is simply estimated by evaluating the resistance conductors. The alternating magnetic field will induce a current in
graph against an adjustable threshold. If the resistance is below the the circuit breaker/grounding loop. This current can reach two digit
threshold the breaker is considered closed and if the resistance is Ampere values which would, in case of e.g. 100 A test current,
above the threshold the breaker is considered open. The problems correspond to a reasonable part. If the evaluation threshold is
arise when it comes to setting this threshold since it has to be on the limit these current fluctuations would definitely affect the
below the ground loop resistance (which is initially unknown) and timing results.
above the resulting resistance of the arcing contact (which also is
The Megger DualGround DCM solution is completely insensitive
unknown) and the ground loop in parallel. The reason for this is
for 50/60 Hz interference.
that according to the IEC standard it is the closing/opening of the
arcing contact that counts as the breaker’s operation time, not
the main contact, and the difference between main and arcing
contact operation time can, depending of contact speed, reach
According to the IEC standard it is the closing/opening of the arcing contact that counts as the breaker’s operation time, not the main contact.
Examples showing the problems finding threshold setting:
Threshold > 3 mΩ » Continuously closed
2 mΩ < Threshold < 3 mΩ » Correct closing time (to set the threshold within these limits is a bit of a lottery)
50 µΩ < Threshold < 2 mΩ » Incorrect closing time (e.g. 1000 µΩ in the diagram)
Threshold < 50 µΩ » Continuously open
Items to be tested / inspected First trip test
A good and time effective way to check the condition of a circuit
■■ Operating mechanism / Electrical accessories breaker is to document its behavior at the first open operation
after it has been idle for long time. The measurement and
■■ Arcing and main contacts connections to the circuit breaker are carried out while it is still
in service. All of the connections are made inside the control
■■ Arcing chambers cabinet.
■■ Main circuit - Busbars - Isolating contacts The biggest benefit of using first trip testing is to test “real world”
operating conditions. If the circuit breaker has not operated for
■■ Grounding pliers (only for draw out power circuit
years, first trip testing will reveal if the circuit breaker is slower
breaker) due to problems in the mechanism linkages or coil armatures
caused by corrosion or dried grease. With traditional methods,
■■ Grounding connection (only for fixied power circuit
the testing is carried out after the circuit breaker has been taken
breaker)
out of service and has been operated once or even twice.
■■ Auxiliary circuit power supply voltage On a gang operated breaker, (breaker with a common operating
mechanism), one coil current is measured and on an IPO
(Independent Pole Operated) breaker three coil currents are
measured. Analyzing the coil current signature gives information
Test methods and parameters of the CB condition. Auxiliary contacts timing can also be
measured. Opening times can be measured by monitoring the
protection CTs’ secondary current, however, the arcing time will
■■ First trip test then be included. If there is a parallel current path available the
opening times can be more accurately determined since the
■■ Contact Timing arcing is minimized. A more advanced approach to first trip is to
also measure vibration. This provides detailed information of the
■■ Primary injection test
status of the circuit breaker. These measurements during first trip
■■ Motion are possible with TM1800 and TM1700.
■■ Static resistance measurement (SRM) Extra caution must be taken since there are live circuits in the
control cabinet and the mechanism is fully charged. The breaker
■■ Dynamic resistance measurement (DRM) can operate at any time a fault condition occurs.
■■ Synchronized switching
■■ Coil test
■■ Minimum voltage test
■■ Minimum voltage required to operate breaker
■■ Vibration testing
■■ Vacuum bottle test
■■ Primary testing
■■ Oil test
■■ SF6 leakage
■■ Humidity test
■■ Air pressure test
■■ Power factor / Tan Delta / Insulation

Circuit breaker hooked up for test and measurement.
www.megger.com 23
Contact timing
Main contacts
Phase synchronization (interrupters inside phase)

Definition of time measurements according to IEC
■■ - < 1/8 cycle (IEC62271-100)
Opening time The time interval from the opening release (e.g. coil)
is activated to the instant when the arcing contacts
have separated at all poles. Resistor contacts
Closing time The time interval from the closing device (e.g. closing The resitor contacts can be of pre or post insertion type. Timing of
coil) is activated to the instant when the arcing resistor contacts are made simultaneously with the main contacts
contacts touch each other in all poles but the resistor contacts are only detected while the main contact
is open. The resistance value is a good parameter for evaluation.
Simultaneity within a single phase is important in situations where
a number of contacts are connected in series. Here, the breaker Auxiliary contact timing
becomes a voltage divider when it opens a circuit. If the time There are no generalized time limits for the time relationships
differences are too great, the voltage becomes too high across between main and auxiliary contacts, but it is still important
one contact, and the tolerance for most types of breakers is less to understand and check their operation. The purpose of an
than 2 ms. The reason is that the multiple breaks together make auxiliary contact is to close and open a circuit. Such a circuit
a voltage divider (in open position). If the time spread is too big might enable a closing coil when a breaker is about to perform a
it will result in over-voltage on a single contact. Serious damages closing operation and then open the circuit immediately after the
on the breaking chamber might occur. operation starts, thereby preventing coil burnout.
The time tolerance for simultaneity between phases is greater The auxiliary contacts are of three types; a (NO), b (NC) and
for a 3-phase power transmission system running at 50 Hz since Wiper (temporary). Type a is following the position of the main
there is always 3.33 ms between zero crossovers. contacts and type b is in the opposite position. The Wiper makes
a temporary closure during both close and open operation.
Still, the time tolerance is usually specified as less than 2 ms,
even for such systems. It should also be noted that breakers Auxiliary contacts are sometimes also used to convey different
that perform synchronized switching must meet more stringent dynamic properties of the circuit breaker, such as speed and
requirements in both of the aforesaid situations. damping. The results from timing these contacts can be used to
adjust the circuit breaker.
Breaker synchronization (phase vs. phase)
There are also auxiliary contacts used for interlocking such as
■■ < 1/4 cycle @ close operation (IEC62271-100)
spring charge indication, hydraulic pressure, SF6 density monitor,
■■ < 1/6 cycle @ open operation (IEC62271-100) X/Y-relay, anti-pump relay etc.
Timing of graphite breakers

Conventional timing test methods cannot be applied on circuit
breakers having graphite nozzles because they will result in
instable, non repeatable timing values. Instead a DRM (Dynamic
Resistance Measurement) has to be performed and the resistance
graphs are then evaluated with a tailored algorithm to determine
the time reference, which is the transition between graphite/
silver and silver/silver on close and between silver/silver and silver/
graphite on opening. The software will also compensate for the
time offset created by the time it takes for the moving contact
to travel the length corresponding to the graphite nozzle length.
Primary injection test

For primary injection testing, high current is injected on the
primary side of the current transformer. The entire chain – current
transformer, conductors, connection points, relay protection and
sometimes circuit breakers as well is covered by the test. The
system being tested must be taken out of service during primary
injection testing. Testing is usually conducted in connection with
commissioning.
Auxiliary contacts. Accelerometer attached for
The only way to verify that a direct-acting low voltage circuit
vibration measurement.
breaker operates properly is to inject a high current.

Motion Damping
A high-voltage breaker is designed to interrupt short-circuit Damping is an important parameter to monitor and test as the
current in a controlled manner. This puts great demands on the stored energy an operating mechanism use to open and close a
mechanical performance of all components in the interrupter circuit breaker is considerable. The powerful mechanical stress
chamber as well as the operating mechanism. It has to operate at can easily damage the breaker and/or reduce the breaker’s useful
a specific speed in order to build up adequate pressure to allow life. The damping of opening operations is usually measured as a
for cooling stream of air, oil or gas (depending on the type of second speed, but it can also be based on the time that elapses
breaker) to extinguish the arc that is generated after the contact between two points just above the breaker’s open position.
separation until the next zero-crossing. It is important to interrupt
the current to prevent a re-strike. This is accomplished by making
sure that the contacts move apart far enough from each other
Static resistance measurement
before the moving contact has entered the so-called damping (SRM)
zone.
Test is conducted by injecting DC current through the breaker
The distance throughout which the breaker’s electric arc must be main contact system when circuit breaker is closed. By measuring
extinguished is usually called the arcing zone. From the motion the voltage drop the resistance can be calculated. The value of the
curve, a velocity or acceleration curve can be calculated in order main contact resistance reflects the condition of the conducting
to reveal even marginal changes that may have taken place in the parts.
breaker mechanics.
A static resistance value provides a reference value for all types
The contact travel motion is captured by connecting a travel of electrical contacts and joints. IEC56 states that this type of
transducer on the moving part of the operating mechanism. resistance is to be measured using a current ranging between
The transducer provides an analogue voltage relative to the 50 A and the breaker’s nominal current. ANSI C 37.09 specifies a
movement of the contact. The motion is presented as a curve minimum test current of 100 A. Other international and national
where distance vs. time allows for further analysis. standards set forth similar guidelines in order to eliminate the risk
of obtaining erroneously high values if the test current is too low.
From the motion curve, a velocity or acceleration curve can be In some cases, heat generated by a high test current disperses
calculated in order to reveal changes in the breaker mechanics any contact grease remnants or other impurities found on
that may affect the breakers operation. contact surfaces (resulting from numerous high-current breaking
operations).
Travel
When the circuit breaker is in bad shape the values will change
The travel trace indicates the instantaneous position of the
dramatically from the values from factory.
circuit beaker contacts during an operation. This gives important
information such as total travel, overtravel, rebound, undertravel,
contact wipe or penetration of moving-contact or operating-rod
position at the time of close or open, and anomalies which are
evident from the trace.
Speed
Speed is calculated between two points on this motion curve.
The upper point is defined as a distance in length, degrees or
percentage of movement from a) the breaker’s closed or open
position, or b) the contact-closure or contact-separation point.
The lower point is determined based on the upper point. It can
either be a distance below the upper point or a time before the
upper point. The time that elapses between these two points
ranges from 10 to 20 ms, which corresponds to 1-2 zero- Circuit breaker operating mechanism with rotary motion
crossovers. transducer and accelerometer (for vibration measurement).
The single most important benefit derived from the instantaneous

Motion diagram and timing
velocity and acceleration curves is the insight that they provide graphs for a close-open
Closed
Contact closure
into the forces involved during the operation of a circuit breaker. operation
Position
Stroke
Arcing zone
Speed calculation points Damping zone
Acceleration Open
Average acceleration can be calculated from the velocity trace.

Time
www.megger.com 25
ANSI writes about 200% increase of resistance over the max Synchronized (Controlled) switching
value specified from factory. In order to test function of a controlled switching device one or
more currents from current transformers and reference voltage
Dynamic resistance from voltage transformer as well as controller output signals are
recorded during issuing Open or Close command. Specific setups
measurement (DRM) depend on test instrumentation, available current and voltage
sources and installed switching controller. Typical controlled
Tests are conducted by injecting DC current through the breaker
switching setup using controller where poles are controlled
main contact and measuring the voltage drop and current while
separately is shown below.
the breaker is operated. The breaker analyzer then calculates
and plots resistance as a function of time. If contact movement
is recorded simultaneously, you can read the resistance at each
contact position. This method is used for contact diagnosis, and
in certain cases it is also used to measure times.
With DRM measurement the arcing contact length can be reliably

estimated. The only real alternative in finding the length of the
arcing contact is dismantling the circuit breaker. In SF6 breakers
the arcing contact is commonly made of Wolfram (tungsten). This
contact is burned off and becomes shorter for each interruption
of load current.
A reliable DRM interpretation requires high test current and a

circuit breaker analyzer with good measurement resolution.
Cin Close command

Oin Open command
Uref Reference voltage
Cout Close commands individual for each phase
Oout Open commands individual for each phase
Movement starts
Motion curve
Length of arcing contact
Arcing contact opens, current drops

Main contact opens and resistance rises to infinite
Current
Resistance curve
Slight increase in resistance when the
contacts start to slide
DRM is a reliable method to estimate the length/wear of the arcing contact. The SDRM202 provides high current and the TM1800 gives an
accurate measurement with very good resolution. Besides, it is possible to use DualGround testing.

The armature operates the trip latch [3-4], which in turn collapses
the trip mechanism [4-5]. The anomaly at [4] is the point where
the armature momentarily stops when contact is made with the
prop. More energy is required for the armature to resume motion
and overcome the additional loading of the prop. The anomaly
may be caused by degradation of the prop bearings, lubrication,
changes in temperature, excessive opening spring force or
mechanism adjustment. The armature completes its travel [4-5]
and hits a stop [5].
Of interest is the curve [4-5]. As the armature moves from the

point where the trip mechanism is unlatched [4] to the stop [5]
the inductance of the coil changes. The curve is an indication of
the speed of the armature. The steeper the curve the faster the
armature is moving.
After the armature has completed its travel and has hit the stop
An example of results from Open operation.
[5], there is a change in current signature.
Coil test The magnitude of the current [7] is dependent on the DC

resistance of the coil.
The ‘a’ contact opens [8] to de-energize the trip coil and the
current decays to zero.
The interpretation of circuit breaker operating coil signatures may

provide information about the condition of the latching systems.
Current
When you apply a voltage across a coil, the current curve first
shows a straight transition whose rate of rise depends on the
coil’s electrical characteristic and the supply voltage. When
the coil armature (which actuates the latch on the operating
mechanism’s energy package) starts to move, the electrical
relationship changes and the coil current drops.
1 Trip coil energized 6 Proportional to DC coil The peak value of the first, lower current peak is related to the
2-5 Armature travel resistance fully saturated coil current (max current), and this relationship
3-4 Armature operates trip 7 Auxiliary contact opens gives an indication of the spread to the lowest tripping voltage. If
latch 8 Current decay the coil were to reach its maximum current before the armature
4-5 Armature completes its and latch start to move, the breaker would not be tripped. It is
travel
important to note, however, that the relationship between the
5 Armature hits stop
two current peaks varies, particularly with temperature. This also
Example of coil current on circuit breaker applies to the lowest tripping voltage.
Coil currents can be measured on a routine basis to detect

potential mechanical and/or electrical problems in actuating coils
When a trip coil is first energized [1], current flows through well in advance of their emergence as actual faults.
its windings. The magnetic lines of force in the coil magnetize
the iron core of the armature, in effect inducing a force in the Voltage
armature. The current flowing through the trip coil increases to In some cases it is also of interest to measure DC voltage
the point where the force exerted on the armature is sufficient to sagging during coil operation. The voltage to the coil will vary
overcome forces, combined gravitational and friction, which may during operation. This change will influence the coil current, the
be exerted, pulling [2] it through the trip coil core. armature release time and finally the contact timing.
The magnitude of the initial current [1-2] is proportional to the
energy required to move the armature from its initial rest position.
The movement of the iron core through the trip coil generates an
electromagnetic force in the coil that in turn has an effect on the
current flowing through it. The rate of rise of current depends on
the change in the inductance of the coil.
www.megger.com 27
Minimum voltage test
This test is often neglected even though it is specified and The easiest factor to measure is the total vibration level. If it
recommended in international standards. The test objective is to exceeds a given value, the equipment is deemed to be in the
make sure that the breaker can operate at the lowest voltage level fault or risk zone.
provided by the station battery when the breaker has to operate
during a power outage. The test is performed by applying the For all types of vibration testing, a reference level must have
lowest specified operating voltage and verify that the breaker been previously measured on equipment known to be fault free.
operates within specified operation parameters. Standard test All measurements on the equipment tested are then related to
voltage is 85% and 70% of nominal voltage for close and open this reference signature in order to determine whether or not
respectively. the measured vibration level is “normal” or that it indicates the
presence of faults.
Minimum voltage required to operate

breaker Vibration testing on circuit breaker
Vibration analysis is a noninvasive method using an acceleration
This test should not be confused with the above described. In this
sensor without moving parts. The breaker can stay in service
test you determine the minimum voltage at which the breaker is
during the test. An Open-Close operation is all that is required for
able to operate. It is a measure of how much force that is needed
the measurement. The first operation can be different compared
to move the coil armature. In this test you are not interested in
to the second and third because of corrosion and other metal to
contact timing parameters, only whether the breaker operates
metal contact issues. Vibration is an excellent method to capture
or not. You start on a low voltage sending a control pulse to
the first operation after long time in the same position.
the breaker. If not operating you increase the voltage with say
5 V and try again, and so on. Once the breaker has operated The analysis compares the vibration time series with earlier taken
you note the voltage at which operation occurred. Next time reference. The vibration method detects faults that can hardly be
maintenance is done you can compare your results with the old indicated with conventional methods. However, if conventional
test value to determine changes. data such as contact time, travel curve, coil current and voltage
are available in addition to the vibration data even more precise
Vibration testing condition assessment is possible. The vibration data is stored
Vibration testing is based on the premise that all mechanical together with available conventional data.
movements in an equipment produce sounds and/or vibrations,
The vibration method is published in CIGRÉ and IEEE® papers.
and that by measuring them and comparing the result with
Since about 15 years is it utilized in the industry for testing all
the results of previous tests (known data), the condition of the
kind of breakers from transmission to industrial sites. The method
equipment in question can be evaluated.
was first established on the Scandinavian market. Vibration can
be performed under very safe manners for the test technician
as both sides can be grounded throughout the test. Also less
climbing is required since no access to the breaker contact system
is needed. The acceleration sensor is easily mounted on the
breaker.
One or more accelerometers are attached to the breaker poles and

operating mechanism. Vibration signals from the accelerometers
proceed via a signal conditioning unit that incorporates an
amplifier and filter to the Breaker Analyzer System TM1800
where they are recorded during breaker operation. The directly
recorded vibration signals can be analyzed in the CABA Win
software, together with time, motion and coil current data.
A sophisticated procedure known as Dynamic Time Warping

(DTW) is used for further analysis. DTW compares vibration signals
with reference signature obtained (preferably) from a previous
test conducted on the very same breaker. Comparisons with the
results of tests conducted on other breakers of the same type can
be used in the initial phase of a series of tests. Comparison results
are presented on a time-time diagram that shows time deviations
and also on a deviation diagram that reveals differences in
frequency content and amplitude.
The figure shows trip coil current and DC voltage sagging in an
open operation. The open circuit voltage is 128 V and the voltage
sag is about 14 V at maximum trip current 11 A. These are normal
values and do not indicate any malfunctions in the DC operating
voltage circuitry.

All test data and analysis data can be reported along with other
data such as motion and speed. The overall results provide a more
detailed picture of breaker condition than has heretofore been
available.
DTW vibration analysis is available in a separate program module

that can be purchased as an optional add-on for CABA Win.
This type of measurement requires a high sampling rate and a
broad dynamic range. The TM1800 uses 16-bit resolution and
40 kHz sampling rate. Together with a specially designed Signal
Conditioning Amplifier SCA600, the TM1800 enables you to
measure vibrations with frequencies ranging up to 15 kHz.
Vacuum bottle test

Deviation between test and reference signatures. In this picture
The vacuum bottle in the vacuum circuit breaker is tested with you can easily discern deviations that are beginning to appear and
high voltage AC or DC to check that the integrity of the vacuum trace their origins
is intact. The electrical resistance of the vacuum in a breaker
is identical in behavior for AC and DC. The main difference in
using DC vs. AC is that AC also is sensitive to the capacitance two parts are joined together such as valve fittings, bushings
of the breaker. The DC (resistive) current component is 100 to and flanges but in rare cases it can leak straight through the
1000 times lower in magnitude than the AC (capacitive) current aluminum as a result of poor casting.
component, depending on the individual bottle capacitance and
therefore difficult to distinguish when testing using AC. As a These leaks can be found by using gas leak detectors (sniffers) or
result AC requires much heavier equipment for testing compared thermal imaging.
to DC test instruments.
Both the DC and the AC methods are detailed in standards; ANSI/

Humidity test
IEEE 37.20.2-1987, IEC 694 or ANSI C37.06. As humidity can cause corrosion and flashovers inside a breaker,
it is important to verify that the moisture content inside a SF6
breaker is kept to a minimum. This can be done by venting a
SF6 leakage
small amount of SF6 gas from the breaker through a moisture
SF6 leakage is one of the most common problems with circuit analyzer which will tell you the moisture of the gas.
breakers. The leakage can occur in any part of the breaker where
a) Impulse to energize operating

coil.
b) Closing coil electro magnet is

operating.
g. c) The big latch is released

e.
and the cam disc starts its
c. d. movement.
b. d) The increasing friction from

the increasing size of the cam
disc shows as vibrations.
a. h. i. j. e) Damping starts.
f. f) The arm passes the latch
when it is released and extra
movement is made.
g) The arm stops at the latch

device and the movement of
contact stops
h, i, j) Cam disc turns to locking

position
A characteristic vibration signal recorded at the operating mechanism at a close operation
www.megger.com 29
Air pressure test
Air pressure testing is carried out on air-blast
breakers. Pressure level, pressure drop rate and air
flow are measured during various operations. The
blocking pressure that will block the breaker in the
event of very low pressure can also be measured.
Mounting of motion transducer

For many years, breaker contact motion (travel) has been
considered one of the most important parameters for
checking a breaker’s interrupting capacity. Some types of
breakers are accompanied by instructions that explain how to
mount a motion transducer and some are not. There is, therefore,
a need for a few simple guidelines for selecting the right type of
transducer and the location on the breaker where measurements
are to be taken.
The relation between the mechanical movement of the main contact

and the transducer data output can be proportional 1:1, 1:x or non-
linear. Ideally, a linear transducer should be used when the main
contact moves along a straight path. The transducer should be attached
firmly enough to eliminate play and aligned in the direction taken by the
operating mechanism rod.
Another option is to use a rotary transducer connected to a shaft end on the

gearing located beneath the breaking pole. Using a transducer fitting is by
far the fastest way to attach a motion transducer. The movement in the point
selected for attaching the sensor may not be proportional to the movement of
the main contact. To solve this problem, a conversion table can be prepared. This
conversion table will enable the PC software to present the contact’s motion and
speed. Two options are available:
1. Find out the geometrical transfer function between the transducer

attachment point and the moving contact. A table, with degrees
in the left column and distance in the right column, can then be
generated from this function.
2. Perform a measurement with one linear transducer attached to the

moving contact and one rotary transducer attached to the most practical
point. The position of the linear transducers, at each degree turned on
the rotary transducer, is preferable read during a “slow close” operation.
However, if this is not possible a normal operation can be used and then the
most critical one should be selected, e.g. open.
If it proves impossible to obtain verified limit and calculation points for the breaker’s closing and
opening speeds, an alternative is to select a suitable attachment point and produce a ”footprint”
that can be used as a reference for the breaker in question.
At the very least, this will enable any departures from present conditions to be detected. Good
universal attachment fittings are available for transducers. One is designated as a rotary transducer kit.
If a particular type of breaker is tested frequently, it may be advisable to obtain a made-to-order tool
that can be used to attach the transducer at the selected point. Don’t forget to use a flexible coupling
between the rotary transducer and the breaker shaft since any change in the position of the shaft that
occurs over time can damage the transducer.

Test equipment
Test equipment for CB-testing includes one ore more of the following:
■■ Micro-ohmmeters
■■ Breaker analyzers
■■ Power supplies
■■ Vacuum testers
■■ High current sources
■■ Software – including capability to do the following
■■ Set user defined parameters
■■ Create databases
■■ Generate reports
■■ Analyze data
■■ Create graphical presentations
Product selection guide

Below is a selection guide for the Megger circuit breaker analyzers.
Circuit breaker EGIL TM1700 TM1800

Measurement entity
configuration Model / Config Model Modules / Configuration
Main contact timing 1 break / phase EGIL Basic All TM1700 1 Timing M/R
2 break / phase – All TM1700 1 Timing M/R
≥ 4 break / phase – All TM1700 4) 2 - 7 Timing M/R
Main and PIR contact timing 1 break / phase EGIL Basic All TM1700 1 Timing M/R
2 break / phase – All TM1700 1 Timing M/R
≥ 4 break / phase – All TM1700 4) 2 -7 Timing M/R
Coil current 1 operating mech. EGIL Basic All TM1700 1 Control
3 operating mech. – TM1720/50/60 2 Control or 1 Control + 1 Analog + 3 ext. current clamps
Motion EGIL Motion
1 operating mech. 1 Analog or 1 Digital
EGIL SDRM All TM1700 5)
3 operating mech. – 1 Control 1) or 1 Timing AUX
Auxiliary contact timing TM1710 1)
1 operating mech. EGIL Basic 1 Control 1) or 1 Timing AUX
TM1720/50/60
3 operating mech. – TM1720/50/60 2 Control 1) or 1 Control + 1 Timing AUX
≥ 3 aux / phase – TM1720/50/60 1 Control 1) and 1 Timing AUX or 2 timing aux
SRM 3) Any EGIL SDRM All TM1700 1 Timing M/R + 1 Analog
DRM 3) Any EGIL SDRM 1 Timing M/R + 1 Analog + 1 Digital 2)
1)
52a/b timing only
2)
If digital motion transducer
3)
SDRM201/202 accessory required
4)
Phase by phase and max 6 breaks / phase
5)
With 6 digital transducers or option with 3 analog channels.
www.megger.com 31
Good to know about error sources
Capacitive coupling Inductive coupling
Capacitive coupled current is the current that leaks through the Inductive coupled currents are created by the alternating magnetic
stray capacitances formed by overhead live lines as one electrode, field that a conductive loop is exposed to. Examples of such a
air or other insulation medium as dielectricum and a device under loop could be test cables or a test object grounded in both ends.
test or ground as the other electrode. If the device under test The area of the loop, the magnetic field and the resistance in the
is floating, i.e. not connected to earth, the voltage level of the loop determines the value of the induced current. The voltages
device could reach double digit values in kV due to capacitive created by induction is normally very low, partitions of a Volt, but
voltage division, live line/device, device/ground. the current can reach double digit values in Amperes AC.
Capacitive coupled currents can in worst case reach values up to This current can interfere with Static and Dynamic resistance
20 mA AC in HV substations. The current level depends on the measurement and affect the measurement value. As the inductive
distance from the device under test to overhead live lines, the coupled current is and AC it will contribute to the test current
length of the live line that the device under test is exposed to during one half of a period and the opposite during the other half
and air humidity. The capacitive coupled current can be seen as a introducing an error in the voltage drop reading. To minimize the
constant current source. influence of induced currents cable loops should be minimized
e.g. by twisting cables together as far as possible.
When timing a circuit breaker in a conventional way (not
DualGround) the capacitive coupled current will pass through
the breaker’s main contacts and resistor contacts (if existing) and Disturbances
interfere with the test current generated by the test equipment.
This is particularly crucial when timing resistor contacts and
measuring the value of the pre-insertion resistors, since the Instruments used in switchgear environment are in general well
interference current could be in the same range as the test current protected against disturbances but have of course limitations of
therefore making big impact of the result. The interference current what they can withstand. They need to have proper supply from
is an AC that will contribute to the test current half of the period AC system or batteries.
and the opposite the other half making it difficult to compensate
To avoid unnecessary disturbances instruments should in general
for even if you would know the value. Not considering the effect
be grounded and object should be disconnected and also
of the interference current could result in resistor contact timing
grounded on at least one side.
errors up to plus minus a half period.
When the auxiliary contact breaks up the coil circuit a voltage
When measuring pre-insertion resistor values the capacitive
spike is created over the contact. The spike has high frequency
coupled current passing through the test object superimposes
contents that quite easily can be propagated to measurement
an interference current resulting in erroneous reading of voltage
circuits resulting in disturbances of the test result. To avoid cross
drop. Since resistor contacts usually are engaged only for a short
talk between control circuits and measurement circuits, cables for
time (a couple of milliseconds) there is no possibility to determine
corresponding purpose should be separated from each other.
the amount of interference current by looking on the periodical
changes (50/60 Hz). Suppressing these frequencies by means of
filters is not feasibly due to the propagation delays the filters Temperature
would introduce. Measuring without interference suppression
will subsequently result in inaccurate, non-repeatable results
depending on where in the cycle the AC interference current Temperature can affect both the measuring instruments and the
happen to be at the instant of PIR value measurement. The measured object and hence the result. Especially low temperatures
measurement error will be proportional as: Peak interference may cause the mechanical parts move more slowly because the
current divided by Test current. Example: If the test current is oil and grease becomes more viscous.
50 mA through the PIR and the interference current is 10 mA
At low temperatures the pressure of the interrupting medium
peak the error will be 10 / 50 = 20%. (The test current should be
(SF6, SF6/N2 or SF6/CF4 blend) decreases, which could affect the
calculated as the test voltage divided with the PIR value.)
contact timing and operation speed of the moving contact.
To minimize the size of the capacitive coupled current, the side of
One should therefore make measurements at times with very
the test object that has the longest exposed part to live overhead
similar temperature as possible if you want to compare the
lines should be grounded, if there is a choice and if single ground
readings. If this is not possible at least a temperature note should
is applied. For DualGround capacitive coupled current is not a
be made and stored along with the test data.
problem.
TM1800 uses a patented active interference suppression that

neglects the influence of the interference current.

Voltage supply Transducer and flex coupling tolerances
When supplying the breaker operating coils you need a stable Avoid endpoints at linear transducers since the electrical stroke
voltage supply that is capable of delivering the current that the might be shorter than the mechanical stroke. Transducer accuracy
coils require. If you use a DC supply it should be one with low ripple. is influencing the result of motion, hence it is important to use a
transducer with good linearity and dynamic properties.
It is also important that the supply has a floating output, isolated
from ground, not only for personal safety reasons, but also because A flex coupling of good quality that protects the transducer from
the station’s auxiliary voltage circuitry might be equipped with a mechanical damage and transfers the motion without distorting it
ground fault indication system. is highly recommended.
The electrical angular span of a rotary analogue transducer is usually

Measurement of control voltage
less than 360° causing a gap of approximately 3° giving undefined
It is of big importance to measure the control voltage at each
values. This gap should be avoided during measurement.
recording since both timing results and coil current traces are
depending on the voltage that is applied. In order to make a fair
comparison between two tests it is crucial to verify that the control Sampling frequency
voltages are equal.
Excluding the control voltage parameter could complicate the Sampling frequency is the number of samples the measurement
backtracking of the reason for an outlier when making trend channel makes per second. Measuring with too low sampling
analysis. frequency can result in that important information e.g. contact
bounces, never gets recorded. It is recommended to use at least
10 kHz for timing measurements, 20 kHz for Dynamic Resistance
Connections, leads and clamps Measurements and 40 kHz for vibration measurements.
Make sure of a good electrical contact to the test object. When

there is paint or corrosion on the object, you must remove this to
Inaccuracy
get good connection. Make sure you connect as close as possible to
the measurement point, especially during resistance measurements. The test should be made with instrument with low inaccuracy. The
total fault depends not only on instruments channels specifications,
Circuit breaker operation is very powerful and vibrations can cause
but also on transducers, cabling and accessories. During motion
clamps to lose connection with object during measurement. This
measurements the faults are influenced by cabling, flex couplers,
can cause odd results and “ false bounces” caused by the bad
transducer inaccuracy, mounting of transducer and (if used)
connection.
conversion tables. Current readings are influenced by disturbance
When using incremental transducers avoid long cables; the signal in the current clamp, cabling, transducer offset and current
can be damped. Generally, keep cables short and when needed transformer specification.
twist them to avoid induction from magnetic fields. Keep different
Temperature can influence instruments and accessories
types of test cables away from each other. Make sure to use the
specifications.
right cable intended for the specific measurement.
To minimize the error caused by the test instrument the calibration
Some cables have grounded screens to reduce disturbances.
intervals recommended by the manufacturer should be obeyed.
These shall be used for measurements of analog entities whereas
unshielded cables is to be used for contact timing.
At DualGround testing with DCM the test cables shall not be moved
after tuning the circuit. If the position of the cables are changed
a new tuning has to be performed when the circuit breaker is in
closed position.
www.megger.com 33
Interpretation of the test results
Effective circuit breaker maintenance requires well-organized,
Failure mode analysis
accurate testing. The ability to accurately compare circuit breaker
tests with previous test results is essential. It is, therefore, The charts below indicates some typical failure modes of timing,
imperative to conduct tests in exactly the same way and under voltage and current measurements on HV Breakers and looks
the same conditions as those conducted earlier. Comparison at the various mechanical areas that could cause an out-of-
can then provide a clear picture of any deviations and changes, tolerance condition.
thereby indicating whether or not the circuit breaker should be
kept in operation or taken out of service for further investigation.
Comprehensive, accurate testing also requires analytical tools

and efficient reporting. It must be possible to validate test results
in detail and then easily compare them with other test results.
The test data are valuable information that must be safely stored,
including data backup on media that can be used for years to
come.
Timing measurements
Charging
Close Time Open Time Damping Time Possible cause of failure condition
Motor
Faster/ Slower
Normal Normal Normal Change in characteristic of the closing system. Latching system is binding.
Faster Normal Normal Normal

Spring charging system used for closing is defective.
Slower Normal Normal Normal
Normal Slower Normal Normal Change in characteristic of the closing system. Latching system is binding.
Faster Reduced force exerted by opening springs. One of the opening springs is
Slower Normal/ Slower Normal/ Slower
broken.
Slower Increased friction throughout the entire breaker caused by (for example)
Slower Normal/ Slower Normal/ Slower
corrosion in the linkage system.
Normal Faster Normal Normal Malfunctioning puffer system or extremely low SF6- pressure.
Normal Normal Faster Faster Damaged opening damper. Not enough oil in the dashpot.
Normal Normal Slower Slower Damaged opening damper. Increased friction in the dashpot
CB operating system
Tested parameter Result
Coil current Varies with coil resistance and control voltage
Control voltage Increased voltage drop indicates increased resistance of the coil supply cables.
■■ Must be measured in order to obtain traceability of coil current measurements and timing measurements
Coil resistance A change could indicate a burned coil or a short circuit between winding turns.
■■ Can be calculated from control voltage and peak current
Armature stop time Increased time indicates increased mechanical resistance in latch system or coil armature
Armature start current Increased current indicates increased mechanical resistance in coil armature
■■ Gives an indication of the lowest operation voltage (coil pick up).
Max motor current Varies with winding resistance, supply voltage and applied force.
■■ Start current not considered.
Motor voltage Increased voltage drop indicates increased resistance in the motor supply cables
Spring charge motor start time Closing time of auxiliary contact for the spring charge motor
Spring charge motor stop time Increased time shows e.g. higher mechanical friction

FAQ
How can I get more current out of my primary Twist the cables to reduce inductance
injection test set?
Keep the cables as short as possible
Use thicker cables or more cables in parallel
Make sure that the contact surfaces are clean
Confirm that binding posts and connection clamps are firmly
tightened
What kind of motion transducer should I use Follow the CB manufacturer’s recommendations
for a circuit breaker?
The general recommendation is to use rotary transducer
attach and to attach it to a rotating point in mechanism.
For live tank breakers you generally use a rotary transducer
but for dead tank breakers and bulk oil circuit breakers you
generally use a linear transducer.
Where should I attach the motion transducer? Follow the CB manufacturer’s recommendations
If the above is missing you should choose a point in which
the motion of the moving contact, as close as possible, is
reflected. This point could have a linear or a rotary movement
and it could be located in the operating mechanism or in a
gear case close to the breaker pole
Why should I test the CB with both sides When the CB is grounded just in one side, the opposite side
grounded? will become ungrounded when the CB is opened. This will
expose the test engineer to danger caused by capacitive
coupled currents, lightning or unintentional energizing of the
test object.
National, international and local standards and regulations
states that all metallic parts in a substation should be
connected to ground.
How do a get conversion tables for my circuit - Contact manufacturer of your circuit breaker
breaker?
- Find out the geometric transfer function between the point
of transducer attachment and the moving contact and create
your own table.
- Make a reference measurement with one transducer
attached on the moving contact and one in the desired
transducer attachment point. From the result of the reference
measurement a table can be created.
I don’t have data from manufacturer on my - Make a reference measurement (footprint) of the CB when
circuit breaker. How can I analyze my object? it is new and use this to compare with for the succeeding
tests.
- Use default settings for speed calculation points
- Compare results with other circuit breakers of the same type
www.megger.com 35
Megger CB testing products
– overview
Circuit breaker analyzers
TM1800
The TM1800™ is the instrument platform for circuit breaker

maintenance, based on more than 20 years’ experience of over
4,000 delivered breaker analyzers. The modular construction
makes it possible to configure the TM1800 for measurements
on all known types of circuit breakers in operation on the world
market.
The robust design contains powerful technology that streamlines

circuit breaker testing. Sophisticated measurement modules
enable great time savings as many parameters can be measured
simultaneously, eliminating the need for new setup each time.
The patented DualGround™ testing using the new DCM module

makes the testing safe and time saving, by keeping the circuit
breaker grounded on both sides throughout the test. The DCM
module uses a measuring technology called Dynamic Capacitive
Measurement.
The Timing of Main and Resistance contacts uses patented active

interference suppression to obtain correct timing and accurate
PIR (Pre-Insertion Resistor) values in high voltage substations.
TM1700-series
The latest instrument in the TM-family have used much of the

technology from the top of the line version TM1800. TM1700
comes in four models starting from PC-remote controlled to fully
stand-alone. One important news is the test wizard that quickly
guides the operator through the test set-up.
EGIL
EGIL is designed specifically for medium-voltage breakers

having one main contact per phase. Main contacts and parallel
contacts having pre-insertion resistors are recorded and displayed
simultaneously. Coil currents and two auxiliary contacts are also
measured as standard. EGIL can be equipped with an analog
channel e.g. for motion measurement and a USB port for
communication with the CABA computer program. EGIL with
the SDRM option together with the SDRM accessory enables
static and dynamic resistance measurements.

Breaker Analyzer Program CABA Win
After connecting your breaker analyzer to a personal computer

(PC), you can use CABA to speed up testing and improve
reliability. CABA can be used with the TM1800, TM1700 and
EGIL series of instruments. Results are presented on the display
both graphically and in table form after each breaker operation
so that you can make comparisons with limit values and previous
test results. Simple procedures enable you to create individual
test plans tailored to individual breakers. Time-saving conversion
tables simplify the task of connecting and linking transducers to
the breaker. Reports created in your own format can be obtained
easily using standard field linking functions.
VIDAR
VIDAR tests vacuum in circuit breaker chambers using DC

voltage. When AC is used, the capacitive component of the
current flowing through the chamber must be tested. With
DC, this is eliminated. The resistive component of the leakage
current is very small compared with the capacitive component,
because of the high dielectric strength of the chamber. The DC
flashover voltage is equal to the peak AC voltage. Testing can be
completed in a few minutes.
Auxiliary equipment
B10E
Supplies power conveniently to breaker coils and spring-charging

motors. Since this power is unaffected by load and virtually
ripple-free, it’s ideal for minimum trip-voltage tests.
SDRM202
The SDRM202 is an accessory for TM1800, TM1700 and EGIL

with SDRM option.
The SDRM202 is intended to use for both static and dynamic

resistance measurements (SRM and DRM) on high voltage circuit
breakers or other low resistive devices. Used together with
TM1800, TM1700 or EGIL the current and also the voltage-drop
across the circuit breaker contacts are measured. The measuring
unit can thus calculate the resistance as a function of time.
www.megger.com 37
Micro-ohmmeters
The extensive range of products is designed to use high currents for both static and
dynamic resistance measurement. Here is a part of the portfolio of micro-ohmmeters.
MJÖLNER 200 and MJÖLNER 600
MJÖLNER 600 is designed to measure the resistance of circuit

breaker contacts, bus-bar joints, contact elements in bus-bars
and other high-current links. The product has been designed with
safety, ease of use and versatility in mind. With MJÖLNER 600 it is
possible to make measurements according to the DualGround™
method. This means that the test object will be grounded on
both sides throughout the test giving a safer, faster and easier
workflow.
MOM2
The ruggedness and lightweight, 1 kg (2.2 lbs), makes MOM2

a handheld instrument very suitable for field work, such as in
substations.
MOM2 test system is designed to serve a number of applications.

The most common are contact resistance measurements of low-,
medium- and high-voltage breakers and also at bus-bar joints,
and other high current links.
With MOM2 it is possible to make measurements according to

the DualGround™ method. This means that the test object will
be grounded on both sides throughout the test giving a safer,
faster and easier workflow.
MOM200A and MOM600A
MOM200A is designed to check and measure contact resistances

in high-voltage circuit breakers, disconnecting switches (isolators)
and bus-bar joints. The MOM200A is an excellent choice
when 200 amperes or less are needed for measurement. The
MOM600A is suitable when there is a need for higher currents.

DLRO200
DLRO200 measures resistances between 0.1 µΩ and 1 Ω, at

high currents. This versatile instrument can provide test currents
from 10 A up to 200 A subject to the load resistance and supply
voltage. A large liquid crystal display provides all the information
needed to perform a test; all test parameters and measurement
results are displayed.
DLRO 247000 Series
Digital Low Resistance Ohmmeters (DLRO) are a family

of highly accurate instruments that provide a simple,
practical and reliable means of making low-resistance
tests in the field. They also are ideal for production
quality control. They operate on the four-wire
measurement principle, thus eliminating lead
and contact resistances. With basic accuracies of
±0.25% and resolution down to 0.1 µΩ, they are
nonetheless designed to be rugged and portable
for use at the job site.
www.megger.com 39
Primary injection
test sets
ODEN A and ODEN AT
Created to test low-voltage and primary

breakers, ODEN is designed to generate
extraordinarily high power without sacrificing
portability. Outputs can range up to many
thousand amperes, and thanks to a highly
sophisticated measurement section, ODEN has a
very broad range of applications.
INGVAR
This powerful test system is designed for primary

injection testing of protective relay equipment and
circuit breakers. The system consists of a control unit
and a current unit. The two parts are portable, and
INGVAR can be quickly assembled and connected.
CSU600A and CSU600AT
CSU600A and CSU600AT supply units have two main fields of

application. The first is to conduct primary tests on protective
relays. A primary test shows whether all parts of the protection
system are functioning together properly within the specified
time limits under operating conditions.
The second field of application involves conducting current tests

on low-voltage circuit breakers and overcurrent devices.

Abbreviations and terms
ABCB Air-blast circuit breaker

Antipump relay The relay is there to stop coil from unintentional operating of CB due to remaining close pulse after
CO operation.
A device that prevents the CB from unintentional operation caused by standing or too long operation
command pulses. There are two types:
a. Prevents the CB to re-close after a CO when the close command is too long or continuous. The anti-
pump relay is reset by releasing the close command pulse. After this the CB can be closed again.
b. Prevents the CB to close when a continuous opening command is applied. To reset the anti-pump
relay the opening command has to be removed. When performing a trip-free operation (CO without
delay) the open command pulse has to be slightly delayed (10-20 ms) to prevent the anti-pump relay
to pick up.
Arc An electric arc is an electrical breakdown of a gas which produces an ongoing plasma discharge,
resulting from a current flowing through circuit breaker medium
Arching contact Arching contact can be a separate contact or an integral part of the main contact. The purpose of the
arching contact is to withstand the energy during switching and protect the main contact from getting
burned during arching. Often a material like graphite or tungsten carbide is used in the design.
Auto-reclosing Auto-reclosing is a short-time interruption of overhead line systems to eliminate transient faults or
short-circuits, such as those caused by thunderstorms, lightning or animals. This is simulated at test by
performing an Open-delay-Close operation. The delay is normally 300 ms.
Break / Breaking unit / Describes a subcomponent of a circuit breaker that includes at least one main contact. Can also be
Interrupter denoted interrupter. A circuit breaker always includes at least one break per phase and can include
up to 6 breaks per phase in extreme cases. The voltage level and application for the specific circuit
breaker decides the numbers of breaks.
DCM Dynamic Capacitance Measurement is a patented method used for resistance measurement with test
object grounded on both sides (DualGround). The DCM method is uses high frequency to achieve
resonance in the test circuit. The fact that the resonance frequency varies when the circuit breaker
changes state can easily be used for close/open detection
DRM Dynamic Resistance Measurement is a recognized and well-proven method for assessing the condition
of circuit breakers. The contact resistance is measured while the circuit breaker operates. From the
dynamic behavior of the main- and arcing contact resistance important parameters such as arcing
contact wear can be determined.
EHV Extra High Voltage, ≥345 kV
Load switch / Switch
Load switch / Switch disconnector – ANSI/IEEE
disconnector
Switch – IEC
Switch
Main contact The main contact is the mechanical part within the interrupter that carries the load when closed and
provides the electrical isolation in the open position. The main contact can by design have arching
contacts. The typical resistance of the main contact in closed position is 30-50 mΩ.
Microohm measurement / SRM, Static Resistance Measurement, also called micro ohm measurement or ducter test, is a
SRM / Ducter test recognized and well-proven method for assessing the condition of circuit breakers. Resistance is
measured while the breaker closed. According to ANSI should be measured with at least 100 A.
Nozzle Part on top of the circuit breaker pole which is protecting the main contacts from the arc between the
arcing contacts and also making the gas quench efficiently.
OCB Oil Circuit Breaker
On line testing Measurements done when CB is in service and energized. Connections at live parts can not be done.
A rough timing measurement can be performed by sensing the presence and absence of current on
the secondary side of the current transformers.
Moreover, most measurements, in which the operating mechanism is involved can be performed.
Examples of such measurements are; coil current, auxiliary contact timing, control voltage, motion and
vibration.

Operating mechanism The operating mechanism includes the energy storage medium, actuating circuit and interlocking
systems. Common energy storing mediums are spring, air and hydraulic devices. Depending on the
force needed to operate the breaker the circuit breaker is equipped with one operating mechanism per
phase (Separate or Independent Pole Operated (IPO)) or one for all three phases (Common or Ganged).
PIR, Post Insertion resistor Resistors mounted in parallel with the interrupter as an integral part of the circuit breaker to limit the
(opening resistor) magnitude of the transient over-voltages. Resistors are mounted on circuit breakers where the over
voltages during an opening operation must be controlled or minimized. Post-PIR is in the range of
10 Ω – 10 kΩ.
S/G, Silver/Graphite Siemens patented design of HV Circuit breakers where the arcing contact is made out of a graphite
material. Traditional arcing contact designs use tungsten carbide. Graphite withstands the energy of
the arc generated better but from a measuring perspective it is difficult to detect the open and close
time due to high resistance of the graphite.
SF6 Gas used in CB and switchgear for its excellent dielectric and arc extinguishing properties as well as for
its stability also in high temperatures.
UHV Ultra High Voltage, ≥800 kV
www.megger.com 43
Index
A E
Abbreviations and terms ................................ 44 Error sources ................................................. 34
Absorbing material ........................................ 16
F
ACB ............................................................... 14
Failure mode analysis ................................... 36
Acceleration ................................................... 27
Failure modes ................................................ 18
Air blast ......................................................... 14
FAQ ............................................................... 37
Air pressure test ............................................ 32
First trip test ................................................... 25
Application areas for CB ................................ 11
Arc ................................................................... 9 G
Arcing contacts .......................................... 9, 16 General CB function ........................................ 9
Auxiliary contacts and coil ............................. 17 Generator breaker ......................................... 11
Auxiliary equipment ....................................... 39 Grading capacitor .......................................... 10
B H
Bulk oil ........................................................... 15 How to test .................................................... 22
C Humidity test .................................................. 31
HV circuit breakers ........................................ 11
Capacitive coupling ....................................... 34
Hydraulic ....................................................... 17
Capacitor bank breaker ................................. 11
Hydraulic / Spring .......................................... 17
Capacitors ..................................................... 10
CB parts ........................................................ 16 I
CB technologies ............................................ 14 Inaccuracy ..................................................... 35
Cigré .............................................................. 18 Inductive coupling .......................................... 34
Circuit breaker analyzers ............................... 38 Industrial breaker ........................................... 12
Connections, leads and clamps .................... 35 Interrupter unit ............................................... 16
Contact timing ............................................... 26 Items to be tested .......................................... 25
Controlled functionality .................................. 10
Controlled switching ...................................... 28
L
Control voltage .............................................. 35 Live tank ........................................................ 13
Current .......................................................... 29 Load switches .................................................. 8
Low voltage CB ............................................. 13
D
Damping ........................................................ 27
M
DCB / DTC ..................................................... 13 Main and arcing contacts ................................ 9
DC breaker .................................................... 12 Main contacts ................................................ 16
Dead tank ...................................................... 13 Maintenance approaches .............................. 20
Disconnectors .................................................. 8 Maintenance strategy .................................... 20
Distribution breakers ..................................... 12 Main types of CB ........................................... 13
Disturbances ................................................. 34 Microhmmeters .............................................. 40
DRM .............................................................. 28 Minimum oil ................................................... 15
DualGround ................................................... 22 Minimum voltage test .................................... 30
Dynamic resistance measurement ................ 28 Motion ............................................................ 27

T
Motor ............................................................. 17 Temperature .................................................. 34
Mounting of motion transducer ...................... 32 Test equipment .............................................. 33
Multiple breaks per phase ............................. 10 Testing guide ................................................. 21
Test methods ................................................. 25
N
Test results .................................................... 36
Nozzle ........................................................... 16
Thermal / Magnetic ........................................ 17
O Timing of graphite breakers ........................... 26
Oil test ........................................................... 31 Traction CB .................................................... 12
Operating mechanism ................................... 17 Transducer and flex coupling tolerances ....... 35
Travel ............................................................. 27
P
Parallel capacitor ........................................... 10 V
PIR ................................................................ 10 Vacuum .......................................................... 15
Pneumatic ..................................................... 17 Vacuum bottle test ......................................... 31
Power network ................................................. 8 Vibration testing ............................................. 30
Primary injection test ..................................... 26 Voltage .......................................................... 29
Primary injection test sets ............................. 42 Voltage supply ............................................... 35
Product selection guide ................................. 33 W
R Why test circuit breakers ................................. 6
Reactor breaker ............................................. 11
References .................................................... 50
Resistor contacts ........................................... 10
S
Safety ............................................................ 22
Sampling frequency ....................................... 35
SDRM202 ...................................................... 39
SF6 ................................................................ 15
SF6 leakage .................................................. 31
Solutions to reduce the arc .............................. 9
Speed ............................................................ 27
Spring loaded ................................................ 17
SRM ............................................................... 27
Standards ........................................................ 7
Static resistance measurement ..................... 27
Switch disconnector ...................................... 12
Synchronized functionality ............................. 10
Synchronized switching ................................. 28
www.megger.com 45
References
1. “Colloquium on Monitors and condition assessment equipment”. IEE 1996.
2. H.V. Stephandes et al, “Modern Methods for the Reduction of the Operating Energy for SF Circuit
Breakers”. CIGRE 13-12 1993.
3. H. Aeschbach et al, “Maintenance of SF High Voltage Circuit Breakers”. CIGRE 23- 105 199
4. Interpretation of Circuit Breaker Operating Coil Signatures
5. W. E. Dueck Programma Electric AB
6. Ferrography and Electrical Switching Apparatus Mike Munroe Leslie Morovek Bill Dueck MUNROE
EQUIPMENT SERVICES MUNROE EQUIPMENT SERVICES MANITOBA HYDRO
7. Anderson, D. P. / Wear Particle Atlas (Revised) / 1982 / page 7
8. Anderson, D. P. / Wear Particle Atlas (Revised) / 1982 / page 8
9. Scott, D. and Mills, G. H. / Spherical Debris- It’s Occurrence, Formation, and Significance in Rolling Contact
Fatigue / Wear, 24 / 1973 / pages 235-242
10. Anderson, D. P. / Wear Particle Atlas (Revised) /1982 / page 34
11. Lockwood, F. E. , Dalley, R. /Lubricant Analysis/Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology/1995 /page 30
12. Hogmark, S. , Jacobson, S., Vingsbo, O. , / Technology / 1995 / page 176
13. Oerilikon Engineering Company / Service Publication H 401620 / 1969 / Pages 5 and 6
14. Imperial Oil / Product Information / Ninth Edition / 1996 / page 138
15. Stadnyk, N. M. , Tandon, K. N. / Industrial Technology Center / Project #01340 / 1984 / page 1
16. Stadnyk, N. M. , Tandon, K. N. / Industrial Technology Center / Project #01340 / 1984 / page 3
17. Michael Beanland, P.E., TriAxis Engineering, Corvallis, OR Thomas Speas, Southern States LLC, Hampton,
GA
18. Joe Rostron, P.E., Southern States LLC, Hampton, GA Prepared for Western Protective Relay Conference
October 19-21, 2004 Spokane, WA
19. Mirsad Kapetanovich, “High voltage circuit breakers”
20. Live Tank Circuit Breaker, Buyer´s Guide, Edition 3, 2004-06, ABB
21. Roberto Pilenga, Jornadas Técnicas Medium Voltage Service Retrofit & Revamping, ABB
22. CE Sölver, ABB Ludvika

What’s in the name...?
For over 100 years, Megger has been a premier provider of safety through the network of Megger offices. In addition, the
test equipment and measuring instruments for electrical power company manufactures STATES superscript terminal blocks and
applications. The Megger trademark was first registered in May test switches, which are specified by many major electric utilities.
1903 and is closely guarded by the company. Although Megger For over 65 years, test technicians and engineers have depended
is best known for its world-famous range of insulation testers, on STATES products to provide easy access to wiring on panel
the company provides a full service solution to meet all electrical boards and switchboards, to eliminate wiring reconnection errors
test and measurement needs. Megger products provide testing and to save operator time.
solutions for the most critical maintenance areas, including cable
fault location, protective relay and circuit breaker testing, and Megger manufactures and markets products on a global scale. Its
power quality testing. With such a diverse product offering, principal manufacturing sites are in College Station and Dallas,
Megger is the single source for electrical test and measuring Texas; Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, Dover, England, Danderyd,
instruments. Sweden and Baunach and Radeburg, Germany. Sales and
technical support offices are maintained at each manufacturing
The Megger product offering spans 30 distinct product groups site as well as in Sydney, Australia; Toronto, Canada; Paris,
with over 1,000 specific products. Circuit breaker test sets, watt- France; Oberursel, Germany; Mumbai, India, Johannesburg,
hour meter test equipment and protective relay test instruments, South Africa; Oberkulm, Switzerland, Chonburi, Thailand and
instruments used for testing and maintaining transformers, Bahrain, UAE. With a global network of hundreds of sales
batteries and underground cables and other products designed representatives, product literature and user manuals in eight
for the power industry were formerly supplied under the Biddle, languages, and multilingual product software, Megger is a local
Multi-Amp, PAX Diagnostics and Programma brands. As a few supplier for customers anywhere in the world.
examples of its many innovations, Megger developed the first
completely automatic, software driven protective relay test All Megger products meet the highest standards for quality,
system in 1984 as well as the first microprocessor based breaker reliability and safety. All of the company’s facilities are certified
test system in 1984. as meeting the requirements of the ISO 9001 quality standard,
and the Dover and Danderyd sites are also certified to
Manufacturing insulation testers from 1 kV to 10 kV is where ISO14001, the international environmental standard.
Megger started, and the Megger brand name is so well known Megger is constantly striving to maximize quality, thereby
today that maintenance professionals often incorrectly use it as a ensuring that the experience of its customers is always
verb when they refer to insulation testing on wiring. This famous world class
name dates back to 1889, when the first portable insulation
tester was introduced with the MEGGER brand.
Megger acquired PAX diagnostics in 2008, adding sweep

frequency diagnostic test equipment to its portfolio. Megger
enjoys an outstanding reputation in the areas of ground testing,
oil testing and as a supplier of electrical contractor maintenance
tools such as multimeters, portable appliance testers and clamp-
on meters.
In June 2012, Megger acquired SebaKMT, the world leader in

cable test equipment. While Megger invented dc insulation
resistance testing in the 19th century, it was Seba that pioneered
cable fault location equipment in the early 1950s.
One recent addition to the Megger product line is an innovative

range of instruments for testing data and telecommunication
installations. Working with both copper and optical technologies,
and collaborating closely with the major industry players, Megger
has developed easy-to-use products to keep the costs of test and
measurement down and productivity up.
Megger also operates the renowned AVO Training Institute,

which offers top rated training for electrical maintenance and
www.megger.com 47
CB_Testing_Guide_AG_2017_en_V0a
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trademark
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What are some of the main types of circuit breakers discussed in the document?

What are some of the main types of circuit breakers discussed in the document?

What are some of the main circuit breaker testing methods mentioned?

What are some of the main circuit breaker testing methods mentioned?

Circuit

Introduction Bulk oil 15

Why test circuit breakers 6 Minimum oil 15

Standards 7 Important CB parts

The circuit breaker 8 Main contacts 16

Disconnectors and load switches 8 Arcing contacts 16

Grading capacitor 10 Cigré CB survey 1981,1985 18

Parallel capacitor 10 Main results 18

Distribution circuit breakers 12 Testing guide 21

Switch disconnector 12 How to test

DCB 13 Timing with both sides grounded 24

Live-tank 13 Items to be tested / inspected 25

2 Circuit Breaker Test Guide www.megger.com

Test equipment Index 48

Product selection guide 33 References 50

Interpretation of the test results

Failure mode analysis 36

Megger CB testing products – overview

Circuit breaker analyzers 38

Why test circuit breakers

■■ Provide protection for expensive equipment

■■ Prevent outages that lead to loss of income

■■ Ensure reliability of the electricity supply

■■ Prevent downtime and darkness

■■ Verify breaker performance

4 Circuit Breaker Test Guide www.megger.com

New standard for disconnecting circuit breakers

■■ IEC 62271-SER ed1.0 - High-voltage

■■ ANSI/IEEE C37 - Guides and Standards

■■ IEC/TR 62063 ed1.0 (1999-08) TC/SC

The circuit breaker

Load switch (switch disconnector) is a type of switch that can

An overview of the components in a power grid system.

6 Circuit Breaker Test Guide www.megger.com

Main and arcing contacts Solutions to handle the arc

Multiple breaks per phase

The pre-insertion resistor provides inrush limiting by the

8 Circuit Breaker Test Guide www.megger.com

Controlled opening of shunt reactors is mainly aimed to

Distribution circuit breakers

Primary distribution vacuum circuit-breaker

10 Circuit Breaker Test Guide www.megger.com

The design of a DCB is usually the same as to a standard circuit breaker

This construction means an increased risk of internal earth fault or short

The dead tank circuit breaker has an advantage in case of earth-quakes.

A Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) can be rated up to 2500 A. They

Substations are often built as air-insulated switchgear (AIS), using

Gas-insulated switchgears (GIS) are designed and assembled by

Air circuit breakers (ACB)

ACBs can be used both as circuit breakers of low voltage electrical

A common breaking principle is to use the magnetic field,

Vacuum circuit breaker cut-away

12 Circuit Breaker Test Guide www.megger.com

Vacuum Minimum oil

Circuit breaker, 1000 kV