Unit 4 UPS and downS

IN THIS UNIT YOU

learn language to talk about mood
and life satisfaction
listen to a lecture about wealth
and happiness
write a thank-you note
LiSteninG
understanding
read about research on happiness
discourse markers
talk about having a positive What are some phrases
attitude you might hear that signal
learn about being a positive team a change of topic or the
member conclusion of a topic?

watch a video about the concept

of Gross National Happiness

writinG
a thank-you note
In what situations do
you need to write a
thank-you note? Would
different situations require
a different style? Why?

LIFE being a positive team member When you

are working on a team, it is important to be
SKILLS positive. What are some characteristics of a
positive team member?
WORK
& CAREER
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 A Work in pairs. Do you agree with these definitions
of happiness? Explain why or why not.

1 2

Happiness is having good Happiness is feeling

friends you can talk to. you’ve done your best.

3 4

Happiness is feeling
Happiness is helping other people. peaceful and safe.

5 6

Happiness is having enough

money to buy whatever you want. Happiness is being independent.

B Work in pairs. First, complete the definition in your own words.

Then explain your definition to your partner.
Happiness is …

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 A
• Ask the students to read the six definitions of happiness. Alternative
Give them a few minutes to work in pairs and to make Ask the students to bring in a picture of an item
a few notes about why they agree or disagree with the or activity that makes them happy. The picture can
definitions. be from a magazine or the internet, or it can be a
• Write each definition on the board and poll the class. personal picture. If the students choose to bring a
Make a tally of how many students agree with each personal picture, ask them to make sure there is no
definition. Discuss which one is most popular and which identifying information linking the student to the
is least popular. Ask the students to state why the most picture. Collect all the pictures and then show each
popular one won. Remind them there is no one right picture individually. Have the students guess who the
answer. picture belongs to. When they get an answer right, ask
the student who the picture belongs to to say why this
item or activity makes them happy.
Alternative
Ask the students to work individually and rank the
definitions from 1 (the best) to 6 (the worst). Ask them
to think of reasons for their rankings. Let the students Extra: group project
compare their rankings with a partner. Listen to some Let the students create a class poster using all of the
of their ideas as a class. pictures.

B
• Remind the students that everyone’s definition of Extra: speaking
happiness is different. Ask the students to complete
Extend the exercise by asking the students to work
their own definition of happiness. Tell them they can
individually and write a definition for unhappiness,
make use of the ideas on this page and/or use ideas
beginning Unhappiness is … . Put them in pairs and
of their own. Encourage them to write as much as they
ask them to explain their definition to their partner.
want; the definitions do not need to be restricted to one
Listen to their suggestions as a class.
sentence. Get them started by asking what their idea of
paradise is. Review the definition of this from the Lead-in
on p. T44. Ask what qualities or activities make them
happy. Extra: homework
• Put the students in pairs and ask them to share their
Review the meanings of the words paradise and
definitions with their partners. Give them time to explain
utopia (see the Lead-in on p. T44). For homework,
why they chose their definitions. Ask all the pairs to read
ask the students to write two short paragraphs. One
their definitions to the whole class. Take a class vote
paragraph should describe what they think paradise
on which definition they like best. Extend the activity
would be. The other should describe a utopia. Ask
by voting on other types of definition, such as most
volunteers to read one of the paragraphs to the class
surprising or most unique.
in the next lesson. Classmates determine whether the
paragraph describes paradise or utopia.

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 C
1 Listening: understanding • Explain that a common task in academic settings is to
discourse markers listen to a lecture and then answer questions about the
content. Draw attention to the four questions. Tell the
students you will play the lecture again and they should
Lead-in listen for those answers.
Write the word lecture on the board. Elicit what features • Play the audio more than once if necessary. Put the
make up a lecture and write the students’ ideas on the students in pairs to discuss their answers.
board. Survey the class to see how many students find
lectures challenging. Ask them what makes listening to Answers
lectures difficult. Ask the students to read the information
1 People with higher incomes feel more satisfied with
in the skills panel. Explain that discourse markers can make
their lives.
listening to lectures easier. Remind them that they studied
2 People with higher incomes are not necessarily
discourse markers (fillers) on p. 22, and encourage them to
happier than those who earn less.
name the ones they remember.
3 Satisfaction is the feeling of pleasure you get when
1.16 you achieve something. It is just one element of
A
happiness, which is the more general feeling of being
• See p. T167 for the audio script. happy.
• Explain to the students that they are going to listen to 4 Students’ own answers, but will likely be based on this
the introduction to a lecture in order to find out what it sentence in the lecture: People with lots of money can
is going to be about. purchase lots of positive life experiences, like exotic
• Play the audio, and then check the answer with the vacations and expensive meals, and as a result, they
class. may enjoy everyday pleasures less.

Answer
the relationship between wealth and happiness   Workbook p. 22, Section 1

B 1.17 D
• See p. T167 for the audio script. • Remind the students that words can have more than one
• Point out the four partial phrases. Explain that the full part of speech, and knowing other forms of words can
phrases are used in the lecture. Ask the students to help them expand their vocabulary.
listen to the full lecture and fill in the missing words. • Ask the students to complete the word form tables
• Play the audio and check progress. If necessary, play the individually. Then check the answers with the class.
audio one more time. After checking answers, ask the
students to put the phrases in the correct section of the E
table. Explain that each phrase has a specific function. • Ask the students to work with a partner. Make sure they
• Highlight the functions of the phrases and give understand that they need to complete the sentences
examples. Point out, for example, that people use individually with the correct form of the word in
As a result, As a consequence, and Consequently to parentheses and their own ideas, and then discuss them
talk about the result of something, e.g., People need with their partner.
companionship. As a consequence, married people
tend to be happier.
  Workbook pp. 22–23, Section 2

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 1 LISTENING: understanding discourse markers page 22
Discourse markers often act as signposts, giving a listener clues about what they
might hear next. They might introduce additional points, contrasting ideas,
or a conclusion.

A 1.16 Listen to the introduction to a lecture. What is

the lecture going to be about?

B 1.17 Listen to the full lecture. As you

listen, write one word to complete the
phrases. Then write each phrase in the
correct place in the table.
In general On the other hand
As a result In addition

phrases used to phrases used to

phrases used to talk phrases used to
introduce a contrasting introduce an additional
generally introduce a result
point point
(1) In general (2) On the other hand (3) As a result (4) In addition
On the whole That said As a consequence What’s more
To a great extent Nevertheless Consequently Furthermore

C Listen to the lecture again and answer the questions. Work in pairs
and discuss your answers.
1 What did the first study find out?
2 How did the second study contradict the first study?
3 What is the difference between satisfaction and happiness?
4 Why do you think wealthier people enjoy everyday pleasures less?

D VOCABULARY: LIFE SATISFACTION Complete the tables with the

correct form of each word.

Adjective Noun verb Noun

happy happiness appreciate appreciation
wealthy wealth enjoy enjoyment
pleased / pleasing pleasure satisfy satisfaction
content contentment

E VOCABULARY: LIFE SATISFACTION

Work in pairs. Complete the sentences with the
correct form of the word in parentheses. Then
discuss the sentences with your partner and use
your own ideas.
1 I feel satisfied with my life when I … (satisfaction)
2 People usually appreciate happiness more when they
… (appreciation)
3 I think people are generally more content when
they … (contentment)
4 Material wealth can sometimes cause
unhappiness because … (wealthy)
5 Enjoyment of life depends on … as well as … (enjoy)

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 2 GRAMMAR: noun clauses as objects
A 1.18 LANgUAgE IN CONTExT Read the notice. Then listen to the
conversation below. According to Michelle, how does laughter therapy work?
Rita: Look at this! Laughter therapy!
Michelle: Yeah, I’ve read about that. Apparently, our one-d
laughing can help people feel happier and In

Ay
Jo
less stressed, so now they’re using it as a LAughTer
TherApy
therapy!
Rita: That sounds really interesting. Do you
know what it involves?
Michelle: I’m not sure exactly, but I think they
WorKShop
explain how laughter could help you
deal with a problem. I think you learn
techniques to see the positive side of a
situation.
Rita: That sounds useful! I wonder when they’re
holding the workshop. Does it say where LAughTer CAn ChAnge your LIfe!
we can get more information? Venue: Main Hall
Michelle: I’m sure there’s more information on the Time: 9–5 regISTer TodAy!
Limited to 40 participants.
website. I think we need to register online,
http://laughtertherapy.campusworkshops.net
and we might need to explain why we want
to attend the course.
Rita: So, do you want to try it?

B ANALYzE Read the conversation in

notiCe!
Underline all the examples of what, where,
Exercise A again. when, why, and how in the conversation.
What do you notice about the word order
Form Complete the table with examples from the text. in the clauses that follow each one?
Noun clause
(= the thing(s)) (1) what it involves?
Do you know
(= the way) (2) how laughter could help you deal with a situation.
They explain
I wonder (= the time) (3) when they’re holding the workshop.

Does it say (= the place) (4) where we can get more information?
We might need to explain (= the reason) (5) why we want to attend the course.

C PRACTICE Complete the sentences with what, where, when, why,

or how. More than one answer may be possible. watCh oUt!
1 I think you’ll be interested in what they have to say about happiness. I agree with what
2 I don’t understand how/why laughter therapy works. you said.
3 The presenters will demonstrate when/how/why laughter can help you be positive. I agree with what
why did you say.
4 I sometimes wonder people at work are so stressed.
5 They told us where the workshop will take place, but I’ve forgotten which
office exactly.
6 Do you know when the next workshop will be held? Is it next month?

D NOw YOU DO IT Work in pairs. Complete the sentences in your

own words. Then compare with your partner. How similar or different
are your ideas?
I’d like to learn about what … I’m happier if I know why … I often wonder how …

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 2 Grammar: noun clauses as Notice!
obejcts • Direct the students’ attention to the Notice! box.
• Ask the students to underline all the examples
of what, where, when, why, and how in the
Lead-in
conversation.
Write the word laugh on the board. Put the students • Ask the students what they notice about the word
in pairs and ask them to tell their partner what makes order following each question word.
them laugh. Listen to their suggestions as a class. Elicit
responses such as funny jokes, television sitcoms (situation
Answer
comedies), friends, comedians, and so on.
The word order is subject + verb (i.e., there is no
A 1.18 inversion after the question word).
• See the Student’s Book for the audio script.
• Draw attention to the picture. Ask the students where B
they think these people are and what they are doing
Form
(they are laughing during a laughter therapy workshop).
• Ask them to read the notice and check their answers. • Ask the students to read the conversation again, paying
Ask for opinions as to whether the students agree or attention to the question words.
disagree that laughter can change their lives. • Present the table. Explain that noun clauses can function
• Ask the students to read the question and say how they as nouns, and that like nouns, they can be the object of
think laughter therapy works. Then tell them to listen verbs, and they can follow prepositions.
and read the conversation, and find out what Michelle • Highlight that a noun clause contains a verb, but it is
says about it. Play the audio once, and elicit the answer not a complete sentence by itself. Point out that the
from the class. clauses in the table all function as objects.
• Ask the students to complete the table with examples
from the conversation.
Answer • Check the answers with the class.
Laughter helps you deal with a problem. You learn • Direct the students’ attention to the Watch out! box.
techniques to see the positive side of a situation. Point out or elicit that the second sentence is incorrect
because it is necessary to use the affirmative form, not
the question form, in this type of clause. Elicit other
examples and write them on the board.
Alternative
Ask the students to close their books. Write the C
question from Ex. A on the board. Play the audio once • Ask the students to complete the exercise individually.
and ask the students to answer the question. Then ask Remind them that there may be more than one possible
them to open their books and read the conversation answer. Encourage them to refer to the table if they
to check their answer. need help.
• When you check the answers, ask different students to
read the complete sentence aloud in each case.

Culture note D
When people laugh, their body relaxes. When that • Give the students a few minutes to work individually to
happens, the body releases natural painkillers called complete the sentences with their own ideas.
endorphins. The endorphins enter the bloodstream. • Then put them in pairs and ask them to compare and
The point of laughter therapy is to help people laugh contrast their views.
more easily. In laughter therapy sessions, there are a
range of activities designed to get people laughing,
but luckily the body can’t actually distinguish between Extra: homework
real and fake laughter. In other words, pretending to
Give the students some more sentence beginnings
laugh has the same beneficial effect.
and ask them to complete them. For example, A good
vacation is when …, An embarrassing situation is when
…, A nice place to relax is where …, A good job is
when …, I like talking to friends when …, We should
all live where …, School teaches you what … .

  Workbook p. 23, Section 3

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 B
3 Reading: a magazine article • Remind the students that understanding when
something is accurate is important to succeeding in
Lead-in school. Give the students time to answer the true/false
questions individually. Point out that they have a third
Ask the students if they ever read magazines. Invite
option for each question: NM (not mentioned).
volunteers to share the titles of their favorite magazines.
• Put the students in pairs to compare their answers
Continue the discussion by asking if the students read
before checking the answers as a class.
magazine articles online, on e-readers, or in printed
versions. Ask them to share the topic of an interesting
magazine article they have read recently.
Extra: reading practice
Ask the students to read the article again, and to find
Culture note the reasons or explanations for the statements.
Magazines are published on a regular schedule. One
of the earliest magazines in history was started in Answers
Germany. It was a literary and philosophy magazine 1 Happiness is a very subjective state and can mean
called Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen. A different things to different people.
magazine’s popularity is measured by its circulation, 2 NM
which is the number of copies distributed. Some of 3 One component of happiness is genetic.
the most popular magazines around the world include 4 Some research has found that practicing positive
Caijing (Asia), What’s Cooking (Canada), Mathrubhumi emotions can have a positive effect on our
(India), and Pronto (Spain). general state of well-being.
5 A recent study found that using an app to find out
how happy people are feeling was reliable.
A 6 A study found that people who are less focused
• Ask the students to close their books. On the board, are less happy.
write the question What are some ways to be happier?
Elicit ideas from the class and write them on the board.
Explain that that they will read a magazine article on
this topic, and see if their ideas match what the research Extra: discussion
mentions in the article. Put the students in pairs or small groups to discuss if
• Ask the students to read the article, keeping the they agree or disagree with the statements in Ex. B.
question in mind.
• Allow enough time for them to read the article silently.
Then elicit answers to the question. See if any of their C
original ideas were the same as the two ways mentioned • Ask the students to notice the words in bold in the
in the article. article. Explain that these are all mood words. Define
the word mood if necessary (the way that someone is
Answer feeling, for example, whether they are happy, sad, or
Deciding to be optimistic about life and practicing angry).
positive emotions are two ways to be happier. • Give the students time to match each mood word
with its definition. Have them work individually for this
activity.
• Put the students in pairs to compare their answers
Extra: reading practice before checking the answers as a class.
Write these questions on the board to check the
students’ comprehension.
1  How do psychologists define happiness?
2  Why is happiness subjective?
3  What are some basic components of happiness?
4  What is the greatest influence on happiness?
5  Why do scientists research happiness?

Answers
1  “a state of well-being”
2 Because it can mean different things to different
people.
3 physical condition, genetics, and choice about
how we feel and think
4 our choice about how we feel and think
5 It is useful and we can learn more about developing
social or psychological traits that can help us lead
fuller lives.

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 3 READING: a magazine article
A Read the magazine article. What are two ways to be happier,
according to research mentioned in the article?

What is happiness? 5
By far, the greatest influence on our happiness
HAppIneSS
1
Is it being in a good mood? Is it a state of is our choice about how we feel and think. We
contentment, or is it a feeling of excitement or can make a decision to be optimistic about life, or
pleasure? It seems that happiness is all of these choose to focus on the negative side and be more
things. Psychologists have defined it as a “state of pessimistic. Some recent research has found that
well-being”—a combination of life satisfaction practicing positive emotions such as gratitude, joy,
and experiencing more positive than negative hope, and kindness can have a positive effect on
emotions. our general state of well-being. In other words, we
can control how happy we are.
What makes us happy?
hoW can We measure
2
Happiness is a very subjective state and can
mean different things to different people. happiness?
However, researchers have identified some basic 6
One simple method is just to ask people how they
components of happiness. are feeling. A recent research project used a cell
3
One component is our physical condition, such phone app to track how happy people were. From
as our level of income and state of health. There is time to time, the app sent a message asking the
no doubt that financial stress and illness can have person to report how happy he or she was feeling
a negative impact on our level of happiness. But as well as what activity the person was doing. The
wealth on its own isn’t enough; you can be very study found that people who are less focused on
wealthy and also very unhappy. what they’re doing tend to feel less happy. When
they get distracted, they start to worry or think
4
Another component is genetic; it seems that
about negative things, which makes them unhappy.
some of us may be born to be cheerful. Some of
our character traits are inherited and may include Why do scientists research
a tendency to either be more optimistic or to get
depressed more easily. happiness?
7
Researchers believe that researching happiness
is very useful. The more we understand about
the causes of happiness, the more we can learn
about developing social or psychological traits that
contribute to our general state of well-being and
help us lead fuller lives.

B Read the statements and choose T (true), F (false), or NM (not mentioned).

1 It is not possible to measure happiness. T / F / NM
2 Scientists disagree about the causes of happiness. T / F / NM
3 Our personality influences our level of happiness. T / F / NM
4 It is possible to learn how to be happier. T / F / NM
5 Asking people about their state of mind is unreliable. T / F / NM
6 Lack of concentration can cause negative emotions. T / F / NM

C VOCABULARY: MOOD Match the definitions (a–h) with the words in bold in the text.
a) having a generally positive attitude e) feelings
optimistic emotions
b) preoccupied, thinking about something else f) unhappy
distracted depressed
c) feeling of general happiness g) concentrated on what you’re doing
state of well-being focused
d) having a generally negative attitude h) cheerful
pessimistic in a good mood

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 D VOCABULARY: MOOD Work in pairs and answer the questions.
1 What is your mood right now?
2 Do you consider yourself to be generally optimistic or pessimistic? Why?
3 Do you ever get depressed? If so, what do you do?

4 GRAMMAR: review of conditional forms

A 1.19 LANgUAgE IN CONTExT
Listen to the conversation. What
advice does Tom’s uncle give?
Tom: Do you think I should take a year off
before going to college? I think that
if people take a year off, they’re more
mature when they start school, and they
get more out of it. What do you think?
Uncle: That’s a good question. If I had taken a
year off, I would have traveled around
the world. I think it can be a very good
idea if you plan it properly and do
something useful with it.
Tom: I know! But Mom thinks that if I travel
for a year, I won’t want to go to
college when I come back. notiCe!
Uncle: Yes, that is a risk, but if I were you, I’d go for it. Just make sure Underline sentences in the text that
you keep your main goal in mind and don’t get distracted! use conditional forms. How many
types of conditionals can you find?
B ANALYzE Read the conversation in Exercise A again.

Form & Function Complete the table with examples from the text.

Type of conditional Form Function and Examples

third If + past perfect, would(n’t) To talk about unreal situations in the past.
have + past participle (1) If I had taken a year off, I would have traveled around the world.

second If + simple past, would(n’t) To talk about things the speaker feels are unreal or
+ base form unlikely in the present or future.
(2) ... if I were you, I'd go for it.

first If + simple present, will To talk about things that the speaker thinks are likely
(won’t) + base form or possible in the future.
(3) ... if I travel for a year, I won't want to go to college when I come back.

zero If + simple present, To talk about things that are generally true.
simple present ... if
(4) people take a year off, they're more mature when they start school …
(5) ... it can be a very good idea if you plan it properly …

C PRACTICE Match the two parts to make complete

sentences.
1 You would have studied harder a) if you were more outgoing.
watCh oUt!
If you had said you were sick,
2 You’ll always succeed b) if you’d had more time.
I would have called a doctor.
3 People are generally friendly c) if you’re polite to them.
If you would have said you
4 You would have more friends d) if you work hard enough. were sick, I had called a doctor.
D NOw YOU DO IT Work in pairs. Complete the
sentences and tell your partner. Ask questions to get more information. Find three things
you have in common.
If I had studied …, I would have … If I hadn’t …, I wouldn’t have… If I were richer, I would …

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 D
• Put the students in pairs to discuss answers to the Notice!
questions. Encourage them to give reasons for their • Direct the students’ attention to the Notice! box.
answers. • Review the conditional forms if necessary. Ask the
• Ask the pairs to share their answers with the class. students how many types of conditionals there are
Extend the discussion by asking the students what may in the conversation.
cause states of well-being or moods to change. Ask
them if they think it is possible to change a mood easily Answer
(either their own or someone else’s).
There are four types of conditionals in the text.

Extra: homework B
Ask the students to choose a mood word from Ex. C
and write a paragraph describing a time they felt this
Form & Function
mood or emotion. Encourage them to answer questions • Ask the students to read the conversation again, paying
such as who or what made them feel this way, where attention to the conditional forms.
they were, why they felt this, when it was, and how they • Review the forms and functions in the table. Give
changed (or stayed the same). the students time to write the statements from the
conversation that they underlined earlier in the correct
place in the table.
• Check the answers. Remind the students that apart
  Workbook p. 24, Section 4 from would, they can also use could and might in third
conditionals. Explain that this introduces an element of
possibility into the sentence. Compare the meaning of I

4 Grammar: review of would have gotten a much better job (definite) and
I could have gotten a much better job (possible).
conditional forms • Direct the students’ attention to the Watch out! box.
Point out that would have never goes in the clause
beginning with if, but in the main clause, so the second
Lead-in
sentence is incorrect. You could write some other incorrect
Ask the students to look at the picture. Ask them who they sentences on the board for the students to correct.
think these people are, how old they are, and what their
relationship is. Listen to their ideas as a class. Eventually C
reveal that they are an uncle and nephew. Explain that the
• Go over the instructions. Make sure the students
nephew, Tom, is getting advice from his uncle. Encourage
understand that the first column contains the first parts
them to talk about who they talk to when they need advice.
of the sentences and the second column contains the
Ask them what kinds of things they need advice about.
second parts of the sentences.
• Ask them to work individually. Tell them to pay special
A 1.19
attention to the verb forms to help them find the right
• See the Student’s Book for the audio script. answers. Encourage them to look at the table if they
• Ask the students to read the question first. Then ask need help as they work.
them to listen and read the conversation and find the • Check the answers with the class.
answer. Play the audio once.
• Elicit the answer, and encourage the class to discuss if D
they agree or disagree with the advice.
• Give the students time to work individually and
back.
complete the sentences.
Answer • Put them in pairs to share their ideas. Encourage the
ool … Tom’s uncle advises him to take a year off before going partners to ask questions to get more information.
to college, but to do something useful and not get • Ask them to find three things they have in common.
distracted from his main goal. • Listen to some of their ideas with the whole class.
Correct any errors in the use of the conditionals.

Extra: speaking Extra: grammar practice

Put the students in pairs to rewrite the conversation and Ask the students to use the sentence beginnings in
change the advice the uncle gives. Encourage them to Ex. D to write more sentences. Tell them that this time,
be creative. Plan time for the students to perform their they can use different topics and write about anything
conversations in front of the class. they choose.

  Workbook pp. 24–25, Section 5

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 C
5 Writing: a thank-you note • Put the students in pairs for a peer-review session. Ask
the students to suggest ways to improve each other’s
Lead-in notes.
Define favor (a nice or helpful thing you do for someone
else). Put the students in small groups to talk about favors
that they’ve asked for, and favors that they’ve done for Extra: homework
someone else. Ask a member of each group to summarize Ask the students to take the advice from the peer-review
the discussion for the rest of the class. session into consideration and to rewrite their thank-you
Ask the students to read the information in the skills panel. note for homework.
Point out that thank-you notes include two elements: what
you are thanking the person for and the effect it has had
on you. Provide an example: Thank you for the flowers you   Workbook p. 25, Section 6
sent me when I was sick. They made me feel a lot better!
Hold a whole-class discussion about how the students feel
when they receive a thank-you note, and how they feel if
they don’t receive one when they’ve done someone a favor 6 Pronunciation: reduced forms
or given someone a gift.
of would you and did you
A
• Put the students in pairs to brainstorm a list of situations A 1.20
in which they would need to send a formal thank-you • See the Student’s Book for the audio script.
note. Elicit answers such as a gift from a grandparent or • Explain that native English speakers often use reduced
information from a teacher. Ask each pair to share their forms. Remind the students that reduced forms are
list with the class. Create a list on the board. never written; they are only spoken. Tell the students
• Give the students time to read the thank-you note. Then it is important not only to be able to pronounce these,
ask them to read the questions, and read the note again but also to understand them when they are listening to
to find the answers. Point out that the first letter is given native speakers.
for each word in item 4. • Write would you and did you on the board. Briefly
• Check the answers with the class. pronounce the reduced forms, and tell the students that
the audio you are about to play has more examples.
Answers • Play the audio. Ask the students to notice the reduced
1 giving an inspiring workshop and explaining how the forms of would you and did you in each pair.
work environment affects mood • Play the audio again, and pause after each question. Ask
2 The workers are all smiling more and the workplace is the students to repeat the question, using the reduced
more attractive and pleasant. form.
3 formal; students should note the use of complete
sentences, division into paragraphs, use of correct B 1.21
punctuation, formal language and tone, formal ending • See p. T167 for the audio script.
• Make sure the students understand the task (to choose
the question they hear from each pair in Ex. A).
B
• Play the audio once. Repeat only if necessary. Check the
• Tell the students that they are going to write a thank- answers.
you note, and ask them to choose one of the situations.
• Present the starting expressions that the students can C
use in their letters. • Put the students in pairs to take turns saying one
• Encourage the students to write a beneficial effect and question from each pair in Ex. A. Ask them to
ending expression, based on the letter they choose to pronounce it clearly so that their partner can identify it.
write. Provide some common ending expressions, such • Circulate to help as needed.
as Take care, Keep in touch, See you soon, Love, Thanks
again.
• Remind them to think about what they are thanking the
person for, and the effect this has had: how their actions
helped, and/or how things might have been different if
they hadn’t helped. Suggest some common phrases (If
you hadn’t given me …, If I hadn’t gotten that …) and
review conditionals if necessary.

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 5 WRITING: a thank-you note
Writing a thank-you note for a gift or a favor is an important way to make people
feel appreciated. In a thank-you note, be sure to say what you are giving the
person thanks for, and explain what effect it has had, if relevant.

A Read the thank-you note and answer

the questions.
1 Identify two things the writer is saying thank
you for. Dear Lucinda,
2 What positive changes does the writer report Thank you so much for your inspiring workshop at
since the event? our annual professional development day last week.
3 Is this a formal or informal thank-you note? How It was fascinating to hear your advice on
can you tell? maintaining a positive attitude in the workplace. We
4 What three words in the note increase the have tried out some of your ideas and it has already
positive tone? had a beneficial effect on our office environment.
We’re all smiling more than we used to, thanks to
a) i nspiring
you! And thank you so much for explaining how our
b) f ascinating
work environment affects our mood. If you hadn’t,
c) beneficial
we wouldn’t have thought of changing things. It’s a
much more attractive and pleasant place to work
B Choose one of the situations and write a
now. We are planning to use many of your ideas in
thank-you note. Write your note using the our office over the coming months.
prompts to help you. We hope to attend one of your workshops again
You received some money as a birthday gift very soon.
from your aunt. Many thanks again from all of us here.
You attended a job interview with a computer Sincerely,
company. Kate Dansworth
You received a goodbye gift from your Human Resources Manager
co-workers when you left your job.
You attended a dinner at your professor’s home.

Starting expression:
I am writing to thank you for …
I would like to express my gratitude/appreciation for …
Thank you for your wonderful hospitality/generosity/kindness.
Your gift was so thoughtful/inspiring/helpful.
Beneficial effect (if any):
Ending expression:

C Work in pairs and take turns showing your notes. Suggest ways
to improve your partner’s notes.

6 PRONUNCIATION: reduced forms of would you and did you

A 1.20 Listen to the questions. Notice the reduced forms of
would you /wʊ-ʤʊ/ and did you /dɪ-ʤʊ/.
1 a) What would you do? b) What did you do?
2 a) Why would you go? b) Why did you go?
3 a) When would you leave? b) When did you leave?
4 a) How would you find out? b) How did you find out?

B 1.21 Listen and choose which question you hear from each pair
in Exercise A.

C Work in pairs and practice. Say one question from each pair in
Exercise A. Your partner will identify which one they hear.
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 7 SPEAKING: talking about having a positive attitude
A Work in groups. Discuss what you think each of these sayings
means. Does each one express a positive or negative attitude?

B 1.22 Listen to the person talking about a workshop he attended.

Check the things that helped him.
 talking about a problem learning techniques for relaxation
 thinking positively remembering a similar experience
talking to an expert

C Think of a time when you experienced a difficult situation at school

or at work. Complete the notes.

What was the difficult situation?

How did it make you feel?

What did you do about it?

If things had been different, what might

have happened?

D i Independent Speaking
Work in pairs. Tell each other
about the situation you made
notes on in Exercise C. Then ask
your partner to tell your problem
back to you. Try to offer positive
advice and suggestions on what
you could have done differently.

HOW TO SAY IT
I’d like to tell you about what
happened when …
It was difficult for me because …
If I hadn’t …, he/she/they wouldn’t
have …

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 B 1.22
7 Speaking: talking about • See p. T167 for the audio script.
having a positive attitude • Tell the students they are going to listen to a person
talking about a workshop. Explain the task to the class,
Lead-in making sure they all understand the instructions.
• Play the audio once and check progress. If necessary,
On the board, write the phrases I never promised you
play the audio again before checking the answers.
a rose garden; Every day may not be good, but there’s
something good in every day; April showers bring May C
flowers; and Life isn’t a bowl of cherries. Ask the students
• Explain the task. Make sure that the students have read
if they know what the phrases mean (I never said that
and understood the questions. Point out that this task
life would be perfect; Even bad days have some positive
is in preparation for an independent speaking exercise.
aspects; A negative situation can lead to a positive
You could model the task by making notes on the board
outcome; Life isn’t always happy or easy.) Ask the students
and completing a sample table.
if these are positive or negative (negative, positive,
• Give the students plenty of time to think of a situation
positive, negative). Continue the discussion by asking the
and write notes for each question.
students if they know of equivalent sayings in their own
languages.
D
A • Direct the students’ attention to the examples in the
How to say it box, and encourage them to begin their
• Ask the students to read the sayings. Explain that they
story with the first expression (I’d like to tell you about
are additional common sayings, or proverbs, in English.
what happened when …). Encourage them to use the
Put the students in small groups to discuss what the
third conditional in their story as well as any sayings.
sayings mean, and if they express a positive or negative
Review conditionals if necessary.
attitude. Ask them to explain why.
• Put the students in pairs. Ask them to talk to their
• Listen to their ideas as a class before giving the answers.
partner about the situation they made notes on, and to
speak for about one and a half minutes. Their partner
Answers should listen without interrupting, but partners can ask
Every cloud has a silver lining. = A negative situation questions when they have finished. Ask the partners to
always brings some positive result. (positive) tell the problem back to the speaker and to offer advice
Think of the glass as half full, not half empty. = Focus and suggestions. Then ask them to change roles and
on the positive aspects of a situation, not the negative repeat the exercise.
aspects. (positive) • When the students have finished, have each pair join
with another pair to share stories and get more advice.
Always expect the worst and then you’re never
• Ask volunteers to share what they learned with the
disappointed. = Expect very little, in order to avoid
whole class. When a student has finished speaking,
unhappiness. (negative)
point out any sayings from Ex. A or any conditionals or
phrases from the How to say it box that were included.

Alternative
Put the students in pairs to discuss what the sayings
mean and whether they are positive or negative.
Have the pairs combine to form groups of four to
discuss their answers. Then have the groups take turns
contributing their ideas to a class discussion.

Extra: proverbs
Ask the students if any of these proverbs translate into
their language. Do they know any other proverbs in their
language?

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 A
lifeSkills: being a positive • A
 sk the students to read the memo about Sportsense.

team member Explain that this company is fictional, but the situation
is similar to real-life situations people can face in
their work. Ask the students what is happening in the
Step 1: Focus on finding solutions rather than blaming picture at the bottom of the page (a business meeting).
people for problems. (Ex. B, Ex. C) Extend the discussion by asking how the people in the
Step 2: Listen to other team members with a positive picture are feeling (the team members don’t seem to
attitude. (Ex. D) be getting along very well; there seems to be some
Step 3: Present your point of view in a positive way. sort of argument; one or two people look frustrated or
(Ex. D, Ex. E) annoyed). Review mood vocabulary from p. 48.
Lead-in • Address any vocabulary questions before asking the
students to answer the question and underline the
Read the target skill aloud and invite the students to tell
company’s issues.
you what they think being a positive team member means.
• Check the answers with the class.
Continue the discussion by asking the students what kind
of business they might like to work in and if there is any
business or job where being a positive team member Answer
is important. Ask them to look at the picture and say The problem is that the company’s new project is facing
what kind of business would use this type of equipment a number of difficulties.
(an athletic company that produces sports and fitness
equipment). Extend the discussion by asking them if they
have used any of this type of equipment and if they like B
exercise and how it makes them feel. Ask them to support • Point out that positive thinking focuses on solutions,
their answers. while negative thinking only focuses on problems.
Remind the students that group work and team projects Explain that each pair of sentences contains one
are an important part of academic work as well as of statement that focuses on a problem and one that
careers and society. Ask the students in what kinds of focuses on a solution. Ask the students to work
situations people have to function as team members. individually, read the sentences, and mark them with
Remind them that having a positive attitude is important, either P (for problem) or S (for solution).
and ask them to share any personal experiences they • Have the students compare their answers in pairs before
have had with positive or negative attitudes when checking the answers with the class. Check that they
working in a group or team. understand challenge (something that requires a lot
of skill, energy, and determination to deal with) and
Then highlight the three-step strategy to develop the
supplier (a company that supplies products or services).
skill of being a positive team member.

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 lifeSkills
BeinG a PoSitiVe teaM MeMBer
• Focus on finding solutions rather than blaming people for problems.
• Listen to other team members with a positive attitude.
• Present your point of view in a positive way.

A Read about the following situation. What is the problem? Underline the issues.

Sportsense is a company which produces sports

and fitness equipment. Their latest project,
developing a new range of fitness equipment,
has run into serious problems. It’s very behind
schedule, and the costs seem to be increasing.
There also seem to be personal problems among
some of the team members. If something isn’t
done very soon, the project may fail.

B Look at pairs of sentences. For each pair, write P next to the one that
focuses on the problems, and S next to the one that focuses on solutions.
1 a) P The project is behind schedule because we had a lot of problems the
manager didn’t expect.
b) S The project faced some unexpected challenges, but I’d like to suggest
something.
2 a) S It may be possible to work with the supplier to control the increasing costs.
b) P Someone chose the wrong supplier, so costs are increasing.
3 a) P Some of the team members don’t get along with the others and there are
constant arguments.
b) S We should arrange team-building exercises to improve relationships within
the team.
4 a) S The design is very creative, but maybe we need to simplify it so that we
can finish this project on schedule.
b) P If the designers hadn’t made such a complicated design, we would have
finished this project by now.

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 Self and Society
work and Career
Study and Learning
C Work in groups. Choose one of the following
roles for each member of the group. Prepare for a meeting to discuss
the project. Make notes of positive ways to present your problems,
together with possible solutions.

Project Research and Logistics Manager

Leader Development You are responsible for supplies. It is
You are Manager your job to make sure everyone has
responsible for You are responsible the materials they need at the right cost.
the whole project. It is for the designs of the You feel that the design department is being
your job to make sure equipment. It is your too ambitious and should try to cut costs. You
everything is done on job to make sure they also think that everyone needs to stick to the
time and within budget. are safe and develop schedule more because delays increase costs.
You are worried that fitness. You have fallen
the project is behind behind schedule because
schedule, costs are there aren’t enough
increasing, and there people working in your
are personal problems department. You feel that
between some members the marketing department
of the team. You think hasn’t given you a clear
there are communication idea of what they want and
problems among the that they should have done
team members. more market research.

Sales and Marketing Manager

You are responsible for selling the equipment. It is
your job to make sure the company sells as many
pieces of equipment as possible. You feel that the
current designs won’t appeal to enough people. You would
like to have new designs as soon as possible so that you
can do more market research. HOW TO SAY IT
That’s a good suggestion, and we
could …
That’s a good point. I’d like to add
D Work in your groups and role-play the meeting. that …
Listen to others carefully and make positive comments I take your point. From my point of
when appropriate. You should finish the meeting with an view, …
action plan, which is a list of ways to make Thanks for bringing that up.
the project more successful.

E Report your ideas to the class. Reflect … How can the skill of being
Explain how you are now planning to a positive team member be useful to you in
deal with the problems. Study & Learning and Self & Society?

F Work in groups and discuss

the questions. RESEARCH …
1 Do you feel you now have a better What else makes someone a good member of a
understanding of what it means to be a team? Look at a few websites that discuss this idea.
positive team member? In what ways? Make a note of what you discover and report back
2 Which aspects of being a positive to the class. Do all the websites you have looked
team member come naturally to you? at agree?
Which aspects do you think you need
to work on?
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 C E
• Draw attention to the picture, and ask the students to • Leave time for each group to present their final action
contrast this with the picture on p. 52. Make sure they plan to the rest of the class. Ask them to give reasons
notice that this is another business meeting, but in this for their choices.
meeting the team members are working well together, • Ask the class to decide which action plan is the most
are listening to each other, and seem to feel positively. effective.
• Explain that the students are going to work in groups
of four and that each person will have a role to play.
Explain the setting (an office) and the situation (having Extra: homework
a meeting to solve the company’s problems that are
Ask the students to use the action plan to write a short
putting the project at risk—being behind schedule,
report outlining the problems and solutions that their
facing increasing costs, struggling with personal
group presented.
problems among members of the team). Tell them
that they will have time to think of ideas for solving the
problems from the point of view of their position in the F
company. Remind them that their goal is to think of • Ask the students to discuss the questions in groups.
positive ways to present their problems together with • Focus the students on what they still need to work on
possible solutions. in order to improve the skill of being a positive team
• Put the students in groups of four, and ask them to member in the domain of Work & Career.
decide together which role each group member will • Have the groups share their ideas as a class.
take. Ask them to read their role and not to read the
others.
• Give the students time to prepare what they will say. Reflect
• Discuss the question with the whole class. Ask the
D
students to say what they feel are the most useful points
• Present the How to say it box. Explain that this they learned from this lesson, and how the skill of being
language is used to give positive feedback to other a positive team member might be useful in the domains
members of a team. Encourage them to use these of Study & Learning and Self & Society, either now or
phrases in the role-play. Remind them to make positive in the future.
statements as often as they can. Reiterate that using • Elicit the following ideas: participating in school
positive language and praise when working as a team projects, pair and group work in classes, working with
motivates team members. peers on homework, going to study groups, joining
• Explain the role-play instructions. Remind them that team sports, participating in family activities, making big
the overall goal is to create one action plan to make decisions, helping friends or family with tasks, etc.
the project more successful. Explain that there is likely
to be conflict depending on their role, so approaching
problems positively is the best option. Review the Research
positive phrases in Ex. B and tell them that some of these
• Go through the task and check that the students are
phrases can be used. For example, the project leader
clear about what they have to do.
might use the solution-focused phrase from item 3 as
• Suggest that the students search for information related
part of the discussion.
to business. Depending on class time and availability
• Have the students role-play their meeting in their
of computers, this could be done in class rather than
groups from Ex. C. Check that they are using positive
outside of class.
language and giving praise where appropriate.
• Have them share their findings (in class). Lead a class
• Make sure that they have a clear action plan at the end
discussion about the information and any differences in
of the meeting.
the opinions given.

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 Alternatives
Language wrap-up • With any of the approaches above, you can assist the
students by looking at the exercises with them before
There are several approaches that you can use for the
they start, and discussing how they should go about
Language wrap-up exercises:
them. For example, if they have to fill in the blanks
• in class as a test
in a text, encourage them to read through the whole
• in class as a review
text first to get an idea of the general meaning of it. If
• as homework
they have to choose the correct option to complete a
Class test sentence, encourage them to make sure they read the
• Ask the students to do the exercises in test conditions, whole sentence first to understand the context.
and give a time limit (e.g., 20 minutes). • You can also use the Language wrap-up to review the
• Check answers with the class and deal with typical errors material in the unit with the class and work on the
or problems. exercises together as a class activity. In this case, you
can ask the students, for example, to look back at the
Class review appropriate Grammar section in the unit and review the
• If you decide to do the exercises in class, you can main points to clarify any misunderstandings before they
approach the Language wrap-up as a two-step review. begin an exercise. Similarly, you can ask the students
First, ask the students to do the Vocabulary section to first work in pairs to check the meanings of words to
individually. When they finish, ask them to check their be used in fill-in-the-blanks exercises in the Vocabulary
answers carefully, and then put them in pairs to compare section.
answers and discuss any differences. • Note that the more assistance you give the students, the
• You can then apply the same procedure to the Grammar higher the score you should expect them to get when
section. they do the exercises.
• Self- and peer-correction are two excellent ways of
developing learner independence and creating a 1 Vocabulary
cooperative learning environment. • Ask the students to read the sentences for general
Homework understanding and to gain an idea of the context before
filling in the blanks with the words from the box.
• If you give the exercises for homework, you can ask
the students to do them in test conditions, i.e., without • Check the answers with the class by calling on individual
referring to the language they covered in the unit, their students to read the completed sentences aloud.
notes, the Grammar reference section, dictionaries, etc.
• Give them a time limit (e.g., 20 minutes). 2 Grammar
• Check answers with the class in the next lesson and deal A
with typical errors or problems. • Remind the students of the importance of word order in
• The scoring system has been designed to give the sentences with noun clauses as objects.
students an idea of the progress they are making. Each
section has a total score of 10 or 12, depending on the B
complexity of the language covered and the nature • Ask the students to read the whole text through first
of the exercises. Whichever approach you take to the before completing the exercise. Encourage them to say
Language wrap-up, after checking the answers to each each sentence silently to themselves before deciding on
section, ask the students to write their score. If they their answers.
have a score lower than 8 (out of 10) or 10 (out of 12),
direct them to the appropriate sections of the unit and
encourage them to read them again for homework.
After that, ask the students to complete the exercise(s)
again at home.

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 Language wrap-up
1 VOCABULARY
Complete the paragraph with the words from the box. (12 points)

appreciate content depressed distracted emotions enjoyment

mood optimistic pessimistic pleasures wealth well-being

Do you sometimes feel sad or (1) depressed ? Do you often experience negative
(2) emotions ? Do you have a generally (3) pessimistic outlook on life? If you
answered yes, then this workshop is for you. Thought Power is a new technique that
helps put in you in a good (4) mood and recover your (5) enjoyment of life.
Happiness doesn’t depend on material (6) wealth . We can all become more
(7) content with our lives by focusing on the positive and not being (8) distracted
by negative thoughts. Learn to be more (9) optimistic and improve your state of
(10) well-being . It’s easy to (11) appreciate the simple everyday (12) pleasures of life
by using this simple technique. Try it and see!

10–12 correct: I can use words for describing life satisfaction and mood.
0–9 correct: Look again at Sections 1 and 3 on pages 46, 48, and 49. SCORE: /12

2 GRAMMAR
A Complete the sentences with noun clauses as objects using the
prompts and the question words in parentheses. (4 points)
1 I went to a laughter workshop last year. (when)
I want to tell you about when I went to a laughter workshop last year .
2 Something happened at work the other day. (what)
Did I tell you about what happened at work the other day ?
3 You aren’t happy. (why)
I can’t understand why you aren't happy .
4 Stress can affect our state of well-being in many ways. (how)
The instructor explained how stress can affect our state of well-being in many ways .

B Choose the correct options to complete the text. (8 points)

“Did you hear about Megan? I saw her by chance. I was in a store, and if I (1) had / hadn’t
turned around when I did, I (2) won’t / wouldn’t have seen her. She told me she was
looking for a new job. She got fired because she was two hours late one morning! Just
imagine that! If she (3) were / would be more punctual, she (4) would / wouldn’t still have
her job. I can’t understand it!
Well, she was really depressed, so I encouraged her to be more optimistic. If you
(5) have / will have a positive attitude, it usually (6) helps / will help you find a solution
to a problem. She seemed happy to hear that. Anyway, if I (7) will have / have time
this weekend, I (8) will invite / invited her over for dinner. I’m sure with a little support,
she’ll be able to find something else very soon.”

10–12 correct: I can use noun clauses as objects and use a variety of conditional structures.
0–9 correct: Look again at Sections 2 and 4 on pages 47 and 49. SCORE: /12

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 expressing personal
SPeakinG workShoP preference

A 1.23 Read the question and listen to one

man’s response. Make notes under the headings
below. Compare your notes with a partner.

Some people think that money is the key to happiness. Others

think that family and friends are more important. What do you
think? Explain why and give an example to support your answer.

Which option does the speaker select?

Family and friends are more important than money.

Reason 1:
You can be unhappy even if you have lots of money.

Example:
Friend's grandfather was rich but lonely.

Reason 2:
Money is very temporary.

Example: Neighbor's house burned down and she

lost everything very suddenly.

Conclusion: Money by itself can't make you happy.

B Listen again and match the two parts to make correct phrases.
1 Although a) of all
2 There are b) give you an example
3 First c) what I’ve been saying
4 Let me d) two main reasons
5 To sum up e) many people believe that …

C Read the question. Prepare your response. Complete the notes. Some people think that
Use the expressions in Exercise B. happiness is a matter of
good luck. Others think
it is something you can
Which option do you select?
create and control. What
Reason 1: do you think? Explain why.
Example:
Reason 2:
Example:
Conclusion:

D Work in pairs. Speak to

your partner. Make sure to cover HOW ARE YOU DOING?
all the points in your outline. I stated my opinion clearly.
I supported my opinion with at least two reasons and examples.
I used a variety of discourse markers.

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 C
Speaking workshop: expressing • Explain that the students will now give their own answer

personal preference to a new question. Encourage them to follow the same

process by reading the question in the box, and then
writing their own ideas for their answer on the notepad
Lead-in provided.
Survey the class. Ask them which they prefer: milk or • Give the students time to make notes and prepare a
juice, fruits or vegetables, pizza or spaghetti, dogs or cats, response. Point out that they will present their answer to
peanut butter cookies or chocolate chip cookies. Create a partner.
as many choices as you like to get the students focused on
expressing personal preferences. D
• Put the students in pairs. Schedule enough time for
A 1.23 each pair of students to present their answer to the
• See p. T168 for the audio script. question to each other. Each student should talk for
• Ask the students if they have taken a standardized about one minute.
test in which they had to speak or write an answer • Remind the students that they should cover all the
expressing a personal preference, and support their points in their outline, and they should try to use the
answer. Invite volunteers to share their experiences and discourse markers from Ex. B in their answers.
discuss what makes these questions challenging. How are you doing?
• Draw attention to the question in the box. Point out
• Ask the students to read the statements and check the
that this is similar to the types of questions they’ll see
ones they believe are true.
on standardized tests, or that they will have to answer in
• Ask them to discuss their answer with their partner and
academic studies.
identify things they could improve on next time.
• Ask the students what their answer would be.
• Explain that they will hear a response to this question.
• Play the audio and have the students take notes on the   Workbook pp. 26–27, skillsStudio
speaker’s main points on the notepad provided.
• If necessary, pause the audio after each response to give
the students time to write. Then play the audio through
a second time for the students to complete their notes.
• Put the students in pairs to compare their notes. Then
discuss answers as a class.

B
• Explain that English has collocations (words that often
go together). It is important to remember these word
combinations. Tell the students they will practice
listening for some common word combinations.
• Play the audio again, and ask the students to match the
words in the first column with the words that go with
them in the second column.
• Repeat the audio only if necessary.
• Check the answers with the class.

Alternative
Ask the students to match the two parts of the phrases
before playing the audio. Have them check their
answers as they listen to the audio.

Extra: speaking
Ask the students to choose two or three of the
discourse markers and use each one in a sentence.
Then put the students in pairs and have them take
turns saying their sentences to their partner.

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Ups and downs UNIT 4 T55
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