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    Dirac Delta Function (Contd.) : Lecture #5

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    Yash Kala
    The document discusses properties and representations of the Dirac delta function: 1) It defines the Dirac delta function δ(x) and its shifted form δ(x-a), explaining that δ(x) is infinite at x=0 and zero everywhere else, with its integral from -∞ to ∞ equal to 1. 2) It describes several ways the Dirac delta function can be represented, including as the limiting form of a rectangle function and using sinc and Gaussian functions. 3) It extends the definition of the Dirac delta function to three dimensions as the product of three one-dimensional delta functions, and discusses how integrals involving the three-dimensional delta function can be evaluated.

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    Dirac Delta Function (Contd.) : Lecture #5

    Uploaded by

    Yash Kala
    23 views14 pages
    The document discusses properties and representations of the Dirac delta function: 1) It defines the Dirac delta function δ(x) and its shifted form δ(x-a), explaining that δ(x) is infinite at x=0 and zero everywhere else, with its integral from -∞ to ∞ equal to 1. 2) It describes several ways the Dirac delta function can be represented, including as the limiting form of a rectangle function and using sinc and Gaussian functions. 3) It extends the definition of the Dirac delta function to three dimensions as the product of three one-dimensional delta functions, and discusses how integrals involving the three-dimensional delta function can be evaluated.

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    The document discusses properties and representations of the Dirac delta function: 1) It defines the Dirac delta function δ(x) and its shifted form δ(x-a), explaining that δ(x) is infinite at x=0 and zero everywhere else, with its integral from -∞ to ∞ equal to 1. 2) It describes several ways the Dirac delta function can be represented, including as the limiting form of a rectangle function and using sinc and Gaussian functions. 3) It extends the definition of the Dirac delta function to three dimensions as the product of three one-dimensional delta functions, and discusses how integrals involving the three-dimensional delta function can be evaluated.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views14 pages

    Dirac Delta Function (Contd.) : Lecture #5

    Uploaded by

    Yash Kala
    The document discusses properties and representations of the Dirac delta function: 1) It defines the Dirac delta function δ(x) and its shifted form δ(x-a), explaining that δ(x) is infinite at x=0 and zero everywhere else, with its integral from -∞ to ∞ equal to 1. 2) It describes several ways the Dirac delta function can be represented, including as the limiting form of a rectangle function and using sinc and Gaussian functions. 3) It extends the definition of the Dirac delta function to three dimensions as the product of three one-dimensional delta functions, and discusses how integrals involving the three-dimensional delta function can be evaluated.

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    Dirac Delta function

    (contd.)

    Lecture #5
     x 
     x   0, if x  0
    RECAP

     , if x  0 Area = 1
    and

      x  d x  1
    
    x
    0

     x  a   0 if x  a  (x - a)

      if x  a
    Area = 1
    with 

      x  a  dx  1
    
    a x
    There are several ways the Dirac Delta function can be represented
    Example: limiting form of a rectangle function R(x)
    1
    Consider a rect function: R x   , a   x  a 
    2
     0, xa 0
     Plot of R(x) for different values of :
    14

     = 0.04
    10
    R (x)
    6  = 0.1

    2  = 0.4
    0
    0 1 2 3 4
    x

    Lt R  x     x  a  1
    a  a 
    a R x  d x  2 
    a 
    d x 1
     0
    Consider an ordinary function f (x) that is continuous everywhere  not a delta function!

    f x   x   ?
    Since  (x) is finite only at x = 0 and since it is a product we may as well
    take f (x) = f (0) in this product

     f  x    x   f 0    x 

    Consequently,  

     f x  x  d x  f 0   x  d x  f 0
     

    Thus, we may write

    f  x    x  a   f a    x  a 
    sin x 
    lim sinc x  
    Consider the sinc function:
    (useful in Phys and Maths) 1
    x 0 x
    sin  x 
    In digital signal processing 

    normalized sinc function sinc  x     sinc  x  d x  


    x 

    sinc function is also


    called sampling function
    Integral representation of Dirac delta function:
    Consider
    g
    1  sing x  a 
    g i k  x  a 
    1  i k  xa  1 e 
    2 g
    e dk 
    2

     i  x  a    
      g   x  a  

    sinc (x)
    The following integral can be calculated by Laplace
    transform or by complex variable technique

    sin g  x  a 

    1
      x  a 
    d x =1

    irrespective of the value of g (> 0)

    sin  gx 
    Also
    limit
    X0 g
    x
    Function sin g x  a 
    is sharply peaked around x = a
     x  a 
    6 g = 20

    sin g x  a  4
    g=5
     x  a  2
    0
    1 2 3 4
    -2

     
    g
    sin g x  a 1  i k  xa 
    Lim
    g    x  a 
       x  a   Lim
    g   2 g
    e dk

     x  a   1  i k  xa 
    Hence,
    2 
    
    e dk

    is the integral representation of  x  a 


    sin g x  a 
    Plot of vs x:
    x  a 
    sin g x  a 
    200
    x  a 
    g = 200

    100

    a=1

    0 1 2
    Area under the curve :  x
    Gaussian representation of the Delta function

    Consider the Gaussian function:

    G  x  
    1 
    exp 
     x  a 
    2
    ;  0
    2 
       2 
    Useful standard result:
     2

    e
     x 2   x
    dx  e 4

    

    G(x) is a normalized function
    
      G x  dx  1
    

    This condition yields the constant multiplier of the exp term in G(x)!
    1   x  a 2 
    G  x   exp  2 
    ;  0
       2 

    a=2
     = 0.1
    G(x)

     = 0.2
     = 0.3

    x
    1
    G(x) has a width  2 and at x = a = 2, G  x  
     
    As   0, G(x) becomes narrower and narrower with stronger peaks
     In the limit   0

    G(x) has all the properties of a delta function!


    Dirac delta function in three dimension

    δ r   δ x  δ  y  δ z  is zero everywhere except at (0, 0, 0)
    3


    r  xxˆ  yyˆ  zzˆ
    Volume integral
      

     δ r  d     x  d x    y  d y   z  d z  1
    3

    all space   

    Thus generalizing earlier result we can write in 3-D:


     3   
     f r  r  a  d   f a 

      3  
     .v d  4    .v d  4    r  d   .v  4  3 r 
    V V

    

      rˆ  3 
    . 2   4  r 
    r 
    More generally,   ˆ  3 
    .  2   4  
     
    Show
    1 3 
         4  
    2

     

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