Chapter-1: States of matter (Page-3)

1. States of matter: Solids, liquids and gases are the three states of matter.

Criteria Solids Liquids Gases

Arrangemen The particles are usually The particles are still The particles are
t arranged regularly and mostly touching, but much further apart.
packed closely together. some gaps have
appeared. This is why
liquids are usually less
dense than solids. The
particles are arranged
randomly.
Movement The particles are only The particles can move The particles are
available to vibrate about around each other. moving randomly at
fixed positions, they can’t high speed in all
move around. directions.
Forces of The particles have strong The particles have less There are almost no
attraction forces of attraction between forces of attraction forces of attraction
them, which keep them between them between the
together. particles.
Kinetic The particles have least The particles have less The particles have
energy kinetic energy. kinetic energy than the highest kinetic
particles in a gas energy.

2. We can’t walk though a brick wall because of the strong forces of attraction between
the particles- the particles can’t move out of our way.
We can swim through water because we can push water particles out of our way.
We can easily move through a gas because there are no forces of attraction between
the particles.
3. Inter conversions between the three states of matter:
a. Solid to liquid: Melting: When we heat a solid, the energy provided by the
heat source makes the particles in the solid vibrate faster and faster.
Eventually they vibrate so fast that the forces of attraction between the
particles are no longer strong enough to hold them together, the particles are
then able to move around each other that means the solid melts to form a
liquid.
The temperature at which the solid melts is called its melting point.
b. Liquid to solid: Freezing: when we cool a liquid, the energy taken away by the
cooling source makes the particles in the liquid move around more and more
slow. Eventually they are moving so slowly that the forces of attraction
 between the particles will hold them together in a fixed position and the
particles are then pack more closely together into a solid that means the
liquid freezes to form a solid.
The temperature at which the liquid freezes is called its freezing point.
c. Liquid to gas: Boiling: When we heat a liquid, the energy provided by the
heat source makes the particles in the liquid moving faster and faster.
Eventually the particles are moving fast enough to overcome all the forces of
attraction between them, the particles are then able to move randomly at
high speed in all directions that means the liquid boils to form a gas.
The temperature at which the liquid boils is called its boiling point. The
stronger the forces of attraction between the particles, the higher the boiling
point of the liquid. This is because more energy is needed to overcome these
forces of attraction.
d. Liquid to gas: Evaporation: in any liquid or gas, the average speed of the
particles varies with the temperature. But at each temperature, some
particles will be moving faster than the average and others more slowly.
Some very fast particles at the surface of the liquid will have enough energy
to overcome the forces of attraction between the particles- they will break
away to form a gas. This is evaporation. The liquid just slowly disappears if it
is open to the air.
e. Gas to liquid: Condensing: When we cool a gas, the energy taken away by
the cooling source makes the particles in the gas move more and more slow.
Eventually they are moving so slowly that the forces of attraction between the
particles start to form and will hold them together as a liquid that means the
gas condenses to form a liquid.
f. Solid to gas: A small number of substances can change directly from a solid
to gas at normal pressure without involving any liquid in the process. The
conversion of a solid into a gas is known as sublimation.
Example- CO2. At ordinary pressure there is no such thing as liquid CO2. It
turns directly from a solid to a gas at -78.5 0C. Solid CO2 is known as dry ice.
g. Gas to solid: A small number of substances can change directly from a gas to
solid at normal pressure without involving any liquid in the process. The
conversion of a gas into a solid is known as deposition.

4. The temperature of the melting point and that of the freezing point of a substance
are exactly the same.
5. If the liquid is in a closed container, the particles in the gas will also be colliding with
particles at the surface of the liquid. If they are moving slowly enough they will be
held by the attractive force and become part of the liquid. That means in a closed
container evaporation and condensation will both be occurring at the same time.
6. Evaporation vs boiling:
a. Evaporation occurs at any temperature whereas boiling occurs at a specific
temperature- the boiling point of the liquid.
b. Evaporation occurs on the surface of the liquid whereas boiling occurs at the
entire length of liquid.
c. Boiling occurs rapidly whereas evaporation occurs slowly.
d. The motion of particles is fast in boiling whereas in evaporation few particles
move slowly and few at a faster rate.
e. There is formation of bubbles in boiling, but bubbles are not seen in
evaporation.

7. Diffusion: Diffusion if the spreading out of particles from where they are at a high
concentration to where they are at a low concentration.
8. Particles of different gases travel at different speed:
a. Pieces of cotton wool are soaked in concentrated ammonia solution (as a
source of ammonia gas) and concentrated hydrochloric acid solution (as a
source of hydrogen chloride gas).
b. They are placed in the ends of a long gas tube with rubber bungs to stop the
poisonous gas escaping.
c. A white ring of solid ammonium chloride forms where they meet.
d. The ring takes time to form because it takes time for the particles of ammonia
and hydrogen chloride to diffuse along the tube.
e. The ring appears closer to the hydrochloric acid end because ammonia
particles are lighter than the HCl particles and therefore move faster.
f. The ammonia particles travel further in the same amount of time, which
means that the ring forms further away from the ammonia end.
9. Diffusion in liquid: Diffusion through a liquid is very slow. For example if a small jar
of strongly coloured solution (eg-KMnO4 solution) is placed in a gas jar of water it
takes days for the colour to diffuse throughout the water. This is because the
particles in the liquid move more slowly than the particles in a gas. The particles in a
liquid are also much closer together than those in a gas so there is less space for the
particles to move into without colliding with another one.
10. Solute- the substance that dissolves
11. Solvent- the substance in which another substance dissolves
12. Solution- A simple solution is basically two substances that are evenly mixed together.
When we make a solution the attractive forces between the particles in the solute are being
broken. At the same time, new attractive forces are being formed between the solvent particles
and the solute particles.
Whether particular solid is soluble in a particular solvent depends on whether the new attractive
forces are strong enough to overcome the old ones.
 (From point- 13 to are for Paper-2)
13. Solubility: It is the maximum mass of solute in g that dissolves in 100 g of solvent at
a particular temperature. eg- the solubility of sodium chloride in water at 25 0C is
about 36 g per 100g of water.
14. Saturated solution: a solution which contains as much as dissolved solid as possible
at a particular temperature. There must be some undissolved solute present.
15. Practical: investigate the solubility of a solid in water at a specific temperature: a Beaker, a
test tube, a burner, a thermometer, a digital weight scale, a basin, KNO 3.
16. Calculating solubility: Activity-1, Page-10
17. Solubility curves: the solubility of the solids changes with temperature. the solubility
of salts increases with temperature either dramatically or just a little. That’s why we
must always quote a temperature with a solubility value.
18. Using solubility curve: Example at Page-11
19.
Condition States of matter
At a temp above boiling point Gas
At a temp below boiling point and above melting point Liquid
At a temp below melting point Solid

Q-1: Point-3
Q-2: Point-1, 6
Q-3: Point-19, 1
Q-4: Point-8
Q-5: Point-10-14
Q-6: Point-16, 18