Common Biases PDF
Common Biases PDF
Common Biases PDF
Making 8e
Chapter 3
Common Biases
Problem 1: Causes of Death
• Rank order causes of death in the world 2010
• Estimate death rates
Rank Cause of Death Deaths
Tobacco
Poor diet and physical inactivity
Motor Accidents
Firearms (Violence)
Drug/Alcohol abuse
Problem 2: Words with “a”
What percentage of words in the English
language begin with the letter “a”?
Problem 3: Words with “a”
What percentage of words in the English
language have the letter “a” as their third letter?
Lisa is 33 and is pregnant for the first time. She is
worried about birth defects such as Down syndrome.
Her doctor tells her that she need not worry too much
because there is only a 1 in 1,000 chance that a woman
of her age will have a baby with Down syndrome.
Nevertheless, Lisa remains anxious about this
possibility and decides to obtain a test, known as the
Triple Screen, which can detect Down syndrome. The
test is moderately accurate: When a baby has Down
syndrome, the test delivers a positive result 86% of the
time. There is, however, a small “false positive” rate:
5% of babies produce a positive result despite not
having Down syndrome. Lisa takes the Triple Screen
and obtains a positive result for Down syndrome. Given
this test result, what are the chances that her baby has
Down syndrome?
A certain town is served by two hospitals. In the larger
hospital, about 45 babies are born each day. In the
smaller hospital, about 15 babies are born each day. As
you know, about 50 percent of all babies are boys.
However, the exact percentage of boys born varies
from day to day. Sometimes it may be higher than 50
percent, sometimes lower.
For a period of one year, each hospital recorded the
days in which more than 60 percent of the babies born
were boys. Which hospital do you think recorded more
such days?
a. The larger hospital
b. The smaller hospital
c. About the same (within 5 percent of each other)
Problem 6: Having a Baby
You and your spouse have had three children
together, all of them girls. Now that you are
expecting your fourth child, you wonder
whether the odds favor having a boy this time.
What is the best estimate of your probability of
having another girl?
a. 6.25% (1 in 16) – odds of getting 4 girls in a row
b. 50% (1 in 2) – equal chance of getting either
c. Something in between (6.25‐50%)
Problem 7: Batting Averages
• Predict 2011 batting averages
Player 2010 Batting Average Estimated 2011 Batting Average
1 .284
2 .265
3 .359
4 .291
5 .318
6 .286
7 .277
8 .155
9 .212
Problem 8: Describe Linda
Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken, and very smart.
She majored in philosophy. As a student, she was
deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and
social justice, and she participated in antinuclear
demonstrations.
___Linda is a teacher in ___Linda is a psychiatric ___Linda is an insurance
elementary school. social worker. salesperson.
___Linda is active in the ___Linda is a bank teller.
feminist movement.
Problem 9: Guess the Date
• Write the last three digits of your phone
number and add 1 to the front of the string, as
if it were a year: _________
• Was the Taj Mahal completed before or after
the date formed by your phone number?
___Before ___After
• What year was the Taj Mahal completed?
____________
Problem 10: Which is More Likely?
a. Drawing a red marble from a bag containing
50% red marbles and 50% white marbles.
b. Drawing a red marble seven times in succession,
with replacement, from a bag containing 90%
red marbles and 10% red marbles.
c. Drawing at least one red marble in seven tries,
with replacement, from a bag containing 10%
red marbles and 90% white marbles.
Problem 1 Answers
• Rank order causes of death
• Estimate death rates
Rank Cause of Death Deaths in 2009
3 War and civil conflict 182,000
2 Nutritional deficiencies, including starvation 418,000
What percentage of words in the English
language have the letter “a” as their third letter?
9%
The Availability Heuristic
• Ease of Recall Bias
– Vividness influences recall
– Estimating death rates
– Airline security decisions
– Familiarity of names
– Performance evaluations
• Retrievability Bias
– Ease of retrieval from memory
– Words with “a”
– “n” as sixth letter versus ending in “ing”
– Geographic concentration of similar businesses
– Hiring decisions
Lisa is 33 and is pregnant for the first time. She is
worried about birth defects such as Down syndrome.
Her doctor tells her that she need not worry too much
because there is only a 1 in 1,000 chance that a woman
of her age will have a baby with Down syndrome.
Nevertheless, Lisa remains anxious about this
possibility and decides to obtain a test, known as the
Triple Screen, which can detect Down syndrome. The
test is moderately accurate: When a baby has Down
syndrome, the test delivers a positive result 86% of the
time. There is, however, a small “false positive” rate:
5% of babies produce a positive result despite not
having Down syndrome. Lisa takes the Triple Screen
and obtains a positive result for Down syndrome. Given
this test result, what are the chances that her baby has
Down syndrome?
Lisa is 33 and is pregnant for the first time. She is worried about birth defects
such as Down syndrome. Her doctor tells her that she need not worry too
much because there is only a 1 in 1,000 chance that a woman of her age will
have a baby with Down syndrome. Nevertheless, Lisa remains anxious about
this possibility and decides to obtain a test, known as the Triple Screen, which
can detect Down syndrome. The test is moderately accurate: When a baby
has Down syndrome, the test delivers a positive result 86% of the time. There
is, however, a small “false positive” rate: 5% of babies produce a positive
result despite not having Down syndrome. Lisa takes the Triple Screen and
obtains a positive result for Down syndrome. Given this test result, what are
the chances that her baby has Down syndrome?
1.7%
• Per 1,000 women Lisa’s age, 999 do not have a
baby with Down syndrome.
• 5% of women with a baby that does not have
Down syndrome will receive a false positive test.
• 999 * .05 = 49.95 women per 1,000 receive a
false positive.
• 86% of babies with Down syndrome test positive
the first time.
• .86*1 = .86 per 1,000 women with a Down
syndrome baby receive an accurate positive test
• .86/(.86 + 49.95) = 1.7% of women who receive a
positive test have a baby with Down syndrome
The Representativeness Heuristic
• Insensitivity to base rates
• Insensitivity to sample size
• Misconceptions of chance
• Regression to the mean
• The conjunction fallacy
A certain town is served by two hospitals. In the larger
hospital, about 45 babies are born each day. In the
smaller hospital, about 15 babies are born each day. As
you know, about 50 percent of all babies are boys.
However, the exact percentage of boys born varies
from day to day. Sometimes it may be higher than 50
percent, sometimes lower.
For a period of one year, each hospital recorded the
days in which more than 60 percent of the babies born
were boys. Which hospital do you think recorded more
such days?
a. The larger hospital
b. The smaller hospital
c. About the same (within 5 percent of each other)
The Representativeness Heuristic
• Insensitivity to base rates
• Insensitivity to sample size
• Misconceptions of chance
• Regression to the mean
• The conjunction fallacy
Problem 6: Having a Baby
You and your spouse have had three children
together, all of them girls. Now that you are
expecting your fourth child, you wonder
whether the odds favor having a boy this time.
What is the best estimate of your probability of
having another girl?
a. 6.25% (1 in 16) – odds of getting 4 girls in a row
b. 50% (1 in 2) – equal chance of getting either
c. Something in between (6.25‐50%)
The Representativeness Heuristic
• Insensitivity to base rates
• Insensitivity to sample size
• Misconceptions of chance
• Regression to the mean
• The conjunction fallacy
The Representativeness Heuristic
• Insensitivity to base rates
• Insensitivity to sample size
• Misconceptions of chance
• Regression to the mean
• The conjunction fallacy
Problem 8: Describe Linda
Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken, and very smart.
She majored in philosophy. As a student, she was
deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and
social justice, and she participated in antinuclear
demonstrations.
___Linda is a teacher in ___Linda is a psychiatric ___Linda is an insurance
elementary school. social worker. salesperson.
___Linda is active in the ___Linda is a bank teller.
feminist movement.
The Representativeness Heuristic
• Insensitivity to base rates
• Insensitivity to sample size
• Misconceptions of chance
• Regression to the mean
• The conjunction fallacy
Confirmation
• Today let’s start by playing a short game:
2,4,8
WHAT’S THE RULE??
CALCULATE
• 8*7*6*5*4*3*2*1=?
On Average= 2250
Now:
1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8=?
On average=512
Problem 9: Guess the Date
• Write the last three digits of your phone
number and add 1 to the front of the string, as
if it were a year: _________
• Was the Taj Mahal completed before or after
the date formed by your phone number?
___Before ___After
• What year was the Taj Mahal completed?
____________
Problem 9: Guess the Date
• Write the last three digits of your phone
number and add 1 to the front of the string, as
if it were a year: _________
• Was the Taj Mahal completed before or after
the date formed by your phone number?
___Before ___After
• What year was the Taj Mahal completed?
1648
The Confirmation Heuristic
• Seeking to confirm prior information
• Anchoring
– Arbitrary starting points
– Achievement tests for children
– First impressions
– Stereotypes
• Conjunctive and disjunctive events bias
Problem 10: Which is More Likely?
a. Drawing a red marble from a bag containing
50% red marbles and 50% white marbles.
b. Drawing a red marble seven times in succession,
with replacement, from a bag containing 90%
red marbles and 10% red marbles.
c. Drawing at least one red marble in seven tries,
with replacement, from a bag containing 10%
red marbles and 90% white marbles.
Problem 10: Which is More Likely?
a. Drawing a red marble from a bag containing
50% red marbles and 50% white marbles.
b. Drawing a red marble seven times in succession,
with replacement, from a bag containing 90%
red marbles and 10% red marbles.
c. Drawing at least one red marble in seven tries,
with replacement, from a bag containing 10%
red marbles and 90% white marbles
Overconfidence
• Overconfidence is considered robust
• Some consequences of overconfidence:
– Wars
– Stock market bubbles
– Strikes
– Unnecessary lawsuits
– High rates of entrepreneurial failure
– Failure of mergers and acquisitions
Hindsight Bias and “curse” of
knowledge
• After finding out whether or not an event
occurred, individuals tend to overestimate the
degree to which they would have predicted
the correct outcome.
• Individuals fail to ignore information they
possess that others do not when predicting
others’ behaviors.
Summary
• Heuristics simplify our decisions
• Often, they save us time
• We don’t apply them appropriately