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 THERMODYNAMICS

INTRODUCTION
Thermodynamics is the branch of chemistry that deals with energy changes occuring during various physical
& chemical processes. It also deals with the transformation between different forms of energy.

Basic Terms Used In Thermodynamics

System : The part of universe under thermodynamics investigation is called system.
Surrounding : Anything out side the system is called surrounding.
Universe = System + Surroundings

TYPES OF SYSTEM
Depending on Exchange of Energy Between System and Surroundings System can be Classified as:
(i) Open System : A system which can exchange both energy and matter with surrounding.
(ii) Closed System : A system which can exchange only energy with surrounding.
(iii) Isolated System : A system which cannot exchange matter or energy with surrounding.

Depending on the Components of System Involved it can also be Classified as:

Homogeneous System : System consisting of single phase. e.g. Pure solid, a pure liquid a solution, or a mixture
of gases(gases always form homogeneous mixture)

Heterogenous System : A system consisting of more than one phase.

Ex. System of two immiscible liquids, two or more solids, a liquid in contact with its vapour etc. are example
of heterogenous system.

Boundary : Anything which separates system and surrounding is called boundary. Across boundary energy
and mass are transferred between system and surrounding.
A boundary can be real or hypothetical.

Types of Wall or Boundary

Rigid Wall : The wall is immovable.
Non Rigid Wall : The wall is movable .
Adiabatic Wall : No heat exchange across the wall i.e. q = 0.
Diathermic Wall : The heat can be exchanged across the wall i.e. q  0.

State Variables & State of a System

State Variables : To define a thermodynamics states of a system, we have to specify the values of certain
mesurable quantities. These are called thermodynamic variable or state variable.
A system can be completely defined by four variables namely pressure, temperature, volume
and composition. A system is said to be in a certain definite state when all of its properties have definite value.
State of System :We specify the state of a system - say, a sample of material - by specifying the values of all
the variables describing the system.
If the system is a sample of a pure substance this would mean specifying the values of the
Temperature(T),Pressure(P), Volume(V)and the number of moles of the substance(n).
“When the values of state variables changes the state of system also changes i.e. state of a system depends
on the value of state variables and if their value changes the state of system also changes”

1
 THERMODYNAMICS

S. No. Reversible Process Irreversible Process

1 These are slow processes. These are instantaneous or sudden processes.
Driving force is infinitesimally Driving force is large and finite.
2
small.
3 It is an ideal process. It is a real process.
4 It takes infinite time for completion of process. It takes finite time for completion of the process.
It is an imaginary process and can not be realised It is a natural process and occurs in particular
5
in direction under given set of conditions.
Throughout the process, the system remain The system is far removed from state of equilibrium
6 infinitesimally closer to state of equilibrium. and exact path of process can be drawn.

Heat Exchange at Constant Volume and Constant Pressure (qp and qv )

Heat exchange can be divided into two parts :

Hence heat exchanged at constant pressure and volume are important Definite quantities

Heat Capacity
The heat capacity of a system may be defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the system
by one degree.
If q is the small quantity of heat added to the system, let the temperature of the system rises by dT, then heat
capacity C of the system is given by
dq
C= .....(i)
dT
In case of gases we have two types of heat capacity i.e. heat capacity at constant volume and heat capacity at
constant pressure.
Heat Capacity at Constant Volume ( Cv )
Molar heat capacity at constant volume is defined by the relation
dq v
CV = ....(ii)
dT
For first law of thermodynamics
dU = dq – dw
But dw = P dV
 dU = dq – P dV ....(iii)
At constant volume
dU = dqv
 Heat capacity at constant volume Cv is given by
dq v  U 
Cv = dT   T 
 v

 U 
or Cv =   .....(iv)
 T v
It may be defined as the rate of change of internal energy with temperature at constant volume.

11
 THERMODYNAMICS

1. First law of Thermodynamics

For a finite change : q = E – w = E – PV

where q is heat given to system, E is change in internal energy and –w is work done by the system.
dq = dE – dw = dE – PdV

2. Work Done in an Irreversible Process

 P T – P2T1 
w = –Pext × V = –Pext × (V2 – V1) = – Pext × R  1 2 
 P1P2 

Pext is the pressure against which volume changes from V1 to V2

3. Work Done in Reversible Process, i.e., Maximum Work

Isothermal Conditions
wrev = –2.303 nRT log10 (V2/V1)
wrev = –2.303 nRT log10 (P1/P2)
wrev is maximum work done.
Adiabatic Conditions
wrev = [nR/( – 1)] [T2 – T1]
 is poisson's ratio.
Also for adiabatic process, following conditions hold good :
PV= constant
TPl –= constant
V –l = constant
4. Heat Capacities
At constant pressure Cp = (H/H)p
Cp is molar heat capacity at constant pressure.
At constant volume Cv = (E/T)v
Cv is molar heat capacity at constant volume.
Cp × cp × M and Cv = cv × M
and Cp – Cv = R/M
Cp/Cv = cp/cv =  (The poisson's ratio)
cp and cv are specific heats at constant pressure and volume respectively.

37
 THERMODYNAMICS

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex. 1 During 200J work done on the system, 140 J of heat is given out. Calculate the change in internal energy.
Sol. w = 200 J; q = –140 J;
 q = E + (–w); where –w is work done by the system
E = q + w
E = –140 + 200 = +60J

Ex. 2 A gas absorbs 200 J of heat and expands against the external pressure of 1.5 atm from a volume of 0.5 litre. Calculate
the change in internal energy.
Sol. w = –PV = –1.5 × (1.0 – 0.5) = –0.75 litre atm
= –0.75 × 101.3 J = –75.975 J
 1 litre atm = 101.3 J
Now, E = 200 – 75.975 = +124.025 J

Ex. 3 Two litre of N2 at 0oC and 5 atm pressure are expanded isothermally against a constant external pressure of 1 atm
until the pressure of gas reaches 1 atm. Assuming gas to be ideal, calculate work of expansion.
Sol. Since the external pressure is greatly different from the pressure of N2 and thus, process is irreversible.
w = –Pext (V2 – V1)
w = –1 × (V2 – V1)
Given V1 = 2 litre V2 = ? T = 273 K
P1 = 5 atm P2 = 1 atm
 P1V1 = P2V2

2 5
 V2 = = 10 litre
1
 w = –1 × (10 – 2) = –8 litre atm

8  1 .9 87 8  1 .9 87  4 .1 8 4
  calorie   J = –810.10 joule
0.08 21 0 .0 82 1

Ex. 4 The enthalpy of vaporisation of liquid diethyl ether –(C2H5)2O, is 26.0 kJ mol–1 at its boiling point (35.0ºC). Calculate
S for conversion of : (a) liquid to vapour, and (b) vapour to liquid at 35ºC.
H vap. 26  10 3
Sol. (a) Svap. =   84.41 J K 1 mol1
T 308
H cond. 26  10 3
(b) Scond. =  ( Hcond = –26 kJ)
T 308
= –84.41 JK–1 mol–1

Ex. 5 Calculate the free energy change when 1 mole of NaCl is dissolved in water at 25ºC. Lattice energy of NaCl = 777.8
kJ mol–1 ; S for dissolution = 0.043 kJ mol–1 and hydration energy of NaCl = –774.1 kJ mol–1.
Sol. Hdissolution = Lattice energy + Hydration energy
= 777.8 – 774.1 = 3.7 kJ mol–1
Now G = H – TS
= 3.7 – 298 × 0.043 = 3.7 – 12.814
G = –9.114 kJ mol–1

39
 THERMODYNAMICS

Exercise # 1 [Single Correct Choice Type Questions]

1. Out of boiling point (), entropy (), pH () and e.m.f. of a cell (V), intensive properties are :
(A) ,  (B) , ,  (C) , , V (D) All of the above

2. If a refrigerator's door is opened, then we get

(A) Room heated (B) Room cooled
(C) More amount of heat is passed out (D) No effect on room

3. Warming ammonium chloride with sodium hydroxide in a test tube is an example of :

(A) Closed system (B) Isolated system (C) Open system (D) None of these

4. In thermodynamics, a process is called reversible when -

(A) surroundings and system change into each other
(B) there is no boundary between system and surroundings
(C) the surroundings are always in equilibrium with the system
(D) the system changes into the surroundings spontaneously

5. A gaseous system changes from state A (P1, V1, T1) to B (P2, V2, T2), B to C (P3, V3, T3) and finally from C to A. The
whole process may be called :
(A) Reversible process (B) Cyclic process
(C) Isobaric process (D) Spontaneous process

6.
I

II

P III

IV
V
The plots between P and V which represent adiabatic and isothermal process respectively :
(A) I, IV (B) II, III (C) III, II (D) IV, I

7. Five moles of a gas is put through a series of changes as shown graphicallay in a cyclic process the A  B,
B  C and C  A respectively are A B
(A) Isochoric, Isobaric, Isothermal
(B) Isobaric, Isochoric, Isothermal
Volume

(C) Isothermal, Isobaric, Isochoric C

(D) Isochoric, Isothermal, Isobaric
Temperature

8. Determine which of the following reactions at constant pressure represent surrounding that do work on the system
I. 4NH3 (g) + 7O2 (g)  4NO2 (g) + 6H2O (g)
II. CO (g) + 2H2 (g)  CH3OH (  )
III. C (s, graphite) + H2O (g)  CO (g) + H2 (g)
IV. H2O (s)  H2O (  )
(A) III, IV (B) II and III (C) II, IV (D) I and II, IV

45
 THERMODYNAMICS

Exercise # 2 Part # I [Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions]

1. In an isothermal expansion of a gaseous sample, the correct relation is : (consider w (work) with sign according to
new IUPAC convention)
[The reversible and irreversible processes are carried out between same initial and final states.]
(A) wrev > wirrev (B) wirrev > wrev (C) qrev < qirrev (D) Erev = Eirrev

2. If x and y are extensive properties then, which one is correct ?

(A) (x + y) is an extensive variable (B) (x/y) is an intensive variable
(C) (dx/dy) is an intensive variable (D) (x – y) is an intensive variable
3. Choose the correct statement :
(A) system and surrounding are always separated by a real or imaginary boundary.
(B) perfectly isolated system can never be created.
(C) in reversible process, energy change in each step can be reversed.
(D) irreversible process is also called quasi-equilibrium state.

4. P-V plot for two gases (assuming ideal) during adiabatic processes are given in the figure. Plot A and plot B should
correspond respectively to :
P
A
B
V
(A) He and H2 (B) H2 and He (C) SO3and CO2 (D) N2 and Ar
5. During the isothermal expansion of an ideal gas :
(A) The internal energy remains unaffected (B) The temperature remains constant
(C) The enthalpy remains unaffected (D) The enthalpy increases

5
6. 0.5 mole each of two ideal gases A  C v,m = R  and B (Cv, m = 3R) are taken in a container and expanded reversibly
 2 
and adiabatically, during this process temperature of gaseous mixture decreased from 350 K and 250 K. Then for the
process :
(A) U = – 100 R (B) U = – 275 R (C) H = – 375 R (D) H = – 300 R
7. When some potential difference V is applied across a resistance R then the work by the electrical field on the charge
q to flow through the circuit in time t will be :
V 2t
(A) qV (B) Vit (C) i2Rt (D)
R
8. When a liquid solidifies, generally, there is :
(A) Decrease in enthalpy (B) Decrease in entropy (C) Increase in enthalpy (D) Increase in entropy
9. Choose the correct statement (s) :
(A) Temperature, enthalpy and entropy are state functions
(B) For reversible and irreversible both isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, change in internal energy and
enthalpy is zero
(C) for a reaction in which n 2 = 0, entropy change is not always zero
P1
(D) The entropy change associated with reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas is equal to 2.303 R log10
P2
10. One mole of an ideal diatomic gas (Cv = 5 cal) was transformed from initial 25°C and 1 L to the state when temperature
is 100°C and volume 10 L. Then for this process(R = 2 calories/mol/K) (take calories as unit of energy and kelvin for temp)
373
(A) H = 525 (B) S = 5 ln + 2 ln 10
298
(C) E = 525 (D) G of the process can not be calculated using given information.

53
CHEMISTRY FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

Exercise # 3 Part # I [Matrix Match Type Questions]

1. Columm-I Columm-II
 V2 
(A) Reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas (p) w = –2.303 nRT log  
 V1 
(B) Reversible adiabatic compression of an ideal gas (q) PV = constant
nR
(C) Irreversible adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas (r) w = (   1) (T2 – T1)
(D) Irreversible isothermal compression of an ideal gas (s) H = 0

2. Column I Column II
(A) A process carried out infinitesimally slowly (p) Adiabatic
(B) A process in which no heat enters or leaves the system (q) G = 0
(C) A process carried out at constant temperature (r) Sublimation
(D) A process in equilibrium (s) E = 0, H = 0
(E) A(s)  A(g) (t) Reversible
(F) Cyclic process (u) Isothermal

3. Columm - I Columm - II
(A) (Gsystem) T,P = 0 (p) Process is in equilibrium
(B) Ssystem + Ssurrounding > 0 (q) Process is nonspontaneous
(C) Ssystem + S surrounding < 0 (r) Process is spontaneous
(D) (Gsystem) T,P > 0 (s) System is unable to do useful work

4. Columm - I Columm - II
(A) Reversible adiabatic compression (p) Ssystem > 0
(B) Reversible vaporisation of liquid (q) Ssystem < 0
(C) 2N(g)  N2(g) (r) Ssurrounding < 0

(D) MgCO3(s)  MgO(s) + CO2(g) (s) Ssurrounding = 0

5. Column-I (Process of reaction) Column-II (Positive, negative)

(A) For the process (p) –ve, +ve

H2O()   H2O(s), H & S are
(B) For the endothermic reaction (q) +ve, –ve
1 
2A(s) + O2(g)   A2O(s) at 298 K,
2
S & G are


(C) C(diamond)  C(graphite), favourable (r) +ve, +ve
conditions for formation of diamond are
high pressure and high temperature then
Hf of diamond and Sf of graphite from
diamond are
(D) For the given reaction (s) –ve, –ve
N O    2NO , E = 57.2 kJ
2 4(g) 2(g) a(forward)

and Ea(backward) = 3.2 kJ, H & S for the

given reaction

58
CHEMISTRY FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

Exercise # 4 [Subjective Type Questions]

1. In which of the following changes at constant pressure is work done by system on surrounding ? By the surrounding
on system ?
Initial state Final state
(ii) H2O (g)  H2O()
(ii) H2O (s)  H2O(g)
(iii) H2O ()  H2O(s)
(iv) 3H2 (g) + N2(g)  2NH3(g)
(v) CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2(g)
2. The gas is cooled and loses 65 J of heat. The gas contracts as it cools and work done on the system equal to
20 J which is exchanged with the surroundings. What are q, w and E ?
3. The enthalpy of combustion of glucose is –2808 kJ mol–1 at 25°C. How many grams of glucose do you need to
consume [Assume wt = 62.5 Kg].
(a) To climb a flight of stairs rising through 3m.
(b) To climb a mountain of altitude 3000 m ?
Assume that 25% of enthalpy can be converted to useful work.
4. What is E when 2.0 mole of liquid water vaporises at 100°C ? The heat of vaporisation, (H vap.) of water at
100°C is 40.66 kJ mol–1.
5. If 1.0 kcal of heat is added to 1.2 L of O2 in a cylinder of constant pressure of 1 atm, the volume increases to
1.5 L. Calculate E and H of the process.
6. When the following reaction was carried out in a bomb calorimeter, E is found to be –742.7 kJ/mol of NH2CN
(s) at 298 K.

3
NH2CN(s) + O (g)  N2(g) + CO2(g) + H2O()
2 2

Calculate H298 for the reaction.

7. When 1 mole of ice melt at 0°C and at constant pressure of 1 atm. 1440 calories of heat are absorbed by the system.
The molar volumes of ice and water are 0.0196 and 0.0180 litre respectively. Calculate H and E for the reaction.
8. Water expands when it freezes. Determine amount of work in joules, done when a system consisting of 1.0 L of
liquid water freezes under a constant pressure of 1.0 atm and forms 1.1 L of ice.
9. One mole of solid Zn is placed in excess of dilute H2SO4 at 27°C in a cylinder fitted with a piston. Find the value
2
of E, q and w for the process if the area of piston is 500 cm and it moves out by 50 cm against a pressure of
1 atm during the reaction. The heat given to surrounding is 36.5 kJ.
Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + H2(g)
10. Five moles of an ideal gas at 300K, expanded isothermally from an initial pressure of 4 atm to a final pressure
of 1 atm against a cont. ext. pressure of 1 atm. Calculate q, w, U & H. Calculate the corresponding value of
all if the above process is carried out reversibly.

64
CHEMISTRY FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

Exercise # 5 Part # I [Previous Year Questions] [AIEEE/JEE-MAIN]

1. An ideal gas expands in volume from 1 × 10–3 m3 to 1 × 10–2 m3 at 300 K against a constant pressure of
1 × 105 Nm–2 . The work is : [AIEEE 2004]
(A) – 900 J (B) – 900 kJ (C) 270 kJ (D) + 900 kJ
2. Consider the reaction, N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (g); carried out at constant temperature and pressure. If H and
U are enthalpy change and internal energy change respectively, which of the following expressions is true ?
[AIEEE 2005]
(A) H = 0 (B) H = U (C) H < U (D) H > U

3. For a spontaneous reaction the G, equilibrium constant (K) and E°cell will be respectively [AIEEE 2005]
(A) – ve, > 1, + ve (B) + ve, > 1, – ve (C) – ve, < 1, –ve (D) – ve, > 1, – ve

4. An ideal gas is allowed to expand both reversibly and irreversibly in an isolated system. If Ti is the initial temperature
and Tf is the final temperature, which of the following statements is correct ? [AIEEE 2006]
(A) Tf > Ti for reversible process but Tf = Ti for irreversible process
(B) (Tf)rev = (Tf)irrev
(C) Tf = Ti for both reversible and irreversible processes
(D) (Tf)irrev > (Tf)rev

5. Assuming that water vapour is an ideal gas, the internal energy change (U) when 1 mol of water is vapourised at
1 bar pressure and 100°C, (Given : Molar enthalpy of vapourization of water at 1 bar and 373 K = 41 kJ mol–1 and
R = 8.3 J mol–1 K–1) will be : [AIEEE 2007]
(A) 37.904 kJ mol–1 (B) 41.00 kJ mol–1 (C) 4.100 kJ mol–1 (D) 3.7904 mol–1

6. Identify the correct statement regarding a spontaneous process : [AIEEE 2007]

(A) Exothermic processes are always spontaneous.
(B) Lowering of energy in the reaction process is the only criterion for spontaneity.
(C) For a spontaneous process in an isolated system, the change in entropy is positive.
(D) Endothermic processes are never spotaneous.
7. In conversion of lime-stone to lime, CaCO3 (s) CaO(s) + CO2 (g) the values of H0 and S0 are + 179.1 kJ mol–1 and
160.2 J/K respectively at 298 K and 1 bar. Assuming that H° and S° do not change with temperature, temperature
above which conversion of limestone to lime will be spontaneous is : [AIEEE 2007]
(A) 845 K (B) 1118 K (C) 1008 (D) 1200 K

8. Standard entropy of X2, Y2 and XY3 are 60, 40 and 50 JK–1 mol–1, respectively. [AIEEE 2008]
1 3
For the reaction, X + Y  XY3 H = – 30 kJ. To be at equilibrium the temperature will be :
2 2 2 2
(A) 500 K (B) 750 K (C) 1000 K (D) 1250 K
9. In a fuel cell methanol is used as fuel and oxygen gas is used as an oxidizer. The reaction is
3
CH3OH() + 2 O2 (g) CO2(g) + 2H2O() [AIEEE 2009]

At 298 K, standard Gibb’s energies of formation for CH3OH(), H2O() and CO2 (g) are –166.2, –237.2 and
–394.4 kJ mol–1 respectively. If standard enthalpy of combustion of methanol is –726kJ mol–1, efficiency of the fuel
cell will be
(A) 87% (B) 90% (C) 97% (D) 80%

68
 THERMODYNAMICS

MOCK TEST

SECTION - I : STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE

1. Warming ammonium chloride with sodium hydroxide in a test tube is an example of :
(A) Closed system (B) Isolated system (C) Open system (D) None of these
2. A gaseous system changes from state A (P1, V1, T1) to B (P2, V2, T2), B to C (P3, V3, T3) and finally from C to A. The
whole process may be called :
(A) Reversible process (B) Cyclic process
(C) Isobaric process (D) Spontaneous process
3. An electric heater of resistance 6 ohm is run for 10 minutes on a 120 volt line. The work done in this period of time is
(A) 7.2 × 103J (B) 14.4 × 105J (C) 43.2 × 104 J (D) 28.8 × 104J

4. Determine which of the following reactions at constant pressure represent surrounding that do work on the system
I. 4NH3 (g) + 7O2 (g)  4NO2 (g) + 6H2O (g)
II. CO (g) + 2H2 (g)  CH3OH (  )
III. C (s, graphite) + H2O (g)  CO (g) + H2 (g)
IV. H2O (s)  H2O (  )
(A) III, IV (B) II and III (C) II, IV (D) I and II, IV

5. A sample of liquid in a thermally insulated container (a calorimeter) is stirred for 2 hr. by a mechanical linkage to a
motor in the surrounding, for this process :
(A) w < 0; q = 0; U = 0 (B) w > 0; q > 0; U > 0 (C) w < 0; q > 0; U = 0 (D) w > 0; q = 0; U > 0

6. In an isochoric process the increase in internal energy is

(A) Equal to the heat absorbed (B) Equal to the heat evolved
(C) Equal to the work done (D) Equal to the sum of the heat absorbed and work done

7. Which of the following reactions is associated with the most negative change in entropy ?
(A) 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g)  2SO3 (g) (B) C2H4 (g) + H2 (g)  C2H6 (g)
(C) C (s, graphite) + O2  CO2(g) (D) 3C2H2 (g)  C6H6 (  )

8. For the gas - phase decomposition, PCl5 (g) PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g) :
(A) H < 0, S < 0 (B) H > 0, S > 0 (C) H > 0, S < 0 (D) H < 0, S > 0

9. In previous problem calcualte Sgas if process is carried out at constant volume :

3
(A) 5R ln 2 (B) R ln 2 (C) 3R ln 2 (D) –3R ln 2
2
10. When one mole of an ideal gas is comressed to half of its initial volume and simultaneously heated to twice its initial
temperature, the change in entropy of gas (S) is :
(A) Cp, m ln 2 (B) Cv, m ln 2 (C) R ln 2 (D) (Cv, m – R) ln 2

11. The enthalpy change for a given reaction at 298 K is – x J mol–1 (x being positive). If the reaction occurs spontaneously
at 298 K, the entropy change at that temperature
(A) can be negative but numerically larger than x/298
(B) can be negative but numerically smaller than x/298
(C) cannot be negative
(D) cannot be positive

73
 11th Class Modules Chapter Details

Physics Chemistry Mathematics

5 5 5
Modules Modules Modules

PHYSICS CHEMISTRY MATHEMATICS

Module-1 Module-1(PC) Module-1

1. Physical World and Units 1. Mole Concept 1. Basic Maths and Logarithm
& Dimensions 2. Atomic Structure 2. Quadratic Equation
2. Basic Maths & Vector 3. Chemical Bonding 3. Sequence and Series
3. Kinematics 4. Gaseous State
Module-2
Module-2 Module-2(PC) 1. Trigonometric Ratio and
1. Thermodynamics Identities
1. Newton’s Law of Motion 2. Trigonometric Equation
& Friction 2. Thermochemistry
3. Chemical Equilibrium 3. Properties & Solution
2. Work, Energy & Power of Triangle
4. Ionic Equilibrium
Module-3 Module-3
Module-3(IC)
1. Centre of Mass & Collisions 1. Periodic Table & Its Properties 1. Permutation & Combination
2. Rotational Motion 2. Redox Reaction & Equivalent 2. Binomial Theorum
3. Gravitation Concepts 3. Complex Number
3. Hydrogen & Its Components
Module-4 4. S-Block Module-4
1. Straight Line
1. Mechanical Properties 2. Circle
of Matter Module-4(OC)
1. Nomenclature of 3. Conic Section
2. Thermal Properties of Matter (Parabola,Ellipse & Hyperbola)
Organic Compounds
Module-5 2. Isomerism
3. General Organic Chemistry Module-5
1. Simple Harmonic Motion 1. Mathematical Induction
2. Wave Motion Module-5(OC) 2. Mathematical Reasoning
3. Measurement Error 1. Reaction Mechanism 3. Statistics
& Experiment 2. Hydrocarbon
3. Aromatic Hydrocarbon
4. Environmental Chemistry

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http://www.etoosindia.com/smartmall/bookList.do
 12th Class Modules Chapter Details

Physics Chemistry Mathematics

5 5 5
Modules Modules Modules

PHYSICS CHEMISTRY MATHEMATICS

Module-1 Module-1(PC) Module-1

1. Solid State 1. Sets & Relation
1. Electrostatics
2. Solutions and 2. Function
2. Capacitance
Colligative Properties 3. Inverse Trigonometric Function
3. Electro Chemistry 4. Probability
Module-2
1. Current Electricity Module-2(PC) Module-2
2. Magnetic Effect of Current 1. Chemical Kinetics and
and Magnetism Nuclear Chemistry 1. Limit
2. Surface Chemistry 2. Continuity
Module-3 3. Differentiability
Module-3(IC) 4. Method of Differentiation
1. Electromagnetic Induction
2. Alternating Current 1. Metallurgy
2. P- Block Module-3
Module-4 3. Transition Elements 1. Indefinite Integration
(d & f block) 2. Definite Integration
1. Geometrical Optics 4. Co-ordination Compound 3. Area Under the Curve
2. Wave Optics 5. Salt Analysis & Qualitative
Analysis Module-4
Module-5
Module-4(OC) 1. Application of Derivative
1. Modern Physics
1. Alkyl Halides & Aryl Halides 2. Matrix
2. Nuclear Physics
2. Alcohol, Phenol & Ether 3. Determinant
3. Solids & Semiconductor
Devices 3. Carbonyl Compound
Module-5
4. Electromagnetic Waves
5. Principle of Communication Module-5(OC) 1. Differential Equation
1. Carboxylic Acid & Their 2. Vector & 3-Dimensional
Derivatives
2. Biomolecules & Polymers
3. Chemistry in Everyday Life

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