Discourse Analysis: (Analyze Reference in An Article)

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
(ANALYZE REFERENCE IN AN ARTICLE)
Name : Gallesta Dipho A. Daun

NIM :14091102038
Cohesion
Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a
text together and gives it meaning. It is related to the broader concept of coherence.
There are two main types of cohesion: grammatical cohesion, which is based on
structural content—and lexical cohesion, which is based on lexical content and background
knowledge. A cohesive text is created in many different ways. In Cohesion in English, M.A.K.
Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan identify five general categories of cohesive devices that create
coherence in texts: reference, ellipsis, substitution, lexical cohesion and conjunction.
Reference
There are two referential devices that can create cohesion:
 Anaphoric reference occurs when the writer refers back to someone or something
that has been previously identified, to avoid repetition. Some examples: replacing
"the taxi driver" with the pronoun "he" or "two girls" with "they". Another example
can be found in formulaic sequences such as "as stated previously" or "the
aforementioned".
 Cataphoric reference is the opposite of anaphora: a reference forward as opposed to

backward in the discourse. Something is introduced in the abstract before it is
identified. For example: "Here he comes, our award-winning host... it's John Doe!"
Cataphoric references can also be found in written text.
There is one more referential device, which cannot create cohesion:
 Exophoric reference is used to describe generics or abstracts without ever identifying

them (in contrast to anaphora and cataphora, which do identify the entity and thus
are forms of endophora): e.g. rather than introduce a concept, the writer refers to it
by a generic word such as "everything". The prefix "exo" means "outside", and the
persons or events referred to in this manner are never identified by the writer.
Halliday and Hasan considered exophoric reference as not cohesive, since it does not
tie two elements together into in text.
 Homophoric reference is a reference that requires some type of general knowledge

to understand
 Personal Reference keeps track of function through the speech situation using noun
pronouns like “he,him,she,her”, etc. and possessive determiner like “mine, yours, his,
hers”etc
 Demonstrative Reference keeps track of information through location using proximity
references like “ this, these, that those, here, there, and the”

Article :
Tom Petty Was Rock's Everyman
October 3, 201712:21 PM ET
Washington, DC - May 03, 2016: Stephen Thompson CREDIT: Matt Roth
Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers perform on Saturday Night Live after the release of Full Moon Fever
in 1989. For such an unassuming rock star, Tom Petty sure got to live a lot of lives. He was a chart-
topping fire hose of hits whose late-'70s and early-'80s singles — "Refugee," "The Waiting," "Stop
Draggin' My Heart Around," et al — have etched themselves into the classic-rock firmament.
He was an influential Rock and Roll Hall of Famer and standard-bearer who formed a key bridge
between the jangly folk-rock of The Byrds and the singer-songwriters of the present day. He was an
MTV star whose videos — most notably his creepy turn as the Mad Hatter in 1985's "Don't Come
Around Here No More" — can be conjured from memory 30-plus years later. He was an everyday kid
in Florida who dropped out of high school to join a short-lived band called Mudcrutch — only to re-
form it and release a pair of albums late in his career, just because he could. And he was a member
of the Traveling Wilburys, the one dubbed "Muddy Wilbury" and "Charlie T. Wilbury Jr." — part of a
true supergroup with rock legends Bob Dylan, Roy Orbison, George Harrison and Jeff Lynne.
Petty's place in the Wilburys said much about the man's fascinating career. Think about those other
Wilburys: Dylan brought gravitas and a kind of unknowable otherworldiness; Orbison brought a
soaring, spectral quality; Harrison brought an air of mischief and mysticism; Lynne brought a certain
immaculateness, befitting a producer with a perfectionist's touch. Petty, by comparison, was a
plainspoken workingman's rocker whose approachable but unmistakable croak helped keep the
band's songs grounded.
In the Traveling Wilburys, as with the rest of the rock and roll world, Tom Petty was surrounded by
mystique. But his humanity provided a humble, centering force. Petty could be curmudgeonly, and
he could project an air of distance in interviews, and he'd battled the music industry when he
deemed it necessary. But he also crafted dozens of the sturdiest, most indelible rock and roll songs
ever played — decades' worth of them, from 1976's "American Girl" to 1982's "You Got Lucky" to
1989's "Free Fallin'" and "I Won't Back Down" to 1994's "Wildflowers" and beyond.
In that last song, you can hear what makes the music of Petty distinct and eternal. His songs could
sound tortured, weary, angry, knowing, defiant. But Petty also possessed a great capacity for hard-
won warmth — for having sounded so tortured, weary, angry, knowing and defiant that his
moments of grace, when they came around, rang all the more true. Petty wasn't one for dense
wordcraft or obtuse metaphor, opting instead for clarity and directness; for clear, bright chord
progressions and words that spoke to human resilience and desire.
In "Wildflowers," Petty sang of a freedom we all deserve:
You belong among the wildflowers
You belong in a boat out at sea
Sail away, kill off the hours

You belong somewhere you feel free
There's so much simple beauty and generosity in those words, which have helped lend a soundtrack
to countless major life changes — everything from graduations to breakups to funerals. They've
served every terrifying milestone; all those occasions in which our greatest wish is for someone we
love to find comfort and contentment. Petty, an everyman for everyone, had words for them all.
Reference in this article are :
 Personal Reference
a) Anaphoric Reference
 Tom Petty He He He His He His He He Petty

Petty Tom Petty Petty He He He He Petty His
Petty His Petty Petty Petty
 Tom Petty And Heartbreakers Themselves The Band They
 Boy Dylen Dylen
 Roy Orbison Orbison
 George Harrison Harrison
 Jeff Lynne Lynne
 Wildflower Song Wildflower
b) Cataphoric Reference
 Short-lived Mudcructh It
c) Exophoric Reference
 Producer
 We
 Them
Demonstrative Reference
 And he’d battled the music industry, when he deemed it
Conclusion
This article I found Some Personal References that following with Anaphoric reference,
Cataphoric reference, and Exophoric Reference, and i found one Demonsrtative Reference. The
Writer Wrote this article just focus to Tom Petty, as you can see the article have many personal
references that I found.
Source :
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesion_(linguistics)
http://gosrok.blogspot.co.id/2012/02/grammatical-cohesion.html?m=1
https://www.npr.org/series/100920965/music-articles/
www.yourdictionary.com/homophora

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DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

(ANALYZE REFERENCE IN AN ARTICLE)

Name : Gallesta Dipho A. Daun

There are two referential devices that can create cohesion:

 Cataphoric reference is the opposite of anaphora: a reference forward as opposed to

 Exophoric reference is used to describe generics or abstracts without ever identifying

 Homophoric reference is a reference that requires some type of general knowledge

Washington, DC - May 03, 2016: Stephen Thompson CREDIT: Matt Roth

In "Wildflowers," Petty sang of a freedom we all deserve:

You belong among the wildflowers

You belong in a boat out at sea

Sail away, kill off the hours

 Tom Petty He He He His He His He He Petty

 And he’d battled the music industry, when he deemed it

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