Intraoral Radiographic Techniques: by Dr. Wajnaa

INTRAORAL
RADIOGRAPHIC
TECHNIQUES
By
Dr. Wajnaa
Radiographic
image
Is a shadow produced by a source of x-
radiation (focal spot) and recorded on a
radiosensitive surface(radiographic film).
1.Periapical radiographic
techniques
INTRAORAL 2.Bitewing radiographic
RADIOGRAPHIC
TECHNIQUES technique
3.Occlusal radiographic
technique
The name periapical is
derived from the Greek peri,
which means "around" and
Periapical apical, which means "tip".
radiographic
techniques The periapical view is taken
for both anterior and
posterior teeth.
Periapical radiographic technique
Anterior Teeth Posterior teeth
Periapical radiographic
techniques
Objective:
To visualize the tip of the root as
well as the surrounding bone on
the radiograph, so it allows a
dentist to determining the cause
of pain in a specific tooth.
• Indications:
• 1. Detection of apical infection.
• 2. Assessment of periodontal status after
trauma to the teeth and alveolar bone.
Periapical • 3. Assessment of presence and position of un
radiographic erupted tooth.
• 4. Assessment of root morphology.
techniques • 5. During endodontic.
• 6. Presurgical implant insertion & bone
evaluation.
Is the older of the two
procedures, it consider
a. Bisecting technique
to be the easier of the
Types of two.
Periapical
radiographic
techniques It was originally
developed by MC
b. Parallel technique Cormack. The result of
this technique is superior
to those of bisecting one.
Theory of parallel technique
It is called so because the film and the tooth must be parallel to
each other. The requirements for this technique are -:
1. It requires the target - object distance as long as possible and
practical.
2. It requires the X-ray strike the object (tooth) and the film at
right angle (90’).
3. It requires the film to be placed in a position parallel with the
plane passing through the long axis of all teeth being examined.
Theory of parallel technique
4. The last requirement necessitates wide separation of the tooth
and the film.
In parallel technique generally the separation between the film and

the tooth would produce considerable distortion if the short target
— object distance were employed.
However, the use of extended long cone of 16 inches will increase
the target —object distance and compensates for the distortion and
unsharpness that result from increasing object — film distance.
Rinn Dental X-Ray Holder
• In the parallel technique, the film is
placed in the mouth so that the
long axis of the film is parallel with
the long axis of the teeth being
radiographed. A paralleling
instrument with an aiming ring is
normally used to orient the film,
teeth and ring in a parallel
relationship. When the x-ray beam
is aligned with the ring, the x-ray
beam will be perpendicular (right
angle 90°) to the teeth and the
film.
Rinn Dental X-
Ray Holders
Theory of bisecting technique
1. Operator envisions an imaginary bisector of the angle formed by the

long axis of the tooth and the long axis of the film, this angle is formed
where the film contacts the tooth crown.
2. Operator direct the central ray of the beam through the apex of the
tooth so central ray strikes the bisector at 90° such angulations if properly
employed results in a tooth image that is exactly the length of the object.
In the bisecting angle technique, the x-ray beam is directed perpendicular

to an imaginary line which bisects (divides in half) the angle formed by
the long axis of the tooth and the long axis of the film.
Operator
Position
Horizontal and vertical angulations
• 1. Horizontal angulations:- refers to the X-ray beams direction in

horizontal plane.
• 2. Vertical angulations:- is the angle of X-ray beam in a vertical plane.

Plus vertical angulations:- when the beam is tipped down ward
Minus vertical angulations:- when the beam is tipped upward
Horizontal angulation
• The horizontal angulation is adjusted so that a line connecting the

front and back edge of the PID (position indicating device) is parallel
with a line connecting the buccal surfaces of the premolars and
molars, the x-ray will then be perpendicular to the film.
• In this technique, as a result of lack of parallelism between the tooth
and the film since the film is contact with the tooth crown, we have
all the areas below the apex of the tooth as well as above are
distorted and the degree of distortion can be reduced using long
cylinder because the longer distance between the source of radiation
and the object the more is the parallel will be the rays.
Horizontal
angulation
Horizontal angulation
Vertical
angulation
Shortening Elongation
The objective of this type of view:
Bitewing X-ray film used to show the inter

proximal caries.
Bitewing
technique To visualize the periodontal condition in adult.
we need 2 bitewing films on each sides of the

jaw at premolar and molar area while in children
of 12 years old we need one film on each side.
Film placement and angulations for bitewing
technique
• Here in this type of X-ray film we
have tab that positioned on the
middle of film packet.
• Patient is positioned with the
occlusal plane horizontal and the
tab of the film placed on the
occlusal surfaces of lower teeth ask
the patient to close the teeth firmly
together on the tab the beam is
aimed directly through the contact
areas at right angels to the teeth
and film in horizontal plane and at
approximate 5° -8° downward in
vertical plane.
Bitewing technique
Bitewing technique

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INTRAORAL

In parallel technique generally the separation between the film and

1. Operator envisions an imaginary bisector of the angle formed by the

In the bisecting angle technique, the x-ray beam is directed perpendicular

• 1. Horizontal angulations:- refers to the X-ray beams direction in

• 2. Vertical angulations:- is the angle of X-ray beam in a vertical plane.

• The horizontal angulation is adjusted so that a line connecting the

Bitewing X-ray film used to show the inter

we need 2 bitewing films on each sides of the

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