ANTENNA

DESIGN AND
DEVELOPMENT

DR.SWETHA AMIT,

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,

DEPT OF ELECTRONICS &

TELECOMMUNICATION ENGG,

RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

BANGALORE
 AGENDA
vWhat is antenna?

vWorking of antenna

vSpecifications

vParameters related to antenna design

vOverview of micro-strip antennas

v Feeding methods
v Basic principles of operation

vDesign of a Patch antenna in HFSS 2

 WHAT IS AN ANTENNA??
• Device which radiates, receives radio waves.

Is Antenna Active Or Passive Device

Also,
Accentuate the radiation energy in
some directions and suppress it in
others

Hence,
antenna must also serve as a directional
3
device in addition to a probing device.
Principals of Radiated electromagentic (EM) fields

Two laws (from Maxwell Equation)

1. A Moving Electric Field Creates a Magnetic (H) field
2. A Moving Magnetic Field Creates an Electric (E) field

4
 HOW DOES AN ANTENNA WORK?

• Antennas are device designed to

radiate electromagnetic energy
efficiently in a prescribed manner.

• Itis the current distributions on the

antennas that produce the radiation.
Usually these current distributions are
excited by transmission lines or
waveguides.

5
 How to increase the Radiation??

Omni-directional to a Directional antenna

6
SPECIFICATIONS TO DESIGN
ANTENNA

• Frequency
• Radiation pattern
• Gain- Arrays
• Polarization
• Linear
• Circular
• Elliptical 7
RADIATION PATTERN

8
 DESIGN
PARAMETERS
uVSWR
uImpedance Matching – 50Ω
uS- Parameter
uPower Constraints
uNear field and Far field

9
 What should be the shape of antenna??

Ø Types of antennas
Ø Wire antenna
Ø Aperture antenna
Ø Micro-strip antenna

10
HOW DOES IT WORK? –
RADIATION

11
HOW DOES IT WORK? –
RADIATION

12
HOW DOES IT WORK? –
RADIATION

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HOW DOES IT WORK? –
RADIATION

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HOW DOES IT WORK? –
RADIATION
B

Sphere grows with

time (i.e. delay
increases with
distance)
15
HOW DOES IT WORK? –
RADIATION

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HOW DOES IT WORK? –
RADIATION

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ANTENNAS –
TV AERIAL
• Radiation of power in space can be
controlled by carefully arranging the
patterns of electron motion

• This is the same as their sensitivity to

received signals from different
directions in space

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 FREQUENCY SELECTION

uResonant
uUWB
uMulti-resonant
m ore
ch is n
Wh ageous i
i
v a n t
ad
i l e n ???
Mob unicatio 19

m
Com
Polarization

20
 Polarization

• EM field is composed of electric & magnetic lines of force that are

orthogonal to each other
• E determines the direction of polarization of the wave
vertical polarization: electric force lines lie in a vertical direction
horizontal polarization : electric force lines lie in a horizontal
direction
circular polarization: electric force lines rotate 360° every cycle

21
 Main Trade-offs for Antenna Design

Directivity & beam width

• acceptable lobes
• maximum gain
• bandwidth
• radiation angle
Bandwidth Issues
High Bandwidth Antennas tend to have less gain than
narrowband antennas
Narrowband Receive Antenna reduces interference from adjacent
signals & reduce received noise power

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FRIIS TRANSMISSION FORMULA

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NEAR FIELD/FAR FIELD

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 DAY 2
MICROSTRIP
ANTENNA

25
ANTENNA IN CELLPHONES

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PLANAR STRUCTURES

27
MICROSTRIP LINES

28
STRIPLINES

29
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MICROSTRIP
AND STRIPLINE

30
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MICROSTRIP
AND STRIPLINE

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MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS

32
MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS

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WORKING

34
RADIATION MECHANISM

35
EQUATIONS

36
EQUATIONS

37
EQUATIONS

38
EQUATIONS

39
CALCULATIONS FOR A CHOSEN FREQUENCY

Frequency 2.4GHz
FR-4 : dielectric constant : 4.4
Thickness : 1.57mm

40
 Basic Principles of Operation
Resonance Frequency of Dominant Mode

Hammerstad formula: é eff æW öù

ê( re + 0.3 ) çè h + 0.264 ÷ú
DL / h = 0.412 ê øú
ê e eff - 0.258 æ W + 0.8 ö ú
êë ( r ) çè h ÷ú
øû
-1/ 2
e r +1 æ e r -1 ö é æ h öù
e reff = +ç ÷ê1 + 12 ç ÷ú
2 è 2 øë èW øû

Note: Even though the Hammerstad formula

æ
c 1 ö
involves an effective permittivity, we still use f10 = ç ÷
the actual substrate permittivity in the resonance 2 er è L + 2 DL ø
frequency formula. 41
 Resonance Frequency of Dominant Mode

Note: DL » 0.5 h

i m a t e.
i c k est
u
t o g i ve a q
”
of t humb
ru le
g ood“
hi s i sa
T

42
 Overview of Microstrip Antennas
Also called “patch antennas”
§ One of the most useful antennas at microwave frequencies (f > 1 GHz).
§ It usually consists of a metal “patch” on top of a grounded dielectric
substrate.
§ The patch may be in a variety of shapes, but rectangular and circular
are the most common.

43

Microstrip line feed Coax feed

 Common Shapes

Rectangular Square Circular Annular ring

Elliptical Triangular
44
 Rectangular patch
y

Note:
The fields and current
are approximately
independent of y for the
W Js
dominant (1,0) mode.
x
L
h er

Note: The width W is usually chosen to be larger than

L (to get higher bandwidth). However, usually W < 2L
(to avoid problems with the (0,2) mode).

W = 1.5L is typical. 45
 Circular Patch
y

a x

h er

The location of the feed determines the direction of current

flow and hence the polarization of the radiated field. 46
 Advantages of Microstrip Antennas

Ø Low profile (can even be “conformal,” i.e. flexible to conform to

a surface).
Ø Easy to fabricate (use etching and photolithography).
Ø Easy to feed (coaxial cable, microstrip line, etc.).
Ø Easy to incorporate with other microstrip circuit elements and
integrate into systems.
Ø Patterns are somewhat hemispherical, with a moderate directivity
(about 6-8 dB is typical).
Ø Easy to use in an array to increase the directivity. 47

Ø Mechanically robust
 Disadvantages of Microstrip Antennas

Ø Low bandwidth. Bandwidth is roughly proportional to the substrate

thickness and inversely proportional to the substrate permittivity.

Ø Efficiency may be lower than with other antennas. Efficiency is limited

by conductor and dielectric losses*, and by surface-wave loss**.

Ø Cannot handle extremely large amounts of power (dielectric

breakdown).

* Conductor and dielectric losses become more severe for thinner substrates.
** Surface-wave losses become more severe for thicker substrates (unless air 48
or
foam is used).
 Applications

§ Satellite communications
§ Microwave communications
§ Cell phone antennas
§ GPS antennas

49
 Microstrip
antenna
Filter
DC supply Micro-D
connector K-connector

LNA
PD
Fiber input with
collimating lens Diplexer

Microstrip Antenna Integrated into a System: HIC Antenna Base-Station for 28-43
50 GHz
(Photo courtesy of Dr. Rodney B. Waterhouse)
 Arrays

2´2 array

Linear array (1-D corporate feed)

51

2-D 8X8 corporate-fed array 4 ´ 8 corporate-fed / series-fed array

ARRAY OF POINT SOURCE

52
 Wraparound Array (conformal)

The substrate is so thin that it can be bent to “conform” to the surface.

53
Feeding Methods
z Coaxial Feed

er h
x
y
Note:
A feed along the centerline at y = W/2
is the most common
Surface current (this minimizes higher-order modes
and cross-pol).

Feed at (x0, y0) x 54

L
 Inset Feed

Advantages:
Ø Simple
Microstrip line
Ø Allows for planar feeding
Ø Easy to use with arrays
Ø Easy to obtain input match

Disadvantages:
Ø Significant line radiation for thicker substrates
Ø For deep notches, patch current and radiation pattern may show distortion
55
 Proximity-coupled Feed
(Electromagnetically-coupled Feed)

Advantages:
Ø Allows for planar feeding
Ø Less line radiation compared to microstrip feed
Ø Can allow for higher bandwidth (no probe inductance, so
substrate can be thicker)
Patch

Microstrip
Top view line
Microstrip line

Disadvantages:
Ø Requires multilayer fabrication 56

Ø Alignment is important for input match

 Aperture-coupled Patch (ACP)

Slot
Advantages:
Ø Allows for planar feeding
Ø Feed-line radiation is isolated from patch radiation
Microstrip
Ø Higher bandwidth is possible since probe inductance is Top view line

eliminated (allowing for a thick substrate), and also a double-

resonance can be created
Ø Allows for use of different substrates to optimize antenna and Patch
feed-circuit performance

Disadvantages: Slot
Ø Requires multilayer fabrication
57
Ø Alignment is important for input match Microstrip line
Comparison of feeds

58
 Radiation Efficiency (cont.)

Ø Surface-wave power is more important for thicker substrates or for

higher-substrate permittivities. (The surface-wave power can be
minimized by using a thin substrate or a foam substrate.)
§ For a foam substrate, a high radiation efficiency is obtained
by making the substrate thicker (minimizing the conductor
and dielectric losses). There is no surface-wave power to
worry about.

§ For a typical substrate such as er = 2.2, the radiation

efficiency is maximum for h / l0 » 0.02.
59
 General Characteristics
Radiation Patterns

y Edge diffraction is the most serious in the E plane.

Space wave Eq varies as cos f
L
Js
W
E plane

H plane 60
 Radiation Patterns
E-plane pattern

Red: infinite substrate and ground

plane 0
Note: The E-plane pattern “tucks
in” and tends to zero at the
30 -30
horizon due to the presence of
-10
the infinite substrate.
60 -20 -60

Blue: 1 meter -30

ground plane 90
-40 -30 -20 -10
-90

120 240

61
150 210

180
 Radiation Patterns
H-plane pattern

Red: infinite 45 -10 -45

substrate and -20

ground plane -30

-40 -30 -20 -10

90 -90

Blue: 1 meter
ground plane

135 225

62

180
 Directivity

ØThe directivity is fairly insensitive to the substrate

thickness.

ØThe directivity is higher for lower permittivity,

because the patch is larger.

63
ANTENNA DESIGN APPROACH

64
ANTENNAS DESIGNED IN HFSS

• Patch Antenna : Rectangular, Triangular,Circular

• Wearable Antenna/ Textile Antenna
• Wearable Metamaterial Reflectors
• Metamaterial Radomes
• Frequency Selective Surface structures in wearable devices
• SAR analysis on Human phantom for the designed antenna
• MIMO antenna
• Fractal Antenna (Sierpienski, spidron arm)
• Liquid Antenna

65
 PUBLICATIONS BY USING HFSS
1. Swetha Amit, T R Ramya, Vandana S, Pooja C R, “Ultra Wide Band Symmetric Slots Antenna for Wearable
Applications”, IEEE 4th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES 2019),
July 17-19, 2019, PPG Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India. [Scopus Indexed]

2. Swetha Amit, Viswanath Talasila, Prasad Shastry, “A Semi-Circular Slot Textile Antenna for Ultra-Wideband
Applications”, 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio
Science Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 7-12 July 2019. pp. 249-250. [SJR Indexed] DOI:
10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2019.8889148

3. Ashwini K S, Panchami Prabhu, Shreyas S Nayak, Swetha Amit, “Miniaturised rectangular patch antenna using
defected ground plane”, 5th National Conference on Advancements in Information Technology NCAIT-2019, 10th
and 11th April 2019, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bangalore.

4. Rakshan T A, Syed Fauzan, Swetha Amit, “Study and Analysis in reduction of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in
Human body using Wearable Antenna for BAN Applications”, 2019 4th IEEE International Conference on
Recent Trends on Electronics, Information, Communication & Technology (RTEICT-2019), MAY 17th & 18th
2019. [Scopus Indexed]

5. Sreepriya S, Nikhil George, Dr.Swetha Amit, “A Multi-Resonant Microstrip Patch Antenna with Fractal Defected
Ground Structure”, IEEE First International Conference on Advanced Technologies in Intelligent Control,
Environment, Computing & Communication Engineering (ICATIECE-2019), 19th and 20th March 2019,
Bangalore, India [Scopus Indexed]
 PUBLICATIONS BY USING HFSS

6. Akshay K M, Swetha Amit , “Analysis and Design of a Phased Array Antenna using Circular
Microstrip Patch Elements with BST Technology for X-band Application”, 11th International
Conference- Antenna Test & Measurement Society ( ATMS), 5th to 7th February 2018, Pune, India.
7. Divyashree J, Ashlesha Bhalare Shivananda, Swetha Amit, “Design and Development of
Metamaterial Antennas on different Substrates for its Performance Evaluation”, 11th International
Conference- Antenna Test & Measurement Society ( ATMS), 5th to 7th February 2018, Pune, India.
8. Pallavi T N, Mala J, Swetha Amit , “Analysis and design of Hexagonal Shape Fractal Wideband
Antenna”, 11th International Conference- Antenna Test & Measurement Society (ATMS), 5th to 7th
February 2018, Pune, India.

9. Swetha Amit, Oshin S P, “Design, Implementation and Performance analysis of a high gain UWB
Slot Wearable Antenna with Human Phantom for Medical Application”, 2017 IEEE International
Conference on Antenna Innovations & Modern Technologies for Ground, Aircraft and Satellite
Applications (iAIM), 24th to 27th November, 2017, Bangalore DOI: 10.1109/IAIM.2017.8402601
[Scopus indexed] .
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8402601&isnumber=8402513&tag=1
 PUBLICATIONS BY USING HFSS
10.Oshin S P, Swetha Amit, “Design and analysis high gain UWB textile Antenna for wearable applications”, IEEE
International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics Information Communication Technology (RTEICT-
2017), Bangalore, May 2017, INDIA DOI: 10.1109/RTEICT.2017.8256585 [Scopus indexed]

11. Swetha Amit, Nisha S L, “Design and Development of Printed Dipole Antenna with Array Configuration for
GPS application”, IEEE 2016 International Conference on Circuits, Controls, Communications and Computing
(I4C), 4th to 6th October 2016 at M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore.
DOI: 10.1109/CIMCA.2016.8053279 [Scopus indexed]

12. Thalath Farheen Khanum, Swetha Amit, “A compact Wideband Sierpinski Antenna loaded with Metamaterial”,
IEEE 2016 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT), DMJ
College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India during 3rd to 5th March 2016.
DOI: 10.1109/ICEEOT.2016.7755338 [Scopus indexed]

13. Thalath Farheen Khanum, Swetha Amit, “ Design and Analysis of Multiband Symmetrical MLA with Fractal
Metamaterial “IEEE 2016 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques
(ICEEOT), DMJ College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India during 3rd to 5th March 2016.
DOI: 10.1109/ICEEOT.2016.7755204 [Scopus indexed]

14. Thalath Farheen Khanum, Swetha Amit, “Design and Simulation of Symmetrical MLA-PIFA with
Metamaterial", 2016 IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information &
Communication Technology (RTEICT), Sri Venkateshwara college of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka ,India
during 20th and 21st May-2016. DOI: 10.1109/RTEICT.2016.7808006
 PUBLICATIONS BY USING HFSS
16. Swetha Amit, "Design of compact bent dipole antenna and its array with high gain
performance for GPS application," 2016 8th International Conference on Communication Systems
and Networks (COMSNETS), 5th to 10th January 2016, Bangalore, India.
DOI:10.1109/COMSNETS.2016.7439935 [Scopus indexed]
17. Swetha Amit, Chinmoy Kumar P R, Nayana Arvind Laxmeshwar, Saurabh R Badenkal, “A
Spidron Fractal Array Antenna with Enhanced Impedance Matching for Multiple Frequencies”,
IEEE International Conference on IMPact of E-Technology on US (IEEE IC-IMPETUS), 10th and
11th January, 2014.
18. Swetha Amit, Chinmoy Kumar P R, Nayana Arvind Laxmeshwar, Saurabh R Badenkal, “A
Novel Swastik Shaped Spidron Fractal Array Antenna for S-Band Applications”, 7th International
Conference, Antenna Test and Measurement Society (ATMS), INDIA, 11th and 12th February
2014, Chennai.

19. Swetha Amit, Chinmoy Kumar P R, Nayana Arvind Laxmeshwar, Saurabh R Badenkal, “A
Spidron Fractal Antenna with Enhanced Impedance Matching for Wideband Applications”, 9th
International Conference on Microwaves, Antenna, Propagation and Remote sensing (ICMARS)
December 11th to 14th 2013, International Center for Radio Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
 PUBLICATIONS BY USING HFSS

20. Swetha Amit, “A Flexible Low Profile Symmetric Slots Antenna for Wearable Applications”, Control and Data
Fusion e-Journal: CADFEJL Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 32-37, Jul-Aug 2018. ISSN: 2581-5490.
https://www.cadfejl.com/phocadownload/CADF%20JulAug%202018%2003%20SA%20Antenna.pdf

21. Swetha Amit, “Design and Implementation of Printed Folded Dipole Antenna for GPS Application”,
International Journal for Scientific Research and Development (IJSRD), Volume 3, Issue 5, July 2015, ISSN:
23210613. http://www.ijsrd.com/articles/IJSRDV3I50181.pdf

22. Kadam Astik M, Swetha Amit, “Design and Implementation of Quasi Landstorfer Antenna for Wireless
Communication”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume 2 Issue 4,
July 2015, e-ISSN: 2395-0056, p-ISSN: 2395-0072. https://www.irjet.net/volume-2-issue-4

23. Sangeetha.G, Swetha Amit, “Design and implementation of Novel Nine shaped MIMO Antenna for LTE
Applications”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
(IJARCCE), Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014, ISSN : 2278-1021, PP : 2319-5940. https://ijarcce.com/wp-
content/uploads/2012/03/IJARCCE5E-a-swetha-amit-Design-and-implementation.pdf

24. Sangeetha.G, Swetha Amit, “Design of a Novel Nine Shaped Tri-Band MIMO Antenna for LTE
Applications”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology & Science(IJIRTS), Vol. 2, Issue 3,
May 2014, ISSN:2321-1156. http://ijirts.org/volume2issue3/IJIRTSV2I3054.pdf
 ANY QUERIES:

PLEASE REACH ME @

SWETHA.AMIT@GMAIL.COM